NO303668B1 - Overflatemodifiserte legemiddel-nanopartikler, fremgangsmÕte for deres fremstilling samt dispersjon inneholdende slike partikler - Google Patents
Overflatemodifiserte legemiddel-nanopartikler, fremgangsmÕte for deres fremstilling samt dispersjon inneholdende slike partikler Download PDFInfo
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- NO303668B1 NO303668B1 NO920334A NO920334A NO303668B1 NO 303668 B1 NO303668 B1 NO 303668B1 NO 920334 A NO920334 A NO 920334A NO 920334 A NO920334 A NO 920334A NO 303668 B1 NO303668 B1 NO 303668B1
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Classifications
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
- A61K49/04—X-ray contrast preparations
- A61K49/0433—X-ray contrast preparations containing an organic halogenated X-ray contrast-enhancing agent
- A61K49/0447—Physical forms of mixtures of two different X-ray contrast-enhancing agents, containing at least one X-ray contrast-enhancing agent which is a halogenated organic compound
- A61K49/0476—Particles, beads, capsules, spheres
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- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
- A61K49/04—X-ray contrast preparations
- A61K49/0409—Physical forms of mixtures of two different X-ray contrast-enhancing agents, containing at least one X-ray contrast-enhancing agent which is not a halogenated organic compound
- A61K49/0414—Particles, beads, capsules or spheres
- A61K49/0423—Nanoparticles, nanobeads, nanospheres, nanocapsules, i.e. having a size or diameter smaller than 1 micrometer
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
- A61K49/04—X-ray contrast preparations
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- A61K49/0423—Nanoparticles, nanobeads, nanospheres, nanocapsules, i.e. having a size or diameter smaller than 1 micrometer
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- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
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- A61K9/141—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers
- A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
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Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører legemiddelpartikler, fremgangsmåter for deres fremstilling og dispersjoner inneholdende partiklene. Disse partiklene kan anvendes i farmasøytiske preparater.
Biotilgjengelighet er den grad i hvilken et legemiddel blir tilgjengelig for målvevet etter administrasjon. Mange faktorer kan påvirke biotilgjengelighet inkludert doserings-formen og forskjellige egenskaper, for eksempel oppløsnings-hastighet for legemidlet. Dårlig biotilgjengelighet er et betydelig problem som møtes i utviklingen av farmasøytiske preparater, spesielt de som inneholder en aktiv bestanddel som er tungt oppløselig i vann. Tungt vannoppløselige legemidler, dvs. de som har en oppløselighet på mindre enn 10 mg/ml, har tilbøyelighet til å bli eliminert fra mage-tarmkanalen før de absorberes i kretsløpet. Dessuten har tungt vannoppløselige legemidler tendens til å være upålite-lige for intravenøse administrasjonsteknikker, som anvendes hovedsaklig i forbindelse med fullstendig oppløselige legemiddelsubstanser.
Det er kjent at oppløsningshastigheten for et partikkelformig legemiddel kan øke med økende overflateareal, dvs. minskende partikkelstørrelse. Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av findelte legemidler har følgelig blitt studert og det har vært gjort forsøk på å regulere størrelsen og størrelsesom-rådet for legemiddelpartikler i farmasøytiske praparater. For eksempel har tørrmalingsteknikker blitt benyttet for å redusere partikkelstørrelse og således påvirke legemiddel-absorpsjon. I konvensjonell tørrmaling, som omtalt av Lachman et al, "The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy", kap. 2, "Milling", side 45 (1986), nåes finhets-grensen imidlertid i området av 100 pm (100.000 nm) når materialet kaker seg i malekammeret. Lachman et al påpeker at våtmaling er nyttig for ytterligere redusering av partikkelstørrelse, men at flokkulering begrenser den nedre partikkelstørrelsesgrensen til ca. 10 jjm (10.000 nm). Det er imidlertid en tendens til å være en fordom innen den farmasøytiske teknikken mot våtmaling på grunn av problemer som er forbundet med forurensning. Kommersielle luftstråle-malingsteknikker har gitt partikler som varierer i gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse fra så lavt som 1 til 50 pm (1.000-50.000 nm). Slike tørrmalingsteknikker kan imidlertid forårsake uakseptable støvnivåer.
Andre teknikker for fremstilling av farmasøytiske preparater innbefatter innføring av legemidler i liposomer eller polymerer, for eksempel under emulsjonspolymerisasjon. Slike teknikker har imidlertid problemer og begrensninger. Et lipidoppløselig legemiddel er for eksempel ofte nødvendig for fremstilling av egnede liposomer. Videre er uakseptabelt store mengder av liposomet eller polymeren ofte nødvendig for å fremstille enhetslegemiddeldoser. Teknikker for fremstilling av slike farmasøytiske preparater har dessuten tilbøye-lighet til å være komplekse. En vesentlig teknisk vanskelig-het som møtes i forbindelse med emulsjonspolymerisasjon er fjerningen av forurensninger, slik som ureagert monomer eller initiator, som kan være toksiske, ved slutten av fremstill-ingsprosessen.
US-patent nr. 4 540 602 (Motoyama et al) beskriver et fast legemiddel som er pulverisert i en vandig oppløsning av en vannoppløselig substans av høy molekylvekt ved anvendelse av et våtmalingsapparat. Motoyama et al angir at som et resultat av en slik våtmaling så omdannes legemidlet til findelte partikler varierende fra 0,5 pm (500 nm) eller mindre til 5 pm (5.000 nm) i diameter. Det antydes imidlertid ikke at det kan oppnås partikler som har en gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 400 nm. Forsøk på å reprodusere våtmalingsprosessen som er beskrevet av Motoyama et al resulterte i partikler med en gjennomsnittlig partik-kelstørrelse som var mye større enn 1 pm.
EPO 275 796 beskriver fremstilling av kolliodalt dispergerbare systemer omfattende en substans i form av sfæriske partikler mindre enn 500 nm. Fremgangsmåten innebærer imidlertid en utfelling som bevirkes ved blanding av en oppløsning av substansen og et blandbart ikke-oppløsningsmid-del for substansen og resulterer i dannelsen av ikke-krystallinske nanopartikler. Utfellingsteknikker for fremstilling av partikler har dessuten tilbøyelighet til å gi partikler som er forurenset med oppløsningsmidler. Slike oppløsningsmidler er ofte toksiske og kan være meget vanskelig, om ikke umulig, å fjerne tilstrekkelig til farmasøytisk akseptable nivåer for å være praktiske.
US-patent 4 107 288 beskriver partikler i størrelsesområdet fra 10 til 1.000 nm inneholdende et biologisk eller farma-kodynamisk aktivt materiale. Partiklene omfatter imidlertid en tverrbundet matrise av makromolekyler som har aktive materialet båret på eller inkorporert i matrisen.
Det ville være ønskelig å tilveiebringe stabile dispergerbare legemiddelpartikler i submikrometer-størrelsesområdet som lett kan fremstilles og som ikke i vesentlig grad flokkulerer eller agglomererer på grunn av tiltrekningskreftene partiklene i mellom og som ikke krever tilstedeværelse av en tverrbundet matrise. Det ville videre være sterkt ønskelig å tilveiebringe farmasøytiske preparater som har forbedret biotilgjengelighet.
Man har oppdaget stabile, dispergerbare legemiddel-nanopartikler og en fremgangsmåte for slike partikler ved våtmaling i nærvær av malemedia i forbindelse med et overflatemodifiserende middel. Partiklene kan formuleres til farmasøytiske preparater som viser bemerkelsesverdig høy biotilgjengelighet.
Ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse er det tilveiebragt partikler, som er kjennetegnet ved at de i det vesentlige består av en krystallinsk legemiddel substans som har et overflatemodifiserende middel adsorbert på dens overflate i en mengde som er tilstrekkelig til å opprettholde en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 400 nm, hvor nevnte partikler er fremstilt ved en fremgangsmåte som anvender våtmaling av den krystallinske legemiddelsubstansen
Oppfinnelsen tilveiebringer også en stabil dispersjon som er kjennetegnet ved at den i det vesentlige består av et flytende dispergeringsmedium og partiklene som definert ovenfor og som beskrevet i hvilket som helst av de med-følgende krav 1-10.
Sluttelig tilveiebringer oppfinnelsen en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av de ovenfor definerte partikler, og denne fremgangsmåten er kjennetegnet ved dispergering av en legemiddelsubstans i et flytende dispergeringsmedium og våtmaling av legemiddelsubstansen i nærvær av stive malemedia som har en gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 3 mm og et overflatemodifiserende middel for å redusere legemiddelsubstansens partikkelstørrelse til en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 400 nm.
Partiklene kan reduseres i størrelse i nærvær av et overflatemodifiserende middel. Partiklene kan alternativt bringes i kontakt med et overflatemodifiserende middel etter nedsliping.
Nevnte partikler ifølge oppfinnelsen kan anvendes i et farmasøytisk preparat sammen med en farmasøytisk akseptabel bærer for partiklene. Et slikt farmasøytisk preparat er nyttig for behandling av pattedyr.
Det er et fordelaktig trekk at en rekke forskjellige overflatemodifiserte legemiddel-nanopartikler som er frie for uakseptabel kontaminering eller forurensning kan fremstilles ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse.
Det er et annet fordelaktig trekk ved foreliggende oppfinnelse at det tilveiebringes en enkel og hensiktsmessig fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av legemiddel-nanopartikler ved våtmaling i forbindelse med et overflatemodifikasjonsmiddel, som ikke resulterer i uakseptable støvnivåer slik tilfellet er med konvensjonelle tørrmalingsteknikker.
Farmasøytiske preparater inneholdende foreliggende partikler viser uventet høy biotilgjengelighet. Slike farmasøytiske preparater med innehold av tungt vannoppløselige legemiddelsubstanser kan på fordelaktig måte anvendes ved intravenøse administrasjonsteknikker.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse er delvis basert på den oppdagelse at legemiddelpartikler som har en ekstremt liten effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse kan fremstilles ved våtmaling i nærvær av malemedia i forbindelse med et overflatemodifikasjonsmiddel, og at slike partikler er stabile og ikke vesentlig flokkulerer eller agglomererer på grunn av tiltrekningskrefter partikler i mellom og kan formuleres til farmasøytiske preparater som viser uventet høy biotilgjengelighet. Mens oppfinnelsen er beskrevet i foreliggende sammenheng hovedsaklig i forbindelse med dens foretrukne nyttevirkning, dvs. med hensyn til nanopartikkelformige legemiddelsubstanser for bruk i farmasøytiske preparater, så antas det også at den er nyttig i andre anvendelser slik som formulering av partikkelformige kosmetiske preparater og fremstillingen av partikkelformige dispersjoner for bruk i bilde- og magnetiske registrerings-elementer.
Foreliggende partikler innbefatter en legemiddelsubstans. Legemiddelsubstansen foreligger som en adskilt, krystallinsk fase. Den krystallinske fasen er forskjellig fra en ikke-krytallinsk eller amorf fase som resulterer fra utfellings teknikker, slik som beskrevet i EPO 275 796 som omtalt ovenfor.
Oppfinnelsen kan praktiseres med en rekke forskjellige legemiddelsubstanser. Legemiddelsubstansen er fortrinnsvis en organisk substans som er tilstede i en vesentlig ren form. Legemiddelsubstansen må være tungt oppløselig og dispergerbar i minst et flytende medium. Med "tungt" oppløselig menes at legemiddelsubstansen har en oppløselighet i det flytende dispergeringsmediet, for eksempel vann, på mindre enn 10 mg/ml, og fortrinnsvis mindre enn 1 mg/ml ved bearbeidel-sestemperatur, for eksempel romtemperatur. Et foretrukket flytende dispergeringsmedium er vann. Oppfinnelsen kan imidlertid utføres med andre flytende media hvori en legemiddelsubstans er tungt oppløselig og dispergerbar inkludert for eksempel vandige saltoppløsninger, saflorolje og oppløsningsmidler slik som etanol, t-butanol, heksan og glykol. pH-verdien til de vandige dispergeringsmedia kan justeres ved teknikker som kjent på området.
Egnede legemiddelsubstanser kan velges fra en rekke forskjellige kjente klasser av legemidler innbefattende for eksempel analgetika, anti-inflammatoriske midler, anthelmintika, anti-arrytmiske midler, anti-biotika (inkludert penicilliner), anti-koaguleringsmidler, anti-depressiva, anti-diabetiske midler, anti-epileptiske midler, anti-histaminer, anti-hypertensive midler, anti-muskariniske midler, anti-mykobak-terielle midler, anti-neoplastiske midler, immunoundertrykk-ende midler, anti-tyroidmidler, anti-virale midler, anxioly-tiske sedativer (hypnotika og neuroleptika), astringerende midler, beta-adrenoceptor-blokkerende midler, blodprodukter og -erstatninger, hjerteinotropiske midler, kontrastmidler, kortikosteroider, hosteundertrykkende midler (slimdrivende midler og mukolytika), diagnostiske midler, diagnostiske billeddannende midler, diuretika, dopaminergika (anti-Parkinsonsmidler), hemostatika, immunologiske midler, lipidregulerende midler, muskelavslappende midler, para- sympatomimetika, paratyroidkalsitonin og bifosfonater, prostaglandiner, radio-farmasøytika, kjønnshormoner (inkludert steroider), anti-allergiske midler, stimuleringsmidler og anoretika, sympatomimetika, tyroidmidler, vasodilatorer og xantiner. Foretrukne legemiddelsubstanser innbefatter de som er ment for oral administrasjon og intravenøs administrasjon. En beskrivelse av disse klasser av legemidler og en oversikt over forbindelser i hver klasse kan finnes i Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29. utgave, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1989. Legemiddelsubstansene er kommersielt tilgjengelige og/eller kan fremstilles ved i og for seg kjente teknikker.
Representative illustrerende forbindelser av legemiddelsubstanser som er nyttige ved utførelse av foreliggende oppfinnelse innbefatter: 17-a-pregno-2,4-dien-20-yno-[2,3,d]-isoksazol-17-ol (Danazol);
5a , 17a , -1 ' - (metylsulfonyl )-l 'H-pregn-20-yno-[3 ,2-c] -pyrazol-17-ol (steroid A);
[6-metoksy-4-( 1-metyletyl )-3-okso-l ,2-benzisotiazol-2(3H)-yl]metyl 2,6-diklorobenzoat 1,1-dioksyd (V/IN 63 394); 3-amino-l,2,4-benzotriazin-l,4-dioksyd (WIN 59 075 ); piposulfam; piposulfan; kamptotecin; acetominofen; acetyl-salisylsyre; amiodaron; kolestyramin; kolestipol; kromolyn-natrium; albuterol; sukralfat; sulfasalazin; minoksidil; tempazepam; alprazolam; propoksyfen; auranofin; erytromycin; cyklosporin; acyklovir; ganciklovir; etoposid; mefalan; metotreksat; mitoksantron; daunorubicin; doksorubicin; megesterol; tamoksifen; medroksyprogesteron; nystatin; terbutalin; amfotericin B; aspirin; ibuprofen; naproksen; indometacin; diklofenac, ketoprofen; flubiprofen; diflunisal; etyl-3 ,5-diaceetoamido-2,4,6,-trijodobenzoat (WIN 8883);
etyl-(3,5-bis)acetylamino)-2,4,6-trij odobenzoyloksy)acett (WIN 12 901); og
etyl-2- ( 3 , 5-bis(acetylamino)-2,4,6-trijodobenzoyloksy )acetat (WIN 16 318).
I foretrukne utførelser av oppfinnelsen er legemiddelsubstansen et steroid slik som Danazol eller steroid A, et anti-viralt middel, et anti-inflammatorisk middel, et anti-neoplastisk middel, et radio-farmasøytisk eller et diagnostisk billeddannende middel.
Foreliggende partikler inneholder en adsksilt fase av en legemiddel substans som beskrevet ovenfor, som har et overflatemodifikasjonsmiddel adsorbert på overflaten derav. Nyttige overflatemodifikasjonsmidler antas å innbefatte de som fysikalsk fester seg til overflaten av legemiddelsubstansen, men som ikke kjemisk bindes til legemidlet.
Egnede overflatemodifikasjonsmidler kan fortrinnsvis velges fra kjente organiske og uorganiske farmasøytiske eksipienser. Slike eksipienser innbefatter forskjellige polymerer, oligomerer av lav molekylvekt, naturprodukter og overflateaktive midler. Foretrukne overflatemodifikasjonsmidler innbefatter ikke-ioniske og anioniske overflateaktive midler. Representative eksempler på eksipienser innbefatter gelatin, kasein, lecitin (fosfatider), akaciegummi, kolesterol, tragant, stearinsyre, benzalkoniumklorid, kalsiumstearat, glycerylmonostearat, cetostearylalkohol, cetomakrogol-emulgeringsvoks, sorbitanestere, polyoksyetylenalkyletere, for eksempel makrogoletere slik som cetomakrogol 1000, polyoksyetylen-ricinusoljederivater, polyoksyetylen sorbitan fettsyreestere, for eksempel de kommersielt tilgjengelige Tweens™, polyetylenglykoler, polyoksyetylenstearater, kolloidalt silisiumdioksyd, fosfater, natriumdodecylsulfat, karboksymetylcellulosekalsium, karboksymetylcellulosenatrium, metylcellulose, hydroksyetylcellulose, hydroksypropylcellu-lose, hydroksypropylmetylcelluloseftalat, ikke-krystallinsk cellulose, magnesiumaluminiumsilikat, trietanolamin, polyvinylalkohol (PVA) og polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP). Mesteparten av disse eksipiensene er beskrevet i detalj i "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients", publisert av The American Pharmaceutical Association og The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, The Pharmaceutical Press, 1986. Overflatemodifikasjonsmidlene er kommersielt tilgjengelige og/eller kan fremstilles ved hjelp av i og for seg kjente teknikker. To eller flere overflatemodifikasjonsmidler kan benyttes i kombinasjon.
Spesielt foretrukne overflatemodifikasjonsmidler innbefatter polyvlnylpyrrolidon, tyloksapol, polaksomerer, slike som Pluronic™ F68 og F108, som er blokk-kopolymerer av etylenoksyd og propylenoksyd tilgjengelig fra BASF, og poloksaminer, slik som Tetronic™ 908 (T908), som er en tetrafunksjonell blokk-kopolymer oppnådd ved sekvensmessig tilsetning av etylenoksyd og propylenoksyd til etylendiamin tilgjengelig fra BASF, dekstran, lecitin, Aerosol OT™, som er en dioktylester av natriumsulforavsyre, tilgjengelig fra American Cyanamid, Duponol™ P, som er et natriumlaurylsulfat, tilgjengelig fra DuPont, Triton™ X-200, som er et alkylarylpolyetersulfonat, tilgjengelig fra Rohm og Haas, Tween 20 og Tween 80, som er polyoksyetylen sorbitan fettsyreestere tilgjengelig fra ICI Specialty Chemicals, Barbowax™ 3350 og 934, som er polyetylenglykoler tilgjengelige fra Union Carbide, Crodesta™ F-110, som er en blanding av sukrosestearat og sukrosedistearat, tilgjengelig fra Croda Inc., Crodesta SL-40, som er tilgjengelig fra Croda-Inc, og SA90HC0, som er C18H37CH2(C0N(CH3 )CH2(CHOH)4CH20H )2. Overflatemodikasjonsmidler som er funnet å være særlig nyttige innbefatter polyvlnylpyrrolidon, Pluronic F-68 og lecitin.
Overflatemodifikasjonsmidlet adsorberes på overflaten av legemiddelsubstansen i en mengde som er tilstrekkelig til å opprettholde en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn ca. 400 nm. Legemiddelmodifikasjonsmidlet reagerer ikke kjemisk med legemiddelsubstansen eller seg selv. Videre er de individuelt adsorberte molekylene av overflatemodifikasjonsmidlet vesentlig frie for inter-molekylære tverrbindinger.
Som benyttet i foreliggende sammenheng, refererer partik-kelstørrelse til en antallsmidlere partikkelstørrelse målt ved hjelp av konvensjonelle partikkelstørrelses-måleteknikker som er velkjente for fagfolk på området, slik som sedimentering, feltstrømningsfraksjonering, fotonkorrelasjonsspektro-skopi eller skivesentrifugering. Med "en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 400 nm" menes at minst 90$ av partiklene har en vektmidlere partikkelstørr-else på mindre enn 400 nm målt ved hjelp av de ovenfor nevnte teknikker. I foretrukne utførelser av oppfinnelsen er den effektive gjennomsnittlige partikkelstørrelsen mindre enn 250 nm. I noen utførelser av oppfinnelsen har en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 100 nm blitt oppnådd. Under henvisning til den effektive gjennomsnittlige partikkelstørrelsen så foretrekkes det at minst 95$ og mer foretrukket minst 99$ av partiklene har en partikkel-størrelse mindre enn det effektive gjennomsnitt, for eksempel 400 nm. I særlig foretrukne utførelser har vesentlig alle partiklene en størrelse som er mindre enn 400 nm. I noen utførelser har vesentlig alle partiklene en størrelse som er mindre enn 250 nm.
Foreliggende partikler kan fremstilles ved en fremgangsmåte som innbefatter trinnene med disperging av en legemiddelsubstans i et flytende dispergeringsmedium og anvendelse av mekaniske anordninger i nærvær av malemedia for å redusere legemiddelsubstansens partikkelstørrelse til en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 400 nm. Partiklene kan reduseres i størrelse i nærvær av et overflatemodifiseringsmiddel. Partiklene kan alternativ bringes i kontakt med et overflatemodifIseringsmiddel etter nedsliping.
En generell fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av foreliggende partikler er angitt i det nedenstående. Den valgte legemiddelsubstans oppnås kommersielt og/eller fremstilles ved teknikker som er kjent på området i en konvensjonell grov form. Det er foretrukket, men ikke vesentlig, at partikkel-størrelsen til den valgte grove legemiddelsubstansen er mindre enn 100 pm som bestemt ved siktanalyse. Dersom legemiddelsubstansens grove partikkelstørrelse er større enn 100 pm, så er det foretrukket at partiklene av legemiddelsubstansen reduseres i størrelse til mindre enn 100 pm under anvendelse av en konvensjonell målemetode slik som luftstråle- eller fragmenteringsmaling.
Den valgte grove legemiddelsubstansen kan deretter tilsettes til et flytende medium hvori den er vesentlig uoppløselig for dannelse av en forblanding. Legemiddelsubstansens konsentrasjon i det flytende mediet kan variere i området 0,1-6056, og er fortrinnsvis 5-30$ (vekt/vekt). Det er foretrukket, men ikke vesentlig, at det overflatemodifiserende midlet er tilstede i forblandingen. Konsentrasjonen av det overflate-modif iserende midlet kan variere fra 0,1 til 90% og er fortrinnsvis 1-75$, mer foretrukket 20-60$, beregnet på vekt basert på den totale kombinerte vekt av legemiddelsubstansen og det overflatemodifiserende midlet. Den tilsynelatende viskositeten til forblandingssuspensjonen er fortrinnsvis mindre enn 1000 centipoise.
Forblandingen kan benyttes direkte ved å utsette den for mekaniske anordninger for å redusere den gjennomsnittlige partikkelstørrelsen i dispersjonen til mindre enn 400nm. Det er foretrukket at forblandingen anvendes direkte når en kulemølle benyttes for nedsliping. Legemiddelsubstansen og, eventuelt, det overflatemodifiserende midlet, kan alternativt dispergeres i det flytende mediet ved anvendelse av egnet agitasjon, for eksempel en valsemølle eller en blander av Cowles-typen inntil en homogen dispersjon er observert hvori det ikke forekommer noen store agglomerater som er synlige for det blotte øyet. Det er foretrukket at forblandingen utsettes for et slikt formaling-dispergeringstrinn når en mølle med resirkulerende medium anvendes for nedsliping.
De mekaniske anordninger som benyttes for å redusere partikkelstørrelsen til legemiddelsubstansen kan hensiktsmessig ha form av en dispersjonsmølle. Egnede dlspersjonsmøller innbefatter en kulemølle, en nedslipingsmølle, en vibrasjons-mølle, og mediamøller slik som en sandmølle og en kulemølle. En mediamølle er foretrukket på grunn av den relativt kortere maletid som er nødvendig for å oppnå det tilsiktede resultat, dvs. den ønskede reduksjon i partikkelstørrelsen. For mediamaling er forblandingens tilsynelatende viskositet fortrinnsvis fra 100 til 1000 centipoise. For kulemaling er forblandingens tilsynelatende viskositet fortrinnsvis fra 1 opptil 100 centipoise. Slike områder har tilbøyelighet til å gi en optimal balanse mellom effektiv partikkelfragmentering og mediaerosjon.
Malemediaene for partikkelstørrelses-reduksjonstrinnet kan velges fra stive media fortrinnsvis av sfærisk eller partikkelform som har en gjennomsnittlig størrelse mindre enn 3 mm og mer foretrukket mindre enn 1 mm. Slike media kan på ønsket måte gi foreliggende partikler kortere bearbeidelses-tider og gir mindre slitasje på måleutstyret. Valget av materialet for malemediaene antas ikke å være av kritisk betydning. Man har funnet at zirkoniumoksyd, slik som 95$ ZrO stabilisert med magnesiumoksyd, zirkoniumsilikat, og glassmalemedia gir partikler som har forurensningsnivåer som antas å være akseptable for fremstillingen av farmasøytiske preparater. Andre media slik som rustfritt stål, titanoksyd, aluminiumoksyd og 95$ ZrO stabilisert med yttrium, forventes imidlertid å være nyttige. Foretrukne media har en densitet som er større enn 3 g/cm5 .
Nedslipingstiden kan variere sterkt og avhenger hovedsaklig av de spesielle mekaniske anordninger og bearbeidelsesbeting- eiser som velges. For kulemøller kan bearbeldelsestider på opptil 5 dager eller mer være nødvendig. På den annen side har bearbeldelsestider på mindre enn 1 dag (oppholdstider på 1 minutt opp til flere timer) gitt de ønskede resultater ved anvendelse av en høyskjærmediamølle.
Partiklene må reduseres i størrelse ved en temperatur som ikke i betydelig grad nedbryter legemiddelsubstansen. Bearbeidelsestemperaturer på mindre enn 30-40°C er vanligvis foretrukket. Om ønsket, kan bearbeidelsesutstyret avkjøles med konvensjonelt kjøleutstyr. Fremgangsmåten utføres hensiktsmessig under betingelser med omgivelsestemperatur og ved bearbeidelsestrykk som er sikre og effektive for maleprosessen. For eksempel er omgivelsesbearbeidelsestrykk typiske for kulemøller, nedslipingsmøller og vibrasjons-møller. Bearbeidelsestrykk opp til ca. 1,4 kg/cm<2>er typiske for mediamaling.
Det overflatemodifiserende midlet må, dersom det ikke var tilstede i forblandingen, tilsettes til dispersjonen etter nedsliping i en mengde som beskrevet for forblandingen ovenfor. Deretter kan dispersjonen blandes, for eksempel ved sterk rysting. Eventuelt kan dispersjonen utsettes for et sonikeringstrinn, for eksempel ved bruk av en ultralyd krafttilførsel. Dispersjonen kan for eksempel utsettes for ultralydenergi som har en frekvens på 20-80 kHz i en tid fra 1 til 120 sekunder.
De relative mengder av legemiddelsubstans og overflatemodifiserende middel kan variere sterkt og den optimale mengden av det overflatemodifiserende midlet kan avhenge for eksempel av den spesielle legemiddelsubstansen og overflatemodifiserings-midlet som velges, den kritiske micellekonsentrasjonen av det overflatemodifiserende midlet dersom det danner miceller osv. Det overflatemodifiserende midlet er fortrinnsvis tilstede i en mengde på 0,1-10 mg/m<2>overflateareal av legemiddelsubstansen. Det overflatemodifiserende midlet kan være tilstede i en mengde på 0,1-90$, fortrinnsvis 20-60 vekt-$ basert på totalvekten av den tørre partikkelen.
Som angitt i de nedenstående eksempler, så gir ikke hver kombinasjon av overflatemodifiserende middel og legemiddelsubstans de ønskede resultater. Følgelig har man utviklet en enkel sorteringsprosess hvorved kompatible overflatemodifiserende midler og legemiddelsubstanser kan velges som gir stabile dispersjoner av de ønskede partiklene. Først blir grove partikler av en valgt legemiddelsubstans av interesse dispergert i en væske hvori legemidlet er vesentlig uoppløse-lig, for eksempel vann ved 5$ (vekt/vekt) og malt i 60 minutter i en Dyno-mølle under standard malebetingelser som er angitt i nedenstående eksempel 1. Det malte materialet oppdeles deretter i aliquoter og overflatemodifiserende midler tilsettes ved konsentrasjoner på 2, 10 og 50 vekt-$ basert på den totale kombinerte vekt av legemiddelsubstansen og det overflatemodifiserende midlet. Dispersjonene blir deretter behandlet med lyd (1 minutt, 20 kHz) for å disper-gere agglomerater og underkastet partikkelstørrelsesanalyse ved undersøkelse under et optisk mikroskop (1000 x forstørr-else). Dersom en stabil dispersjon observeres, så kan fremgangsmåten for fremstilling av partikkelkombinasjonen av legemiddelsubstans og overflatemodifiserende middel optimali-seres i overensstemmelse med det som er angitt ovenfor. Med stabil menes at dispersjonen ikke utviser noen flokkulering eller partikkelagglomerering som er synlig for det blotte øyet i minst 15 minutter og fortrinnsvis minst 2 dager eller mer etter fremstilling.
Den resulterende dispersjon ifølge oppfinnelsen er stabil og består av det flytende dispergeringsmediet og de ovenfor beskrevne partikler. Dispersjonen av overflatemodifiserte legemiddel-nanopartikler kan sprøytebelegges på sukkersfærer eller på en farmasøytisk eksipiens i en fluidsjikt-sprøytebe-legningsanordning ved hjelp av teknikker som er velkjente på området.
Farmasøytiske preparater ifølge oppfinnelsen innbefatter de ovnfor beskrevne partikler og en farmasøytisk akseptabel bærer for disse. Egnde farmasøytisk akseptable bærere er velkjente for fagfolk på området. Disse innbefatter ikke-toksiske fysiologisk akseptable bærere eller hjelpemidler for parenteral injeksjon, for oral administrasjon i fast eller flytende form, for rektal administrasjon og lignende. En metode for behandling av et pattedyr ifølge oppfinnelsen omfatter administrasjon til pattedyret som har behov for behandling av en effektiv mengde av det ovenfor beskrevne farmasøytiske preparat. Det valgte doseringsnivået av legemiddelsubstansen for behandling er effektivt for oppnåelse av en ønsket terapeutisk respons for et spesielt preparat og administrasjonsmetode. Det valgte doseringsnivået avhenger derfor av den spesielle legemiddelsubstansen, den ønskede terapeutiske effekten, administrasjonsveien, den ønskede behandlingsvarighet og andre faktorer. Som nevnt, er det et spesielt fordelaktig trekk at foreliggende farmasøy-tiske preparater viser uventet høy biotilgjengelighet som illustrert i følgende eksempler. Videre skal legemiddelpar-tiklene ifølge oppfinnelsen gi hurtigere start på legemiddel-virkning i orale anvendelser og nedsatt gastrisk irritasjon.
De farmasøytiske preparatene ifølge oppfinnelsen vil være spesielt nyttige i orale og parenterale, inkludert intra-venøse, administrasjonsanvendelser. Det er forventet at tungt vannoppløselige legemiddelsubstanser som forut for foreliggende oppfinnelse ikke kunne ha blitt administrert intravenøst, kan administreres på sikker måte ifølge oppfinnelsen. Videre kan legemiddelsubstanser som ikke kunne ha blitt administrert oralt på grunn av dårlig biotilgjengelighet, nå effektivt administreres ifølge oppfinnelsen.
Mens man ikke ønsker å være bundet til noen teoretiske mekanismer, så antas det at det overflatemodifiserende midlete hindrer flokkulering og/eller agglomerering av partiklene ved å virke som en mekanisk eller sterisk barriere mellom partiklene, idet den nære tilnærmelsen partiklene i mellom som er nødvendig for agglomerering og flokkulering minimaliseres. Alternativt, dersom det overflatemodifiserende midlet har ioniske grupper, så kan stabilisering ved elektrostatisk frastøting resultere. Det var overraskende at stabile legemiddelpartikler av en slik liten effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse og fri for uakseptabel forurensning kunne fremstilles ved foreliggende fremgangsmåte .
Følgende eksempler illustrerer oppfinnelsen ytterligere.
Eksempel 1 - PVP- modlflserte Danazol- partlkler fremstilt i en kulemølle
En nanopartiklelformig dispersjon av Danazol ble fremstilt ved bruk av en Dyno-mølle (modell KDL, produsert av Willy A. Bachoffen AG Maschinenfabrik).
Følgende bestanddeler ble tilsatt til en glassbeholder og agitert på en valse i 24 timer for å oppløse polyvinylpyrrolidon-overflatemodif ikasjonsmidlet: polyvlnylpyrrolidon K-15 (fremstilt av GAF) - 98 g meget rent vann - 664 g
Deretter ble 327 g tørt, pulverformig Danazol tilsatt til den ovenfor angitte oppløsning og valsebehandlet i en uke. Dette trinnet gjaldt oppnåelse av jevn dispergering av Danazol-materialet i overflatemodifikasjonsmiddeloppløsningen, hvorved behandlingstiden som var nødvendig i mediamøllen ble redusert.
Danazol-materialet ble innkjøpt i en mikronisert form (gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på ca. 10 pm) fra Sterling Winthrop Inc. Partiklene hadde blitt fremstilt ved en konvensjonell luftstrålemaleteknikk.
Denne forblandingen ble tilsatt til en oppbevaringsbeholder og agitert med en konvensjonell propellblander ved lav hastighet for opprettholdelse av en homogen blanding for mediamaletrinnet. Mediamøllen ble preparert I overensstemmelse med dette for mediamaleprosessen. Møllens malekammer ble delvis fylt med silisiumdioksyd-glassfærer og forblandingen ble kontinuerlig resirkulert gjennom mediamøllen som ble operert ved følgende betingelser: malebeholder: rustfritt stålkammer med vannkappe strømningshastighet for forblanding: 250 ml/min. tilgjengelig volum i malebeholder: 555 ml
medlavolum: 472 ml av glasskuler
mediatype: størrelsesområde på 0,5-0,75 mm silisiumdioksyd glasskuler, blyfrie (levert av Glen Mills, Inc.) resirkuleringstid: 240 min.
oppholdstid: 60 min.
skovlehastighet: 3000 omdr./min., tangentialhastighet 595 m/min.
malebeholder-kjølemiddel: vann
kjølemiddeltemperatur: 10°C
Etter resirkulering av oppslemmingen i 240 minutter ble en prøve av dispersjonen fjernet og bedømt med henblikk på partikkelstørrelsesfordeling ved bruk av en sedimenterings-feltstrømfraksjoneringsanordning (produsert av DuPont). Det ble bestemt at partiklene hadde en antallsmidlere diameter på 77,5 nm og en vektmidlere diameter på 139,6 nm. Disper-sjonens partikkelstørrels varierte i størrelse fra 3-320 nm.
Eksempel 2 - PVP- modifiserte Danazol- partikler fremstilt i en kulemølle ved lavt faststoffinnhold
En nanopartikkelformig dispersjon av Danazol ble fremstilt ved bruk av en kulemølleprosess. En 600 ml sylindrisk glassbeholder (indre diameter = 7,6 cm) ble fylt omtrent halvveis med følgende malemedium: malemedium: zirkoniumoksyd-malesfærer (fremstilt av Zircoa, Inc. )
medlumstørrelse: 0,85-1,18 mm diamter
mediumvolum: 300 ml
Følgende tørre bestanddeler ble tilsatt direkte til denne glassbeholderen:
Danazol (mikronisert): 10,8 g
polyvlnylpyrrolidon K-15: 3,24 g
vann av høy renhet: 201,96 g
Danazol ble innkjøpt i mikronisert form (gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse 10 pm) fra Sterling Winthrop Inc. og polyvinylpyrrolidonen var K-15-kvalitet produsert av GAF.
Den sylindriske beholderen ble dreiet horisontalt om sin akse ved 57$ av den "kritiske hastighet". Den kritiske hastigheten er definert som rotasjonshastigheten for malebeholderen når sentrifugering av malemediet forekommer. Ved denne hastigheten vil sentrifugalkraften som virker på malesfærene presse og holde dem fast mot beholderens indre vegg. Betingelser som leder til uønsket sentrifugering kan beregnes fra enkle fysiske prinsipper.
Etter 5 dagers kulemaling ble oppslemmingen separert fra malemediet gjennom en sikt og bedømt med henblikk på partikkelstørrelse med sedlmenterings-feltstrømfraksjoner-ingsanordningen. Den målte antallsmidlere partikkeldiameteren var 84,9 nm og den vektmidlere partikkeldiameteren var 169,1 nm. Partiklene varierte i størrelse fra 26 til 340 nm. Mengden og typen av overflatemodifiserende middel var tilstrekkelig til å gi kolloidal stabilitet til agglomerering og til å opprettholde en homogen blanding av bestanddeler hvilket sikrer presis materialutlevering under etterfølgende bearbeideIsestrinn.
Biotilgjengelighetstesting
Biotilgjengelighet for Danazol fra den nanopartikkelformige dispersjon som er beskrevet ovenfor ble sammenlignet med den fra en suspensjon av umalt Danazol i beagel-hannhunder som hadde gjennomgått fasting. Det umalte materialet ble fremstilt som en suspensjon på samme måte som dispersjonen med unntagelse for kulemaleprosessen. Begge formuleringer ble administrert til hver av 5 hunder ved hjelp av oralt magerør og plasma oppnådd via en kanyle i kefalvenen. Danazol-plasmanivåer ble overvåket i 24 timer. Den relative biotilgjengeligheten for Danazol fra den nanopartikkelformige dispersjonen var 15,9 ganger høyere enn fra Danazol-suspensjonen inneholdende Danazol-partikler med en gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på ca. 10 pm fremstilt ved konvensjonell luftstrålemaling. Sammenligning av orale plasmanivåer med dosekorrigerte plasmanivåer etter intravenøs administrasjon av Danazol ga en midlere absolutt biotilgjengelighet (± SEM) på 82,3 ± 10,1$ for den nanopartikkelformige dispersjonen og 5,1 ± 1,9$ for det umalte materialet.
Eksempel 3 - PVP- modlflserte Danazol- partikler fremstilt i en kulemølle ved høvt faststoffinnhold
En nanopartikkeldispersjon av Danazol ble fremstilt ved bruk av glassmalemedia av en diameter på 1 mm (0,85-1,18 mm fra Potters Industries). En sylindrisk glassbeholder med en diameter på 7,0 cm med et volum på 400 ml ble tilført med 212 ml blyfritt glassmalemedium. Følgende bestanddeler ble tilsatt til denne beholderen:
30,4 g mikronisert Danazol
9,12 g polyvlnylpyrrolidon K-15
112,48 g vann av høy renhet
Denne beholderen ble rotert horisontalt på sin akse ved en regulert rotasjonshastighet på 80,4 omdr./min. (50$ av kritisk hastighet) i 5 dager. Oppslemmingen ble umiddelbart separert fra malemediet og bedømt med henblik på partikkel- størrelse og malemediumabrasjon eller -avsllping under anvendelse av induktivt koblede plasmaemisjoner (ICP). Partikkelstørrelsen målt med en sedimenterings-feltstrøm-ningsfraksjoneringsanordning ga en antallsmidlere diameter på 112,7 nm og en vektmidlere diameter på 179,3 nm. Graden av mediumavslipning ble målt for å fastslå renheten av den sluttlige dispersjon ved bruk av en induktivt koblet plasma-atomisk emisjonsspektroskopimetode. Nivået av silisium i den sluttlige dispersjonen var mindre enn 10 deler av elimentaert silisium pr. million deler av oppslemmingen.
Eksempel 4 - PVP- modifiserte Danazol- partikler Nanopartikkeldispersjonen av Danazol ble fremstilt for klinisk bedømmelse ved bruk av en kulemaledispergerings-metode. Denne dispersjonen ble fremstilt ved maling med glassmalemedia. Nevnte glassmalemedia som ble benyttet var: mediumtype: 0,85-1,18 mm blyfrie glassfærer mediummengde: 6100 ml
Nevnte medium ble tilsatt til en 11,4 liter porselenskrukke. Følgende bestanddeler ble deretter tilsatt til krukken:
1000 g Danazol (mikronisert)
300 g polyvlnylpyrrolidon K-15
3700 g vann av høy renhet
Beholderen ble rullet i 5 dager ved en rotasjonshastighet på 39,5 omdr./min. (50$ kritisk hastighet). Den flytende oppslemmingen ble separert fra malemediet med en sikt og benyttet for fremstilling av faste orale doser for kliniske studier. Dispersjonen ble analysert med henblikk på partikkelstørrelse ved bruk av sedimenterings-feltstrømnings-fraksjoneringsanordningen og ble målt til å ha en antallsmidlere diameter på 134,9 nm og en vektmidlere diameter på 222,2 nm. Forurensningsnivået fra malemediet ble målt (ved ICP) til å være 36 deler silisium pr. million deler dispersjon. Mindre enn 5 ppm aluminium ble detektert. Røntgenpulver-diffraksjonsdata av utgangspulvere ble sammenlignet med det dispergerte Danazol-materialet og viste at krystallstruktur-morfologien til de faste dispergerte partiklene var uendret av dispergeringsprosessen.
Eksempel 5 - PVP- modifiserte Danazol- partikler Nanopartikkeldispersjonen av Danazol ble fremstilt ved bruk av en laboratoriemediummølle og glassmalemedium. Nevnte mediummølle var utstyrt med et 50 ml malekammer og møllen var en "Mini" Motormill produsert av Eiger Machinery Inc.
Mediummøllen ble operert ved følgende prosessbetingelser:
kuletilførsel: 42,5 ml glassfærer
rotorhastighet: 5000 omdr./min. (798 m/min. tangentialhastighet)
malemedium: 0,75-1,0 mm blyfrie glasskuler (levert av Glens Mills)
Dispersjonsformelen ble fremstilt ved oppløsningav 27 g polyvlnylpyrrolidon i 183 g vann og omrørt i en stålbeholder med en 50 mm "Cowles" av bladtypen inntil oppløsningen var klar og fri for uoppløst PVP-polymer. Rotasjonshastigheten til blanderen ble holdt ved 5000 omdr./min. 90 g mikronisert Danazol ble langsomt tilsatt til denne blandingen med den samme blandehastighet i 30 minutter. 200 cm<5>av forblandingen ble tilsatt til oppbevaringstanken i møllen og resirkulert i 5 timer og 51 minutter. Den sluttlige oppholdstiden i malesonen var 40 minutter.
Den sluttlige gjennomsnittlige partikkelstørrelsen ble målt og bestemt til å ha en antallsmidlere diameter på 79,9 nm og en vektmidlere diameter på 161,2 nm. Partiklene varierte i størrelse fra 30-415 nm. Avslipningsnivået fra erosjon av nevnte malemedia og malebeholderen ble målt (ved ICP) til å være 170 ppm jern og 71 ppm silisium. Krystallstrukturen ble bestemt ved røntgendif f raksjon til å være uendret av dispergeringsprosessen.
Eksempel 6 - lecitinmodifiserte steroid A- partikler Nanopartikkeldispersjonen av steroid A ble fremstilt ved kulemaling med zirkoniumoksyd-malekuler. Dispersjonen ble fremstilt i fravær av et overflatemodifiserende middel og en ettertilsetning av lecitin og et lydbehandlingstrinn var nødvendig for å stabilisere den dispergerte fasen av steroid A og hindre agglomerering av hurtig sedimentering.
En fin partikkeldispersjon av steroid A ble oppnådd ved kulemaling av følgende bestanddeler:
5 g steroid A
95 g vann av høy renhet
Steroid A var i form av umalte grove korn med en partikkel-størrelse på ca. 100 pm og varierende i størrelse opp til ca. 400 pm.
Følgende prosessbetingelser ble benyttet:
media: 135 ml
beholdervolum: 240 ml
mediatype: 0,85-1.18 ml Zirbeads (produsert av Zircoa Inc.) maletid: 4 dager
malehastighet: 86 omdr./min. (50$ kritisk hastighet)
Etter 4 dagers kulemaling ble oppslemmingen separert fra nevnte malemedia gjennom en sikt. 1 gram av denne ustabili-serte oppslemmingen ble tilsatt til 10 g av en vandig oppløsning av lecitin (1$ Centrolex "P" beregnet på vekt i vann av høy renhet, lecitin produsert av Central Soya Company, Inc.) og blandet ved sterk rysting, fulgt av et lydbehandlingstrinn i 20 sekunder ved bruk av et ultralydhorn (modell 350 Branson Ultrasonic Power Supply, horndiameter = 1,27 cm, styrkeinnstilling = 2). Oppslemmingen ble størrel-sesbestemt under et mikroskop. Ét optisk Olympus PH-2- mikroskop utstyrt med fasekontrastbelysning ble benyttet for å observere størrelsen av og tilstanden til dispersjonen.
En dråpe av ovennevnte fortynnede oppslemming ble plassert mellom et mikroskopobjektglass og glassdekselstrimmel og observert mikroskopisk ved høy forstørrelse (1.000 ganger) ogg sammenlignet med oppslemmingen som var fortynnet på samme måte kun med vann (ikke overflatemodifiserende middel). Den umodifiserte dispersjonen viste sterk partikkelagglomerering. Partikkelstørrelsen til den umodifiserte dispersjonen var ikke mer enn 10 pm og den umodifiserte dispersjonen viste ingen brownsk bevegelse. Browns bevegelse er den osciller-ende eller vibrerende bevegelse som utvises av partikler i en væske som faller i størrelsesområdet mindre enn ca. 1 pm. De lecitinmodifiserte partiklene viste hurtig brownsk bevegelse. Den således observerte dispersjon hadde egenskapene og utseende i overensstemmelse med en antallsmidlere partikkel-størrelse på mindre enn 400 nm. Videre forventes det at ytterligere maling ville lede til ytterligere partikkelstørr-elsesreduksjon.
Eksempel 7 - alkvlarvlpolyetersulfonat modifisert steroid A Eksempel 6 ble gjentatt med unntagelse for at nevnte lecitin ble erstattet med Triton X-200 (produsert av Rohm and Haas). Lignende resultater ble observert.
Eksempel 8 - akaciegummi modifisert steroid A
Eksempel 6 ble gjentatt av unntagelse for at lecitinen ble erstattet med akaciegummi (tilgjengelig fra Eastman Kodak Co.). Lignende resultater ble observert.
Eksempel 9 - natriumlaurvlsulfat modifisert steroid A Eksempel 6 ble gjentatt med unntagelse for at lecitinen ble erstattet med natriumlaurylsulfat (tilgjengelig som Duponol ME fra DuPont, Inc.). Lignende resultater ble observert.
Eksempel 10 - steroid A modifisert med en dioktylester av natriumsulforavsyre
Eksempel 6 ble gjentatt av unntagelse for at lecitinen ble erstattet med Aerosol OT (tilgjengelig fra American Cyanamid Chemical Products, Inc.). Lignende resultater ble observert .
Eksempel 11 - steroid A modifisert med en blokk- kopolymer av etylenoksyd og propylenoksyd
Eksempel 6 ble gjentatt for unntagelse for at lecitinen ble erstattet med Pluronic F68 (tilgjengelig fra BASF Corp.). Lignende resultater ble observert.
Eksempel 12 - steroid A modifisert med en blokk- kopolymer av etylenoksyd og propylenoksyd
En nanopartikkeldispersjon av steroid A ble fremstilt ved kulemaling med zirkoniumoksyd malemedia i 5 dager. 70 cm* malemedia ble tilsatt til en 115 cm<5>beholder fulgt av:
2,5 g steroid A
0,75 g Pluronic F68
46,75 g vann av høy renhet
Den resulterende blanding ble kulemalt i 5 dager ved 50$ av den kritiske rotasjonshastigheten. Den sluttlige dispersjonen ble separert fra nevnte malemedia og bedømt mikroskopisk med henblikk på partikkelstørrelse som i eksempel 6. Dispersjonen viste hurtig brownsk bevegelse og ingen partikler var større enn 1 pm. De fleste partiklene var mindre enn 400 nm.
Eksempel 13 - lecitinmodifiserte steroid A- partikler Eksempel 12 ble gjentatt med unntagelse for at nevnte Pluronic F68 ble erstattet med Centrolex P. Ingen partikler større enn 1 pm ble observert mikroskopisk og flesteparten var mindre enn 400 nm.
Eksempel 14 - steroid A- partikler modifisert med en blokk-kopolymer av etylenoksyd og propylenoksyd
En nanopartikkeldispersjon av steroid A ble fremstilt ved en kulemaleprosess. De følgende bestanddeler ble tilsatt til en sylindrisk 0,95 liters beholder. Beholderen ble fylt ca. halvveis med følgende malemedia: malemedia: 0,85-1,18 mm diameter zirkoniumoksydsfaerer
(produsert av Zircoa)
Følgende dispersjonsbestanddeler ble tilsatt direkte til glassbeholderen:
18 g steroid A
4,5 g Pluronic F68 (innkjøpt fra BASF Corp.)
336,5 g vann av høy renhet
Steroid A ble innkjøpt fra Sterling Winthrop Inc. i form av umalte rørformede krystaller med en gjennomsnittlig partik-kelstørrelse på ca. 100 pm.
Beholderen ble rotert konsentrisk om sin akse vd 50$ kritisk hastighet i 5 dager. Etter denne tiden ble 4,45 g Pluronic F68 tilsatt til oppslemmingen og rullet i ytterligere 5 dager ved de samme betingelsene. Oppslemmingen ble deretter uttømt og skilt fra nevnte malemedia og bedømt med henblikk på partikkelstørrelse ved bruk av sedimenterings-feltstrømnings-fraksjoneringsanordningen. Den målte antallsmidlere partikkelstørrelsen var 204,6 nm og den vektmidlere partik-kelstørrelsen var 310,6 nm. Partikkelstørrelsesfordelingen varierte fra ca. 68 til 520 nm. Dispersjonen ble undersøkt med et optisk mikroskop. Den viste utmerket partikkelinte-gritet, og var fri for flokkulering og agglomerering. Dispersjonspartiklene viste hurtig brownsk bevegelse.
Testing for biotilgjengelighet
Biotilgjengelighet for steroid A fra nanopartikkeldisper-sj onen som beskrevet ovenfor ble sammenlignet med den fra en suspensjon av umalt steroid A (med en gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på ca. 100 pm) i beagel-hannhunder. Det umalte materialet ble fremstilt som en suspensjon på samme måte som dispersjonen med unntagelse for kulemaleprosessen. Begge formuleringer ble administrert til hver av 5 hunder ved hjelp av oralt magerør og plasma ble oppnådd via en kanyle i kefalvenen. Plasma-steroid A-nivåer ble overvåket i 24 timer. Den relative biotilgjengeligheten for steroid A fra nanopartikkeldispersjonen var 7,1 ganger høyere enn fra den umalte steroid A-suspensjonen. Sammenligning av orale plasmanivåer med dosekorrigerte plasmanivåer etter intravenøs administrasjon av steroid A ga en midlere absolutt biotilgjengelighet (± SEM) på 14,8 ± 3,5$ for nanopartikkeldispersjonen og 2,1 ± 1,0$ for det umalte materialet.
Sammenllgningseksempel A
En dispersjon av steroid A ble fremstilt ved bruk av en kulemaleprosess med zirkoniumoksyd malekuler. Dispersjonen ble fremstilt i fravær av et overflatemodifiserende middel og et lydetterbehandlingstrinn ble benyttet for å minimalisere flokkulering og reaggregering.
En fin partikkeldispersjon ble fremstilt ved kulemaling av følgende bestanddeler:
5 g steroid A
95 g av høy renhet
Følgende prosessbetingelser ble benyttet:
malemedia: 135 ml
beholdervolum: 240 ml
malemedia: 0,85-1,18 mm Zirbeads XR
maletid: 4 dager
malehastighet: 86 omdr./min. (50$ kritisk hastighet)
Etter 4 dagers kulemaling ble oppslemmingen separert fra nevnte malemedia gjennom en sikt. 1 gram av den ustabili-serte oppslemmingen ble blandet med 10 g vann av høy renhet og blandet under sterk rysting, fulgt av et lydbehandlings trinn i 20 sekunder ved bruk av et ultralydhorn (modell 350 Branson ultralydkrafttilførsel, horndiameter = 1,3 cm, styrkeinnstilling = 2). Oppslemmingen ble størrelsessortert under et mikroskop. Et optisk mikroskop utstyrt med fasekontrastbelysning ble benyttet for å observere disper-sjonens tilstand.
En dråpe av den fortynnede oppslemmingen ble plassert mellom et mikroskopobjektglass og en glassdekselstrimmel og observert ved høy forstørrelse (400 X). Dispersjonen viste sterk partikkelaggrergering. Aggregatstørrelsen var større enn 10 pm og viste ingen brownsk partikkelbevegelse.
Eksempler 15- 40
Tabell 1 er et sammendrag av ytterligere eksempler ifølge oppfinnelsen. Hvert av eksemplene i tabell 1 resulterte i partikler med en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 400 nm. Disse eksemplene viser at foreliggende våtmalingsprosess er bredt anvendelig på en rekke forskjellige klasser av tungt oppløselige legemiddelsubstanser inkludert steroider, anti-inflammatorlske midler, anti-neoplastiske midler, radio-farmasøytiske midler og diagnostiske bildedannende midler som har radikalt forskjellige strukturer. I tillegg viser disse eksemplene at oppfinnelsen kan utføres i forbindelse med en rekke forskjellige overflatemodifiserende midler og ved en rekke forskjellige konsentrasjoner av overflatemodifiserende middel.
Videre har laboratoriearbeid vist at partikler fremstilt ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse har vist en rekke forskjellige uventede egenskaper, spesielt med hensyn til forøket biotilgjengelighet. Som beskrevet ovenfor, har for eksempel farmasøytiske preparater inneholdende steroid A og Danazol ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse uventet vist 7 og 16 gangers økninger i biotilgjengelighet sammenlignet med dispersjoner fremstilt ved konvensjonelle teknikker. Vandige dispersjoner av V/IN 63 394 fremstilt ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse resulterte i en økning i biotilgjengelighet på 37 ganger sammenlignet med en konvensjonell dispersjon av V/IN 63 394. Dispersjonene ble administrert ved en dose på 5 mg WIN 63 394 pr. kg legemsvekt til 3 hunder i fastet tilstand som et to-veis overkrysningsstudium. Serieblodprøver ble tatt og analysert ved HPLC for WIN 63 394-konsentrasjoner. De relative biotilgjengelighetene ble beregnet fra arealet under kurven for konsentrasjon mot plottinger av tid. Slik forøket biotilgjengelighet er spesielt fordelaktig for så vidt som legemiddelsubstanser i form av partiklene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse kan oppnå den samme terapeutiske effekten som vesentlig større doseringer av legemiddelsubstanser fremstilt ved tidligere kjente teknikker.
I tillegg har farmasøytiske preparater inneholdende partikler ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse vist forbedret dosepropor-sjonalitet og nedsatt matet-fastet-variabilltet. Videre har partikler ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse omfattende naproksen eller indometacin ved oral administrasjon resultert i hurtigere virkningsstart sammenlignet med konvensjonelle naproksen- og indometacinformuleringer. Enkelte av partiklene ifølge oppfinnelsen har dessuten blitt funnet å være usedvanlig nyttige i røntgenkontrastpreparater.
Claims (19)
1.
Partikler,karakterisert vedat de i det vesentlige består av en krystallinsk legemiddelsubstans som har et overflatemodifiserende middel adsorbert på dens overflate i en mengde som er tilstrekkelig til å opprettholde en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 400 nm, hvor nevnte partikler er fremstilt ved en fremgangsmåte som anvender våtmaling av den krystallinske legemiddelsubstansen
2 .
Partikler ifølge krav 1,karakterisert vedat de har en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 250 nm.
3.
Partikler ifølge krav 1,karakterisert vedat de har en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 100 nm.
4 .
Partikler ifølge krav 1,karakterisert vedat legemiddelsubstansen er valgt fra Danazol, steroid A, naproksen, indometacin, WIN 63394 (benzisotiazol-2(3H)-yl] metyl-2,6-diklorbenzoat 1,1-doksyd), etoposid, kamptotecin, piposulfam, WIN 59075 (3-amino-l,2,4-benzotiazin-l,4-dioksyd), WIN 8838 (etyl-3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiod-benzoat), WIN 12901 (etyl-(3,5-bis(acetylamino)-2,4,6-triiodbenzoyloksy)acetat), WIN 16318 (etyl-2-(3,5-bis(acetyl-amino)-2,4,6-trllodbenzoyloksy)acetat), og ibuprofen.
5.
Partikler ifølge krav 1,karakterisert vedat legemiddelsubstansen er valgt fra et anti-viralt middel, et anti-inflammatorisk middel, et anti-neoplastlsk middel, et radio-farmasøytisk middel og et diagnostisk bildedannende middel.
6.
Partikler ifølge krav 1,karakterisert vedat legemiddelsubstansen er valgt fra gruppen bestående av Danazol, 5a,17a-l'-(metylsulfonyl)-l'H-pregn-20-yno-[3,2.c]-pyrazol-17-ol, piposulfam, piposulfan, kamptotecin og etyl-3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-trijodbenzoat.
7.
Partikler ifølge krav 1,karakterisert vedat det overflatemodifiserende midlet er valgt fra gruppen bestående av gelatin, kasein, lecitin, akaciegummi, kolesterol, tragant, stearinsyre, benzalkoniumklorid, kalsiumstearat, glycerylmonostearat, cetostearylalkohol, cetomakrogol-emulgerende voks, sorbitanestere, polyoksyetylenalkyletere, polyoksyetylen ricinusoljederivater, polyoksyetylen sorbitan fettsyreestere, polyetylenglykoler, polyoksyetylenstearater, kolloidalt silisiumdioksyd, fosfater, natriumdodecylsulfat, karboksymetylcellulosekalsium, karboksymetylcellulosenatrium, metylcellulose, hydroksyetylcellulose, hydroksypropylcellu-lose, hydroksypropylmetylcelluloseftalat, ikke-krystallinsk cellulose, magnesiumaluminiumsilikat, trietanolamin, polyvinylalkohol, polyvlnylpyrrolidon, en etylenoksyd-propylenoksyd-blokk-kopolymer, et alkylarylpolyetersulfonat og en dioktylester av natriumsulforavsyre.
8.
Partikler ifølge krav 1,karakterisert vedat det overflatemodifiserende midlet er tilstede i en mengde på 0,1-90 vekt-$ basert på totalvekten av den tørre partik-kel .
9.
Partikler ifølge krav 1,karakterisert vedat de i det vesentlige består av krystallinsk Danazol som har polyvlnylpyrrolidon adsorbert på deres overflate i en mengde som er tilstrekkelig til å opprettholde en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 100 nm.
10.
Partikler ifølge krav 1,karakterisert vedat de i det vesentlige består av krystallinsk 5a,17a-l'-(metylsulfonyl)-l<*>H-pregn-20-yno-[3,2.c]-pyrazol-17-ol som har en etylenoksyd-propylenoksyd-blokk-kopolymer adsorbert på overflaten derav i en mengde som er tilstrekkelig til å opprettholde en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 400 nm.
11.
Stabil dispersjon,karakterisert vedat den i det vesentlige består av et flytende dispergeringsmedium og partiklene Ifølge et hvilket som helst av kravene 1-10.
12.
Dispersjon ifølge krav 11,karakterisertved at nevnte dispergeringsmedium er vann.
13.
Dispersjon ifølge krav 11,karakterisertved at nevnte dispergeringsmedium er valgt fra gruppen bestående av saflorolje, etanol, t-butanol, heksan og glykol.
14.
Farmasøytisk preparat,karakterisert vedat det innbefatter partiklene ifølge et hvilket som helst av kravene 1-10 og en farmasøytisk akseptabel bærer for disse.
15.
Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av partiklene ifølge krav 1,karakterisert veddispergering av en legemiddelsubstans 1 et flytende dispergeringsmedium og våtmaling av legemiddelsubstansen i nærvær av stive malemedia som har en gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 3 mm og et overflatemodifiserende middel for å redusere legemiddelsubstansens partikkelstørrelse til en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 400 nm.
16.
Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av partiklene ifølge krav 1,karakterisert veddispergering av en legemiddelsubstans i et flytende dispergeringsmedium, våtmaling av legemiddelsubstansen i nærvær av stive malemedia som har en gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 3 mm og deretter anbringelse av legemiddelsubstansen i kontakt med et overflatemodifiserende middel ved blanding av nevnte overflatemodifiserende middel med nevnte dispergeringsmedium for dannelse av partikler som har en effektiv gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 400 nm.
17.
Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 16,karakterisertved det ytterligere trinn at man utsetter dispergings-mediet som inneholder legemiddelsubstansen og det overflatemodifiserende midlet for ultralydenergi.
18.
Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 16 eller 17,karakterisert vedat nevnte malemedia har en densitet på over 3 g/cm<5>.
19.
Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 16 eller 17,karakterisert vedat nevnte malemedia har en gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse på mindre enn 1 mm.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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| US07/647,105 US5145684A (en) | 1991-01-25 | 1991-01-25 | Surface modified drug nanoparticles |
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| US5994041A (en) * | 1985-04-06 | 1999-11-30 | Eastman Kodak Company | Process for buffering concentrated aqueous slurries |
| US5552154A (en) | 1989-11-06 | 1996-09-03 | The Stehlin Foundation For Cancer Research | Method for treating cancer with water-insoluble s-camptothecin of the closed lactone ring form and derivatives thereof |
| US5552160A (en) * | 1991-01-25 | 1996-09-03 | Nanosystems L.L.C. | Surface modified NSAID nanoparticles |
| AU642066B2 (en) * | 1991-01-25 | 1993-10-07 | Nanosystems L.L.C. | X-ray contrast compositions useful in medical imaging |
| US5399363A (en) * | 1991-01-25 | 1995-03-21 | Eastman Kodak Company | Surface modified anticancer nanoparticles |
| SE9101090D0 (sv) * | 1991-04-11 | 1991-04-11 | Astra Ab | Process for conditioning of water-soluble substances |
| US5766635A (en) * | 1991-06-28 | 1998-06-16 | Rhone-Poulenc Rorer S.A. | Process for preparing nanoparticles |
| US6515009B1 (en) | 1991-09-27 | 2003-02-04 | Neorx Corporation | Therapeutic inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cells |
| US5811447A (en) | 1993-01-28 | 1998-09-22 | Neorx Corporation | Therapeutic inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cells |
| US5344640A (en) * | 1991-10-22 | 1994-09-06 | Mallinckrodt Medical, Inc. | Preparation of apatite particles for medical diagnostic imaging |
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