ES2323418T3 - Procedimiento y aparato para vaporizar un compuesto. - Google Patents
Procedimiento y aparato para vaporizar un compuesto. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2323418T3 ES2323418T3 ES03734014T ES03734014T ES2323418T3 ES 2323418 T3 ES2323418 T3 ES 2323418T3 ES 03734014 T ES03734014 T ES 03734014T ES 03734014 T ES03734014 T ES 03734014T ES 2323418 T3 ES2323418 T3 ES 2323418T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- fuel element
- housing
- medicament
- fuel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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- CEIJFEGBUDEYSX-FZDBZEDMSA-N tandospirone Chemical compound O=C([C@@H]1[C@H]2CC[C@H](C2)[C@@H]1C1=O)N1CCCCN(CC1)CCN1C1=NC=CC=N1 CEIJFEGBUDEYSX-FZDBZEDMSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229960004605 timolol Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- YEZNLOUZAIOMLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tolfenamic acid Chemical compound CC1=C(Cl)C=CC=C1NC1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O YEZNLOUZAIOMLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FEZBIKUBAYAZIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethobenzamide Chemical compound COC1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC(C(=O)NCC=2C=CC(OCCN(C)C)=CC=2)=C1 FEZBIKUBAYAZIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZSCDBOWYZJWBIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimipramine Chemical compound C1CC2=CC=CC=C2N(CC(CN(C)C)C)C2=CC=CC=C21 ZSCDBOWYZJWBIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003688 tropisetron Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UIVFDCIXTSJXBB-ITGUQSILSA-N tropisetron Chemical compound C1=CC=C[C]2C(C(=O)O[C@H]3C[C@H]4CC[C@@H](C3)N4C)=CN=C21 UIVFDCIXTSJXBB-ITGUQSILSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002381 vardenafil Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004688 venlafaxine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PNVNVHUZROJLTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N venlafaxine Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C(CN(C)C)C1(O)CCCCC1 PNVNVHUZROJLTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PJDFLNIOAUIZSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N vigabatrin Chemical compound C=CC(N)CCC(O)=O PJDFLNIOAUIZSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005318 vigabatrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001255 viloxazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960000317 yohimbine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BLGXFZZNTVWLAY-SCYLSFHTSA-N yohimbine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CCN3C[C@@H]4CC[C@H](O)[C@@H]([C@H]4C[C@H]33)C(=O)OC)=C3NC2=C1 BLGXFZZNTVWLAY-SCYLSFHTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AADVZSXPNRLYLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N yohimbine carboxylic acid Natural products C1=CC=C2C(CCN3CC4CCC(C(C4CC33)C(O)=O)O)=C3NC2=C1 AADVZSXPNRLYLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001360 zolmitriptan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UTAZCRNOSWWEFR-ZDUSSCGKSA-N zolmitriptan Chemical compound C=1[C]2C(CCN(C)C)=CN=C2C=CC=1C[C@H]1COC(=O)N1 UTAZCRNOSWWEFR-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001475 zolpidem Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZAFYATHCZYHLPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N zolpidem Chemical compound N1=C2C=CC(C)=CN2C(CC(=O)N(C)C)=C1C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 ZAFYATHCZYHLPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000820 zopiclone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004496 zotepine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HDOZVRUNCMBHFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zotepine Chemical compound CN(C)CCOC1=CC2=CC=CC=C2SC2=CC=C(Cl)C=C12 HDOZVRUNCMBHFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004141 zuclopenthixol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WFPIAZLQTJBIFN-DVZOWYKESA-N zuclopenthixol Chemical compound C1CN(CCO)CCN1CC\C=C\1C2=CC(Cl)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C2/1 WFPIAZLQTJBIFN-DVZOWYKESA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M15/00—Inhalators
- A61M15/06—Inhaling appliances shaped like cigars, cigarettes or pipes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F42/00—Simulated smoking devices other than electrically operated; Component parts thereof; Manufacture or testing thereof
- A24F42/60—Constructional details
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M11/00—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes
- A61M11/04—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes operated by the vapour pressure of the liquid to be sprayed or atomised
- A61M11/041—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes operated by the vapour pressure of the liquid to be sprayed or atomised using heaters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M11/00—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes
- A61M11/04—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes operated by the vapour pressure of the liquid to be sprayed or atomised
- A61M11/041—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes operated by the vapour pressure of the liquid to be sprayed or atomised using heaters
- A61M11/042—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes operated by the vapour pressure of the liquid to be sprayed or atomised using heaters electrical
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M11/00—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes
- A61M11/04—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes operated by the vapour pressure of the liquid to be sprayed or atomised
- A61M11/041—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes operated by the vapour pressure of the liquid to be sprayed or atomised using heaters
- A61M11/047—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes operated by the vapour pressure of the liquid to be sprayed or atomised using heaters by exothermic chemical reaction
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24V—COLLECTION, PRODUCTION OR USE OF HEAT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F24V30/00—Apparatus or devices using heat produced by exothermal chemical reactions other than combustion
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/82—Internal energy supply devices
- A61M2205/8268—Fuel storage cells
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Physical Deposition Of Substances That Are Components Of Semiconductor Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Dispositivo (10) para vaporizar un medicamento (15) que incluye: un alojamiento (30) que comprende una zona central y una boquilla (34), caracterizado por el hecho de que incluye: un sustrato (20) dentro de dicho alojamiento (30) con una superficie interior (20a) que rodea una zona interior y una superficie exterior (20b); un elemento combustible (16) dentro de la zona interior del sustrato (20); un encendedor de chispa o resistencia conectado al elemento combustible (16) para encender la combustión del elemento combustible (16); y un medicamento (15) en la superficie exterior (20b) del sustrato (20), o impregnado en el sustrato (20), el medicamento destinado a vaporizarse tras el encendido del elemento combustible (16).
Description
Procedimiento y aparato para vaporizar un
compuesto.
Esta invención se refiere a procedimientos y
dispositivos para el suministro de un aerosol a través de una ruta
de inhalación. Específicamente, la presente invención se refiere a
un procedimiento y dispositivo para producir aerosoles que
contienen medicamentos activos que se utilizan en terapia de
inhalación.
Se sabe cómo aerosolizar un medicamento para el
suministro mediante inhalación. Por ejemplo, la patente de Estados
Unidos 5.099.861 de Clearman et al. Sobre un Artículo de
Suministración de Aerosol ("Clearman et al.") describe
un dispositivo que incluye una sustancia con sabor o un medicamento.
El sustrato se calienta quemando un elemento combustible que puede
ser un "material carbonoso extrudido". El calentamiento del
sustrato provoca que el sabor o medicamento se aerosolice, lo que
permite al usuario inhalar el sabor o medicamento. Sin embargo,
dado que el dispositivo descrito en Clearman et al. quema un
material carbonoso para generar calor, el calentamiento y la
generación del aerosol puede ser relativamente lentos.
Adicionalmente, el usuario puede utilizar un instrumento separado,
como un encendedor o una cerilla, para encender el elemento
combustible. El elemento combustible también puede generar productos
no deseados como olor y humo que pueden irritar al usuario o a las
personas que están cerca de él. Estos inconvenientes del
dispositivo Clearman et al. pueden hacer que el dispositivo
sea relativamente inconveniente.
La patente de Estados Unidos Nº 4.693.868 de
Katsuda et al. sobre el Fumigador Térmico para Medicamentos
("Karsuda et al.") también describe un dispositivo que
se puede utilizar para vaporizar un medicamento para el suministro
por inhalación. Como Clearman et al., Katsuda et al.
también utiliza el calor para vaporizar el medicamento. Sin
embargo, Katsuda et al. describe el encendido de un
combustible volátil como alcohol, petróleo o éter para generar el
calor requerido para causar la vaporización de un medicamento. El
combustible volátil se mantiene en un recipiente y es encendido por
un catalizador de metal incluido en el dispositivo. Sin embargo,
mientras que la combustión de los combustibles descritos en Katsuda
es típicamente mucho más rápida que la combustión del material
combustible carbonoso descrito en Cleaman et al., el
encendido de los combustibles descritos en Katsuda et al.
todavía puede ser relativamente lenta. Adicionalmente, los
combustibles descritos en Katsuda et al. generan productos
gaseosos tras la combustión. Por tanto, si el combustible se
contiene en un recipiente sellado, la presión en el recipiente puede
aumentar y causar una ruptura. Adicionalmente, incluso cuando se
proporciona una válvula para el escape del exceso de gas en la
combustión, el gas que se escapa puede generar un olor
desagradable.
El documento US 4.045.156 describe una lámpara
de destellos con una envoltura de lámpara formada por un vidrio
cristalizado, mediante el cual la refractariedad y resistencia
relativamente altas del vidrio cristalizado hacen que la envoltura
y su superficie interna sean particularmente resistentes al choque
térmico y a la tensión mecánica resultante del impacto de residuos
de combustión caliente tras el destello de la lámpara.
El documento GB 1366041 A describe un
dispositivo para volatilizar insecticidas utilizando un gas líquido
como combustible, en el que el dispositivo permite que los vapores
producidos se diseminen en la atmósfera, cuyo dispositivo comprende
un depósito de almacenamiento de combustible, un sistema de
radiación de calor y medios para retener y mantener un insecticida
volatilizable cerca del sistema de radiación.
El documento US 4.198.200 se refiere a lámparas
de destellos y describe una composición de revestimiento
termoreducible polimerizable por adición que se puede utilizar como
un revestimiento de contención en una lámpara de destellos.
El documento US 4.735.358 se refiere a la
vaporización continuada de productos en la atmósfera y describe un
procedimiento de vaporización de sustancias mediante el manejo de
una cinta que comprende un material base y al menos una sustancia
activa en una condición en la que la vaporización de la sustancia se
inhibe de forma relativa a un cabezal adaptado para eliminar la
inhibición de la vaporización.
El documento FR 921852 describe un difusor con
una lámpara posicionada de forma relativa a una superficie cóncava
que lo rodea que está impregnada de la sustancia que se va a
difundir.
El documento DE 19854007 A1 describe un sistema
según el preámbulo de la reivindicación 1 para el abastecimiento de
humo de tabaco a un humo, teniendo el sistema un alojamiento en el
que se ubican un número de lámparas de destellos para rodear una
cantidad de tabaco que puede insertarse.
La presente invención incluye un aparato para
proporcionar el suministro de inhalación de un medicamento desde
una unidad autocontenida. Un dispositivo de la presente invención
permite un calentamiento rápido de un medicamento revestido para
producir un vapor. Al calentamiento rápido le siguen el enfriamiento
y la condensación del vapor para proporcionar un aerosol, también
referido como aerosol de condensación, que puede inhalar el usuario
para suministrarse una dosis del medicamento. El aparato de la
presente invención alcanza tal calentamiento rápido utilizando una
pila de combustible sellada con un elemento combustible. Dado que la
pila de combustible está sellada, ventajosamente no se libera
ningún producto de combustión desagradable en la atmósfera de
alrededor. Adicionalmente, la combustión del elemento es
relativamente rápida y preferentemente no genera productos gaseosos
que causarían un aumento de la presión en la pila de combustible
sellada.
Un dispositivo para el calentamiento rápido de
una sustancia revestida según la presente invención incluye
preferentemente un sustrato que tiene una superficie interior que
rodea una zona interior y una superficie exterior sobre la que se
adhiere la sustancia revestida. Aunque el sustrato es
preferentemente metálico, no tiene que serlo necesariamente. Se
coloca un elemento combustible en la zona interior del sustrato y se
conecta un encendedor al elemento combustible. El encendedor sirve
para iniciar la oxidación del elemento combustible.
Preferentemente, la sustancia revestida incluye un medicamento que
se tiene que vaporizar dentro de un alojamiento para permitir que
el medicamento vaporizado sea inhalado por un usuario.
La figura 1 es una vista lateral que muestra
detalles internos de un dispositivo para vaporizar un medicamento
que incluye una pila de combustible sellada según la presente
invención.
La figura 2 es una vista superior que muestra
detalles internos de una porción distal del dispositivo mostrado en
la figura 1.
La figura 3 es una vista en perspectiva que
muestra la superficie externa de la porción distal del dispositivo
mostrado en la figura 1.
La figura 4 es una vista en perspectiva que
muestra la superficie externa del dispositivo mostrado en la figura
1.
La figura 5 es una vista seccional lateral
detallada del dispositivo mostrado en la figura 1.
La figura 6 es un diagrama de flujo que muestra
un procedimiento de suministro de un medicamento mediante
inhalación según la presente invención.
La figura 7 es una vista lateral de una
realización alternativa de la pila de combustible sellada y el
sustrato utilizable con el alojamiento ilustrado en la figura 1
según la presente invención.
La figura 8 es una vista lateral de una
realización alternativa de la pila de combustible sellada y el
sustrato utilizable con el alojamiento ilustrado en la figura 1
según la presente invención.
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Como aquí se utiliza, el término "aerosol"
se refiere a una suspensión de partículas sólidas o líquidas en un
gas y el término "vapor" se refiere a un gas, y "fase de
vapor" se refiere a una fase gaseosa. El término "vapor
térmico" se refiere a una fase de vapor, aerosol o mezcla de
aerosol-fase de vapor, formado preferentemente
mediante calentamiento.
La figura 1 es una vista lateral que muestra la
construcción interna de una realización preferida de un dispositivo
de suministro de medicamento 10 que calienta rápidamente un
medicamento utilizando una reacción exotérmica según la presente
invención. El dispositivo de suministro de medicamento 10 incluye
una pila de combustible 12 para contener una reacción exotérmica
rodeada de un sustrato 20 que se revestirá con un medicamento 15 o
compuesto que contiene un medicamento. En la realización mostrada en
la figura 1, la pila de combustible 12 y el sustrato 20 están
rodeados por un alojamiento 30 que tiene una sección final distal
30a, una sección final proximal 30b y que incluye una vía de
ventilación 32 y una boquilla 34. La vía de ventilación 32
proporciona una ruta para el medicamento aerosolizado desde la zona
central del alojamiento 30 hasta la boquilla 34, lo que facilita la
inhalación del medicamento aerosolizado. Preferiblemente, el
dispositivo de suministro del medicamento 10 incluye dos secciones;
una sección final proximal 30b y una sección final distal 30a que se
pueden separar entre sí a lo largo de una división 90, como se
tratará más detalladamente a continuación.
En la realización mostrada en la figura 1, la
pila de combustible 12 incluye dos ampollas selladas 14a y 14b que
contienen elementos combustibles 16a y 16b, respectivamente. Aunque
la figura 1 muestra dos ampollas 14a y 14b, también se considera
incluir solo una ampolla que contiene un solo elemento combustible
en la pila de combustible 12. La pila de combustible 12 puede
incluir esencialmente lámparas de destellos estándar, o una sola
lámpara de destellos estándar, del tipo utilizado para la fotografía
fija. Preferentemente, la atmósfera dentro de cada ampolla 14a, 14b
puede contener un porcentaje de oxígeno relativamente alto;
preferiblemente del 60% al 100% de oxígeno y más preferentemente
del 75% al 95% de oxígeno. Preferiblemente la presión dentro de las
ampollas 14a y 14b es mayor que la presión atmosférica y más
preferentemente la presión está entre 506,625 y 1013,25 kPa (5 y 10
atmósferas). Las ampollas 14a y 14b están formadas preferentemente
de vidrio y pueden, aunque no necesariamente, estar revestidas en
una superficie exterior de un polímero (no se muestra en la figura
1) para contener partículas de vidrio si el vidrio se rompe en
pedazos en el encendido de la pila de combustible 12. Tales
revestimientos de polímero pueden incluir, a modo no limitativo,
varias lacas, acetato de celulosa, poliamidas o Teflon®.
Preferiblemente, el grosor de tales revestimientos de polímero está
entre 0,01 y 1,0 mm. Las ampollas adecuadas para utilizarse en un
procedimiento y aparato de la presente invención han estado
disponibles durante décadas como artículos comerciales fabricados
por importantes proveedores de ampollas como Osram Sylvania of
Danvers, MA (bajo la marca Blue Dot® flash bulbs), General Electric
y Philips Corporation. La formación de un revestimiento de polímero
útil para una ampolla de vidrio como las ampollas 14a y 14b se
entiende en la técnica y se ha descrito, por ejemplo, en la Patente
de Estados Unidos Nº 4.199.200 de Fonda et al. sobre
Revestimientos Contra los Daños.
Los elementos combustibles 16a y 16b están
contenidos dentro de ampollas selladas 14a y 14b, respectivamente.
Preferiblemente, los elementos combustibles 16a y 16b incluyen
filamentos formados a partir de metal combustible como aluminio,
magnesio o circonio formado en hebras de "lana", como entienden
los expertos en la materia. Sin embargo, los elementos combustibles
16a y 16b se pueden formar a partir de cualquier filamento
combustible, como, a modo no limitativo, filamentos de polímero
impregnados en metal combustible.
En la realización mostrada en la figura 1, el
elemento combustible 16a se expone a un conjunto de electrodos de
metal 18a y 18b, a través de los cuales se conecta un elemento
resistivo revestido primeramente y que sobresalen a través de la
ampolla 14a y están conectados a una fuente de energía de ignición
40 como se describe a continuación. Los electrodos 18a y 18b están
formados preferiblemente de cobre, pero pueden formarse de cualquier
material eléctricamente conductor como, a modo no limitativo, el
aluminio. La fuente de energía 40 es preferiblemente una fuente de
energía móvil relativamente pequeña como, a modo no limitativo, una
pila seca. Si se utiliza una pila seca como fuente de energía 40,
el voltaje de la pila está preferentemente entre 1,5 y 9 voltios.
Los electrodos 18a y 18b están conectados a la fuente de energía 40
a través de líneas conductivas 21a y 21b como se describe a
continuación.
Como puede apreciarse en la figura 2, que es una
vista superior de la sección final distal 30a del alojamiento 30
que muestra la construcción interna, la fuente de energía incluye
preferiblemente dos pilas secas de 1, 5 voltios 40a y 40b. Debe
entenderse que se pueden utilizar otros tipos de fuentes de energía
con un dispositivo de suministro de medicamento según la presente
invención incluyendo, a modo no limitativo, una pila estándar de 9
v. Las pilas 40a y 40b están conectadas preferentemente en series
por medio de electrodos 60 y 62. El electrodo 62 es preferiblemente
una placa sustancialmente plana posicionada entre una base 31 de la
sección distal 30a del alojamiento y las pilas 40a y 40b. El
electrodo 60 incluye preferentemente una sección móvil 60a en
contacto con la pila 40a y separada mediante un hueco 60c de una
sección estática 60b, que está en contacto con la pila 40b. La
sección móvil 60a y la sección estática 60b están cada una formada
en forma de gancho y fabricadas de un material conductivo elástico
tal que la sección 60a puede deformarse elásticamente para cerrar
el hueco 60c entre la sección móvil 60a y la sección estática 60b
para cerrar un circuito en serie que incluye las pilas 40a y
40b.
La figura 3 es una vista perspectiva del
exterior de la sección final distal 30a del alojamiento 30. Como se
muestra, la sección final distal 30a incluye una ranura superior 72
adyacente a la base 31 y una ranura inferior 70, opuesta a la
ranura superior 72 y también adyacente a la base 31. Como se muestra
en las figuras 1 y/o 3, el electrodo 62 se extiende a través del
alojamiento 30 en la ranura superior 72 en la sección final distal
30a del alojamiento 30 y el electrodo 60 se extiende a través del
alojamiento 30 en la ranura inferior 70.
Como se muestra en la figura 5, que es una vista
lateral seccional del dispositivo de suministro de medicamento 10
que muestra en detalle la zona cerca de una porción de dispositivo
10 donde se separa en dos secciones, el alojamiento 30 incluye una
porción de aleta superior 82 y una porción de aleta inferior 80 que
se interconecta con la ranura superior 72 y la ranura inferior 70,
respectivamente, como se muestra en la figura 3. La porción de
aleta superior 82 incluye un electrodo conector 86 que contacta con
el electrodo 62 cuando la porción final distal 30a se acopla con la
porción final proximal 30b. Adicionalmente, la porción de aleta
inferior 80 incluye un electrodo conector 84 que contacta con el
electrodo 60 cuando la porción final distal 30a se acopla con la
porción final proximal 30b. El electrodo 18a está conectado
preferiblemente al electrodo 62 a través del electrodo conector 86
y el electrodo 18b está conectado preferiblemente al electrodo 60 a
través del electrodo conector 84. En referencia de nuevo a la figura
2, en la realización mostrada, el dispositivo 10 incluye un botón
63 en contacto con una porción aplanada de la sección móvil 60a del
electrodo 60. El botón 63 puede ser presionado por un usuario para
cerrar el circuito incluyendo las pilas 40a y 40b y proporcionar
energía a los electrodos 60 y 62, respectivamente. En otra
realización de una pila de combustible, el elemento combustible
puede encenderse mediante un vidrio piezoeléctrico (o fósforo) que a
su vez se provoca que sea descargado (o encendido por) un percutor
mecánico.
En referencia de nuevo a la figura 1, como se ha
indicado anteriormente, la atmósfera dentro de las ampollas
selladas 14a y 14b incluye preferentemente un porcentaje de oxígeno
alto. Por tanto, si los elementos combustibles 16a y 16b incluyen
un metal combustible como magnesio o circonio, proporcionando un
voltaje desde la fuente de energía 40, esto provoca que el elemento
combustible 16a se encienda y se oxide rápidamente. El calor y la
luz emitidos por la combustión del elemento combustible 16a provocan
el encendido simpático del elemento combustible 16b. La combustión
exotérmica de los elementos 16a y 16b proporciona calor a la
atmósfera de alrededor y al sustrato 20. Preferiblemente, cada
elemento combustible 16a, 16b está hecho de aproximadamente 1 mol
de lana metálica. Utilizando esta cantidad de lana, la reacción
exotérmica dura típicamente de 20 a 30 milisegundos. El calor
proporcionado por la reacción exotérmica al sustrato 20 causa la
vaporización del medicamento revestido en el sustrato 20. Como se
ha indicado anteriormente, debido a que la combustión de elementos
combustibles 16a y 16b se produce en ampollas selladas 14a y 14b,
respectivamente, no se escapa ningún producto de combustión
desagradable en la atmósfera circundante. Adicionalmente, la
oxidación de un metal, como ocurre en la combustión de elementos
combustibles 16a y 16b, no crea productos gaseosos. Como tal, la
presión en el interior de las ampollas 14a y 14b no aumenta
excesivamente más que el aumento causado por el aumento de
temperatura después de que se haya producido la oxidación de
elementos combustibles 16a y 16b.
El sustrato 20 está formado preferiblemente como
un recubrimiento sustancialmente cilíndrico con una apertura en un
extremo del cilindro para permitir la inserción de ampollas 14a y
14b. El extremo opuesto del recubrimiento cilíndrico es
preferiblemente cerrado, pero también puede ser abierto. El
recubrimiento cilíndrico que forma el sustrato 20 está
preferiblemente ajustado firmemente alrededor de las ampollas 14a y
14b. Preferiblemente, el sustrato 20 se trabaja desde una varilla
de aluminio para formar un cilindro de entre aproximadamente 0,05
mm y aproximadamente 0,15 mm de grosor. El sustrato 20 también se
puede extrudir, estampar o formar de cualquier modo incluyendo el
enrollado en una hoja de aluminio o utilizando láminas de aluminio y
tener cualquier grosor adecuado. Como se muestra en la figura 1, el
sustrato 20 se puede formar con una o más secciones de grosor
aumentado 25 para aumentar la rigidez del sustrato 20. Si se
utiliza, las secciones de grosor aumentado 25 se ubican
preferentemente en zonas del sustrato 20 que no están en contacto
con las ampollas 14a y 14b. Para sujetar firmemente las ampollas
14a y 14b dentro del sustrato 20, el sustrato 20 puede calentase
ligeramente para expandir el diámetro del cilindro. Por tanto, las
ampollas 14a y 14b pueden estar posicionadas dentro del sustrato 20
que se acoplará bien alrededor de las ampollas 14a y 14b tras el
enfriamiento. Preferiblemente, las ampollas 14a y 14b tienen
aproximadamente 1 cm de diámetro. Como tal, el diámetro interior del
sustrato 20 también está alrededor de 1 cm.
El sustrato 20 se soporta en el interior del
alojamiento 30 en un manguito cilíndrico 37 que encierra el
sustrato 20 a lo largo de una fracción de la longitud del mismo. El
manguito 37 se forma preferiblemente de forma unitaria con el
alojamiento 30 y sujeta el alojamiento 30 en una base (no se muestra
en la figura 1) de la sección final proximal delantera 30b del
alojamiento 30. El sustrato 20 puede ajustarse en el manguito 37
utilizando adhesivos conocidos o simplemente mediante ajuste por
fricción. El manguito 37 incluye un enchufe 59 que soporta los
extremos de las líneas conductivas 21a y 21b de la figura 1 y en el
que se puede enchufar una base de ampolla 14a para permitir que los
electrodos 18a y 18b entren en contacto con las líneas conductivas
21a y 21b de un modo conocido. De este modo, la energía de la fuente
de energía 40 se puede proporcionar al elemento combustible 16a por
medio de las líneas conductivas 21a y 21b. El extremo opuesto del
sustrato 20, el extremo más cercano a la boquilla 34, está
preferentemente cerrado e incluye una sección de grosor aumentado
25.
Se contempla que el sustrato 20 se puede
constituir en una variedad de formas. Por ejemplo, el sustrato
también puede tener forma de caja rectangular. Preferiblemente, el
sustrato proporciona una gran superficie a la proporción de volumen
(p. ej., mayor que 100 por metro) y una gran superficie a la
proporción de masa (p. ej., mayor que 1 cm^{2} por gramo).
Adicionalmente, se puede utilizar un número de materiales distintos
para construir el sustrato. Algunas clases de tales materiales son,
a modo no limitativo, metales, materiales inorgánicos y polímeros.
Los siguientes son ejemplos de clases de material: aluminio, plata,
oro, acero inoxidable, cobre y tungsteno, sílice, vidrio, silicio y
alúmina; grafito, carbonos porosos, hilos de carbono y fieltro de
carbono, politetrafluoretileno y polietilenglicol. También se pueden
utilizar combinaciones de materiales y variantes de revestimientos
de los materiales. Ejemplos de materiales basados en sílice, alúmina
y silicio incluyen sílice amorfa S-5631 (sigma, St.
Louis, MO), BCR171 (una alúmina de un área de superficie definida
superior a 2 m^{2}/g de Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) y una oblea de
silicio como se utiliza en la industria de los semiconductores. Los
hilos y fieltros de carbono los comercializa American Kynol, Inc.,
New York, NY. Resinas de cromatografía como octadecilsilano ligado
químicamente a sílice poroso son ejemplos de variantes revestidas
de sílice.
Como se muestra en la figura 1, el sustrato 20
incluye una superficie interior 20a, que preferiblemente, aunque no
necesariamente, está en contacto con el exterior de las ampollas 14a
y 14b, y una superficie exterior 20b. Como se ha indicado
anteriormente, el calor emitido durante el encendido del elemento
combustible 16 es absorbido por el sustrato 20 resultando en la
vaporización de un medicamento revestido en una superficie exterior
20b del sustrato 20. Para mejorar la absorción de calor por parte
del sustrato 20, la superficie interior 20a del sustrato 20
preferiblemente se anodiza o se reviste para crear una superficie
relativamente oscura.
También se contempla que un sustrato se puede
revestir en ampollas 14a y 14b. Si las ampollas 14a y 14b no
incluyen un revestimiento de polímero, el sustrato se puede revestir
directamente en la superficie de vidrio de las ampollas 14a y 14b
utilizando técnicas conocidas de evaporación o electrochapado. Si
las ampollas 14a y 14b incluyen un revestimiento de polímero, el
sustrato se puede revestir directamente sobre el revestimiento de
polímero utilizando técnicas conocidas de evaporación o
electrochapado. Si el sustrato está revestido sobre las ampollas
14a y 14b, se puede utilizar para formar el sustrato cualquiera de
los materiales ya mencionados que se pueden utilizar con técnicas
conocidas de evaporación o electrochapado, como, a modo no
limitativo, aluminio o acero inoxidable.
También se considera que el sustrato 20 mostrado
en la figura 1 se elimine y que el vidrio que forma la ampolla
actúe como sustrato. En tal realización, el medicamento puede
revestirse directamente sobre el vidrio de la ampolla. La figura 7
es un diagrama que ilustra una realización de una pila de
combustible 212 que incluye una ampolla de vidrio sellada 214
revestida directamente con un medicamento 215. En el interior de la
ampolla de vidrio 214 está el elemento combustible 216, que puede
ser substancialmente el mismo que el elemento combustible 16
mostrado en la figura 1. La pila de combustible 212 también incluye
electrodos 218a y 218b que pueden ser sustancialmente los mismos
que los electrodos 18a y 18b mostrados en la figura 1. El elemento
combustible 216 está expuesto a los electrodos 218a y 218b de modo
que si se coloca un voltaje a través de los electrodos 218a y 218b,
el elemento combustible 216 se encenderá. Si se utiliza tal
realización, la bombilla se fabrica relativamente más gruesa que si
se utiliza un sustrato metálico separado como el sustrato 20 o si
la ampolla está revestida con un revestimiento de polímero. Por
tanto, los vidrios que son resistentes al choque térmico, como
Pyrex®, se pueden utilizar en un grosor que evite la fragmentación
tras el encendido de elementos combustibles 216. El medicamento
está revestido preferiblemente sobre el exterior de la ampolla 216
como se ha tratado anteriormente.
También se encuentra dentro del ámbito de la
presente invención que el medicamento está impregnado en un
sustrato polímero y el sustrato revestido directamente sobre la
ampolla. La figura 8 es un diagrama que ilustra una realización de
una pila de combustible 112 que incluye una cápsula 114 que incluye
una ampolla de vidrio interna 114b rodeada de un sustrato polímero
exterior 114a. En el interior de la ampolla de vidrio 114b, el
elemento combustible, que puede ser substancialmente el mismo que
algunos de los elementos combustibles 16a y 16b mostrados en la
figura 1, está expuesto a contactos 118a y 118b, que pueden ser
substancialmente los mismos que los contactos 18a y 18b mostrados
en la figura 1. La pila de combustible 112 se puede utilizar en el
alojamiento 30 mostrado en la figura 1 del mismo modo que se utiliza
la pila de combustible 12 en el mismo, excepto en que el sustrato
20 no es necesario. El sustrato polímero 114a se impregna
preferiblemente de un medicamento antes de su utilización.
Preferiblemente, un sustrato como el sustrato polímero 114a tiene
entre 0,01 y 1 mm de grosor. Un medicamento se puede impregnar en el
sustrato polímero 114a exponiendo el sustrato 114a al medicamento.
Por ejemplo, la pila de combustible 112 puede empaparse en una
solución que contiene un medicamento y un disolvente, o solo que
contiene un medicamento, durante una o más horas. En tal
realización, el sustrato puede formarse a partir de poliamidas o
Teflon® o cualquier otro polímero estable al calor.
La figura 4 es una vista perspectiva de un
dispositivo de suministro de medicamento 10 que muestra una
superficie exterior de alojamiento 30 (como se muestra en la figura
1). Como se muestra, el alojamiento 30 tiene forma preferentemente
elipsoide con una sección transversal oval en una dirección
transversal al eje largo del dispositivo 10. Como se ha discutido
anteriormente, el sustrato 20 y las ampollas 14a y 14b están
preferentemente conectadas de forma rígida al alojamiento 30 de modo
que el sustrato 20 y las ampollas 14a y 14b están suspendidas de
forma substancialmente concéntrica dentro del alojamiento 30. La
sección final proximal 30b del alojamiento 30 incluye
preferentemente una boquilla 34. Adicionalmente, la superficie
superior del alojamiento 30 incluye preferentemente aperturas 68a y
68b que, como se muestra en la figura 1, están en conexión fluídica
con la vía de ventilación 32 para permitir que el aire pase desde el
exterior del alojamiento 30 a la vía de ventilación 32. Una
superficie inferior de alojamiento 30 también contiene
preferentemente aperturas, no visibles en la figura 4, opuestas a
las aperturas 68a y 68b. El alojamiento 30 puede estar formado de
varios polímeros incluyendo, a modo no limitativo, polímeros
biodegradables como Biomax® disponible en E.I. du pont de Nemours
and Company u otros polímeros basados en almidón. El alojamiento 30
puede formarse mediante moldeado por inyección de una mitad
superior e inferior y ensamblando las dos mitades, como bien se
conoce en la técnica. Preferiblemente, pero no necesariamente, la
sección transversal oval del alojamiento 30 transversal a la
dirección del eje largo del dispositivo 10 tiene un diámetro
interior de aproximadamente 20 cm en una dirección de un eje menor
y aproximadamente 3 cm en una dirección de un eje mayor. También se
considera que el alojamiento 30 se forme de cualquier otro tamaño o
forma, como, a modo no limitativo, un cilindro, caja rectangular,
caja triangular u otra forma.
Como se ha indicado anteriormente, una sección
final proximal 30b del alojamiento 30 puede separarse de una
sección final distal 30a del alojamiento 30. Como se muestra en la
figura 1 y se discute anteriormente, la sección final distal 30a
incluye la fuente de energía 40 y un botón de activación 63 para el
dispositivo de suministro del medicamento 10, la sección final
proximal 30b contiene ampollas 14a, 14b, y el sustrato 20 revestido
con el medicamento que se va a suministrar. Del mismo modo, la
sección final proximal 30b puede estar separada de la sección final
distal 30a tras el consumo de la dosis incluida en la sección final
proximal 30 b y descartada. La porción final distal 30a, incluyendo
la fuente de energía 40, puede reutilizarse a continuación con otra
sección final proximal que contiene una dosis fresca de medicamento
revestido. La sección final distal 30a puede utilizarse de forma
ventajosa un número de veces de este modo hasta que la fuente de
energía 40 se agota. La sección 30a y 30b puede, como se entiende
en la técnica, moldearse para juntarse, cerrarse por torsión o
unirse en la preparación para la aerosolización de la
dosis.
dosis.
La aerosolización de un medicamento revestido
sobre sustrato 20 se consigue presionando el botón 63 para cerrar
la conexión entre la fuente de energía 40 y el elemento combustible
16a. El elemento combustible 16a se enciende cuando un voltaje de
la fuente de energía 40 se aplica al mismo. Como se ha indicado
anteriormente, el elemento combustible 16a es preferiblemente un
metal combustible que se oxidará rápidamente en la atmósfera de la
pila de combustible 12. La oxidación de la cantidad de metal
combustible incluido preferentemente en la pila de combustible 12
tarda típicamente de 20 a 30 milisegundos y se liberan de
aproximadamente 800 a aproximadamente 900 julios de energía. La
liberación de esta energía provocará que la superficie exterior 20b
del sustrato 20 se eleve a una temperatura de aproximadamente 350ºC
a aproximadamente 600ºC. Esto generalmente es suficiente para
causar que el medicamento en la superficie exterior 20b del sustrato
20 vaporice. Preferiblemente, el vapor de medicamento se enfría en
la vía de ventilación 32 para formar un aerosol. Preferiblemente, el
rango del tamaño de la partícula del medicamento aerosolizado es de
aproximadamente 1 a aproximadamente 3 Pm. Para recibir una dosis
del medicamento aerosolizado, el usuario coloca la boquilla 34 por
encima de la boca del usuario, lo activa presionando el botón 63, e
inhala. El aire fluirá por las aperturas del alojamiento 30, a
través de la vía de ventilación y dentro de la boquilla 34 desde la
que el medicamento aerosolizado puede entrar en los pulmones
del
usuario.
usuario.
La figura 6 muestra un procedimiento 300 de
suministro de un medicamento mediante inhalación según la presente
invención. En la etapa 310 se proporciona un sustrato, como el
sustrato 20 mostrado en la figura 1, que puede soportar un
medicamento que se va a calentar y vaporizar como se ha descrito
anteriormente. El sustrato está formado preferentemente para
incluir una zona interior y una superficie exterior. En la etapa
312, el medicamento está revestido preferiblemente sobre la
superficie exterior del sustrato como se ha discutido
anteriormente. En la etapa 314, al menos una ampolla sellada, como
la ampolla 14a mostrada en la figura 1, se coloca en la zona
interior del sustrato. Como se ha discutido anteriormente, la
ampolla sellada contiene preferentemente un filamento combustible
que incluye un metal combustible, como aluminio, circonio o
magnesio. El filamento combustible está conectado preferentemente a
dos electrodos que se extienden al exterior de la ampolla y que
puede estar conectados intermitentemente a la fuente de energía,
como la fuente de energía 40 mostrada en la figura 1, para permitir
el encendido del elemento combustible. En la etapa 316, los
electrodos están conectados al circuito de fuente de energía y el
elemento combustible se enciende. El encendido desencadena una
reacción exotérmica que calienta el sustrato y vaporiza el
medicamento revestido en el mismo preferiblemente como se ha
discutido anteriormente. En la etapa 318, se permite que el
medicamento se enfríe para formar un aerosol. Preferiblemente este
enfriamiento se produce en una vía de ventilación, como la vía de
ventilación 32 mostrada en la figura 1, que rodea la superficie
exterior del sustrato. En la etapa 320, el medicamento aerosolizado
es inhalado por el usuario. En una realización alternativa, en la
etapa 312, en lugar de revestir un medicamento sobre el exterior
del sustrato proporcionado en la etapa 310, se considera la
impregnación el sustrato con el medicamento que se tiene que
aerosolizar, como se ha discutido
anteriormente.
anteriormente.
Como se ha indicado anteriormente, el
dispositivo de formación del aerosol de la presente invención
calienta rápidamente un medicamento para producir un vapor, seguido
del enfriamiento del vapor y la condensación del vapor para
proporcionar un aerosol, también llamado aerosol de condensación. La
composición del medicamento se calienta preferentemente en una de
las dos formas siguientes: como compuesto activo puro, o como una
mezcla de compuestos activos y excipientes farmacéuticamente
aceptables.
El término "medicamento" como aquí se
utiliza significa cualquier compuesto químico que se utiliza en la
prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento o cura de enfermedad, para el
alivio del dolor, o para controlar o mejorar cualquier trastorno
fisiológico o patológico en humanos o animales. Las clases de
medicamentos incluyen, a modo no limitativo, los siguientes:
antibióticos, anticonvulsivos, antidepresivos, antieméticos,
antihistamínicos, medicamentos antiparkisonianos, antipsicóticos,
ansiolíticos, medicamentos para la disfunción eréctil, medicamentos
para el dolor de cabeza por migraña, medicamentos para el
tratamiento del alcoholismo, relajantes musculares,
antiinflamatorios no esteroides, opioides, otros analgésicos,
estimulantes u esteroides.
Ejemplos de antibióticos incluyen cefinetazol,
cefazolín, cefalexín, cefoxitina, cefacetril, cefaloglicina,
cefaloridina, cefalosforin c, cefalotin, cefamecin a, cefamecin b,
cefamecin c, cefarina, cefradina, ampicilina, amoxicilina,
heptacilina, carfecilina, carindacilina, carbenicilina,
amilpenicilina, azidocilin,a bencilpenicilina, clometocilina,
cloaxicilina, ciclacilina, meticilina, nafcilina,
2-pentenilpenicilina, penicilina n, penicilina o,
penicilina s, penicilina v, penicilina clorobutín, dicloxacilina,
difenicilina, heptipenicilina y metampicilina.
Ejemplos de anticonvulsivos incluyen ácido
4-amino-3-hidroxibutirico,
etanedisulfonato, gabapentin y
vigabatrin.
vigabatrin.
Ejemplos de antidepresivos incluyen
amitriptilina, Amoxapina, benmoxina, butriptilina, clomipramina,
desipramina, dosulepina, doxepina, imipramina, kitanserina,
lofepramina, medixofamina, mianserina, maprotolina, mirtazapina,
nortriptilina, protriptilina, trimipramina, viloxazina, citalopram,
cotinina, duloxetina, fluoxetina, fluvoxamina, milnacipran,
nisoxetina, paroxetina, reboxetina, setralina, tianeptina,
acetafenazina, binedalina, brofaromina, cericlamina, clovoxamina,
iproniazida, isocarboxazida, moclobemida, fenihridazina, fenelzina,
selegilina, sibutramina, tranilcipromina, ademetionina, adrafini,
amesergida, amisulpride, amperozida, benactizina, bupropion,
caroxazona, gepriona, idaxozan, metralindol, milnacipran,
minaprina, nefazodone, nomifensina, ritanserina, roxindole,
S-adenosilmetionina, tonefacin, trazodone,
triptofan, venlafaxina y zalospiron.
Ejemplos de antieméticos incluyen alizaprida,
azasetron, benziquinamida, bromprida, buclizina,
clorpromazina,
cinarizina, cleboprida, ciclizina, difenhidramina, difenidol, dolasetron metanosulfonato, droperidol, granisetron,
hioscine, lorazepam, metoclopramida, metopimazina, ondansetron, perfenazine, prometazina, proclorperazina,
escopolamina, trietylperazina, trifluoperazina, triflupromazina, trimetobenzamida, tropisetron, domeridone y
palonosetron.
cinarizina, cleboprida, ciclizina, difenhidramina, difenidol, dolasetron metanosulfonato, droperidol, granisetron,
hioscine, lorazepam, metoclopramida, metopimazina, ondansetron, perfenazine, prometazina, proclorperazina,
escopolamina, trietylperazina, trifluoperazina, triflupromazina, trimetobenzamida, tropisetron, domeridone y
palonosetron.
Ejemplos de antihistamínicos incluyen azatadina,
bromfeniramina, clorfeniramina, clemastina, ciproheptadina,
dexmedetomidina, difenhidramina, doxilamine, hidroxizina, cetrizina,
fexofenadina, loratadina y prometazina.
Ejemplos de medicamentos antiparkinsonianos
incluyen amantadina, baclofen, biperiden, benzotropina,
orfenadrina, prociclidina, trihexifenidilio, levodopa, carbidopa,
selegilina, deprenil, andropinirol, apomorfine, benserazida,
bromocriptina, budipina, cabergolina, dihidroergocriptina,
eliprodil, eptastigmina, ergolina, galantamina, lazabemida,
lisurida, mazindol, memantina, mofegilina, pergolida, pramipexol,
propentofilina, rasagilina, remacemida, esferamina, terguride,
entacapone, Y tocalpone.
Ejemplos de antipsicóticos incluyen
acetofenazina, alizaprida, amperozida, benperidol, benzoquinamida,
bromperidol, buramato, butaperazina, carfenazina, carpipramina,
clorpromazina, clorprotixeno, clocapramina, clomacran, clopentixol,
clospirazina, clotiapina, ciamemazina, droperidol, flupentixol,
flufenazina, fluspirileno, haloperidol, mesoridazina, metofenazato,
molindrone, penfluridol, periciazina, perfenazina, pimozida,
pipamerone, piperacetazina, pipotiazina, proclorperazina, promazina,
remoxiprida, sertindol, espiperon, sulpirida, tioridazina,
tiotixeno, trifluperidol, triflupromazina, trifluoperazina,
ziprasidon, zotepina, zuclopentixol, amisulprida, butaclamol,
clozapina, melperon, olanzapina, quetiapina y risperidon.
Ejemplos de ansiolíticos incluyen mecloqualona,
medetomidina, metomidato, adinazolam, clordiazepoxido, clobenzepam,
flurazepam, lorazepam, loprazolam, midazolam, alpidem, alseroxlon,
amfenidona, azaciclonol, bromisovalum, buspirona, calcio
N-carbamilaspartato, captodiamina, capurida,
carbcloral, carbromal, betaína cloral, enciprazina, flesinoxan,
ipsapiraona, lesopitron, loxapina, metacualona, metiprilón,
propanolol, tandospirona, trazadona, zopiclona y zolpidem.
Ejemplos de medicamentos para la disfunción
eréctil incluyen tadalafil (IC351), sildenafil, vardenafil,
apomorfina, apomorfina diacetato, fentolamina y yohimbina.
Ejemplos de medicamentos para dolores de cabeza
de migraña incluyen almotriptan, alperoprida, codeina,
dihidroergotamina, ergotamina, eletriptan, frovatriptan,
isometepteno, lidocaína, lisurida, metoclopramida, naratriptan,
oxicodone, propoxifeno, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, ácido tolfenámico,
zolmitriptan, amitriptilina, atenolol, clonidina, ciproheptadina,
diltiazem, doxepina, fluoxetina, lisinopril, metisergida,
metoprolol, nadolol, nortriptilina, paroxetina, pizotifen,
pizotilina, propanolol, protriptilina, sertralina, timolol y
verapamil.
Ejemplos de medicamentos para el tratamiento del
alcoholismo incluyen acamprosato, naxolone, naltrexone y
disulfiram.
Ejemplos de relajantes musculares incluyen
baclofen, ciclobenzaprina, orfenadrina, quinina y tizanidina.
Ejemplos de antiinflamatorios no esteroides
incluyen aceclofenac, alclofenac, alminoprofen, amfenac,
aminopropilon, amixetrina, aspirina, benoxaprofen, bermoprofen,
bromfenac, bufexamac, butibufen, bucloxate, carprofeno, colina,
cincofeno, cinmetacín, clidanaco, clopriac, clometacín, diclofenac,
diflunisal, etodolac, fenclozate, fenoprofeon, flutiazin,
flurbiprofeno, ibuprofeno, ibufenac, indometacín, indoprofeno,
ketoprofeno, ketorolac, loxoprofeno, mazipredona, meclofenamato,
naproxeno, oxaprozin, piroxicam, pirprofeno, ácido prodólico,
salicilate, salsalato, sulindac, tofenamato y tolmetin.
Ejemplos de opioides incluyen alfentanil,
allilprodina, alfaprodina, anileridina, benzilmorfina, bezitramida,
buprenorfina, butorfanol, carbifeno, cipramadol, clonitazeno,
codeína, dextromoramida, dextropropoxifeno, diamorfina,
dihidrocodeína, difenoxilato, dipipanona, fentanil, hidromorfona,
L-alfa acetilmetadol, lofentanil, levorfanol,
meperidina, metadona, meptazinol, metopona, morfina, nalbufina,
nalorfina, oxicodona, papaveretum, petidina, pentazocina,
fenazocina, remifentanil, sufentanil y tramadol.
Ejemplos de otros analgésicos incluyen apazona,
benzpiperilon, benzidramina, bumadizón, clometacín, clonixina,
etoheptazina, flupirtina, nefopam, orfenadrina, propacetamol y
propoxifeno.
Ejemplos de estimulantes incluyen anfetamina,
brucina, dexfenfluramina, dextroanfetamina, efedrina, fenfluramina,
mazindol, metifenidato, pemolina, fentermina y sibutramina.
Ejemplos de esteroides incluyen betametasona,
cloroprednisona, clocortolona, cortisona, desonida, dexametasona,
desoximetasona, difluprednato, estradiol, fludrocortisona,
flumetasona, flunisolide, fluocortolone, fluprednisolona,
hidrocortisona, meprednisona, metilprednisolona, parametasona,
prednisolona, prednisona,
pregnan-3-alfa-ol-20-ona,
testosterona, y triamcinolona.
Los excipientes farmacéuticamente aceptables
pueden ser volátiles o no volátiles. Los excipientes volátiles, al
calentarse, se volatilizan, aerosolizan e inhalan simultáneamente
con el medicamento destinado a ser suministrada. Se conocen en la
técnica clases de tales excipientes e incluyen, a modo no
limitativo, gases, fluidos supercríticos, líquidos y disolventes
líquidos. A continuación se incluye una lista de ejemplos de
portadores dentro de las clases: agua; terpenos, como el mentol,
alcoholes, como etanol, propilenglicol, glicerol y otros alcoholes
similares; dimetilformamida; dimetilacetamida; cera, y mezclas de
los mismos.
Típicamente, los sustratos de la presente
invención se revisten con el medicamento utilizando el proceso de
revestimiento por inmersión. En tal proceso se hace primero una
solución de medicamento. El disolvente de la solución se elige de
modo que el medicamento es miscible en él en concentraciones aptas
para el revestimiento. Disolventes típicos para tal proceso
incluyen, a modo no imitativo, cloruro de metileno, éter, acetato
de etilo y metanol. El sustrato se sumerge y se retira de la
solución a velocidad constante. Tras la inmersión, se permite que el
disolvente se evapore y se calcula la masa de medicamento revestido
sustrayendo la masa del sustrato del sustrato más el compuesto. El
proceso de inmersión se puede repetir hasta que se revista la
cantidad deseada de medicamento. Dispositivos de revestimiento por
inmersión adecuados para utilizarse en la implementación de un
procedimiento y/o aparato de la presente invención están
disponibles en el mercado. Uno de tales es el
DC-2000, que se puede obtener en Concoat Limited of
Surry, England.
Ejemplo
1
Una lámpara de destello de alta potencia
Sylvania®, con su revestimiento de polímero intacto, fue pesada y
colocada en un vial de nicotina. Se permitió que la nicotina líquida
se absorbiera en el revestimiento de polímero durante una hora, y
el exceso de líquido se retiró secándolo con un pañuelo. Se permitió
que la ampolla se equilibrara durante la noche en un vial bajo una
atmósfera de argón. A continuación se abrió el vial y el argón
fluyó por la ampolla durante 45 minutos. Al volver a pesarlo se
mostró que un total de 24,6 mg de nicotina estaba disuelta en el
revestimiento de polímero. La ampolla se encerró en un vial de 8 ml
y se encendió por el contacto de sus conductores a través de las
terminales de una pila AAA. Se formó una nube de aerosol visible
dentro del vial y se permitió que se recondensara en las paredes. El
análisis cromatográfico líquido de alta resolución del condensado
mostró que tenía 1,3 mg de nicotina pura.
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Ejemplo
2
Una lámpara de destellos de alta potencia (GE o
Sylvana), que puede producir 300-400 J de energía,
se introdujo en un tubo de aluminio anodinado. El ensamblado de
lámpara de destellos/tubo se sumergió en una solución orgánica que
contenía un medicamento y se retiró rápidamente. La evaporación del
disolvente residual del ensamblado se realizó colocándolo en una
cámara de vacío durante 30 min. Esto dejó una película de
medicamento revestido en la superficie exterior del tubo de
aluminio. El ensamblado de lámpara de destellos se conectó
eléctricamente a dos pilas de 1,5 V y a un conmutador utilizando
cables de cobre y después se encerró en un vial de vidrio sellado.
El encendido de la lámpara de destellos se realizó momentáneamente
encendiendo el conmutador entre la lámpara de destellos y las
pilas. Tras el encendido, el vial se mantuvo cerrado durante 30
minutos de modo que las partículas de medicamento volatilizado
coagularon y se condensaron en la superficie interior del vial. El
análisis del aerosol implicó aumentar el vial con 5 ml de
acetonitrilo e inyectar una muestra de la solución orgánica en un
dispositivo de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. La medición
con un termopar indicó que el tubo de aluminio se calentó hasta
600ºC en 50 milisegundos. Esto se traduce en una velocidad de
calentamiento de 12000º/s.
Cualquier conocedor de la técnica entenderá que
el dispositivo experimental detallado anteriormente se podría
transformar en un dispositivo de suministro de inhalación excluyendo
el vial sellado e incluyendo un alojamiento para contener el
ensamblado y los componentes eléctricos. El alojamiento contendría
una entrada de aire y una boquilla que, cuando se produjera la
volatilización del medicamento, un soplo de inhalación llevaría el
aerosol formado a los pulmones de un sujeto.
Las descripciones anteriores de realizaciones
específicas de la presente invención se han presentado por motivos
de ilustración y descripción. No están destinadas a ser exhaustivas
ni a limitar a invención a las formas precisas descritas, y debe
entenderse que son posibles varias modificaciones y variaciones a la
luz de la enseñanza anterior. Las realizaciones se escogieron y
describieron para explicar mejor los principios de la invención y
su aplicación práctica para, por tanto, permitir a otros expertos en
la materia utilizar mejor la invención y varias realizaciones con
varias modificaciones que son adecuadas al uso particular
contemplado. También pueden considerarse muchas otras variaciones
dentro del ámbito de la presente invención y se definen en las
reivindicaciones adjuntas.
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Esta lista de referencias citadas por el
solicitante está prevista únicamente para ayudar al lector y no
forma parte del documento de patente europea. Aunque se ha puesto
el máximo cuidado en su realización, no se pueden excluir errores u
omisiones y la OEP declina cualquier responsabilidad en este
respecto.
\bullet US 5099861 A, Clearman [0002]
\bullet US 4693868 A, Katsuda [0003]
\bullet US 4045156 A [0004]
\bullet GB 1366041 A [0005]
\bullet US 4198200 A [0006]
\bullet US 4735358 A [0007]
\bullet FR 921852 [0008]
\bullet DE 19854007 A1 [0009]
\bullet US 4199200 A, Fonda [0015]
Claims (23)
1. Dispositivo (10) para vaporizar un
medicamento (15) que incluye:
- \quad
- un alojamiento (30) que comprende una zona central y una boquilla (34), caracterizado por el hecho de que incluye:
- un sustrato (20) dentro de dicho alojamiento (30) con una superficie interior (20a) que rodea una zona interior y una superficie exterior (20b);
- un elemento combustible (16) dentro de la zona interior del sustrato (20);
- un encendedor de chispa o resistencia conectado al elemento combustible (16) para encender la combustión del elemento combustible (16); y
- un medicamento (15) en la superficie exterior (20b) del sustrato (20), o impregnado en el sustrato (20), el medicamento destinado a vaporizarse tras el encendido del elemento combustible (16).
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
2. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 1, en el que
el elemento combustible (16) está sellado en una ampolla (14).
3. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 2, en el que
la ampolla (14) está hecha de vidrio.
4. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 3, en el que
la ampolla (14) constituye las superficies interior y exterior del
sustrato (20).
5. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 1, en el que
el sustrato (20) es metálico.
6. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 5, en el que
el sustrato (20) está hecho de acero inoxidable o aluminio.
7. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 6, en el que
la superficie interior del sustrato (20) esta anodizada.
8. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 1, en el que
la superficie interior (20a) del sustrato absorbe la luz.
9. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 3, en el que
el sustrato (20 a) incluye un recubrimiento alrededor de la ampolla
de vidrio (14) o un revestimiento de polímero.
10. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 1, en el
que el elemento combustible (16) consume gas en la combustión.
11. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 10, en el
que el elemento combustible (16) incluye un metal combustible.
12. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 11, en el
que el elemento combustible (16) incluye magnesio, circonio o
aluminio.
13. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 2, en el
que el sustrato (20) está revestido sobre la ampolla sellada
(14).
14. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 1, en el
que el alojamiento (30) facilita la inhalación del medicamento tras
la vaporización del mismo.
15. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 14, en el
que el alojamiento (30) incluye dicha boquilla (34) para facilitar
la inhalación oral del medicamento tras la vaporización del
mismo.
16. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 14, en el
que el alojamiento (30) incluye una fijación nasal para facilitar
la inhalación nasal del medicamento tras la vaporización del
mismo.
17. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 15, en el
que el encendedor incluye una fuente de energía (40) para encender
el elemento combustible (16) y en el que el dispositivo puede
separarse en dos secciones, una primera sección (30a) que aloja la
fuente de energía (40) y la segunda sección (30b) que aloja el
sustrato (20), el elemento combustible (16) y el medicamento
(15).
18. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 1, en el
que el dispositivo está configurado para (a) calentar rápidamente
un medicamento para producir un vapor, seguido de (b) el
enfriamiento del vapor y la condensación del vapor para
proporcionar un aerosol.
19. Dispositivo de cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que el medicamento (15) está en
la superficie exterior (20b) del sustrato (20).
20. Dispositivo de cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que el medicamento (15) está en
forma de compuesto activo puro.
21. Dispositivo de cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones 1 a 19, en el que el medicamento (15) está en forma
de una mezcla de compuesto(s) activo(s) y
excipiente(s) farmacéuticamente aceptable(s).
22. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 21, en el
que el/los excipiente(s) farmacéuticamente
aceptable(s) es volátil.
23. Dispositivo de la reivindicación 21, en el
que el excipiente(s) farmacéuticamente aceptable(s) no
es volátil.
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| US146086 | 2002-05-13 | ||
| US10/146,086 US7458374B2 (en) | 2002-05-13 | 2002-05-13 | Method and apparatus for vaporizing a compound |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2323418T3 true ES2323418T3 (es) | 2009-07-15 |
Family
ID=29400465
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| ES03734014T Expired - Lifetime ES2323418T3 (es) | 2002-05-13 | 2003-05-13 | Procedimiento y aparato para vaporizar un compuesto. |
| ES09002094.2T Expired - Lifetime ES2623467T3 (es) | 2002-05-13 | 2003-05-13 | Método para vaporizar un compuesto |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| ES09002094.2T Expired - Lifetime ES2623467T3 (es) | 2002-05-13 | 2003-05-13 | Método para vaporizar un compuesto |
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| EP (3) | EP2052753B1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP4426439B2 (es) |
| CN (2) | CN101623528B (es) |
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| CA (1) | CA2485721C (es) |
| CY (1) | CY1118820T1 (es) |
| DE (1) | DE60326713D1 (es) |
| DK (1) | DK2052753T3 (es) |
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| IL (1) | IL165161A0 (es) |
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| PT (1) | PT2052753T (es) |
| SI (1) | SI2052753T1 (es) |
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2002
- 2002-05-13 US US10/146,086 patent/US7458374B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2003-05-13 MX MXPA04011279A patent/MXPA04011279A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2003-05-13 ES ES03734014T patent/ES2323418T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-05-13 EP EP09002094.2A patent/EP2052753B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-05-13 CA CA2485721A patent/CA2485721C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-05-13 SI SI200332520A patent/SI2052753T1/sl unknown
- 2003-05-13 DK DK09002094.2T patent/DK2052753T3/en active
- 2003-05-13 CN CN2009101667825A patent/CN101623528B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-05-13 DE DE60326713T patent/DE60326713D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-05-13 EP EP16204982.9A patent/EP3207954A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-05-13 PT PT90020942T patent/PT2052753T/pt unknown
- 2003-05-13 AT AT03734014T patent/ATE425784T1/de active
- 2003-05-13 ES ES09002094.2T patent/ES2623467T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-05-13 JP JP2004503091A patent/JP4426439B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-05-13 CN CNB038141566A patent/CN100540080C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-05-13 WO PCT/US2003/014983 patent/WO2003095012A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-05-13 EP EP03734014A patent/EP1506031B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2004
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2008
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2017
- 2017-04-07 CY CY20171100423T patent/CY1118820T1/el unknown
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2018
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2005525178A (ja) | 2005-08-25 |
| US20090071477A1 (en) | 2009-03-19 |
| EP2052753B1 (en) | 2017-01-25 |
| HK1129077A1 (en) | 2009-11-20 |
| HK1243014A1 (en) | 2018-07-06 |
| CA2485721C (en) | 2011-07-26 |
| DK2052753T3 (en) | 2017-04-24 |
| WO2003095012A1 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
| EP1506031B1 (en) | 2009-03-18 |
| CN100540080C (zh) | 2009-09-16 |
| US20030209240A1 (en) | 2003-11-13 |
| ES2623467T3 (es) | 2017-07-11 |
| US7987846B2 (en) | 2011-08-02 |
| PT2052753T (pt) | 2017-04-11 |
| US7458374B2 (en) | 2008-12-02 |
| CY1118820T1 (el) | 2018-01-10 |
| ATE425784T1 (de) | 2009-04-15 |
| DE60326713D1 (de) | 2009-04-30 |
| CN101623528B (zh) | 2012-03-07 |
| CN1662272A (zh) | 2005-08-31 |
| CN101623528A (zh) | 2010-01-13 |
| MXPA04011279A (es) | 2005-02-17 |
| SI2052753T1 (sl) | 2017-05-31 |
| IL165161A0 (en) | 2005-12-18 |
| EP3207954A1 (en) | 2017-08-23 |
| EP1506031A1 (en) | 2005-02-16 |
| JP4426439B2 (ja) | 2010-03-03 |
| AU2003239441A1 (en) | 2003-11-11 |
| CA2485721A1 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
| WO2003095012B1 (en) | 2004-03-04 |
| HK1081888A1 (zh) | 2006-05-26 |
| EP2052753A1 (en) | 2009-04-29 |
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