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WO2022148493A1 - 一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法及装置 - Google Patents

一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法及装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022148493A1
WO2022148493A1 PCT/CN2022/076486 CN2022076486W WO2022148493A1 WO 2022148493 A1 WO2022148493 A1 WO 2022148493A1 CN 2022076486 W CN2022076486 W CN 2022076486W WO 2022148493 A1 WO2022148493 A1 WO 2022148493A1
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Prior art keywords
explosion
crushing
controllable
battery
power battery
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
徐政和
姜峰
卢周广
彭超
刘振达
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Southern University of Science and Technology
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Southern University of Science and Technology
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of waste power battery recycling, in particular to a method and a device for controllable explosion and crushing of waste power batteries.
  • lithium-ion batteries Due to the advantages of high energy, small size, light weight, long life and low pollution, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in electric vehicles, digital products, aerospace and other fields. In recent years, with the explosive growth of electric vehicles, the demand and scrapping of lithium-ion batteries have increased significantly. Waste power batteries contain a lot of available resources, such as nickel, cobalt, manganese, lithium, iron, copper, aluminum and other valuable metals, as well as organic solvents such as electrolytes. Improper recycling and disposal of used power batteries will cause great environmental pollution and waste of resources. Effective recovery of valuable components in waste power batteries can not only alleviate the shortage of metal resources to a certain extent, but also reduce the pollution caused by waste power batteries to the environment.
  • the mainstream processes for recycling waste power batteries at home and abroad can be divided into two types: fire method and wet method.
  • the pyro-recycling process has not been adopted on a large scale due to the disadvantages of high energy consumption, low added value of products, ineffective recovery of lithium elements, and generation of dioxin smoke and dust to pollute the environment.
  • wet recovery technology has been applied in industrial production due to the advantages of flexible process, low energy consumption and high added value of products.
  • the wet recycling process requires pretreatment to prepare high-quality waste electrode materials as raw materials, in order to achieve efficient recycling of waste power batteries.
  • the existing pretreatment process includes multiple steps such as discharge, dismantling, multi-stage crushing and physical sorting.
  • the discharge technology is mainly based on salt water discharge.
  • the discharge cycle is long, and the electrolyte is easy to leak, causing water pollution.
  • the multi-stage crushing process also poses a safety hazard due to the flammable and explosive batteries, the environmental pollution caused by the volatilization of the electrolyte, and the low adaptability of the crushing equipment to the type and size of the battery, and the multi-stage crushing leads to high energy consumption.
  • the crushing efficiency directly affects the physical sorting process.
  • the presence of the binder and the incomplete peeling of each component lead to low sorting accuracy and low copper and aluminum recovery efficiency.
  • the quality of the positive and negative mixed powder obtained in the pretreatment process directly affects the complexity of the subsequent wet recovery process and the added value of the product.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method and device for controllable explosion and crushing of waste power batteries, aiming to solve the problems of low crushing efficiency, low safety factor and electrolyte leakage in the existing waste power battery crushing methods. Pollution of the environment, low adaptability of crushing equipment to battery types and sizes, and high energy consumption for crushing.
  • a device for controllable explosion and crushing of waste power batteries which includes an explosion tank for placing waste power batteries and auxiliary fuels, an exhaust gas absorption tower communicated with the explosion tank through a pipeline, and an exhaust gas absorption tower located under the explosion tank and used for A heating device for heating the explosive canister or a detonating device located below the explosive canister and used for detonating the explosive canister.
  • the device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries wherein the explosion tank includes an explosion tank shell, an explosion tank cover arranged on the explosion tank shell; an air inlet is provided on the explosion tank shell and an exhaust port, and a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor are also arranged in the explosion tank.
  • the device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries further includes a control device, which is electrically connected to the heating device; the control device is electrically connected to the temperature sensor and the pressure sensor, respectively.
  • a visualization window is arranged on the explosion tank cover; and a sieve plate is arranged on the exhaust port.
  • a method for controllable explosion and crushing waste power battery of a device for controllable explosion crushing waste power battery which comprises the steps:
  • the used power batteries include one or more of cylindrical lithium ion batteries, square shell batteries, and soft pack batteries.
  • auxiliary fuel is one or more of explosives, pulverized coal, natural gas or coal gas.
  • the amount of the auxiliary fuel is 0.1-0.6 kg/m 3 .
  • the method for the controllable explosion and crushing waste power battery wherein, it also includes the steps:
  • the explosive exhaust gas is discharged into the exhaust gas absorption tower through the exhaust port, and the explosive exhaust gas is absorbed through condensation, photocatalysis or/and washing liquid.
  • the method for the controllable explosion and crushing waste power battery wherein, it also includes the steps:
  • the solid mixture is sieved with a 50-100 mesh oscillating sieve, the sieved solid mixture is directly used for subsequent multi-component separation, and the unscreened solid is the power battery shell and current collector, which realizes the shell, Efficient separation of current collectors and active materials.
  • the present invention adopts controllable explosion to crush the waste power battery, does not need to discharge the waste power battery, can be directly charged and crushed, simplifies the technological process, and makes full use of the residual energy of the battery.
  • the energy consumption required for crushing is saved, and the solid product obtained by one explosion can be directly used for sorting, which provides high-quality raw materials for the subsequent sorting process; due to the high temperature generated by the explosion, the organic components such as electrolyte and binder are eliminated.
  • the crushed product has good dispersibility, which is conducive to the subsequent separation; the explosive waste gas generated by the explosion is absorbed and purified by the tail gas absorption tower device, which realizes the centralized treatment of the electrolyte and reduces the waste gas in the conventional multi-stage crushing process.
  • Environmental pollution; the method has wide adaptability to the types and sizes of used power batteries.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a preferred embodiment of a device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a first flow chart of a preferred embodiment of a method for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a second flow chart of a preferred embodiment of a method for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a method and device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries.
  • the present invention will be described in further detail below. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention, but not to limit the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a preferred embodiment of a device for controllable explosion and crushing of waste power batteries provided by the present invention. As shown in the figure, it includes an explosion tank for placing waste power batteries and auxiliary fuel. 10, the exhaust gas absorption tower 20 communicated with the explosion tank 10 through a pipeline, and the heating device 30 located below the explosion tank 10 and used for heating the explosion tank 10 or located below the explosion tank 10 and used A detonating device for detonating the explosive canister.
  • the waste power battery and auxiliary fuel are placed in the explosion tank 10, the explosive in the explosion tank 10 is detonated by the heating device or the detonating device, and the explosion of the explosive causes the waste power
  • the battery explodes
  • the spent power battery is exploded to obtain solid explosive products, and at the same time, explosive exhaust gas is generated, and the explosive exhaust gas can be recovered through the exhaust gas absorption tower 20 .
  • the explosion of the power battery is caused by detonating explosives, so as to realize the crushing of the waste power battery, and the waste power battery does not need to be discharged.
  • the energy consumption required for crushing is saved, and the solid product obtained by one explosion can be directly used for sorting, providing high-quality raw materials for the subsequent sorting process; the generated explosion tail gas is absorbed and purified by the tail gas absorption tower device, reducing the crushing rate.
  • Environmental pollution from process explosion exhaust gas Compared with other methods of electrified crushing, this embodiment avoids the danger of fire and explosion in other electrified crushing processes, effectively improves safety, and realizes centralized treatment of electrolyte.
  • the explosion canister 10 includes an explosion canister shell 11 , and an explosion canister cover 12 disposed on the explosion canister shell 11 ; the explosion canister shell 11 is provided with A temperature sensor 15 and a pressure sensor 16 are also provided in the explosion tank body 11 for the air inlet 13 and the exhaust port 14 .
  • the explosion tank cover 12 by opening the explosion tank cover 12, the waste power battery and auxiliary fuel pulverized coal are put into the explosion tank shell 11; A suitable gas is introduced into the body 11 to control the air pressure and atmosphere in the shell of the explosion canister; the pulverized coal in the explosion canister 10 is detonated by the detonator, and the explosion of the pulverized coal causes the explosion of the used power battery.
  • the temperature in the shell of the explosion tank can be acquired in real time through the temperature sensor 15, and the air pressure in the shell of the explosion tank can be acquired in real time through the pressure sensor 16;
  • the explosion tail gas generated by the explosion is discharged into the tail gas absorption tower 20 for recovery processing; by opening the explosion tank cover 12, the exploded and crushed solid mixture is taken out for subsequent sieving and separation.
  • a control device 40 is further included, and the control device 40 is electrically connected to the heating device 30 ; the control device 40 is also electrically connected to the temperature sensor 15 and the pressure sensor 16 respectively. connect.
  • the heating temperature and heating time of the heating device 30 can be controlled by the control device 40, so that the detonation and explosion of the waste power battery can be realized by means of electric heating.
  • the control device can also receive and display the temperature data sent by the temperature sensor and the pressure data sent by the pressure sensor.
  • the explosion tank cover 12 is provided with a visualization window 17
  • the exhaust port 14 is provided with a sieve plate.
  • the state before and after the explosion and the explosion process in the explosion tank shell can be observed through the visualization window 17; powder, so as to realize the solid-gas separation of the explosive product, the explosive solid product is directly used for subsequent screening and physical separation, and the explosive tail gas is discharged into the tail gas absorption tower 20 for recycling.
  • FIG. 2 there is also provided a method for blasting and smashing waste power batteries based on the device, as shown in FIG. 2 , which includes the steps:
  • the waste power battery is first disassembled into battery cells (cells), which do not need to be discharged; then the battery cells and auxiliary fuel are put into an explosion tank, and the Gas is introduced through the air inlet to control the atmosphere in the explosion tank; finally, the battery cell is exploded by heating and detonating the self-explosion of the battery cell or by detonating the auxiliary fuel, so that the battery cell is exploded and broken, and the broken body is obtained.
  • the solid mixture produces explosive exhaust gas to complete the explosion and fragmentation of the waste power battery.
  • the waste power battery is crushed by the controlled explosion method, and there is no need to discharge the waste power battery.
  • the characteristics of the explosion and the stored energy save the energy consumption required for crushing, and the solid product obtained from one explosion can be directly used for sorting, providing high-quality raw materials for the subsequent sorting process; the generated explosion tail gas is absorbed by the tail gas.
  • the tower device is used for absorption and purification, which reduces the environmental pollution caused by the explosion exhaust gas during the crushing process. Compared with other methods of electrified crushing, this embodiment avoids the danger of fire and explosion in other electrified crushing processes, and the safety is effectively improved.
  • the used power battery includes one or more of cylindrical lithium-ion battery, square shell battery, and soft pack battery, but is not limited thereto.
  • the auxiliary fuel is one or more of explosives, pulverized coal, natural gas or coal gas, but is not limited thereto.
  • the amount of the auxiliary fuel is 0.1-0.6 kg/m 3 , but not limited thereto.
  • the explosive exhaust gas is discharged into the exhaust gas absorption tower through the exhaust port, and the explosive exhaust gas is absorbed through condensation, photocatalysis or/and washing liquid.
  • the explosion exhaust gas is discharged from the exhaust hole through the air duct and enters the explosion exhaust gas absorption tower, where it is absorbed by the washing liquid to avoid polluting the environment.
  • the tail gas absorption tower is one of a packed tower, a spray tower or an absorption tower, but is not limited thereto.
  • the tail gas absorption tower includes a multi-stage condensation part, a photocatalytic part and a washing liquid part, and the explosion tail gas first enters the multi-stage condensation part under the state of positive pressure in the explosion tank, and recovers part of the high-boiling organic waste gas ;
  • the explosive exhaust gas that cannot be recovered through the multi-stage condensation part enters the photocatalytic part, and this part of the organic waste gas is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water that are harmless to the environment, and finally absorbs the soluble exhaust gas through the washing liquid part, realizing the harmlessness of the explosive exhaust gas. processing.
  • the solid mixture is sieved with a 50-100 mesh oscillating sieve, the sieved solid mixture is directly used for subsequent multi-component separation, and the unscreened solid is the power battery shell and current collector, which realizes the shell, Efficient separation of current collectors and active materials.
  • the solid mixture obtained after the explosion is copper, iron, aluminum and mixed powder of positive and negative electrodes, and the generated explosion exhaust gas is organic and other waste gas.
  • the present invention uses a controllable explosion method to smash the waste power battery and recover the organic explosion tail gas, which has the advantages of short process, low energy consumption and high efficiency, and provides a new method for the safe and efficient crushing of the waste power battery.
  • the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the present invention avoids the process of discharging the battery in the traditional process, significantly shortens the process flow, and saves the discharge time (more than 24h); The danger of fire and explosion in other electrified crushing processes is eliminated, the residual energy of the waste battery is fully utilized, and the safety is effectively improved; the invention adopts the controllable explosion method to crush the waste lithium-ion battery into powder.
  • Multi-stage crushing such as crushing and fine crushing
  • the present invention can obtain solid powder in only one step, significantly shortens the crushing process, and reduces energy consumption; the control of the explosion environment by the present invention can effectively control the performance of the explosive products, and provide high-quality raw materials for subsequent sorting.

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  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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Abstract

一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法及装置，其中，方法包括：将废旧动力电池拆解成电池单体；将电池单体与辅助燃料放入爆炸罐（10）中，并控制爆炸罐（10）的气氛；通过加热引爆电池单体或通过引燃辅助燃料引起电池单体爆炸，得到破碎的固体混合物和爆炸尾气，完成废旧动力电池的爆炸破碎。该方法采用爆炸法对废旧动力电池进行破碎，不需要对废旧动力电池进行放电处理，直接带电破碎，简化了工艺流程，充分利用了电池的残余能量，节省了破碎所需要的能耗，并且一次爆炸得到的大量的固体产物可以直接用于分选，为后续的分选工艺提供了优质的原料；产生的爆炸尾气通过尾气吸收塔装置进行吸收净化，减少了破碎过程废气对环境的污染。

Description

一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法及装置 技术领域
本发明涉及废旧动力电池回收技术领域，特别涉及一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法及装置。
背景技术
由于锂离子电池具有能量高、体积小、质量轻、寿命长、污染小等优点，已被广泛应用于电动车、数码产品、航空航天等领域。近年来，随着电动汽车的爆发式增长，锂离子电池的需求量和报废量大幅增加。废旧动力电池中含有大量可利用的资源，例如镍、钴、锰、锂、铁、铜、铝等有价金属，以及电解液等有机溶剂。如果废旧动力电池回收处理不当，将会造成极大的环境污染和资源浪费。有效回收废旧动力电池中的有价组分，不仅在一定程度上能够缓解金属资源短缺，还可以减少废旧动力电池对环境造成的污染。
目前，国内外废旧动力电池回收的主流工艺可分为火法和湿法两种。火法回收工艺由于能耗高、产品附加值低、锂元素不能有效回收、产生二噁英烟尘污染环境等劣势，未被大规模采用。对比火法回收技术，湿法回收技术由于工艺灵活、能耗低、产品附加值高等优点，已被应用于工业生产。但湿法回收工艺需要预处理制备优质的废旧电极材料为原材料，才能实现废旧动力电池的高效回收利用。现有的预处理工艺包括放电、拆解、多级破碎和物理分选等多个步骤。目前放电技术以盐水放电为主，放电周期长、电解液易泄露造成水体污染。多级破碎过程也因电池易燃易爆存在安全隐患，电解液挥发造成环境污染，以及破碎设备对电池种类及尺寸适应性低、多级破碎导致能耗高。破碎效率直接影响物理分选过程，粘结剂的存在和各组分剥离不彻底导致分选精度低及铜铝回收效率低。预处理过程得到的正负极混合粉末品质直接影响后续湿法回收工艺的繁简程度和产品的附加值。
因此，亟需开发一种简单、高效、安全、经济环保的破碎方法，来简化整个动力电池的回收的工艺、降低生产成本、提高回收产品的附加值。
发明内容
鉴于上述现有技术的不足，本发明的目的在于提供一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法及装置，旨在解决现有废旧动力电池破碎方法存在破碎效率低、安全系数低、电解液泄露污染环境、破碎设备对电池种类和尺寸适应性低以及破碎能耗高等难题。
本发明的技术方案如下：
一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置，其中，包括用于放置废旧动力电池和辅助燃料的爆炸罐，与所述爆炸罐通过管道连通的尾气吸收塔，以及位于所述爆炸罐下方且用于对所述爆炸罐进行加热的加热装置或位于所述爆炸罐下方且用于对所述爆炸罐进行引爆的引爆装置。
所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置，其中，所述爆炸罐包括爆炸罐壳体，设置在所述爆炸罐壳体上的爆炸罐盖；所述爆炸罐壳体上设置有进气口和排气口，所述爆炸罐体内还设置有温度传感器以及压力传感器。
所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置，其中，还包括控制装置，所述控制装置与所述加热装置电连接；所述控制装置分别与所述温度传感器以及压力传感器电连接。
所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置，其中，所述爆炸罐盖上设置有可视化窗口；所述排气口上设置有筛板。
一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置的可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其中，包括步骤：
将废旧动力电池拆解成电池单体；
将所述电池单体与辅助燃料放入爆炸罐中，并控制所述爆炸罐的气氛；
通过加热引爆所述电池单体或通过引燃所述辅助燃料并引起所述电池单体爆炸，得到可控爆炸破碎的固体混合物和爆炸尾气，完成废旧动力电池的爆炸破碎。
所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其中，所述废旧动力电池包括圆柱形锂离子电池、方壳电池、软包电池中的一种或多种。
所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其中，所述辅助燃料为炸药、煤粉、天然气或煤气中的一种或多种。
所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其中，所述辅助燃料的用量为0.1-0.6kg/m 3。
所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其中，还包括步骤：
将所述爆炸尾气通过排气口排入到尾气吸收塔中，通过冷凝、光催化或/和洗液吸收所述爆炸尾气。
所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其中，还包括步骤：
使用50-100目的振荡筛对所述固体混合物进行筛分处理，将过筛的固体混合物直接用于后续的多组分分离，未过筛的固体为动力电池外壳和集流体，实现了外壳、集流体和活性材料的高效分离。
有益效果：与现有技术相比，本发明采用可控爆炸对废旧动力电池进行破碎，不需要对废旧动力电池进行放电处理，可直接带电破碎，简化了工艺流程，充分利用电池的残余能量，节省了破碎所需要的能耗，并且一次爆炸得到固体产物可以直接用于分选，为后续的分选工艺提供了优质的原料；由于爆炸产生的高温，使得电解液以及粘结剂等有机成分直接分解或挥发，破碎后的产物分散性好，利于后续的分离；爆炸产生的爆炸废气通过尾气吸收塔装置进行吸收净化，实现了电解液的集中处理，减少了常规多级破碎过程中废气对环境的污染；该方法对废旧动力电池的种类及尺寸适应性广。
附图说明
图1为本发明一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置较佳实施例的结构示意图。
图2为本发明一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法较佳实施例的第一流程图。
图3为本发明一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法较佳实施例的第二流程图。
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法及装置，为使本发明的目的、技术方案及效果更加清楚、明确，以下对本发明进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
本技术领域技术人员可以理解，除非特意声明，这里使用的单数形式“一”、“一个”、“所述”和“该”也可包括复数形式。应该进一步理解的是，本发明的说明书中使用的措辞“包括”是指存在所述特征、整数、步骤、操作、元件和/或组件，但是并不排除存在或添加一个或多个其他特征、整数、步骤、操作、元件、组件和/或它们的组。应该理解，当我们称元件被“连接”或“耦接”到另一元件时，它可以直接连接或耦接到其他元件，或者也可以存在中间元件。此外，这里使用的“连接”或“耦接”可以包括无线连接或无线耦接。这里使用的措辞“和/或”包括一个或更多个相关联的列出项的全部或任一单元和全部组合。
本技术领域技术人员可以理解，除非另外定义，这里使用的所有术语(包括技术术语和科学术语)，具有与本发明所属领域中的普通技术人员的一般理解相同的意义。还应该理解的是，诸如通用字典中定义的那些术语，应该被理解为具有与现有技术的上下文中的意义一致的意义，并且除非像这里一样被特定定义，否则不会用理想化或过于正式的含义来解释。
请参阅图1，图1为本发明提供的一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置较佳实施例的结构示意图，如图所示，其包括用于放置废旧动力电池和辅助燃料的爆炸罐10，与所述爆炸罐10通过管道连通的尾气吸收塔20，以及位于所述爆炸罐10下方且用于对所述爆炸罐10进行加热的加热装置30或位于所述爆炸罐10下方且用于对所述爆炸罐进行引爆的引爆装置。
在本实施例中，将废旧动力电池和辅助燃料(炸药)放置在所述爆炸罐10中，通过所述加热装置或引爆装置引爆爆炸罐10中的炸药，炸药的爆炸引起了所述废旧动力电池的爆炸，废旧动力电池经过爆炸得到固体爆炸产物，同时产生爆炸尾气，所述爆炸尾气可通过所述尾气吸收塔20回收。本实施例采用引爆炸药的方式引起动力电池的爆炸，从而实现对废旧动力电池的破碎，不需要对废旧动力电池进行放电处理，直接带电破碎，简化了工艺流程，充分利用了电池的残余能量，节省了破碎所需要的能耗，并且一次爆炸得到固体产物可以直接用于分选，为后续的分选工艺提供了优质的原料；产生的爆炸尾气通过尾气吸收塔装置进行吸收净化，减少了破碎过程爆炸尾气对环境的污染。对比其他带电破碎的方式，本实施例避免了其他带电破碎过程的起火、爆炸的危险，安全性得到有效提高，并实现了电解液的集中处理。
在一些实施方式中，如图1所示，所述爆炸罐10包括爆炸罐壳体11，设置在所述爆炸罐壳体11上的爆炸罐盖12；所述爆炸罐壳体11上设置有进气口13和排气口14，所述爆炸罐体11内还设置有温度传感器15以及压力传感器16。
在本实施例中，通过打开所述爆炸罐盖12，将废旧动力电池和辅助燃料煤粉放入到所述爆炸罐壳体11内；通过所述进气口13可向所述爆炸罐壳体11内通入合适气体以控制爆炸罐壳体内的气压与气氛；通过所述引爆器引爆爆炸罐10中的煤粉，煤粉的爆炸引起所述废旧动力电池的爆炸。通过所述温度传感器15可实时获取所述爆炸罐壳体内的温度，通过所述压力传感器16可实时获取所述爆炸罐壳体内的气压；在爆炸完成后，可通过所述排气口14将爆炸产生的爆炸尾气排入尾气吸收塔20内进行回收处理；通过打开所述爆炸罐盖12将爆炸破碎后的固体混合物取出进行后续过筛分离。
在一些实施方式中，如图1所示，还包括控制装置40，所述控制装置40与所述加热装置30电连接；所述控制装置40还分别与所述温度传感器15以及压力传感器16电连接。
在本实施例中，通过所述控制装置40可控制所述加热装置30的加热温度以及加热时间，从而通过电加热的方式实现废旧动力电池的引爆和爆炸。所述控制装置还可接收并显示所述温度传感器发送过来的温度数据，以及压力传感器发送过来的压力数据。
在一些实施方式中，如图1所示，所述爆炸罐盖12上设置有可视化窗口17，所述排气口14上设置有筛板。在本实施例中，通过所述可视化窗口17可以观察到所述爆炸罐壳体内在爆炸前后的状态和爆炸过程；设置在所述排气口上的筛板可在排气的时候挡住爆炸产生的粉体，从而实现爆炸产物的固气分离，爆炸固体产物直接用于后续的筛分和物理分离，爆炸尾气排入尾气吸收塔20内进行回收处理。
在一些实施方式中，还提供一种基于所述装置的爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，如图2所示，其包括步骤：
S10、将废旧动力电池拆解成电池单体；
S20、将所述电池单体与辅助燃料放入爆炸罐中，并控制所述爆炸罐的气氛；
S30、通过加热引爆所述电池单体自爆或通过引燃所述辅助燃料引起所述电池单体爆炸，得到破碎的固体混合物和爆炸尾气，完成废旧动力电池的爆炸破碎。
如图3所示，本实施例首先将废旧动力电池拆解成电池单体(电芯)，不需要对其进行放电处理；然后将所述电池单体与辅助燃料放入爆炸罐中，并通过进气口通入气体以控制爆炸罐内的气氛；最后通过加热引爆所述电池单体自爆或通过引爆辅助燃料引起所述电池单体爆炸，使所述电池单体爆炸破碎，得到破碎的固体混合物并产生爆炸尾气，完成废旧动力电池的爆炸破碎。
本实施例采用可控爆炸法对废旧动力电池进行破碎，不需要对废旧动力电池进行放电处理，直接带电破碎，简化了工艺流程，通过少量的辅助燃料引爆电池，充分利用废旧动力电池易燃易爆的特点和赋存的能量，节省了破碎所需要的能耗，并且一次爆炸得到固体产物可以直接用于分选，为后续的分选工艺提供了优质的原料；产生的爆炸尾气通过尾气吸收塔装置进行吸收净化，减少了破碎过程爆炸尾气对环 境的污染。对比其他带电破碎的方式，本实施例避免了其他带电破碎过程的起火、爆炸的危险，安全性得到有效提高。
在一些实施方式中，所述废旧动力电池包括圆柱形锂离子电池、方壳电池、软包电池中的一种或多种，但不限于此。
在一些实施方式中，所述辅助燃料为炸药、煤粉、天然气或煤气中的一种或多种，但不限于此。
在一些实施方式中，所述辅助燃料的用量为0.1-0.6kg/m 3，但不限于此。
在一些实施方式中，如图3所示，在爆炸完成后，还包括步骤：
将所述爆炸尾气通过排气口排入到尾气吸收塔中，通过冷凝、光催化或/和洗液吸收所述爆炸尾气。
具体来讲，在爆炸完成后，需要对爆炸后的爆炸罐进行减压排气处理，爆炸尾气经导气管从排气孔排出，进入爆炸尾气吸收塔，被洗液吸收，避免污染环境。本实施例中，所述尾气吸收塔为填料塔、喷淋塔或吸收塔中的一种，但不限于此。作为举例，所述尾气吸收塔包括多级冷凝部位、光催化部位以及洗液部位，所述爆炸尾气在爆炸罐内正压的状态下，首先进入多级冷凝部位，回收部分高沸点的有机废气；不能通过多级冷凝部位回收的爆炸尾气，进入光催化部位，该部分有机废气被分解成对环境无害的二氧化碳和水，最后通过洗液部位吸收可溶性的尾气，实现了爆炸尾气的无害化处理。
在一些实施方式中，如图3所示，在爆炸完成后，还包括步骤：
使用50-100目的振荡筛对所述固体混合物进行筛分处理，将过筛的固体混合物直接用于后续的多组分分离，未过筛的固体为动力电池外壳和集流体，实现了外壳、集流体和活性材料的高效分离。
在一些实施方式中，爆炸后得到的固体混合物为铜、铁、铝和正负极混合粉末，产生的爆炸尾气为有机和其它废气。
综上所述，本发明采用可控爆炸的方式对废旧动力电池进行破碎，对有机爆炸尾气进行回收，其具有流程短、低能耗、效率高等优点，为废旧动力电池的安全高 效破碎提供了新思路。具体而言，本发明具有以下有益效果：本发明避免了传统工艺中对电池进行放电的过程，明显缩短了工艺流程，节省了放电时间(24h以上)；对比其他带电破碎的方式，本发明避免了其他带电破碎过程的起火、爆炸的危险，充分利用了废旧电池的残余能量，安全性得到有效提高；本发明采用可控爆炸法将废旧锂离子电池破碎成粉末，对比其他破碎方法需要先粗碎再细碎等多级破碎，本发明只需要一步就可以得到固体粉末，明显缩短破碎流程，降低能耗；本发明控制爆炸环境可以有效的控制爆炸产物性能，为后续分选提供优质原料。
应当理解的是，本发明的应用不限于上述的举例，对本领域普通技术人员来说，可以根据上述说明加以改进或变换，所有这些改进和变换都应属于本发明所附权利要求的保护范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置，其特征在于，包括用于放置废旧动力电池和辅助燃料的爆炸罐，与所述爆炸罐通过管道连通的尾气吸收塔，以及位于所述爆炸罐下方且用于对所述爆炸罐进行加热的加热装置或位于所述爆炸罐下方且用于对所述爆炸罐进行引爆的引爆装置。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置，其特征在于，所述爆炸罐包括爆炸罐壳体，设置在所述爆炸罐壳体上的爆炸罐盖；所述爆炸罐壳体上设置有进气口和排气口，所述爆炸罐体内还设置有温度传感器以及压力传感器。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置，其特征在于，还包括控制装置，所述控制装置与所述加热装置电连接；所述控制装置分别与所述温度传感器以及压力传感器电连接。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置，其特征在于，所述爆炸罐盖上设置有可视化窗口；所述排气口上设置有筛板。
  5. 一种基于权利要求1-4任一所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的装置的可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其特征在于，包括步骤：
    将废旧动力电池拆解成电池单体；
    将所述电池单体与辅助燃料放入爆炸罐中，并控制所述爆炸罐的气氛；
    通过加热引爆所述电池单体或通过引燃所述辅助燃料并引起所述电池单体爆炸，得到可控爆炸破碎的固体混合物和爆炸尾气，完成废旧动力电池的爆炸破碎。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其特征在于，所述废旧动力电池包括圆柱形锂离子电池、方壳电池、软包电池中的一种或多种。
  7. 根据权利要求5所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其特征在于，所述辅助燃料为炸药、煤粉、天然气或煤气中的一种或多种。
  8. 根据权利要求5所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其特征在于，所述辅助燃料的用量为0.1-0.6kg/m 3。
  9. 根据权利要求5所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其特征在于，还包括步骤：
    将所述爆炸尾气通过排气口排入到尾气吸收塔中，通过冷凝、光催化或/和洗液吸收所述爆炸尾气。
  10. 根据权利要求5所述可控爆炸破碎废旧动力电池的方法，其特征在于，还包括步骤：
    使用50-100目的振荡筛对所述固体混合物进行筛分处理，将过筛的固体混合物直接用于后续的多组分分离，未过筛的固体为动力电池外壳和集流体，实现了外壳、集流体和活性材料的高效分离。
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