WO2022148493A1 - Method and device for breaking down waste power battery using controlled explosion - Google Patents

Abstract

A method and device for breaking down a waste power battery using a controlled explosion. The method comprises: disassembling a waste power battery into battery cells; putting the battery cells and an auxiliary fuel into an explosion tank (10), and controlling the atmosphere of the explosion tank (10); detonating the battery cells by means of heating, or igniting the auxiliary fuel to cause the battery cells to explode, so as to obtain a broken down solid mixture and an explosion exhaust gas, thereby achieving the breaking down of the waste power battery using explosion. With the present method, a waste power battery is broken down by means of an explosion method. The waste power battery does not need to be discharged, and may be directly broken down while charged, thereby simplifying the process flow, fully utilizing the residual energy of the battery, and reducing the energy consumption required by the breaking down process. Also, a large amount of solid products obtained from one explosion can be directly used for sorting, thereby providing high-quality raw materials for subsequent sorting processes. The generated explosion exhaust gas is absorbed and purified by means of an exhaust gas absorption tower device, so that environmental pollution from the waste gas during the breaking down process is reduced.

Description

A method and device for controllable explosion crushing waste power battery technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of waste power battery recycling, in particular to a method and a device for controllable explosion and crushing of waste power batteries.

Background technique

Due to the advantages of high energy, small size, light weight, long life and low pollution, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in electric vehicles, digital products, aerospace and other fields. In recent years, with the explosive growth of electric vehicles, the demand and scrapping of lithium-ion batteries have increased significantly. Waste power batteries contain a lot of available resources, such as nickel, cobalt, manganese, lithium, iron, copper, aluminum and other valuable metals, as well as organic solvents such as electrolytes. Improper recycling and disposal of used power batteries will cause great environmental pollution and waste of resources. Effective recovery of valuable components in waste power batteries can not only alleviate the shortage of metal resources to a certain extent, but also reduce the pollution caused by waste power batteries to the environment.

At present, the mainstream processes for recycling waste power batteries at home and abroad can be divided into two types: fire method and wet method. The pyro-recycling process has not been adopted on a large scale due to the disadvantages of high energy consumption, low added value of products, ineffective recovery of lithium elements, and generation of dioxin smoke and dust to pollute the environment. Compared with fire recovery technology, wet recovery technology has been applied in industrial production due to the advantages of flexible process, low energy consumption and high added value of products. However, the wet recycling process requires pretreatment to prepare high-quality waste electrode materials as raw materials, in order to achieve efficient recycling of waste power batteries. The existing pretreatment process includes multiple steps such as discharge, dismantling, multi-stage crushing and physical sorting. At present, the discharge technology is mainly based on salt water discharge. The discharge cycle is long, and the electrolyte is easy to leak, causing water pollution. The multi-stage crushing process also poses a safety hazard due to the flammable and explosive batteries, the environmental pollution caused by the volatilization of the electrolyte, and the low adaptability of the crushing equipment to the type and size of the battery, and the multi-stage crushing leads to high energy consumption. The crushing efficiency directly affects the physical sorting process. The presence of the binder and the incomplete peeling of each component lead to low sorting accuracy and low copper and aluminum recovery efficiency. The quality of the positive and negative mixed powder obtained in the pretreatment process directly affects the complexity of the subsequent wet recovery process and the added value of the product.

Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a simple, efficient, safe, economical and environmentally friendly crushing method to simplify the recycling process of the entire power battery, reduce production costs, and increase the added value of recycled products.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above-mentioned deficiencies of the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method and device for controllable explosion and crushing of waste power batteries, aiming to solve the problems of low crushing efficiency, low safety factor and electrolyte leakage in the existing waste power battery crushing methods. Pollution of the environment, low adaptability of crushing equipment to battery types and sizes, and high energy consumption for crushing.

The technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:

A device for controllable explosion and crushing of waste power batteries, which includes an explosion tank for placing waste power batteries and auxiliary fuels, an exhaust gas absorption tower communicated with the explosion tank through a pipeline, and an exhaust gas absorption tower located under the explosion tank and used for A heating device for heating the explosive canister or a detonating device located below the explosive canister and used for detonating the explosive canister.

The device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries, wherein the explosion tank includes an explosion tank shell, an explosion tank cover arranged on the explosion tank shell; an air inlet is provided on the explosion tank shell and an exhaust port, and a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor are also arranged in the explosion tank.

The device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries further includes a control device, which is electrically connected to the heating device; the control device is electrically connected to the temperature sensor and the pressure sensor, respectively.

In the device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries, wherein, a visualization window is arranged on the explosion tank cover; and a sieve plate is arranged on the exhaust port.

A method for controllable explosion and crushing waste power battery of a device for controllable explosion crushing waste power battery, which comprises the steps:

Disassemble the used power battery into battery cells;

Putting the battery cell and auxiliary fuel into an explosion tank, and controlling the atmosphere of the explosion tank;

By heating and detonating the battery cells or by igniting the auxiliary fuel and causing the battery cells to explode, a solid mixture and explosive exhaust gas with controllable explosion and crushing are obtained, and the explosion and crushing of the waste power battery is completed.

In the method for the controlled explosion and crushing of used power batteries, the used power batteries include one or more of cylindrical lithium ion batteries, square shell batteries, and soft pack batteries.

In the method for the controllable explosion crushing waste power battery, wherein the auxiliary fuel is one or more of explosives, pulverized coal, natural gas or coal gas.

In the method for the controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries, the amount of the auxiliary fuel is 0.1-0.6 kg/m ³ .

The method for the controllable explosion and crushing waste power battery, wherein, it also includes the steps:

The explosive exhaust gas is discharged into the exhaust gas absorption tower through the exhaust port, and the explosive exhaust gas is absorbed through condensation, photocatalysis or/and washing liquid.

The method for the controllable explosion and crushing waste power battery, wherein, it also includes the steps:

The solid mixture is sieved with a 50-100 mesh oscillating sieve, the sieved solid mixture is directly used for subsequent multi-component separation, and the unscreened solid is the power battery shell and current collector, which realizes the shell, Efficient separation of current collectors and active materials.

Beneficial effects: Compared with the prior art, the present invention adopts controllable explosion to crush the waste power battery, does not need to discharge the waste power battery, can be directly charged and crushed, simplifies the technological process, and makes full use of the residual energy of the battery. The energy consumption required for crushing is saved, and the solid product obtained by one explosion can be directly used for sorting, which provides high-quality raw materials for the subsequent sorting process; due to the high temperature generated by the explosion, the organic components such as electrolyte and binder are eliminated. It is directly decomposed or volatilized, and the crushed product has good dispersibility, which is conducive to the subsequent separation; the explosive waste gas generated by the explosion is absorbed and purified by the tail gas absorption tower device, which realizes the centralized treatment of the electrolyte and reduces the waste gas in the conventional multi-stage crushing process. Environmental pollution; the method has wide adaptability to the types and sizes of used power batteries.

Description of drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a preferred embodiment of a device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a first flow chart of a preferred embodiment of a method for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a second flow chart of a preferred embodiment of a method for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to the present invention.

Detailed ways

The present invention provides a method and device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries. In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and effects of the present invention clearer and clearer, the present invention will be described in further detail below. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention, but not to limit the present invention.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the singular forms "a", "an", "the" and "the" as used herein can include the plural forms as well, unless expressly stated otherwise. It should be further understood that the word "comprising" used in the description of the present invention refers to the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements and/or components, but does not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, Integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof. It will be understood that when we refer to an element as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may also be present. Furthermore, "connected" or "coupled" as used herein may include wirelessly connected or wirelessly coupled. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes all or any element and all combination of one or more of the associated listed items.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It should also be understood that terms, such as those defined in a general dictionary, should be understood to have meanings consistent with their meanings in the context of the prior art and, unless specifically defined as herein, should not be interpreted in idealistic or overly formal meaning to explain.

Please refer to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a preferred embodiment of a device for controllable explosion and crushing of waste power batteries provided by the present invention. As shown in the figure, it includes an explosion tank for placing waste power batteries and auxiliary fuel. 10, the exhaust gas absorption tower 20 communicated with the explosion tank 10 through a pipeline, and the heating device 30 located below the explosion tank 10 and used for heating the explosion tank 10 or located below the explosion tank 10 and used A detonating device for detonating the explosive canister.

In this embodiment, the waste power battery and auxiliary fuel (explosive) are placed in the explosion tank 10, the explosive in the explosion tank 10 is detonated by the heating device or the detonating device, and the explosion of the explosive causes the waste power When the battery explodes, the spent power battery is exploded to obtain solid explosive products, and at the same time, explosive exhaust gas is generated, and the explosive exhaust gas can be recovered through the exhaust gas absorption tower 20 . In this embodiment, the explosion of the power battery is caused by detonating explosives, so as to realize the crushing of the waste power battery, and the waste power battery does not need to be discharged. The energy consumption required for crushing is saved, and the solid product obtained by one explosion can be directly used for sorting, providing high-quality raw materials for the subsequent sorting process; the generated explosion tail gas is absorbed and purified by the tail gas absorption tower device, reducing the crushing rate. Environmental pollution from process explosion exhaust gas. Compared with other methods of electrified crushing, this embodiment avoids the danger of fire and explosion in other electrified crushing processes, effectively improves safety, and realizes centralized treatment of electrolyte.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1 , the explosion canister 10 includes an explosion canister shell 11 , and an explosion canister cover 12 disposed on the explosion canister shell 11 ; the explosion canister shell 11 is provided with A temperature sensor 15 and a pressure sensor 16 are also provided in the explosion tank body 11 for the air inlet 13 and the exhaust port 14 .

In this embodiment, by opening the explosion tank cover 12, the waste power battery and auxiliary fuel pulverized coal are put into the explosion tank shell 11; A suitable gas is introduced into the body 11 to control the air pressure and atmosphere in the shell of the explosion canister; the pulverized coal in the explosion canister 10 is detonated by the detonator, and the explosion of the pulverized coal causes the explosion of the used power battery. The temperature in the shell of the explosion tank can be acquired in real time through the temperature sensor 15, and the air pressure in the shell of the explosion tank can be acquired in real time through the pressure sensor 16; The explosion tail gas generated by the explosion is discharged into the tail gas absorption tower 20 for recovery processing; by opening the explosion tank cover 12, the exploded and crushed solid mixture is taken out for subsequent sieving and separation.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1 , a control device 40 is further included, and the control device 40 is electrically connected to the heating device 30 ; the control device 40 is also electrically connected to the temperature sensor 15 and the pressure sensor 16 respectively. connect.

In this embodiment, the heating temperature and heating time of the heating device 30 can be controlled by the control device 40, so that the detonation and explosion of the waste power battery can be realized by means of electric heating. The control device can also receive and display the temperature data sent by the temperature sensor and the pressure data sent by the pressure sensor.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1 , the explosion tank cover 12 is provided with a visualization window 17 , and the exhaust port 14 is provided with a sieve plate. In this embodiment, the state before and after the explosion and the explosion process in the explosion tank shell can be observed through the visualization window 17; powder, so as to realize the solid-gas separation of the explosive product, the explosive solid product is directly used for subsequent screening and physical separation, and the explosive tail gas is discharged into the tail gas absorption tower 20 for recycling.

In some embodiments, there is also provided a method for blasting and smashing waste power batteries based on the device, as shown in FIG. 2 , which includes the steps:

S10. Disassemble the waste power battery into battery cells;

S20, putting the battery cell and auxiliary fuel into an explosion tank, and controlling the atmosphere of the explosion tank;

S30 , detonating the battery cell by heating to self-explode or igniting the auxiliary fuel to cause the battery cell to explode, to obtain a broken solid mixture and an explosion tail gas, and to complete the explosion and fragmentation of the waste power battery.

As shown in Figure 3, in this embodiment, the waste power battery is first disassembled into battery cells (cells), which do not need to be discharged; then the battery cells and auxiliary fuel are put into an explosion tank, and the Gas is introduced through the air inlet to control the atmosphere in the explosion tank; finally, the battery cell is exploded by heating and detonating the self-explosion of the battery cell or by detonating the auxiliary fuel, so that the battery cell is exploded and broken, and the broken body is obtained. The solid mixture produces explosive exhaust gas to complete the explosion and fragmentation of the waste power battery.

In this embodiment, the waste power battery is crushed by the controlled explosion method, and there is no need to discharge the waste power battery. The characteristics of the explosion and the stored energy save the energy consumption required for crushing, and the solid product obtained from one explosion can be directly used for sorting, providing high-quality raw materials for the subsequent sorting process; the generated explosion tail gas is absorbed by the tail gas. The tower device is used for absorption and purification, which reduces the environmental pollution caused by the explosion exhaust gas during the crushing process. Compared with other methods of electrified crushing, this embodiment avoids the danger of fire and explosion in other electrified crushing processes, and the safety is effectively improved.

In some embodiments, the used power battery includes one or more of cylindrical lithium-ion battery, square shell battery, and soft pack battery, but is not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the auxiliary fuel is one or more of explosives, pulverized coal, natural gas or coal gas, but is not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the amount of the auxiliary fuel is 0.1-0.6 kg/m ³ , but not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, as shown in Figure 3, after the explosion is completed, it further includes the steps:

The explosive exhaust gas is discharged into the exhaust gas absorption tower through the exhaust port, and the explosive exhaust gas is absorbed through condensation, photocatalysis or/and washing liquid.

Specifically, after the explosion is completed, it is necessary to decompress and exhaust the explosion tank after the explosion. The explosion exhaust gas is discharged from the exhaust hole through the air duct and enters the explosion exhaust gas absorption tower, where it is absorbed by the washing liquid to avoid polluting the environment. In this embodiment, the tail gas absorption tower is one of a packed tower, a spray tower or an absorption tower, but is not limited thereto. As an example, the tail gas absorption tower includes a multi-stage condensation part, a photocatalytic part and a washing liquid part, and the explosion tail gas first enters the multi-stage condensation part under the state of positive pressure in the explosion tank, and recovers part of the high-boiling organic waste gas ; The explosive exhaust gas that cannot be recovered through the multi-stage condensation part enters the photocatalytic part, and this part of the organic waste gas is decomposed into carbon dioxide and water that are harmless to the environment, and finally absorbs the soluble exhaust gas through the washing liquid part, realizing the harmlessness of the explosive exhaust gas. processing.

In some embodiments, as shown in Figure 3, after the explosion is completed, it further includes the steps:

The solid mixture is sieved with a 50-100 mesh oscillating sieve, the sieved solid mixture is directly used for subsequent multi-component separation, and the unscreened solid is the power battery shell and current collector, which realizes the shell, Efficient separation of current collectors and active materials.

In some embodiments, the solid mixture obtained after the explosion is copper, iron, aluminum and mixed powder of positive and negative electrodes, and the generated explosion exhaust gas is organic and other waste gas.

To sum up, the present invention uses a controllable explosion method to smash the waste power battery and recover the organic explosion tail gas, which has the advantages of short process, low energy consumption and high efficiency, and provides a new method for the safe and efficient crushing of the waste power battery. ideas. Specifically, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the present invention avoids the process of discharging the battery in the traditional process, significantly shortens the process flow, and saves the discharge time (more than 24h); The danger of fire and explosion in other electrified crushing processes is eliminated, the residual energy of the waste battery is fully utilized, and the safety is effectively improved; the invention adopts the controllable explosion method to crush the waste lithium-ion battery into powder. Multi-stage crushing such as crushing and fine crushing, the present invention can obtain solid powder in only one step, significantly shortens the crushing process, and reduces energy consumption; the control of the explosion environment by the present invention can effectively control the performance of the explosive products, and provide high-quality raw materials for subsequent sorting.

It should be understood that the application of the present invention is not limited to the above examples. For those of ordinary skill in the art, improvements or transformations can be made according to the above descriptions, and all these improvements and transformations should belong to the protection scope of the appended claims of the present invention.

Claims (10)

A device for controllable explosion and crushing of waste power batteries, characterized in that it comprises an explosion tank for placing waste power batteries and auxiliary fuels, a tail gas absorption tower connected with the explosion tank through a pipeline, and a tail gas absorption tower located under the explosion tank And a heating device for heating the explosive canister or a detonating device located below the explosive canister and used for detonating the explosive canister. The device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to claim 1, wherein the explosion canister comprises an explosion canister shell, an explosion canister cover arranged on the explosion canister shell; the explosion canister shell An air inlet and an exhaust port are arranged on the upper body, and a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor are also arranged in the explosion tank. The device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to claim 2, further comprising a control device, the control device is electrically connected with the heating device; the control device is respectively connected with the temperature sensor and the pressure sensor electrical connection. The device for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to claim 2, wherein a visualization window is provided on the explosion tank cover; and a sieve plate is provided on the exhaust port. A method for a controllable explosion and crushing waste power battery based on the device for controllable explosion crushing and waste power battery described in any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, comprising the steps of: Disassemble the used power battery into battery cells; Putting the battery cell and auxiliary fuel into an explosion tank, and controlling the atmosphere of the explosion tank; By heating and detonating the battery cells or by igniting the auxiliary fuel and causing the battery cells to explode, a solid mixture and explosive exhaust gas with controllable explosion and crushing are obtained, and the explosion and crushing of the waste power battery is completed. The method for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to claim 5, wherein the used power batteries comprise one or more of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries, square shell batteries, and soft pack batteries. The method for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to claim 5, wherein the auxiliary fuel is one or more of explosives, pulverized coal, natural gas or coal gas. The method for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to claim 5, wherein the amount of the auxiliary fuel is 0.1-0.6 kg/m ³ . The method for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to claim 5, characterized in that, further comprising the steps of: The explosive exhaust gas is discharged into the exhaust gas absorption tower through the exhaust port, and the explosive exhaust gas is absorbed through condensation, photocatalysis or/and washing liquid. The method for controllable explosion and crushing of used power batteries according to claim 5, characterized in that, further comprising the steps of: The solid mixture is sieved with a 50-100 mesh oscillating sieve, the sieved solid mixture is directly used for subsequent multi-component separation, and the unscreened solid is the power battery shell and current collector, which realizes the shell, Efficient separation of current collectors and active materials.

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