TWI441810B - 4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]-哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽及其醫藥組合物、製法及用途 - Google Patents
4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]-哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽及其醫藥組合物、製法及用途 Download PDFInfo
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- crystalline hydrochloride
- hydrochloride salt
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
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Description
本發明係關於4-[2-(2-氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶化合物之新穎結晶型,其具有血清素(5-HT)及去甲腎上腺素(NE)再吸收抑制劑之活性。本發明亦係關於包括該結晶化合物或自該化合物製得之醫藥組合物、用於製備該結晶化合物之方法及中間體、及使用該化合物治療諸如神經性疼痛等疼痛障礙及其他疾病之方法。
疼痛係與實際存在或潛在組織損傷有關或以該損傷之術語所描述之不舒適感覺及情緒經驗(國際疼痛研究協會(International Association for the Study of Pain)(IASP),Pain Terminology)。慢性疼痛之持續時間超過急性疼痛或超出損傷治癒之預計時間(美國疼痛協會(American Pain Society),「Pain Control in the Primary Care Setting.」2006:15)。神經性疼痛係由神經系統之原發病變或功能障礙所引發或誘發之疼痛。在病變或功能障礙影響周邊神經系統時發生周邊神經性疼痛且在病變或功能障礙影響中樞神經系統時發生中樞神經性疼痛(IASP)。
當前使用若干類治療劑來治療神經性疼痛,該等治療劑包含(例如)三環抗抑鬱劑、血清素及去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑、鈣通道配體(例如,加巴噴丁(gabapentin)及普瑞巴林(pregabalin))、局部利多卡因(lidocaine)、及類鴉片激動劑(例如,嗎啡(morphine)、羥考酮(oxycodone)、美沙酮(methadone)、左啡諾(levorphanol)及曲馬朵(tramadol))。
本文所述之4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶藉由結合血清素及去甲腎上腺素轉運蛋白來抑制血清素及去甲腎上腺素二者之再吸收。當製備用於長期儲存之化合物時及當製備醫藥組合物及調配物時,通常期望治療劑之結晶型既不具有吸濕性亦不具有潮解性。使結晶型具有相對高的熔點(亦即,大於約150℃)亦為有利的,此容許在無顯著降解時對該材料進行處理,例如,微粉化。因此,需要4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之穩定、非潮解性形式,其應具有可接受程度之吸濕性及相對高之熔點。
本發明係關於4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽。
本發明一態樣係關於製備4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽的方法。在一實施例中,4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽之製備方法包括以下步驟:a)使用乙酸乙酯及乙醇將4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之鹽酸鹽處理至完全溶解;b)冷卻以實現結晶;c)分離所得固體以產生本發明之結晶鹽酸鹽。在另一實施例中,此結晶鹽酸鹽進一步d)使用異丙醇及水處理至完全溶解;e)冷卻以實現結晶;及f)分離所得固體以產生本發明之結晶鹽酸鹽。
本發明另一態樣係關於純化4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之方法。在一實施例中,此方法包括形成4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽。本發明亦係關於藉由本文所述方法製得之產物。
本發明一態樣係關於包括醫藥上可接受之載劑及4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽的醫藥組合物。該等組合物可視需要含有其他活性劑,例如抗阿茨海默氏症藥劑(anti-Alzheimer's agents)、抗驚厥劑、抗抑鬱劑、抗帕金森氏症藥劑(anti-Parkinson's agents)、雙重血清素-去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑、非類固醇抗炎劑、去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑、類鴉片激動劑、類鴉片拮抗劑、選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑、鈉通道阻斷劑、抗交感神經藥、及其組合。因此,在本發明之又一態樣中,醫藥組合物包括本發明之結晶鹽、第二活性劑及醫藥上可接受之載劑。本發明之另一態樣係關於包括本發明之結晶鹽及第二活性劑的活性劑組合。本發明之結晶鹽可與其他藥劑一起調配或分開調配。當分開調配時,可納入醫藥上可接受之載劑及其他藥劑。因此,本發明之再一態樣係關於醫藥組合物之組合,該組合包括:第一醫藥組合物,包括本發明之結晶鹽及醫藥上可接受之第一載劑;及第二醫藥組合物,包括第二活性劑及醫藥上可接受之第二載劑。本發明亦係關於含有該等醫藥組合物之套組,例如,其中第一及第二醫藥組合物係分開之醫藥組合物。
4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶具有血清素再吸收抑制活性及去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制活性。期望該化合物之結晶鹽酸鹽與用於治療需藉由抑制血清素及/或去甲腎上腺素轉運蛋白來治療之疾病或病症之患者的治療劑具有相同活性,且因此具有相同用途。因此,本發明一態樣係關於治療以下疾病之方法:疼痛障礙,例如神經性疼痛或纖維肌痛;抑鬱障礙,例如重性抑鬱;情感障礙,例如焦慮障礙;注意力缺陷伴隨過動障礙;認知障礙,例如癡呆;壓力性尿失禁;慢性疲勞症候群;肥胖症;或與更年期有關之血管舒縮症狀,其包括向患者投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物。
本發明之又一態樣係關於一種以本發明結晶化合物於製備醫藥上之用途,尤其用於製備治療疼痛障礙、抑鬱障礙、情感障礙、注意力缺陷伴隨過動障礙、認知障礙、壓力性尿失禁的醫藥;抑制哺乳動物中之血清素再吸收;或抑制哺乳動物中之去甲腎上腺素再吸收之醫藥。本文揭示本發明之其他態樣及實施例。
本發明提供4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽。令人吃驚的是,發現該結晶化合物即使在暴露於大氣水分時亦不具有潮解性。此外,該結晶化合物具有可接受程度的吸濕性及高熔點。
藥物分子之單晶體顯示單斜對稱性(P21
C空間群),其具有下列單位晶胞參數:A==C=90°,B=104.595°;a=11.631,b=7.057,c=42.532。儘管不期望受限於理論,但根據X射線晶體學數據認為,晶體係建立於水分子周圍且使用原子之熱運動參數及所觀測之總結構因子自單位晶胞中之水佔用因子來測定水含量。
因此,在一實施例中,4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽可含有一定量之吸收於結晶材料表面上或形成結晶結構之一部分的水。
在一特定實施例中,結晶鹽酸鹽可含有約0.2wt%至約0.8wt%量之吸收於晶體表面上的水;且在另一實施例中為約0.4wt%至約0.6wt%。
在又一特定實施例中,結晶鹽酸鹽可含有約0.25莫耳至約0.50莫耳之形成結晶結構之一部分的水;且在另一實施例中為約0.30莫耳至約0.40莫耳。在一實例性實施例中,每一莫耳4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶鹽酸鹽中存在約0.32莫耳水。
當闡述本發明之化合物、組合物、方法及製程時,除非另有說明,否則下述術語具有下述含義。另外,除非所用上下文明確表示其他含義,否則本文所用之單數形式「一(a,an)」及「該(the)」包含相應的複數形式。術語「包括(comprising)」、「包含(including)」及「具有(having)」意欲具有囊括性且意指除所列舉要素外亦可有其他要素。除非另有說明,否則本文所用所有表示成份數量、性質(例如,分子量)、反應條件等之數字在所有情況下均應理解為受術語「約」修飾。因此,本文所述數字係可端視本發明擬尋求獲得之期望性質而變化的近似值。最低限度地且並非試圖將等效教義之應用限制於申請專利範圍之範圍,至少應根據所報告有效數字且藉由運用一般舍入技術來詮釋每一數字。
本文所用片語「關於式之」、「具有式」或「具有結構」並非意欲加以限制且係以與通常使用術語「包括」相同之方式來使用。
本文所用術語「熔點」意指對於對應於固相至液相變化之熱轉化而言藉由示差掃描熱量測定觀測到最大吸熱熱流時的溫度。
術語「醫藥上可接受」係指在用於本發明時並非為生物學或其他方面不可接受的材料。舉例而言,術語「醫藥上可接受之載劑」係指可納入組合物中並投與患者而不會造成不可接受生物效應或以不可接受方式與該組合物之其他組份相互作用的材料。該等醫藥上可接受之材料通常符合毒理學及製造測試所要求之標準,且包含彼等由美國食品與藥品管理局(U.S. Food and Drug Administration)確定為適宜非活性成份的材料。
術語「治療有效量」意指在向有需要患者投與時足以實現治療之量,亦即,獲得期望治療效果所需藥物之量。舉例而言,用於治療神經性疼痛之治療有效量係(例如)減少、抑制、消除或預防神經性疼痛症狀或治療神經性疼痛之潛在病因所需化合物的量。另一方面,術語「有效量」意指足以獲得期望結果的量,該期望結果可能不一定為治療結果。例如,當研究包括去甲腎上腺素轉運蛋白之系統時,「有效量」可為抑制去甲腎上腺素再吸收所需之量。
本文所用術語「治療(treating或treatment)」意指諸如哺乳動物(尤其為人類)等患者之疾病或醫學病狀(例如神經性疼痛)的治療,其包含下列行為中之一或多個:(a)預防發生該疾病或醫學病狀,即,患者之預防性治療;(b)改善該疾病或醫學病狀,即,消除患者之該疾病或醫學病狀或使其消退;(c)抑制該疾病或醫學病狀,即,減緩或阻止患者之該疾病或醫學病狀的發展;或(d)減輕患者之該疾病或醫學病狀的症狀。舉例而言,術語「治療神經性疼痛」包含預防神經性疼痛發生、改善神經性疼痛、抑制神經性疼痛、及減輕神經性疼痛症狀。術語「患者」意欲包含需要治療或疾病預防、當前正進行治療以預防疾病或治療特定疾病或醫學病狀的彼等哺乳動物(例如人類)以及在分析中評價或使用本發明化合物的測試個體(例如動物模型)。
本文所用之所有其他術語皆意欲具有其所屬領域技術人員所瞭解的一般含義。
本發明之結晶化合物可自可容易獲得之起始材料按照下文及各實例中所述來合成。應瞭解,其中給出典型或較佳製程條件(亦即,反應溫度、時間、反應物之莫耳比、溶劑、壓力等),但除非另有說明,否則亦可使用其他製程條件。應瞭解,儘管給出具體製程條件(亦即,結晶溫度、時間、反應物之莫耳比、溶劑、壓力等),但除非另有說明,否則亦可使用其他製程條件。在一些情況下,在室溫下實施反應或結晶且不實施實際溫度量測。應理解,室溫可視為意指在實驗室環境中屬於通常與環境溫度有關之範圍內的溫度且通常可介於約25℃至約50℃之間。在其他情況下,在室溫下實施反應或結晶且實際上量測並記錄溫度。
通常,在適宜惰性稀釋劑或溶劑系統中實施結晶,該惰性稀釋劑或溶劑系統之實例包含但不限於甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、異丁醇、乙酸乙酯、乙腈、二氯甲烷、甲基第三丁基醚及諸如此類及其混合物,視需要含有水。結晶完成後,可藉由諸如沉澱、濃縮、離心及諸如此類等任一習用方式自反應混合物分離結晶化合物。
本發明所用之4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶可易於使用各實例中所述之程序自市售起始材料及試劑製得。在本發明方法中所述之莫耳比可藉由彼等熟習此項技術者可獲知之各種方法來容易地測定。例如,可藉由1
H NMR容易地測定該等莫耳比。或者,可使用元素分析及HPLC方法來測定莫耳比。
通常,本發明之結晶化合物可藉由使用惰性稀釋劑將4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶處理至完全溶解來製備。適宜惰性稀釋劑包含(舉例說明而非加以限制)丙酮、乙腈、乙酸乙酯、甲基乙基酮、甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、水等等。其他適宜惰性稀釋劑包含(舉例說明而非加以限制)惰性稀釋劑之組合,例如,丙酮與水、乙腈與水、乙醇與乙酸乙酯、甲醇與水、及異丙醇與水。在一特定實施例中,該惰性稀釋劑係乙酸乙酯或異丙醇與水之組合。通常,溶解係在介於約50℃至約90℃間之溫度下實施,在一實施例中,在約60℃至80℃之溫度下實施,且在另一實施例中,在約65℃至75℃之溫度下實施。隨後將該溶液冷卻以形成本發明之結晶化合物。在一特定實施例中,將溶液冷卻至約20-30℃,例如25℃。經適宜量時間後將觀察到晶體。在一實施例中,在約1小時之時間後觀察到晶體。觀測到結晶後,母液之體積可能有所減少且分離並乾燥晶體。在一實施例中,觀察到晶體後,使晶體生長約12-24小時之時間隨後進行分離。
在一實施例中,本發明結晶化合物係藉由使用乙酸乙酯及乙醇將鹽酸鹽4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶處理至完全溶解並冷卻以實現結晶製得。然後分離晶體以產生純度通常大於99%之結晶鹽酸鹽。通常,此製程可在上述溫度範圍內之任一溫度下實施。舉例而言,溶解可在約65-70℃下實施,隨後冷卻至室溫。
可藉由重結晶製得具有略高純度及較佳吸水性質之相同晶型。因此,在另一實施例中,使用異丙醇及水將用乙酸乙酯及乙醇製得之結晶鹽酸鹽重結晶,亦即,使用異丙醇及水處理至完全溶解並冷卻以實現結晶。隨後可分離並乾燥所得固體以產生本發明之結晶化合物。通常,此製程可在上述溫度範圍內之任一溫度下實施。舉例而言,可在約75℃下實施溶解,隨後冷卻至室溫。異丙醇與水之體積比率通常介於約9:1至約21:1之間,例如,在一實施例中為約10:1且在另一實施例中為約20:1。
可藉由業內熟知之技術製得鹽酸鹽起始材料,且實例提供於本文實例中。舉例而言,可使用存於乙醇中之乙酸對4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶-1-甲酸第三丁基酯進行去保護以產生鹽酸鹽。
吾人發現,除了其他許多優點以外,形成4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽對於純化化合物本身尤其有用。舉例而言,本發明之結晶鹽酸鹽具有大於99.0%之純度。
如在粉末x射線繞射領域中所熟知,PXRD譜之相對峰高度取決於與試樣製備及儀器幾何結構有關之許多因素,而峰位置對實驗細節相對不敏感。如實例4中所述獲得PXRD圖案。因此,在一實施例中,本發明之結晶化合物之特徵在於具有某些峰位置之PXRD圖案。
結晶化合物之特徵在於其中各峰位置基本上與彼等在圖1中所示者一致之PXRD圖案。彼等峰以相對強度遞減之順序列示於下文中。藉由減去每一峰之相應背景強度來校正所有PXRD峰強度。
因此,在一實施例中,結晶化合物之特徵在於粉末x射線繞射(PXRD)圖案包括在4.44±0.20、10.22±0.20、17.16±0.20及21.78±0.20之2θ值處的繞射峰;且另外其特徵在於在選自以下之2θ值處具有一或多個額外繞射峰:8.11±0.20、13.18±0.20、16.06±0.20、18.38±0.20、23.76±0.20、26.32±0.20、27.24±0.20、29.60±0.20、及31.94±0.20。
如實例5中所述獲得示差掃描熱量測定(DSC)軌跡。因此,在一實施例中,結晶化合物之特徵在於其DSC溫度記錄圖。在一實施例中,結晶化合物之特徵在於顯示約196.9℃熔點之DSC溫度記錄圖,其中在低於約200.0℃時無明顯熱降解,如圖2中所見。
對結晶化合物實施熱重分析(TGA),如在實例5中所述。因此,在一實施例中,結晶化合物之特徵在於其TGA軌跡。在一實施例中,結晶化合物之特徵在於其TGA軌跡,其顯示在低於約150.0℃之溫度下溶劑及/或水有損失(約0.5%),如圖2中所見。
已證實本發明之結晶化合物具有可逆吸附/解吸附曲線圖及可接受程度的吸濕性。舉例而言,結晶化合物不具有或具有極小吸濕傾向,且在暴露於高達90%之相對濕度時顯示小於約2.0%重量增益,如圖3中所見。
本發明結晶化合物之該等性質進一步闡釋於下文實例中。
4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶具有血清素及去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制活性。因此,期望此化合物以及本發明結晶化合物具有用作組合血清素及去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑(SNRI)之治療用途。
化合物之抑制常數(Ki
)係在競爭分析中佔用50%轉運蛋白之競爭配體的濃度(若不存在放射性配體)。可使用3
H-尼索西汀(nisoxetine)(針對去甲腎上腺素轉運蛋白NET)及3
H-西酞普蘭(citalopram)(針對血清素轉運蛋白SERT)自放射性配體競爭結合研究來測定Ki
值,如分析1中所述。該等Ki
值係在結合分析中使用Cheng-Prusoff等式及放射性配體之Kd
自IC50
值獲得(Cheng及Prusoff(1973) Biochem. Pharmacol. 22(23):3099-3108)。可在分析2中所述之攝取分析之功能抑制中測定功能IC50
值。可使用轉Cheng-Prusoff等式及運蛋白之遞質之Km
將該等IC50
值轉換成Ki
值。然而,應注意,分析2中所述之攝取分析條件應使得IC50
值非常接近Ki
值且期望進行數學轉換,此乃因分析中使用之神經遞質濃度(5-HT或NE)遠低於各轉運蛋白的Km
。
用於測定本發明結晶化合物之血清素及/或去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制活性之實例性分析包含(以例示方式且並不加以限制)量測SERT及NET結合的分析,如分析1中所述。此外,其可用於理解分析中之DAT結合及攝取程度,如分析1中所述。有用之二級分析包含:神經遞質攝取分析,其可量測對血清素及去甲腎上腺素攝入表現各種人類或大鼠重組轉運蛋白(hSERT、hNET、或hDAT)之細胞中的競爭性抑制,如分析2中所述,及離體放射性配體結合及神經遞質攝取分析,其用於測定組織中SERT、NET及DAT之活體內佔用情況,如分析3中所述。用於評價藥理性質之其他分析包含彼等列示於分析4中者。實例性活體內分析包含分析5中所述之福爾馬林(formalin)足爪測試及分析6中所述之脊神經結紮術模型,福爾馬林足爪測試可以可靠地預測治療神經性疼痛之臨床功效。上述分析可用於測定本發明結晶化合物之治療用途,例如神經性疼痛緩解活性。可彼等熟習此項技術者所熟知之各種活體外及活體內分析來證實本發明結晶化合物的其他性質及用途。
期望本發明結晶化合物可用於治療及/或預防其中涉及單胺轉運蛋白功能之調控的醫學病狀,尤其係藉由抑制血清素及去甲腎上腺素再吸收調介或響應抑制血清素及去甲腎上腺素再吸收之彼等病狀。因此期望,可藉由投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物來治療患有可藉由抑制血清素及/或去甲腎上腺素轉運蛋白進行治療之疾病或病症患者。舉例而言,該等醫學病狀包含疼痛障礙(例如神經性疼痛、纖維肌痛及慢性疼痛)、抑鬱障礙(例如重性抑鬱)、情感障礙(例如焦慮障礙)、注意力缺陷伴隨過動障礙、認知障礙(例如癡呆)、及壓力性尿失禁。
每次劑量所投與活性劑的量或每天投與的總量可預先確定或可基於各患者考慮多個因素來確定,該等因素包含:患者病狀的性質及嚴重程度、所治療的病狀、患者的年齡、體重及總體健康狀況、患者對活性劑的耐受性、投與途徑、所考慮的藥理學問題(例如所投與活性劑及任一第二藥劑的活性、功效、藥物代謝動力學及毒理學分佈)、及諸如此類。對患有疾病或醫學病狀(例如,神經性疼痛)之患者的治療可以預定劑量或治療醫師所確定的劑量開始,且持續需要的時間段以預防、改善、抑制或減輕該疾病或醫學病狀之症狀。通常會對經受該治療之患者實施常規監測以測定療法之有效性。舉例而言,在治療神經性疼痛時,治療有效性之量度可涉及評價患者之生活品質,例如,在患者睡眠形式、工作出勤率、運動及走動之能力等方面中有所改良。亦可使用基於點進行操作之疼痛量表來幫助評價患者之疼痛程度。本文所述其他疾病及病狀之指標已為彼等熟習此項技術者所熟知,且治療醫師可容易地獲得。醫師連續監測可確保在任一給定時間投與最適量的活性劑,且有利於確定治療的持續時間。此在亦投與第二藥劑時尤為重要,此乃因其選擇、劑量及療法持續時間亦需要調整。以此方式,可在治療期間對治療方案及投藥時間方案進行調整,以便投與呈現期望有效性之最低量的活性劑且另外投與僅持續成功治療該疾病或醫學病狀所需要的時間。
SNRI顯示對諸如下列疼痛具有有益效應:疼痛性糖尿病神經病變(度洛西汀(duloxetine),Goldstein等人,(2005) Pain 116:109-118;文拉法辛(venlafaxine),Rowbotham等人,(2004) Pain 110:697-706)、纖維肌痛(度洛西汀,Russell等人,(2008) Pain 136(3):432-444;米那普侖(milnacipran),Vitton等人,(2004) Human Psychopharmacology 19:S27-S35)、及偏頭痛(文拉法辛,Ozyalcin等人,(2005) Headache 45(2):144-152)。因此,本發明一實施例係關於治療疼痛障礙之方法,其包括向患者投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物。通常,治療有效量係足以減輕疼痛之量。實例性疼痛障礙包含(以例示方式)急性疼痛、持續性疼痛、慢性疼痛、炎性疼痛、及神經性疼痛。更具體而言,該等疼痛包含與以下有關或由其引起之疼痛:關節炎;背痛,包含慢性腰痛;癌症,包含腫瘤相關性疼痛(例如,骨痛、頭痛、面部疼痛或內臟痛)及與癌症療法有關之疼痛(例如,化療後症候群、慢性手術後疼痛症候群及輻射後症候群);腕道症候群;纖維肌痛;頭痛,包含慢性緊張性頭痛;與多肌痛有關之炎症、風濕性關節炎及骨關節炎;偏頭痛;神經性疼痛,包含複雜區域性疼痛症候群;全身疼痛;手術後疼痛;肩痛;中樞性疼痛症候群,包含腦卒中後疼痛、及與脊髓損傷及多發性硬化有關之疼痛;幻肢痛;與帕金森氏疾病有關之疼痛;及內臟痛,例如,腸易激症候群。尤其感興趣的是治療神經性疼痛,其包含糖尿病性周邊神經病變(DPN)、HIV相關性神經病變、皰疹後神經痛(PHN)、及化療誘導性周邊神經病變。在用於治療諸如神經性疼痛等疼痛障礙時,本發明化合物可與包含以下之其他治療劑組合投與:抗驚厥劑、抗抑鬱劑、肌肉鬆弛藥、NSAID、類鴉片激動劑、類鴉片拮抗劑、選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑、鈉通道阻斷劑、及抗交感神經藥。本文闡述屬於該等種類內之實例性化合物。
本發明另一實施例係關於治療抑鬱障礙之方法,其包括向患者投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物。通常,治療有效量係足以減輕抑鬱及並提供通常之幸福感的量。實例性抑鬱障礙包含(以例示方式且並不加以限制):與以下有關之抑鬱:阿爾茨海默爾氏疾病、雙相型障礙、癌症、兒童受虐、不育、帕金森氏疾病、心肌梗塞後、及精神病;精神抑鬱;暴躁或易怒性老人症候群;誘導性抑鬱;重性抑鬱;兒科抑鬱;絕經後抑鬱;產後抑鬱;復發性抑鬱;偶發性抑鬱;及亞綜合徵性症狀性抑鬱。尤其感興趣的是治療重性抑鬱。在用於治療抑鬱障礙時,本發明化合物可與其他治療劑(包含抗抑鬱劑及雙重血清素-去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑)組合投與。本文闡述屬於該等種類內之實例性化合物。
本發明另一實施例係關於治療情感障礙之方法,其包括向患者投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物。實例性情感障礙包含(以例示方式且並不加以限制):焦慮障礙(例如一般焦慮障礙);回避型人格障礙;飲食障礙(例如神經厭食症、神經性貪食及肥胖症);強迫症;驚恐障礙;人格障礙(例如回避型人格障礙及注意力缺陷伴隨過動障礙(ADHD));創傷後緊張症;恐怖(例如廣場恐怖症、以及簡單的及其他特定恐怖、及社會恐怖症);經前期症候群;精神病(例如精神分裂症及躁狂症);季節性情感障礙;性功能障礙(包含早洩、男性陽萎、及女性性功能障礙,例如女性性喚起障礙);社交焦慮障礙;及藥物濫用障礙(包含化學藥品依賴性,例如對酒精、苯并二氮卓、可卡因(cocaine)、海洛因(heroin)、尼古丁(nicotine)及苯巴比妥(phenobarbital)成癮,以及可自該等依賴性產生之停藥症候群)。在用於治療情感障礙時,本發明化合物可與包含抗抑鬱劑在內之其他治療劑組合投與。本文闡述屬於該等種類內之實例性化合物。
托莫西汀(atomoxetine)對NET具有10倍選擇性,已認可其可用於注意力缺陷伴隨過動障礙(ADHD)治療,且臨床研究證實SNRI、文拉法辛亦可對治療ADHD具有有益效應(Mukaddes等人,(2002) Eur. Neuropsychopharm. 12(Supp 3):421)。因此,亦期望,本發明結晶化合物可用於藉由向患者投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物來治療注意力缺陷伴隨過動障礙之方法中。在用於治療抑鬱時,本發明結晶化合物可與包含抗抑鬱劑在內之其他治療劑組合投與。本文闡述屬於該等種類內之實例性化合物。
本發明另一實施例係關於治療認知障礙之方法,其包括向患者投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物。實例性認知障礙包含(以例示方式且並不加以限制):癡呆,其包含變性癡呆(例如,阿爾茨海默爾氏疾病、克雅氏病(Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)、亨庭頓氏舞蹈症(Huntingdon's chorea)、帕金森氏疾病、皮克氏病(Pick's disease)、及老年性癡呆)、血管性癡呆(例如,多發梗塞性癡呆)、及與以下有關之癡呆:顱內腔佔位性病變、創傷、感染及相關病狀(包含HIV感染)、代謝、毒素、缺氧及維他命缺乏症;及與老齡化有關之輕度認知損傷,例如年齡相關性記憶損傷、遺忘症及年齡相關性認知衰退。在用於治療認知障礙時,本發明結晶化合物可與包含抗阿茨海默氏症藥劑及抗帕金森氏症藥劑在內之其他治療劑組合投與。本文闡述屬於該等種類內之實例性化合物。
SNRI亦已顯示可有效地用於治療壓力性尿失禁(Dmochowski(2003) Journal of Urology 170(4):1259-1263)。因此,本發明另一實施例係關於治療壓力性尿失禁之方法,其包括向患者投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物。在用於治療壓力性尿失禁時,本發明化合物可與包含抗驚厥劑在內之其他治療劑組合投與。本文闡述屬於該等種類內之實例性化合物。
度洛西汀係SNRI,可經受臨床試驗以評價其在治療慢性疲勞症候群中之功效,且最近已證實其可有效地治療纖維肌痛(Russell等人,(2008) Pain 136(3):432-444)。本發明結晶化合物因預計其能夠抑制SERT及NET而亦預計具有此用途,且本發明另一實施例係關於治療慢性疲勞症候群之方法,其包括向患者投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物。
西布曲明(sibutramine)係去甲腎上腺素及多巴胺再吸收抑制劑,現已證實其可用於治療肥胖症(Wirth等人(2001),JAMA 286(11):1331-1339)。本發明結晶化合物因預計其能夠抑制NET而亦預計具有此用途,且本發明另一實施例係關於治療肥胖症之方法,其包括向患者投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物。
去甲文拉法辛(desvenlafaxine)係SNRI,現已證實其可減輕與更年期有關之血管舒縮症狀(Deecher等人,(2007)Endocrinology 148(3):1376-1383)。本發明結晶化合物因預計其能夠抑制SERT及NET而亦預計具有此用途,且本發明另一實施例係關於治療與更年期有關之血管舒縮症狀之方法,其包括向患者投與治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物。
因預計本發明結晶化合物具有血清素再吸收抑制活性及去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制活性,故亦預計此化合物可用作研究工具來調查或研究具有血清素或去甲腎上腺素轉運蛋白之生物系統或試樣。具有血清素及/或去甲腎上腺素轉運蛋白之任何適宜生物系統或試樣皆可用於該等可在活體外或活體內實施的研究中。適用於該等研究之代表性生物系統或試樣包含但不限於細胞、細胞提取物、質膜、組織試樣、分離之器官、哺乳動物(例如,小鼠、大鼠、天竺鼠、兔子、狗、豬、人類等等)及諸如此類,其中哺乳動物尤其令人感興趣。在本發明一特定實施例中,藉由投與血清素再吸收抑制量之本發明結晶化合物來抑制哺乳動物中之血清素再吸收。在另一特定實施例中,藉由投與去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制量之本發明結晶化合物來抑制哺乳動物中之去甲腎上腺素再吸收。本發明之結晶化合物亦可藉由使用該化合物實施生物分析而用作研究工具。
在用作研究工具時,通常使包括血清素轉運蛋白及/或去甲腎上腺素轉運蛋白之生物系統或試樣與血清素再吸收抑制或去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制量之本發明結晶化合物接觸。在生物系統或試樣暴露於該化合物後,使用習用程序及設備測定對血清素再吸收及/或去甲腎上腺素再吸收之抑制效應。暴露涵蓋使細胞或組織與該化合物接觸、將該化合物投與哺乳動物(例如藉由腹膜內(i.p.)或靜脈內(i.v.)投與)等。此測定步驟可包括量測反應(即定量分析),或可包括觀察(即定性分析)。量測反應涉及(例如)使用習用程序及設備測定化合物對生物系統或試樣之作用,例如血清素及去甲腎上腺素再吸收分析。可利用分析結果來確定化合物的活性程度以及達成期望結果所需要的量(亦即血清素再吸收抑制及去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制之量)。
另外,本發明之結晶化合物可用作評定其他化學化合物之研究工具,且因此亦可用於篩選分析中以發現(例如)具有血清素再吸收抑制活性及去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制活性之新穎化合物。以此方式,本發明結晶化合物可在分析中用作標準物以比較使用測試化合物及使用本發明結晶化合物所獲得之結果以識別彼等具有大致相當或更佳再吸收抑制活性之測試化合物(若存在)。舉例而言,比較測試化合物或測試化合物組之再吸收數據與本發明結晶化合物之再吸收數據以識別彼等具有期望性質的測試化合物,例如,與本發明結晶化合物相比具有大致相當或更佳再吸收抑制活性的測試化合物(若存在)。本發明之此態樣包含(作為單獨實施例)生成比較數據(使用適宜分析)並分析該測試數據二者以鑑別目標測試化合物。因此,測試化合物可在生物分析中藉由包括下述步驟的方法予以評價:(a)使用測試化合物實施生物分析以提供第一分析值;(b)使用本發明結晶化合物實施生物分析以提供第二分析值;其中步驟(a)係在步驟(b)之前、之後或與步驟(b)同時實施;及(c)比較來自步驟(a)之第一分析值與來自步驟(b)之第二分析值。實例性生物分析包含血清素及去甲腎上腺素再吸收分析。
本發明之結晶化合物通常係以醫藥組合物或調配物之形式投與患者。該等醫藥組合物可藉由任一可接受之投與途徑投與至患者,其包含(但不限於)經口、直腸、陰道、鼻、吸入、局部(包含經皮)及非經腸投與模式。然而,彼等熟習此項技術者應瞭解,本發明之結晶化合物一旦調配,其即可不再呈結晶型,亦即,其可溶於適宜載劑中。另外,本發明結晶化合物可(例如)以下列方式經口投與:每日多次劑量(例如,每日兩次、三次、或四次)、每日單次劑量、每日兩次劑量、每週單次劑量、等等。
因此,在一實施例中,本發明係關於包括醫藥上可接受之載劑及本發明結晶化合物的醫藥組合物。若需要,組合物可含有其他治療劑及/或調配劑。當論述組合物時,「本發明之結晶化合物」在本文中亦可稱為「活性劑」以將其與調配物之其他組份(例如,載劑)區別開。
本發明之醫藥組合物通常含有治療有效量之本發明結晶化合物。然而,彼等熟習此項技術者應認識到,醫藥組合物可含有大於治療有效量(即整體組合物)或小於治療有效量(即設計為多次投與來達成治療有效量的個別單位劑量)。通常,組合物含有約0.01-95wt%之活性劑,包含約0.01-30wt%,例如,約0.01-10wt%,實際量端視調配物本身、投與途徑、投藥頻率等而定。在一實施例中,適用於口服劑型之組合物可含有(例如)約5-70wt%或約10-60wt%之活性劑。
任一習用載劑或賦形劑均可用於本發明之醫藥組合物中。具體載劑或賦形劑、或載劑或賦形劑之組合的選擇將取決於用於治療特定患者之投與模式或醫學病狀之類型或疾病狀態。就此而言,用於特定投與模式之適宜組合物的製備同樣屬於彼等熟習醫藥技術者的範圍內。另外,用於該等組合物之載劑或賦形劑市面有售。出於進一步闡釋之目的,習用調配技術闡述於Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,第20版,Lippincott Williams & White,Baltimore,Maryland(2000);及H.C. Ansel等人之Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms andDrug
Delivery Systems,第7版,Lippincott Williams & White,Baltimore,Maryland(1999)中。
可用作醫藥上可接受之載劑之材料的代表性實例包含但不限於下列物質:糖(例如,乳糖、葡萄糖及蔗糖);澱粉(例如,玉米澱粉及馬鈴薯澱粉);纖維素(例如,微晶纖維素)及其衍生物(例如,羧甲基纖維素鈉、乙基纖維素及乙酸纖維素);粉狀黃蓍膠;麥芽;明膠;滑石粉;賦形劑(例如,可可油及栓劑蠟);油(例如,花生油、棉籽油、紅花油、芝麻油、橄欖油、玉米油及大豆油);二醇(例如,丙二醇);多元醇(例如,甘油、山梨醇、甘露醇及聚乙二醇);酯(例如,油酸乙酯及月桂酸乙酯);瓊脂;緩衝劑(例如,氫氧化鎂及氫氧化鋁);海藻酸;無致熱源之水;等滲鹽水;林格氏溶液(Ringer’s solution);乙醇;磷酸鹽緩衝溶液;經壓縮之推進劑氣體(例如,氯氟碳化合物及氫氟碳化合物);及其他用於醫藥組合物之無毒相容性物質。
醫藥組合物通常藉由將活性劑與醫藥上可接受之載劑及一種或多種可選成份徹底並充分混合或摻和來製備。可隨後使用習用程序和設備將所得均勻摻和之混合物製成錠劑、膠囊、藥丸等或裝填至藥罐、藥筒、分配器等中。
在一實施例中,該等醫藥組合物適於經口投與。一實例性投藥方案係每日投與一次或兩次口服劑型。適用於經口投與之組合物可呈膠囊、錠劑、藥丸、菱形錠劑、扁囊劑、糖衣片、粉劑、顆粒劑;存於水性或非水性液體中之溶液或懸浮液;水包油或油包水液體乳液;酏劑或糖漿;及諸如此類形式;其各自含有預定量之活性劑。
當擬以固體劑型(即,作為膠囊、錠劑、藥丸及諸如此類)經口投與時,該組合物通常包括活性劑及一或多種醫藥上可接受之載劑(例如,檸檬酸鈉或磷酸二鈣)。固體劑型亦可包括:填充劑或增量劑,例如,澱粉、微晶纖維素、乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇及/或矽酸;黏合劑,例如,羧甲基纖維素、海藻酸鹽、明膠、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、蔗糖及/或阿拉伯膠;保濕劑,例如,甘油;崩解劑,例如,瓊脂、碳酸鈣、馬鈴薯或木薯澱粉、海藻酸、某些矽酸鹽及/或碳酸鈉;溶液阻滯劑,例如,石蠟;促吸收劑,例如,四級銨化合物;潤濕劑,例如,鯨蠟醇及/或甘油單硬脂酸酯;吸收劑,例如,高嶺土及/或膨潤土;潤滑劑,例如,滑石粉、硬脂酸鈣、硬脂酸鎂、固體聚乙二醇、月桂基硫酸鈉及/或其混合物;著色劑;及緩衝劑。
離型劑、潤濕劑、塗佈劑、甜味劑、矯味劑及芳香劑、防腐劑及抗氧化劑亦可存在於該等醫藥組合物中。用於錠劑、膠囊、藥丸及諸如此類之實例性塗佈劑包含彼等用於腸溶包膜之試劑,例如,乙酸鄰苯二甲酸纖維素、聚乙酸鄰苯二甲酸乙烯酯、鄰苯二甲酸羥丙基甲基纖維素、甲基丙烯酸-甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物、乙酸偏苯三酸纖維素、羧甲基乙基纖維素、乙酸琥珀酸羥丙基甲基纖維素及諸如此類。醫藥上可接受之抗氧化劑的實例包含:水溶性抗氧化劑,例如抗壞血酸、鹽酸半胱胺酸、硫酸氫鈉、焦亞硫酸鈉、亞硫酸鈉及諸如此類;油溶性抗氧化劑,例如棕櫚酸抗壞血酸酯、丁基化羥基苯甲醚、丁基化羥基甲苯、卵磷脂、沒食子酸丙酯、α-生育酚及諸如此類;及金屬螯合劑,例如檸檬酸、乙二胺四乙酸、山梨醇、酒石酸、磷酸及諸如此類。
亦可使用(例如)各種比例之羥丙基甲基纖維素或其他聚合物基質、脂質體及/或微球體來調配組合物以減緩或控制釋放活性劑。此外,本發明之醫藥組合物可含有遮光劑且可調配成可視需要以延遲方式僅(或優先)在胃腸道之某一部分中釋放活性劑。可使用之包埋用組合物的實例包含聚合物質及蠟。若合適,活性劑亦可呈含有一或多種上述賦形劑的微膠囊形式。
適用於經口投與之液體劑型包含(舉例說明)醫藥上可接受之乳液、微乳液、溶液、懸浮液、糖漿及酏劑。液體劑型通常包括活性劑及惰性稀釋劑,例如水或其他溶劑、增溶劑及乳化劑,例如乙醇、異丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苄醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、油(例如棉籽油、花生油、玉米油、胚芽油、橄欖油、蓖麻油及芝麻油)、甘油、四氫呋喃醇、聚乙二醇及山梨醇酐脂肪酸酯、及其混合物。懸浮液可含有懸浮劑,例如,乙氧基化異硬脂醇、聚氧乙烯山梨醇及山梨醇酐酯、微晶纖維素、偏氫氧化鋁、膨潤土、瓊脂及黃著膠、及其混合物。
當意欲用於經口投與時,本發明之醫藥組合物可以單位劑型進行包裝。術語「單位劑型」係指適合投用給患者之物理離散單位,即每一單位含有經計算可單獨或與一或多種額外單位組合產生期望治療效應之預定量的活性劑。例如,該等單位劑型可為膠囊、錠劑、藥丸及諸如此類。
在另一實施例中,本發明之組合物適用於吸入投與且通常可呈氣溶膠或粉劑形式。該等組合物通常使用諸如霧化器、乾粉吸入器、或定量吸入器等熟知遞送裝置來投與。霧化裝置產生高速空氣流,其使組合物以霧氣形式噴霧輸送至患者之呼吸道中。實例性霧化調配物包括溶於載劑中形成溶液、或微粉化並與載劑組合形成具有可吸入大小之微粉化顆粒懸浮液的活性劑。乾粉吸入器投與作為自由流動性粉末之活性劑,自由流動粉末在吸氣期間分散於患者之氣流中。實例性乾粉調配物包括與諸如乳糖、澱粉、甘露醇、右旋糖、聚乳酸、聚丙交酯-共-乙交酯、及其組合等賦形劑乾燥摻和的活性劑。定量吸入器使用經壓縮之推進劑氣體排放出測定量之活性劑。實例性定量調配物包括該活性劑在諸如氯氟碳化合物或氫氟烷等液化推進劑中之溶液或懸浮液。該等調配物之可選組份包含共溶劑(例如,乙醇或戊烷)及表面活性劑(例如,山梨醇酐三油酸酯、油酸、卵磷脂、及甘油)。該等組合物通常係藉由將經冷淬或加壓之氫氟烷添加至含有活性劑、乙醇(若存在)及表面活性劑(若存在)之適宜容器中來製備。將活性劑微粉化並隨後與推進劑組合以製備懸浮液。或者,懸浮液調配物可藉由在活性劑之微粉化顆粒上噴霧乾燥表面活性劑塗層來製備。隨後將調配物裝填至氣溶膠藥罐中,其構成吸入器的一部分。
本發明結晶化合物亦可非經腸投與(例如,經皮下、靜脈內、肌內或腹膜腔內注射)。對於此投與而言,活性劑以無菌溶液、懸浮液或乳液形式提供。用於製備該等調配物之實例性溶劑包含水、鹽水、低分子量醇(例如,丙二醇)、聚乙二醇、油、明膠、脂肪酸酯(例如,油酸乙酯)、及諸如此類。典型非經腸調配物係活性劑之pH為4-7的無菌水溶液。非經腸調配物亦可含有一或多種增溶劑、穩定劑、防腐劑、潤濕劑、乳化劑及分散劑。該等調配物可藉由使用無菌可注射介質、無菌劑、過濾、輻照或加熱使其無菌。
本發明之結晶化合物亦可使用已知之經皮遞送系統及賦形劑經皮投與。例如,可將化合物與滲透增強劑(例如丙二醇、聚乙二醇單月桂酸酯、氮雜環烷-2-酮及諸如此類)混合並納入貼片或類似遞送系統中。若需要,可將額外賦形劑(包含膠凝劑、乳化劑及緩衝劑)用於該等經皮組合物中。
若需要,本發明之結晶化合物可與一種或多種其他治療劑組合投與。因此,在一實施例中,本發明組合物可視需要含有與本發明結晶化合物共投與的其他藥物。舉例而言,組合物可另外包括一或多種選自以下之群之藥物(亦稱作「第二藥劑」):抗阿茨海默氏症藥劑、抗驚厥劑(抗癲癇藥)、抗抑鬱劑、抗帕金森氏症藥劑、雙重血清素-去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑(SNRI)、非類固醇抗炎劑(NSAID)、去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑、類鴉片激動劑(類鴉片止痛劑)、類鴉片拮抗劑、選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑、鈉通道阻斷劑、抗交感神經藥、及其組合。該等治療劑之諸多實例在業內已眾所周知,且各實例將在本文中闡述。僅使用兩種活性組份,藉由組合本發明之結晶化合物與第二藥劑可達成三聯療法,亦即,血清素再吸收抑制活性、去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制活性、及與第二藥劑有關之活性(例如,抗抑鬱活性)。因含有兩種活性組份之醫藥組合物與含有三種活性組份之組合物相比通常更易於調配,故該等兩組份組合物具有優於含有三種活性組份之組合物的明顯優勢。因此,在本發明之再一態樣中,醫藥組合物包括本發明之結晶化合物、第二活性劑及醫藥上可接受之載劑。亦可將第三、第四等活性劑納入組合物中。在組合療法中,所投與本發明化合物之量以及第二藥劑之量可能小於單一療法中通常投與之量。
本發明之結晶化合物可與第二活性劑物理混合以形成含有兩種藥劑的組合物;或者各藥劑可存在於分開且不同之組合物中,該等組合物同時或相繼投與給患者。例如,可使用習用程序及設備將本發明之結晶化合物與第二活性劑合併以形成包括本發明之結晶化合物及第二活性劑的活性劑組合。此外,可將活性劑與醫藥上可接受之載劑組合以形成包括本發明之結晶化合物、第二活性劑及醫藥上可接受之載劑的醫藥組合物。在該實施例中,通常將組合物之各組份混合或摻和以產生物理混合物。隨後使用本文所述之任一途徑以治療有效量投與該物理混合物。
或者,活性劑在投與患者之前可保持分開且獨立。在此實施例中,在投與之前,該等試劑並未物理混合在一起,而是同時或在不同時間作為分開組合物投與。該等組合物可分開包裝或可一起包裝於套組中。當在不同時間投與時,第二藥劑通常會在投與本發明化合物之後不足24小時內投與,在從投與本發明化合物的同時至投藥後約24小時之間的任一時間。此亦稱為依序投與。因此,可使用兩種錠劑(其中一種錠劑分別對應一種活性劑)同時或依序經口投與本發明之結晶化合物與另一活性劑,其中”依序”意指在投與本發明化合物後立即或在一定預定時間後(例如,1小時後或3小時後)投與。或者,該組合可藉由不同投與途徑投與,亦即,一種經口投與而另一種由藉吸入投與。
在一實施例中,套組包括含本發明結晶化合物之第一劑型及含一或多種本文所述第二藥劑之至少一種其他劑型,其含量應足以進行本發明方法。第一劑型及第二(或第三等)劑型共同包括治療有效量之活性劑,以治療或預防患者的疾病或醫學病狀。
當包含第二藥劑時,其以治療有效量存在,亦即在與本發明結晶化合物共同投與時,其投藥量通常可產生治療效益。第二藥劑可呈醫藥上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物、光學純立體異構體等形式。因此,下文所列示第二藥劑意欲包含所有該等形式,且可自商品取得,或可使用習用程序及試劑來製備。
代表性抗阿茨海默氏症藥劑包含但不限於:多奈哌齊(donepezil)、加蘭他敏(galantamine)、美金剛(memantine)、利斯的明(rivastigmine)、司立吉林(selegiline)、他克林(tacrine)、及其組合。
代表性抗驚厥劑(抗癲癇藥)包含但不限於:乙醯唑胺(acetazolamide)、阿布妥因(albutoin)、4-胺基-3-羥丁酸、貝克拉胺(beclamide)、卡馬西平(carbamazepine)、桂溴胺(cinromide)、氯美噻唑(clomethiazole)、氯硝西泮(clonazepam)、地西泮(diazepam)、二甲雙酮(dimethadione)、依特比妥(eterobarb)、依沙雙酮(ethadione)、乙琥胺(ethosuximide)、乙苯妥英(ethotoin)、非爾胺酯(felbamate)、磷苯妥英(fosphenytoin)、加巴噴丁(gabapentin)、拉科胺(lacosamide)、拉莫三嗪(lamotrigine)、勞拉西泮(lorazepam)、溴化鎂、硫酸鎂、美芬妥英(mephenytoin)、甲苯比妥(mephobarbital)、甲琥按(methsuximide)、咪達唑侖(midazolam)、硝西泮(nitrazepam)、奧沙西泮(oxazepam)、奧卡西平(oxcarbazepine)、甲乙雙酮(paramethadione)、苯乙醯脲(phenacemide)、苯丁醯脲(pheneturide)、苯巴比妥(phenobarbital)、苯琥胺(phensuximide)、苯妥英(phenytoin)、溴化鉀、普瑞巴林、撲米酮(primidone)、普洛加胺(progabide)、溴化鈉、丙戊酸鈉、舒噻美(sulthiame)、噻加賓(tiagabine)、托吡酯(topiramate)、三甲雙酮(trimethadione)、丙戊酸、丙戊醯胺(valpromide)、胺己烯酸(vigabatrin)、唑尼沙胺(zonisamide)、及其組合。在一特定實施例中,抗驚厥劑係選自卡馬西平、加巴噴丁、普瑞巴林、及其組合。
代表性抗抑鬱劑包含但不限於:阿地唑侖(adinazolam)、阿米替林(amitriptyline)、氯米帕明(clomipramine)、地昔帕明(desipramine)、度硫平(dothiepin)(例如,鹽酸度硫平)、多塞平(doxepin)、丙咪嗪(imipramine)、洛非帕明(lofepramine)、米氮平(mirtazapine)、去甲替林(nortriptyline)、普羅替林(protriptyline)、曲米帕明(trimipramine)、文拉法辛、齊美利定(zimelidine)、及其組合。
代表性抗帕金森氏症藥劑包含但不限於:金剛烷胺(amantadine)、阿撲嗎啡(apomorphine)、苯紮托品(benztropine)、溴隱亭(bromocriptine)、卡比多巴(carbidopa)、苯海拉明(diphenhydramine)、恩他卡朋(entacapone)、左旋多巴(levodopa)、培高利特(pergolide)、普拉克索(pramipexole)、羅匹尼羅(ropinirole)、司立吉林(selegiline)、托卡朋(tolcapone)、苯海索(trihexyphenidyl)、及其組合。
代表性雙重血清素-去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑(SNRI)包含但不限於:比西發定(bicifadine)、去甲文拉法辛、度洛西汀、米那普侖、奈法唑酮(nefazodone)、文拉法辛、及其組合。
代表性非類固醇抗炎劑(NSAID)包含但不限於:阿西美辛(acemetacin)、醋胺酚(acetaminophen)、乙醯基水楊酸、阿氯芬酸(alclofenac)、阿明洛芬(alminoprofen)、胺芬酸(amfenac)、胺普立糖(amiprilose)、阿莫西林(amoxiprin)、阿尼羅酸(anirolac)、阿紮丙宗(apazone)、阿紮丙宗(azapropazone)、貝諾酯(benorilate)、苯噁洛芬(benoxaprofen)、苯哌立酮(bezpiperylon)、溴哌莫(broperamole)、布氯酸(bucloxic acid)、卡洛芬(carprofen)、環氯茚酸(clidanac)、雙氯芬酸(diclofenac)、二氟尼柳(diflunisal)、地弗他酮(diftalone)、依諾利康(enolicam)、依託度酸(etodolac)、依託考昔(etoricoxib)、芬布芬(fenbufen)、芬氯酸(fenclofenac)、芬克洛酸(fenclozic acid)、非諾洛芬(fenoprofen)、芬替酸(fentiazac)、非普拉宗(feprazone)、氟芬那酸(flufenamic acid)、氟苯柳(flufenisal)、氟洛芬(fluprofen)、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)、呋羅芬酸(furofenac)、異丁芬酸(ibufenac)、布洛芬(ibuprofen)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、吲哚洛芬(indoprofen)、伊索克酸(isoxepac)、伊索昔康(isoxicam)、酮洛芬(ketoprofen)、酮咯酸(ketorolac)、洛非咪唑(lofemizole)、氯諾昔康(lornoxicam)、甲氯滅酸的結合鹼(meclofenamate)、甲氯芬那酸(meclofenamic acid)、甲芬那酸(mefenamic acid)、美洛昔康(meloxicam)、美沙拉秦(mesalamine)、咪洛芬(miroprofen)、莫非布宗(mofebutazone)、萘丁美酮(nabumetone)、萘普生(naproxen)、尼氟酸(niflumic acid)、尼美舒利(nimesulide)、硝基氟吡洛芬(nitroflurbiprofen)、奧沙拉秦(olsalazine)、奧沙普秦(oxaprozin)、歐平克(oxpinac)、羥布宗(oxyphenbutazone)、保泰松(phenylbutazone)、吡羅昔康(piroxicam)、吡洛芬(pirprofen)、普拉洛芬(pranoprofen)、雙水楊酯(salsalate)、舒多昔康(sudoxicam)、柳氮磺吡啶(sulfasalazine)、舒林酸(sulindac)、舒洛芬(suprofen)、替諾昔康(tenoxicam)、硫平酸(tiopinac)、噻洛芬酸(tiaprofenic acid)、硫噁洛芬(tioxaprofen)、托芬那酸(tolfenamic acid)、托美丁(tolmetin)、三氟米酯(triflumidate)、齊多美辛(zidometacin)、佐美酸(zomepirac)、及其組合。在一特定實施例中,NSAID係選自依託度酸、氟比洛芬、布洛芬、吲哚美辛、酮洛芬、酮咯酸、美洛昔康、萘普生、奧沙普秦、吡羅昔康、及其組合。在一特定實施例中,NSAID係選自布洛芬、吲哚美辛、萘丁美酮、萘普生(舉例而言,萘普生鈉)、及其組合。
代表性肌肉鬆弛藥包含但不限於:卡立普多(carisoprodol)、氯唑沙宗(chlorzoxazone)、環苯紮林(cyclobenzaprine)、二氟尼柳、美他沙酮(metaxalone)、美索巴莫(methocarbamol)、及其組合。
代表性去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑包含但不限於:阿托西汀(atomoxetine)、安非他酮(buproprion)及安非他酮代謝物羥基安非他酮、馬普替林(maprotiline)、瑞波西汀(reboxetine)(舉例而言,(S,S)-瑞波西汀)、維洛沙秦(viloxazine)、及其組合。在一特定實施例中,去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑係選自阿托西汀、瑞波西汀及其組合。
代表性類鴉片激動劑(類鴉片止痛劑)及拮抗劑包含但不限於:丁丙諾啡(buprenorphine)、布托啡諾(butorphanol)、可待因(codeine)、雙氫可待因(dihydrocodeine)、芬太尼(fentanyl)、氫可酮(hydrocodone)、氫嗎啡酮(hydromorphone)、左洛啡烷(levallorphan)、左啡諾、哌替啶(meperidine)、美沙酮、嗎啡、納布啡(nalbuphine)、納美芬(nalmefene)、納洛芬(nalorphine)、納洛酮(naloxone)、納曲酮(naltrexone)、納洛芬(nalorphine)、羥考酮、羥嗎啡酮(oxymorphone)、噴他佐辛(pentazocine)、丙氧芬(propoxyphene)、曲馬朵、及其組合。在某些實施例中,類鴉片激動劑係選自可待因、雙氫可待因、氫可酮、氫嗎啡酮、嗎啡、羥考酮、羥嗎啡酮、曲馬朵、及其組合。
代表性之選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑(SSRI)包含但不限於:西酞普蘭及西酞普蘭代謝物去甲基西酞普蘭、達泊西汀(dapoxetine)、依他普侖(escitalopram)(例如,草酸艾司西酞普蘭(escitalopram oxalate))、氟西汀(fluoxetine)及氟西汀去甲基代謝物諾氟西汀(norfluoxetine)、氟伏沙明(fluvoxamine)(例如,馬來酸氟伏沙明)、帕羅西汀(paroxetine)、舍曲林(sertraline)及舍曲林代謝物去甲基舍曲林、及其組合。在某些實施例中,SSRI係選自西酞普蘭、帕羅西汀、舍曲林及其組合。
代表性鈉通道阻斷劑包含但不限於:卡馬西平、磷苯妥英、樂奇寧(lamotrignine)、利多卡因、美西律(mexiletine)、奧卡西平、苯妥英、及其組合。
代表性抗交感神經藥包含但不限於:阿替洛爾(atenolol)、可樂定(clonidine)、多沙唑嗪(doxazosin)、胍乙啶(guanethidine)、胍法辛(guanfacine)、莫達非尼(modafinil)、酚妥拉明(phentolamine)、哌唑嗪(prazosin)、利血平(reserpine)、妥拉唑啉(tolazoline)(例如,鹽酸妥拉唑啉)、坦洛新(tamsulosin)、及其組合。
以下調配物闡釋本發明之代表性醫藥組合物。
將本發明之結晶化合物(50g)、經噴霧乾燥之乳糖(440g)及硬脂酸鎂(10g)充分地摻和。隨後將所得組合物裝填到硬明膠膠囊中(500mg組合物/膠囊)。
或者,將結晶化合物(20mg)與澱粉(89mg)、微晶纖維素(89mg)及硬脂酸鎂(2mg)充分地摻和。隨後使該混合物經過45號網目美國篩並裝填到硬明膠膠囊中(200mg組合物/膠囊)。
將本發明之結晶化合物(100mg)與聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐單油酸酯(50mg)及澱粉粉末(250mg)充分地摻和。隨後將該混合物裝填到明膠膠囊中(400mg組合物/膠囊)。
或者,將該結晶化合物(40mg)與微晶纖維素(Avicel PH 103;259.2mg)及硬脂酸鎂(0.8mg)充分地摻和。隨後將該混合物裝填到明膠膠囊(規格1號,白色,不透明)中(300mg組合物/膠囊)。
使本發明之結晶化合物(10mg)、澱粉(45mg)及微晶纖維素(35mg)經過20號網目美國篩並充分地混合。將如此製得之顆粒在50℃至60℃下乾燥並使其經過16號網目美國篩。將聚乙烯基吡咯啶酮(4mg,作為存於無菌水中之10%溶液)之溶液與羧甲基澱粉鈉(4.5mg)、硬脂酸鎂(0.5mg)及滑石粉(1mg)混合且隨後使該混合物經過16號網目美國篩。隨後向該等顆粒中添加羧甲基澱粉鈉、硬脂酸鎂及滑石粉。混合後,將混合物在壓片機上壓製以提供重100mg之錠劑。
或者,將結晶化合物(250mg)與微晶纖維素(400mg)、發煙二氧化矽(10mg)及硬脂酸(5mg)充分地摻和。隨後壓製該混合物以形成錠劑(665mg組合物/錠劑)。
或者,將結晶化合物(400mg)與玉米澱粉(50mg)、交聯羧甲基纖維素鈉(25mg)、乳糖(120mg)及硬脂酸鎂(5mg)充分地摻和。隨後壓製該混合物以形成單痕錠劑(600mg組合物/錠劑)。
將下列各成份混合以形成每10mL懸浮液含有100mg活性劑之懸浮液:
將本發明之結晶化合物(0.2g)與0.4M乙酸鈉緩衝溶液(2.0mL)摻和至一起。根據需要使用0.5N鹽酸水溶液或0.5N氫氧化鈉水溶液將所得溶液之pH調整至pH為4,且隨後添加足夠注射用水以提供20mL之總體積。隨後經由無菌過濾器(0.22微米)過濾該混合物以提供適合藉由注射投與之無菌溶液。
將本發明之結晶化合物(0.2mg)微粉化且隨後與乳糖(25mg)摻和至一起。隨後將此經摻和之混合物裝填至明膠吸入藥筒中。例如,使用乾粉吸入器投與藥筒內含物。
或者,使本發明之微粉化化合物(10g)分散於藉由將卵磷脂(0.2g)溶於脫礦質水(200mL)中所製成的溶液中。將所得懸浮液噴霧乾燥且隨後微粉化以形成包括平均直徑小於約1.5μm之顆粒的微粉化組合物。隨後將該微粉化組合物裝填至含有經加壓1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷之定量式吸入器藥筒中,當藉由該吸入器投與時裝填量應足以提供每劑量約10μg至約500μg之本發明化合物。
或者,將結晶化合物(25mg)溶於檸檬酸鹽緩衝(pH 5)等滲鹽水(125mL)中。攪拌混合物並實施超聲處理直至化合物溶解。檢測該溶液之pH且若需要,則藉由緩慢地添加1N氫氧化鈉水溶液調整至pH為5。使用霧化器裝置來投與該溶液,其可提供每劑量約10μg至約500μg之結晶化合物。
提供以下製備及實例來闡釋本發明之具體實施例。然而,除非明確說明,否則該等具體實施例並不意欲以任何方式限制本發明範圍。
除非另有說明,否則以下縮寫具有以下含義,且本文所用且未定義之任何其他縮寫皆具有其標準含義:
AcOH 乙酸
BSA 牛血清白蛋白
DCM 二氯甲烷(即,亞甲基二氯)
DIAD 偶氮二甲酸二異丙酯
DIPEA N,N-二異丙基乙胺
DMEM 達爾伯克改良伊格爾培養基(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium)
DMSO 二甲亞碸
EDTA 乙二胺四乙酸
EtOAc 乙酸乙酯
EtOH 乙醇
FBS 胎牛血清
hDAT 人類多巴胺轉運蛋白
HEPES 4-(2-羥乙基)-1-六氫吡嗪乙磺酸
hNET 人類去甲腎上腺素轉運蛋白
hSERT 人類血清素轉運蛋白
5-HT 5-羥色胺
IPA 異丙醇
IPAc 乙酸異丙酯
MeCN 乙腈(CH3
CN)
MeOH 甲醇
NA 去甲腎上腺素
PBS 磷酸緩衝鹽水
PPh3
三苯基膦
TFA 三氟乙酸
THF 四氫呋喃
TsCl 對甲苯磺醯氯或4-甲基苯磺醯氯
本文所用但未定義之任何其他縮寫皆具有其公認的標準含義。除非另有注明,否則諸如試劑、起始材料及溶劑等所有材料均自商業供應商(例如,西格瑪-奧德裏奇(Sigma-Alarich)、弗盧卡瑞戴爾-哈恩(Fluka Riedel-de Han)及諸如此類)購得且未經進一步純化即使用。
在室溫及氮氣下合併4-(2-羧基苯基)哌啶-1-甲酸第三丁基酯(5.0g,160mmol,1.0當量)及THF(100mL,1.0mol)。經10分鐘逐滴添加存於THF中之1.0M硼烷-THF複合物(32.7mL,32.7mmol,2.0當量)(在5℃下放熱,釋放氣體)。將混合物在室溫下攪拌5分鐘,然後在50℃下加熱1小時。將混合物冷卻至室溫,且使用MeOH(30mL)緩慢猝滅反應(輕度放熱,氣體明顯釋放),然後藉由旋轉蒸發進行濃縮。將材料與MeOH(2×50mL)共沸。將粗產物溶於EtOAc(100mL,1mol)中,使用NaHCO3
(50mL)洗滌,然後使用飽和NaCl水溶液(50mL)洗滌。藉由無水Na2
SO4
乾燥有機層、過濾、並在真空中濃縮以產生4-(2-羥甲基苯基)哌啶-1-甲酸第三丁基酯(4.4g),在靜置後其為固化之澄清淺黃色油狀物。
將4-(2-羥甲基苯基)哌啶-1-甲酸第三丁基酯(50.0g,172mmol,1.0當量)溶於DCM(500mL,8000mmol)中。將混合物在0℃及氮氣下冷卻並一次性添加甲烷磺酸酐(44.8g,257mmol,1.5當量)。經5分鐘逐滴添加DIPEA(47.8mL,274mmol,1.6當量)並將混合物在0℃下攪拌90分鐘。添加水(400mL,20mol)並將混合物攪拌5分鐘。分離各相且使用水(300mL)洗滌有機層,藉由Na2
SO4
乾燥並去除溶劑以產生稠油狀標題化合物(70g),其未經進一步純化即使用。
1
H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6
)δ(ppm) 7.37-7.43(m,3H),7.31(d,1H),7.22(m,2H),5.38(s,2H),4.28(m,2H),2.92-3.10(m,1H),2.92(s,3H),2.80-2.92(m,2H),1.63-1.81(m,4H),1.51(s,9H).
將4-(2-甲烷磺醯基氧基苯基)哌啶-1-甲酸第三丁基酯(27.0g,60.6mmol,1.0當量)溶於MeCN(540mL)中並添加至K2
CO3
(25g,180mmol,3.0當量)及2,4,6-三氟苯酚(13.5g,90.9mmol,1.5當量)中。將混合物在50℃下劇烈攪拌6小時,自加熱中取出,並攪拌過夜。在室溫下冷卻混合物,且使用EtOAc(700mL)及水(700mL)稀釋。分離各相且使用存於水中之1.0M NaOH(2×400mL)及NaCl飽和水溶液(1x400mL)洗滌有機層兩次,然後藉由Na2
SO4
乾燥並去除溶劑以產生粗製4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)-苯基]哌啶-1-甲酸第三丁基酯(25.0g)。以較小規模作業合併粗產物以達成總共為30g,且藉由層析(存於己烷中之0-10%EtOAc)純化以產生4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶-1-甲酸第三丁基酯(22.0g)。
合併第三丁基酯(22.0g,31.3mmol,1.0當量)與存於EtOH中之1.25M HCl(250mL,310mmol,10.0當量)。將混合物在室溫下攪拌8小時,然後在-10℃下儲存約48小時以上。藉由旋轉蒸發去除大部分溶劑。向所得稠漿液中添加EtOAc(80mL),隨後在室溫下攪拌2小時。藉由過濾分離第一批,且使用EtOAc(20mL)洗滌濾餅並乾燥以產生白色固體鹽酸鹽形式之標題化合物(8.5g,純度>99%)。濾液之HPLC顯示具有約25%面積之產物。對於第二批,藉由旋轉蒸發去除溶劑且首先在室溫下然後在60℃下並再次在室溫下將所得固體(約10g)於EtOAc(40mL)中製成漿液以產生鹽酸鹽標題化合物(1.7g,純度>99%)。
將兩份鹽酸鹽(18.5g,51.7mmol)與EtOAc(75mL,770mmol)合併。將所得濃但自由流動之漿液在65℃下加熱30分鐘,冷卻至室溫,並過濾。使用EtOAc(20mL)洗滌燒瓶及濾餅,且在高真空及室溫下乾燥固體過夜以產生結晶鹽酸鹽(18.2g,純度為99.3%)。
藉由XRPD觀察到晶體性良好。發現LC-MS(2mg,在2mL 1:1 MeCN:1M HCl水溶液中;API 150EX LC/MS系統)與結構一致。發現NMR(DMSO-d6
,Varian VnmrJ 400)與結構及鹽形式一致。
向EtOH(140mL,2.4mol)中緩慢添加乙醯氯(83.5mL,1170mmol)。添加溶於EtOH(100mL,2.0mol)中之4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶-1-甲酸第三丁基酯(55.0g,117mmol)並將所得混合物在室溫下攪拌6小時。藉由旋轉蒸發去除大部分溶劑。向所得濃漿液中添加EtOAc(300mL),隨後去除部分溶劑直至體積為約100mL。添加新鮮EtOAc(200mL)並將所得漿液攪拌1小時,過濾並乾燥以產生鹽酸鹽(28.0g,純度為99%)。將濾液濃縮成濃膏糊且添加(100mL),攪拌1小時,過濾並乾燥以進一步產生5.0g鹽酸鹽(純度為約99%)。
合併兩份鹽酸鹽(83.0g,230mmol,純度為約99%)與EtOAc(250mL,2.6mol)。在70℃下加熱所得漿液且然後緩慢冷卻至室溫,隨後攪拌過夜。將所得自由流動之漿液過濾並使用EtOAc(50mL)洗滌濾餅,然後在高真空下乾燥約48小時以產生結晶鹽酸鹽(81.0g,純度>99%)。發現1
H NMR(DMSO-d6
,400Hz)與實例1之結構及鹽形式一致。
將結晶鹽酸鹽(50.0g,1.40mol,純度>99%)溶於IPA(250mL,3.3mol)中,且將所得漿液加熱至75℃下。添加水(25mL,1.4mol)。在5分鐘內觀察到完全溶解,且溶液之內部溫度為65℃。將溶液緩慢冷卻至室溫且然後在室溫下攪拌過夜。將所得固體過濾並在空氣中乾燥2小時以產生半乾燥產物。然後將固體在高真空及室溫下乾燥約48小時以產生標題結晶鹽酸鹽(44.1g,純度為99.5%)。藉由XRPD及DSC顯示材料具有良好結晶度。
亦以類似方式使用175.0g鹽酸鹽及10體積存於IPA中之5%水(總共90mL水及1.8L IPA)來製備標題結晶鹽酸鹽(151.1g,純度為99.5%)。
藉助Rigaku Miniflex PXRD繞射儀使用Cu Kα(30.0kV,15.0mA)輻射來獲得粉末X射線繞射圖案。藉助測角鏡實施此分析,該測角鏡係以2°(2θ)/min之連續掃描模式及0.03°步長在2°至40°之2θ角範圍內運行。在石英樣本承載器上製備作為粉狀材料薄層之試樣。使用矽金屬標準物校準儀器以使2θ角在±0.02°內。實例2之結晶鹽酸鹽的代表性PXRD圖案示於圖1中。在測試前人工研磨試樣以減少粒徑對相對強度之干擾。
在圖1中所繪示之許多粉末繞射峰及相對平坦基線強烈地表明實例2之結晶鹽酸鹽擁有良好結晶度。
亦獲得實例1之結晶鹽酸鹽的粉末X射線繞射圖案,且發現其與實例2中結晶鹽酸鹽之彼等結果一致。
使用具有熱分析儀(Thermal Analyst)控制器之TA儀器Q-100型模組來實施示差掃描熱量測定(DSC)。收集數據並使用TA儀器熱解析(Thermal Solutions)軟體來進行分析。精確稱取2.8mg實例2之結晶鹽酸鹽試樣並置於有蓋鋁製盤中。在22℃下實施等溫平衡5分鐘後,使用10℃/min線性加熱斜坡將該試樣自22℃加熱至250℃。代表性DSC溫度記錄圖示於圖2中。
DSC溫度記錄圖顯示本發明結晶化合物具有優異之熱穩定性及約196.9℃之熔點且在低於200.0℃時無熱降解。
代表性TGA軌跡示於圖2中且表明實例2之結晶型試樣在自室溫至150.0℃下會有少量失重(約0.5%),此與殘留水分或溶劑之損失一致。
亦獲得實例1中結晶鹽酸鹽之DSC溫度記錄圖及TGA軌跡,且發現其與實例2中結晶鹽酸鹽之彼等結果一致。
使用VTI常壓微量天平(atmospheric microbalance),SGA-100系統(VTI公司,Hialeah,FL 33016)對實例2之結晶鹽酸鹽實施動態水分吸附(DMS)評估(亦稱作水分吸附-解吸附曲線圖)。使用大約7.3mg之試樣大小並在開始分析時將濕度設定為環境值。DMS分析係由在2%相對濕度至90%相對濕度之全部濕度範圍內5%相對濕度/步之掃描速率組成。在25℃下以等溫方式實施DMS運行。代表性DMS曲線圖示於圖3中。
該DMS曲線圖顯示本發明之結晶化合物具有可逆吸附/解吸附曲線圖及不明顯的吸濕性。該結晶化合物在暴露於自2%相對濕度至高達90%相對濕度之寬濕度範圍中時具有較小重量增加且在暴露於高達90%相對濕度時重量增加小於約2.0%,此表明該結晶型在環境條件下僅具有最小的吸濕風險。
使用一份代表性4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽在-20℃、5℃、25℃/60%相對濕度(敞口容器)及40℃/75%相對濕度(密封及敞口容器)儲存條件下於玻璃杯中開始固態穩定性研究。儲存28天後,在所有條件下保存之試樣皆未檢測到化學純度、手性純度、PXRD、DSC、及TGA曲線圖發生變化。
自EtOAc製備結晶鹽酸鹽(105.0mg,純度>99%),如實例2中所述。然後將結晶鹽酸鹽與5mL IPA/水(10%的水)溶液合併。在室溫下(約23℃)振盪混合物直至大部分材料溶於溶液中。然後將溶液置於在60℃下預加熱之加熱板上。溶液在5分鐘後變澄清,此表明在經加熱試樣溶液中無任何固體殘餘物。然後關斷加熱裝置(總加熱時間為約10分鐘)。將溶液靜置2小時以上以使溶液緩慢達到室溫,此時溶液為白色且渾濁。然後在4℃下冷卻溶液。約7天後觀察到大型晶體。然後分離並乾燥晶體。
使用單晶X射線繞射儀(Nonius Kappa-CCD繞射儀,配備有Oxford Cryostream液氮冷卻儀(Oxford Cryostream Liquid Nitrogen Cooler)且使用MoKα輻射)測定晶體結構。晶體快大小為0.45×0.25×0.20mm。沿結晶學尺寸切割大型晶體以獲得適宜之分析用晶體大小(圖5)。在294°K及120°K之溫度下收集數據。
晶體顯示單斜對稱性(P21
/C空間群),且具有下列單位晶胞參數:
軸():a=11.631,b=7.057,c=42.532
角(°):B=104.595,A=C=90
V():3378.4
計算密度(g/cm3
):1.430
反射編號:20143
發現晶體係由4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)-苯基]哌啶陽離子、氯陰離子及水分子組成。在每一單位晶胞中具有2.56個與8個藥物分子對(8個4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶陽離子及8個氯化物陰離子)有關之水分子,亦即,每三個藥物分子對具有約一個水分子,其中每一藥物分子對由一個4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶陽離子及一個氯陰離子組成。因此,在本發明一實施例中,每一莫耳4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)-苯基]哌啶鹽酸鹽中存在約0.32莫耳水;此一晶體之式可寫成:14-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶. 1 HCl. 0.32 H2
O。
晶體係建立於水分子周圍且自單位晶胞中之水佔用因子來測定水含量。使用原子之熱運動參數及所觀測之總結構因子來計算水佔用因子。
使用膜放射性配體結合分析來量測經標記配體(3
H-西酞普蘭或3
H-尼索西汀或3
H-WIN35428)結合各種膜之競爭性抑制以測定測試化合物作用於轉運蛋白的pKi
值,該等膜係自表現各種人類重組轉運蛋白(hSERT或hNET或hDAT)之細胞製得。
在37℃下於5% CO2
加濕培養箱中之補充有以下之DMEM培養基中生長分別經hSERT或hNET穩定轉染之衍生自重組人類胎腎(HEK-293)的細胞系:10%經透析FBS(針對hSERT)或FBS(針對hNET)、100μg/ml青黴素(penicillin)、100μg/ml練黴素(streptomycin)、2mM L-麩胺醯胺及250μg/ml胺基糖甙抗生素G418。在培養液達到80%鋪滿時,在PBS中(無Ca2+
及Mg2+
)充分洗滌細胞且使用存於PBS中之5mM EDTA提取出來。藉由離心使細胞沉澱,再懸浮於溶胞緩衝液(10mM Tris-HCl,pH為7.5,含有1mM EDTA)中,勻化,藉由離心沉澱,然後在4℃下再懸浮於pH為7.5之50mM Tris-HCl及10%蔗糖中。使用生物放射線伯樂蛋白質分析套組(Bio-Rad Bradford Protein Assay kit)測定膜懸浮液之蛋白質濃度。快速冷凍膜且在-80℃下儲存。自PerkinElmer購買表現hDAT之中國倉鼠卵巢膜(CHO-DAT)且在-80℃下儲存。
在96-孔分析板中使用分別用於SERT、NET及DAT之0.5μg、1μg、及3μg膜蛋白質於總體積為200μl的分析緩衝液(50mM Tris-HCl,120mM NaCl,5mM KCl,pH 7.4)中實施結合分析。使用12種以下範圍之不同放射性配體濃度:0.005-10nM(3
H-西酞普蘭)、0.01-20nM(3
H-尼索西汀)及0.2-50nM(3
H-WIN35428)實施飽和結合研究以分別測定關於3
H-西酞普蘭、3
H-尼索西汀、或3
H-WIN35428的放射性配體Kd
值。使用1.0nM3
H-西酞普蘭、1.0nM3
H-尼索西汀或3.0nM3
H-WIN35428在11種介於10pM至100μM間之不同測試化合物濃度下實施置換分析分析以測定測試化合物的pKi
值。
製備測試化合物之儲備溶液(10mM,存於DMSO中),且使用稀釋緩衝液(50mM Tris-HCl,120mM NaCl,5mM KCl,pH 7.4,0.1% BSA,400μM抗壞血酸)製備連續稀釋液。在1μM度洛西汀、1μM地昔帕明或10μM GBR12909(各存於稀釋緩衝液中)存在下分別測定hSERT、hNET或hDAT分析之非特異性放射性配體結合。
在22℃下培養60分鐘(或足以達到平衡之時間)後,使用96-孔UniFilter GF/B板藉由快速過濾收集膜,使用0.3%聚乙烯亞胺預處理,且使用300μl洗滌緩衝液(50mM Tris-HCl,0.9% NaCl pH 7.5,4℃)洗滌6次。在室溫下將板乾燥過夜,添加約45μl MicroScintTM
-20(Perkin Elmer)並經由液體閃爍光譜對結合放射性進行定量。使用GraphPad Prism軟體包(GraphPad Software公司,San Diego,CA)分析競爭性抑制曲線及飽和等溫線。使用Prism GraphPad中之S形劑量反應(可變斜率)算法自濃度反應曲線生成IC50
值。使用Prism GraphPad中之飽和結合整體擬合算法(Saturation Binding Global Fit algorithm)自飽和等溫線生成放射性配體之Kd
及Bmax
值。使用Cheng-Prusoff等式(Cheng & Prusoff(1973) Biochem. Pharmacol. 22(23):3099-3108):Ki
=IC50
/(1+[L]/Kd
)自最佳擬合IC50
值及放射性配體之Kd
值來計算測試化合物之pKi
(Ki
的負的以10為底的對數)值,其中[L]=放射性配體濃度。
在此分析中測試實例1之化合物(TFA鹽)且發現顯示SERT之及NET之。
使用神經遞質攝取分析來量測攝取至表現各種轉運蛋白(hSERT、hNET或hDAT)之細胞中之3
H-血清素(3
H-5-HT)、3
H-去甲腎上腺素(3
H-NE)、及3
H-多巴胺(3
H-DA)的競爭性抑制以測定測試化合物在轉運蛋白上之pIC50
值。
在37℃下於5% CO2
加濕培養箱中之補充有以下之DMEM培養基中生長分別經hSERT、hNET或hDAT穩定轉染之衍生自HEK-293的細胞系:10%經透析FBS(針對hSERT)或FBS(針對hNET及hDAT)、100μg/ml青黴素、100μg/ml練黴素、2mM L-麩胺醯胺及250μg/ml胺基糖甙抗生素G418(針對hSERT及hNET)或800ug/ml胺基糖甙抗生素G418(針對hDAT)。在培養液達到80%鋪滿時,在PBS中(無Ca2+
及Mg2+
)充分洗滌細胞且使用存於PBS中之5mM EDTA提取出來。藉由在1100rpm下離心5分鐘來收集細胞,藉由在PBS中再懸浮洗滌一次,然後離心。去除上清液且藉由輕緩研磨在室溫下及含有HEPES(10mM)、CaCl2
(2.2mM)、抗壞血酸(200μM)及帕吉林(pargyline)(200μM)且pH為7.4的Krebs-Ringer碳酸氫鹽緩衝液中再懸浮細胞沉澱物。細胞懸浮液中之最終細胞濃度對於SERT、NET、及DAT細胞系分別為7.5×104
細胞/ml、1.25×105
細胞/ml、及5.0×104
細胞/ml。
在96-孔分析板中使用分別針對SERT及NET之1.5×104
細胞及2.5×104
細胞於總體積為400μL之分析緩衝液(Krebs-Ringer碳酸氫鹽緩衝液,含有HEPES(10mM)、CaCl2
(2.2mM)、抗壞血酸(200μM)及帕吉林(200μM),pH為7.4)中實施神經遞質攝取分析。使用介於10pM至100μM之間的11種不同濃度實施競爭分析以測定測試化合物之pIC50
值。製備測試化合物之儲備溶液(10mM,存於DMSO中)且使用50mM Tris-HCl、120mM NaCl、5mM KCl、pH 7.4、0.1% BSA、400μM抗壞血酸製備連續稀釋液。在37℃下將測試化合物與各細胞一起培養30分鐘,隨後添加經放射標記之神經遞質、3
H-5-HT(20nM最終濃度)、3
H-NE(50nM最終濃度)、或3
H-DA(100nM最終濃度)。在2.5μM度洛西汀或2.5μM地昔帕明(各存於稀釋緩衝液中)存在下分別測定hSERT、hNET、或hDAT分析之非特異性神經遞質攝取。
在37℃下與放射性配體一起培養10分鐘後,使用經1% BSA預處理之96-孔UniFilter GF/B板藉由快速過濾來收集細胞,並使用650μl洗滌緩衝液(冰冷PBS)洗滌6次。在37℃下將板乾燥過夜,添加約45μl MicroScintTM
-20(Perkin Elmer)並經由液體閃爍光譜對結合之放射性進行定量。使用GraphPad Prism軟體包(GraphPad Software公司,San Diego,CA)分析競爭抑制曲線。使用Prism GraphPad中之S形劑量反應(可變斜率)算法自濃度反應曲線生成IC50
值。
使用離體放射性配體結合及神經遞質攝取分析來測定活體內投與(急性或慢性)測試化合物後SERT及NET在選定大腦區域中之活體內佔用情況。在以適宜劑量(0.0001-100mg/kg)投與測試化合物(藉由靜脈內、腹膜腔內、經口、皮下或其他途徑)後,在特定時間點(10分鐘至48小時)藉由斷頭術將大鼠(>
n=4/組)無痛處死且在冰上切割大腦。切割相關大腦區域,冷凍且在-80℃下儲存至使用。
為進行離體放射性配體結合分析,監測SERT(3
H-西酞普蘭)及NET-(3
H-尼索西汀)選擇性放射性配體與自經媒質及測試化合物處理之動物製得之大鼠大腦粗勻漿的初始締合速率(參見Hess等人,(2004) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 310(2):488-497)。藉由在0.15mL(每毫克濕重量) 50mM Tris-HCl、120mM NaCl、5mM KCl、pH 7.4緩衝液中勻化冷凍之組織部分來製備粗大腦組織勻漿。在96-孔分析板中使用650μg濕重量組織(等效於25μg蛋白質)於總體積為200μl之分析緩衝液(50mM Tris-HCl、120mM NaCl、5mM KCl、0.025% BSA、pH為7.4)中實施放射性配體締合分析。將勻漿分別與3
H-西酞普蘭(3nM)及3
H-尼索西汀(5nM)一起培養長達5分鐘,隨後使用經0.3%聚乙烯亞胺預處理之96-孔UniFilter GF/B板藉由快速過濾來終止分析。然後使用300μl洗滌緩衝液(50mM Tris-HCl、0.9% NaCl、pH為7.4,在4℃下)將濾液洗滌6次。在1μM度洛西汀或1μM地昔帕明存在下分別測定3
H-西酞普蘭或3
H-尼索西汀之非特異性放射性配體結合。在室溫下將板乾燥過夜,添加約45μl MicroScintTM
-20(Perkin Elmer)並經由液體閃爍光譜對結合放射性進行定量。使用GraphPad Prism軟體包(GraphPad Software公司,San Diego,CA)藉由線性回歸測定3
H-西酞普蘭及3
H-尼索西汀之初始締合速率。測定放射性配體與來自經媒劑處理之動物之大腦組織勻漿的平均締合速率。然後使用下列等式測定測試化合物之佔用%:
佔用%=100×(1-(經測試化合物處理之組織的初始締合速率/經媒劑處理之組織的平均締合速率))
藉由將測試化合物劑量之log 10對%佔用繪製圖線來測定ED50
值。使用GraphPad Prism中之S形劑量反應(可變斜率)算法自濃度反應曲線生成ED50
值。
使用離體神經遞質攝取分析來量測活體內SERT及NET轉運蛋白佔用情況,其中3
H-5-HT或3
H-NE攝入自經媒劑及測試化合物處理之動物製得的大鼠大腦粗勻漿中(參見Wong等人,(1993) Neuropsychopharmacology 8(1):23-33)。藉由在22℃下於0.5mL(每毫克濕重量) 10mM HEPES緩衝液(pH為7.4,含有0.32M蔗糖、200μM抗壞血酸及200μM帕吉林)中將冷凍組織部分勻化來製備粗大腦組織勻漿。在96-孔Axygen板中使用50μg蛋白質於總體積為350μl之分析緩衝液(Krebs-Ringer碳酸氫鹽緩衝液,含有10mM HEPES、2.2mM CaCl2
、200μM抗壞血酸及200μM帕吉林,pH為7.4)中實施神經遞質攝取分析。將勻漿分別與3
H-5-HT(20nM)及3
H-NE(50nM)在37℃下一起培養5分鐘,隨後使用經1% BSA預處理之96-孔UniFilter GF/B板藉由快速過濾終止分析。使用650μl洗滌緩衝液(冰冷PBS)將板洗滌6次並在37℃下乾燥過夜,隨後添加約45μl MicroScintTM
-20(Perkin Elmer)。經由液體閃爍光譜對結合之放射性進行定量。在平行分析中測定非特異性神經遞質攝取,其中將組織勻漿與3
H-5-HT(20nM)或3
H-NE(50nM)在4℃下一起培養5分鐘。
用於評價測試化合物之藥理性質之其他分析包含但不限於:使用自表現hSERT或hNET之細胞製得之膜的冷配體結合動力學分析(Motulsky及Mahan(1984)Molecular
Pharmacol. 25(1):1-9);使用經放射標記(例如氚標記)之測試化合物的習用膜放射性配體結合分析;使用來自(例如)齧齒類或人類大腦之自然組織的放射性配體結合分析;使用人類或齧齒類血小板之神經遞質攝取分析;使用來自齧齒類大腦之粗製或純突觸體製劑的神經遞質攝取分析。
評價化合物在抑制由注入50μl福爾馬林(5%)所引起之行為反應中的能力。將金屬帶貼附至雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠(200-250g)之左後爪上並使每一大鼠在塑膠圓筒(直徑為15cm)內呆60分鐘以適應該帶。在醫藥上可接受之媒劑中製備化合物並以預定次數全身性地(i.p.,p.o.)投與,隨後實施福爾馬林挑戰。使用自動傷害感受分析儀(automated nociception amalyzer)(UCSD Anesthesiology Research,San Diego,CA)對由經注射(捆紮)後爪之退縮組成之自發性傷害感受行為連續計數60分鐘。藉由比較在經媒劑及經化合物處理之大鼠中的退縮數量來測定測試物品之鎮痛性質(Yaksh等人,「An automated flinch detecting system for use in the formalin nociceptive bioassay」(2001) J. Appl. Physiol. 90(6):2386-2402)。
評價化合物在抵抗由神經損傷引起之觸覺異常性疼痛(對於無害機械刺激增加之敏感性)中的能力。以外科手術方式準備雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠,如Kim及Chung「An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat」(1992) Pain 50(3):355-363中所述。在神經損傷之前及之後測定機械敏感性作為對無害機械刺激之50%退縮反應(Chaplan等人,「Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw」(1994) J. Neurosci. Methods 53(1):55-63)。手術後1至4週,在醫藥上可接受之媒劑中製備化合物中並全身性地投與(i.p.,p.o.)。治療前及治療後之由神經損傷引起之機械敏感性程度可用作化合物鎮痛性質之指標。
儘管已參考本發明之特定態樣或實施例來闡述本發明,但彼等熟習此項技術者應理解,在不背離本發明之真實精神及範圍的情況下可作出各種改變或可代替等效內容。另外,根據適用專利法及條例所容許之程度,本文所引用之所有出版物、專利及專利申請案均全文以引用方式併入本文中,其併入程度如同每一文件均單獨地以引用方式併入本文中一般。
參照附圖來闡釋本發明之各態樣。
圖1顯示4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽的粉末X射線繞射(PXRD)圖案;
圖2顯示示差掃描熱量測定(DSC)溫度記錄圖及熱重分析(TGA)軌跡;
圖3顯示動態水分吸附(DMS)曲線圖;
圖4係顯微圖像;及
圖5係單位晶胞晶體之顯微圖像。
(無元件符號說明)
Claims (12)
- 一種4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]-哌啶之結晶鹽酸鹽,其特徵在於其粉末X射線繞射圖案包括在4.44±0.20、10.22±0.20、17.16±0.20及21.78±0.20之2θ值處的繞射峰。
- 如請求項1之結晶鹽酸鹽,其在選自下述2θ值處具有一或多個額外繞射峰:8.11±0.20、13.18±0.20、16.06±0.20、18.38±0.20、23.76±0.20、26.32±0.20、27.24±0.20、29.60±0.20、及31.94±0.20。
- 如請求項1之結晶鹽酸鹽,其示差掃描熱量測定軌跡中具有約196.9℃之熔點。
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包括醫藥上可接受之載劑及如請求項1之結晶鹽酸鹽。
- 如請求項4之醫藥組合物,其進一步包括選自以下之第二治療劑:抗阿茨海默氏症藥劑、抗驚厥劑、抗抑鬱劑、抗帕金森氏症藥劑、雙重血清素-去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑、非類固醇抗炎劑、去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑、類鴉片激動劑、類鴉片拮抗劑、選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑、鈉通道阻斷劑、抗交感神經藥、及其組合。
- 一種製備如請求項1之結晶鹽酸鹽之方法,其包括以下步驟:a)用乙酸乙酯及乙醇處理4-[2-(2,4,6-三氟苯氧基甲基)苯基]哌啶之鹽酸鹽至完全溶解;b)冷卻以進行結晶;及 c)分離所得固體,產生如請求項1之結晶鹽酸鹽。
- 如請求項6之方法,其進一步包括以下步驟:d)使用異丙醇及水處理該結晶鹽酸鹽至完全溶解;e)冷卻以進行結晶;及f)分離所得固體,產生如請求項1之結晶鹽酸鹽。
- 一種如請求項1之結晶鹽酸鹽的用途,其用於製造醫藥。
- 如請求項8之用途,其中該醫藥係用於治療疼痛障礙、抑鬱障礙、情感障礙、注意力缺陷伴隨過動障礙、認知障礙、壓力性尿失禁、慢性疲勞症候群、肥胖症、及與更年期有關之血管舒縮症狀。
- 如請求項9之用途,其中該醫藥係用於治療疼痛障礙。
- 如請求項9之用途,其中該疼痛障礙係神經性疼痛或纖維肌痛。
- 如請求項8之用途,其中該醫藥係用於治療慢性腰痛或骨關節炎。
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