RU2841397C1 - Method of soil-protective cultivation of winter wheat in low-and-stricken agricultural landscape of krasnodar region - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture; ecology.

SUBSTANCE: method involves use of seven-field crop rotation consisting of the following crops: alfalfa, alfalfa, winter wheat, sugar beet, soya, corn, winter wheat, mineral fertilizers for winter wheat and organic fertilizers in the form of root residues of winter wheat, soya, corn in an amount of not less than 13 t/ha. As main soil treatment after alfalfa 2-nd year of life, subsurface ploughing is carried out at depth of 20-22 cm. Mineral fertilizers are applied in amount of N₃₀R₃₀: ammophos at dose of 58 kg/ha – N₇P₃₀, ammonium nitrate in dose of 68 kg/ha – N₂₃ with sowing winter wheat; N₄₀ – ammonium nitrate at dose of 118 kg/ha early spring and N₃₄ – ammonium nitrate in dose of 100 kg/ha in the phase of the winter wheat plants stem elongation. At the same time as organic fertilizer additionally used is semi-rotted manure, which is applied in amount of 80 t/hectare once in rotation of crop rotation for corn for grain.

EFFECT: method provides higher grain yield of winter wheat and improved fertility.

1 cl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of ecology and agriculture and can be used in growing winter wheat.

A method for growing grain crops is known (RU Patent No. 2536489, IPC A01G 1/00, published on 27.12.2014), which includes the use of organic components in the form of semi-rotted cattle manure, wheat straw, animal feed and grain processing waste, sunflower husks and sawdust, and phosphogypsum and ash as mineral components, with the following ratio of components (wt.%): phosphogypsum - 6-7, ash - 1-2, wheat straw - 2-3, animal feed waste - 2-3, grain processing waste - 2-3, sunflower husks - 2-3, sawdust - 2-3.

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of mineral fertilizers, which will lead to a decrease in the yield of winter wheat grain.

A method for growing grain crops is known (RU Patent No. 2614879, IPC A01G 1/00, published on March 30, 2017), which includes the use of mineral fertilizers when cultivating winter wheat at a dose of P ₄₀ K ₅₀ for primary cultivation and N ₃₀ in early spring and N ₃₀ in the tube emergence phase.

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of organic fertilizers, which reduces the productivity and quality of the harvest of subsequent crops.

A method for growing grain crops is known (RU Patent No. 2129355, IPC A01C 21/00, published on 27.04.1999), which includes the use of fertilizers on sod-podzolic soils by alternating crops in crop rotation according to the amount of organic matter accumulation. Mineral fertilizers are applied in a mixture with silicon at a dose of 40-60 kg/ha for corn, and after its harvesting in the wax ripeness phase for fodder purposes, the remaining leafy stem mass is plowed with sulfur fertilizer at a dose of 15-20 kg/ha for the subsequent crop - winter wheat.

The disadvantage of this method is the small amount of green manure and plant residues in the crop rotation as a source of fresh organic matter incorporated into the soil, which leads to a deterioration in the aggregate composition of the soil, which, in turn, affects the density and hardness of the soil, as a result of which the yield decreases.

As a prototype, the authors selected a method for cultivating winter wheat in a lowland-western agricultural landscape (RU Patent No. 2792121, IPC A01G 22/20, published on March 16, 2023), including a seven-field crop rotation consisting of the following crops: alfalfa, alfalfa, winter wheat, sugar beet, soybeans, corn, winter wheat, the use of mineral fertilizers for winter wheat and organic fertilizers in the form of incorporation of root and crop residues of winter wheat, soybeans, corn in an amount of at least 13 t / ha, the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N ₉₀ P ₆₀ K ₆₀ under primary soil cultivation and two root dressings: N ₃₀ - early in spring and N ₃₀ - in the phase of emergence of winter wheat plants into the tube.

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of use of organic fertilizers in the form of manure, as well as the use of moldboard tillage, which slows down the humification processes in soil subject to hydromorphism, as a result of which an additional source of organic matter and a reserve of nutrients for subsequent crops in crop rotation are lost, which negatively affects the yield and the rate of humification of the soil of degraded agricultural lands.

The technical solution of the invention is to increase the yield of winter wheat grain and improve fertility.

The technical result is achieved in that in the method of soil-protective cultivation of winter wheat in the lowland-western agrolandscape of the Krasnodar Territory, including the use of a seven-field crop rotation consisting of the following crops: alfalfa, alfalfa, winter wheat, sugar beet, soybeans, corn, winter wheat, mineral fertilizers for winter wheat and organic fertilizers in the form of root and crop residues of winter wheat, soybeans, corn in an amount of at least 13 t/ha, according to the invention, as the main tillage of the soil after alfalfa of the 2nd year of life, non-moldboard plowing is carried out to a depth of 20-22 cm, mineral fertilizers are applied at a dose of N ₃₀ P ₃₀ : ammophos at a dose of 58 kg/ha - N ₇ P ₃₀ , ammonium nitrate at a dose of 68 kg/ha - N ₂₃ at sowing winter wheat; N ₄₀ - ammonium nitrate at a dose of 118 kg/ha early in the spring and N ₃₄ - ammonium nitrate at a dose of 100 kg/ha in the phase of emergence of winter wheat plants into the tube, while semi-rotted manure is additionally used as an organic fertilizer, which is applied in the amount of 80 t/ha once in the crop rotation for corn for grain.

The novelty lies in the fact that the declared technology for growing winter wheat regulates the humus balance, providing 125% compensation of humus due to root crop residues, manure and mineral fertilizers, determined by the balance method for the planned yield.

According to scientific, technical and patent information, the declared set of features has not been identified, which allows us to draw a conclusion about the inventive level of the identified technical solution.

The claimed method is industrially applicable, since it can be used in the cultivation of winter wheat in a number of farms in the lowland-western agricultural landscape in a seven-field grain-grass-row crop rotation with the use of an organo-mineral fertilizer system against the background of no-till soil cultivation for the cultivation of winter wheat in order to increase the humus content in the soil and protect the soil from erosion.

The method of soil-protective cultivation of winter wheat in the lowland-western agrolandscape of the Krasnodar Territory is carried out as follows: for cultivation, a seven-field crop rotation is used consisting of the following crops: alfalfa, alfalfa, winter wheat, sugar beet, soybeans, corn, winter wheat, which contributes to the inclusion of phytomeliorants in the crop rotation, saturation of the soil with nitrogen, macro- and microelements necessary for the development of agricultural crops. To grow winter wheat after alfalfa of the 2nd year of life, non-moldboard plowing of the soil is carried out to a depth of 20-22 cm. The depth of soil cultivation is determined by the thickness of the arable layer of leached chernozem, the degree of responsiveness of winter wheat to the depth of soil cultivation - average responsiveness to an increase in the depth of cultivation and the economic feasibility of this technique. No-till tillage protects the soil from erosion, improves the water-air regime of the soil, and also promotes humification processes and the accumulation of organic matter, while reducing energy costs for cultivation. Mineral fertilizers are applied at a dose of N ₃₀ P ₃₀ : ammophos - 58 kg / ha (N ₇ P ₃₀ ), ammonium nitrate - 68 kg / ha (N ₂₃ ) when sowing winter wheat, N ₄₀ - ammonium nitrate - 118 kg / ha in early spring and N ₃₄ - ammonium nitrate - 100 kg / ha in the phase of emergence of winter wheat plants into the tube, which provides winter wheat with the necessary amount of nutrients to form a high grain yield and its quality, and in the form of organic fertilizers, root crop residues of winter wheat, soybeans, corn are used in an amount of at least 13 t / ha and semi-rotted manure is applied in an amount of 80 t / ha once in the crop rotation rotation under corn for grain, which helps to preserve and accumulate moisture, reduce soil density and structuring, and also optimizes the nutritional regime of the soil, positively influencing the formation of the yield of agricultural crops. The use of semi-rotted manure is due to its better qualitative and quantitative characteristics, meeting the requirements for the content of organic matter, nutrients and phytosanitary condition compared to other degrees of decomposition and preparation of manure.

An example of a specific implementation of the claimed method

This method has been used on the territory of the Kuban State Agricultural University since 1991. A stationary crop rotation was established for experiments, the rotation of which included a seven-field crop rotation in order to increase soil fertility and obtain high yields of various crops by using mineral and organic fertilizers in different doses. The experiments were carried out in the fourth rotation of this crop rotation in the period from 2018 to 2021. The variant with moldboard cultivation without fertilizer application was taken as a control.

The main results of the research were: an increase in the percentage of humus content in the soil, improvement of the agrophysical parameters of the soil, and an increase in crop yield and quality.

The increase in humus relative to the start of the experiment in 1991 amounted to 0.38% over five rotations of the studied crop rotation.

As a result of the research it was established that against the background of no-till plowing of the soil with the use of an organo-mineral fertilizer system, the lowest bulk density in the arable horizon averaged 1.31 g/ ^cm3 , in the sub-arable horizon - 1.35 g/ ^cm3 , and in the control variant in the arable horizon - 1.36 g/ ^cm3 , in the sub-arable horizon - 1.42 g/ ^cm3 .

The introduction of organo-mineral fertilizers provided a high coefficient of structure, both in the arable horizon, amounting to 1.7, and in the subarable horizon - 1.8, and in the control in the arable - 1.3, in the subarable - 1.4. The increase in the number of agronomically valuable particles contributed to the improvement of the water, air and food regime of the soil.

Growing according to the stated method promotes good development of the leaf-stem mass, as a result of which the assimilation area of the leaves at the time of earing in the experiment was 224.7 ^cm2 per plant, while in the control variant it was only 207.2 ^cm2 , which affected the formation of the winter wheat yield.

The introduction of organo-mineral fertilizers contributed to obtaining higher grain quality indicators. The gluten content was 22.8% and protein - 13.9%, while in the control variant the gluten content was 21.1% and protein - 12.6%.

The yield in the control was 52.9 c/ha, and when using the studied technology - 67.5 c/ha, which is 14.6 c/ha more.

Claims (1)

A method for soil-protective cultivation of winter wheat in the lowland-western agrolandscape of Krasnodar Krai, including the use of a seven-field crop rotation consisting of the following crops: alfalfa, alfalfa, winter wheat, sugar beet, soybeans, corn, winter wheat, mineral fertilizers for winter wheat and organic fertilizers in the form of root and stubble residues of winter wheat, soybeans, corn in an amount of at least 13 t/ha, characterized in that as the main tillage of the soil after alfalfa of the 2nd year of life, moldboard-less plowing is carried out to a depth of 20-22 cm, mineral fertilizers are applied at a dose of N ₃₀ P ₃₀ : ammophos at a dose of 58 kg/ha - N ₇ P ₃₀ , ammonium nitrate at a dose of 68 kg/ha - N ₂₃ when sowing winter wheat; N ₄₀ - ammonium nitrate at a dose of 118 kg/ha in early spring and N ₃₄ - ammonium nitrate at a dose of 100 kg/ha in the phase of winter wheat plants emerging into the tube, while semi-rotted manure is additionally used as an organic fertilizer, which is applied in the amount of 80 t/ha once in the crop rotation for corn for grain.