RU2850772C1 - Method for increasing yield of medium-late intensive variety of winter wheat in krasnodar region - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ecology; agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes basic and pre-sowing soil preparation, application of mineral fertilisers and seed treatment. Basic soil treatment includes two-stage disc harrowing to a depth of 6–8 cm after harvesting the previous crop – grain maize – preceded by the application of ammophos at a dose of 80 kg/ha. Sowing of the medium-late intensive variety of winter wheat Timiryazevka 150 is carried out after pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 4–5 cm and seed treatment with fungicide-insecticide dressings at the optimal time – 2–3 decades of September to a depth of 4.0–4.5 cm with a sowing rate of 4.5 million viable seeds per hectare. After sowing, rolling with ring-tooth rollers is carried out and the crops are fertilised twice with ammonium nitrate at a rate of 150 and 100 kg/ha. The first fertilisation is carried out during the resumption of spring vegetation, and the second fertilisation is carried out before the winter wheat enters the booting stage.

EFFECT: increased yield and improved grain quality of the medium-late intensive winter wheat variety Timiryazevka 150 on chernozem soils in the Krasnodar Territory.

1 cl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of ecology and agriculture and can be used in growing winter wheat.

Winter wheat is the leading crop grown in the Krasnodar Krai. Food security depends on the annual stability of the crop's yield and its quality. With stable acreage, the primary way to increase gross grain harvests is to further enhance yields. With a wide variety of high-yielding varieties, the importance of selecting the primary cultivation technology and the necessary technological methods within it increases, ensuring the full realization of the variety's genetic potential.

A method for growing grain crops is known (RU Patent No. 2129355, IPC A01C 21/00, publication date: April 27, 1999), involving the application of fertilizers to sod-podzolic soils by rotating crops according to their organic matter accumulation. Mineral fertilizers are applied in a mixture with silicon at a rate of 40-60 kg/ha for corn. After harvesting it at the waxy stage for forage, the remaining leafy stem mass is plowed under with sulfur fertilizer at a rate of 15-20 kg/ha for the subsequent crop – winter wheat.

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of criteria for selecting crops for crop rotation and the absence of descriptions of methods for determining the optimal amount of organic matter accumulation. Furthermore, the application rate of mineral fertilizers is based on generally accepted data for a given zone, without taking into account the characteristics of the variety.

A method for increasing the yield of winter wheat is known (RU Patent No. 2825676, IPC A01B 79/02, publication date: 08/28/2024), including primary and pre-sowing soil preparation and crop processing, primary soil cultivation includes chisel or cultivation, application of herbicides, ammophoska is added to the rows before sowing, while nitrogen fertilization is carried out in the form of ammonium nitrate at a dose of 35 kg active ingredient / ha in the tillering - tube emergence phase in the early spring, and winter wheat is sown in a crop rotation of sunflower - peas for grain - winter wheat.

The disadvantage of this method is that it does not take into account the individual response of the winter wheat variety to mineral nutrition conditions and soil cultivation, and uses agricultural practices generally accepted for a given zone, where increased yield is achieved only through the application of herbicides and a legume precursor.

The closest analogue, accepted as a prototype, is the method of growing winter wheat with biopreparations (RU Patent No. 2614879, IPC A01G 1/00, publication date: 03/30/2017), including seed treatment, where the predecessor in crop rotation is clean fallow, the main processing of which is carried out by moldboard method to a depth of 18-20 cm, given that agrotechnical measures for fallow care consist of early spring harrowing to close moisture, the first cultivation to a depth of 10-12 cm, 2-3 cultivations to a depth of 8-10 cm in the spring-summer period to destroy weeds, pre-sowing cultivation is carried out 1-2 days before sowing to a depth of 4-6 cm and the application of mineral fertilizers at a rate of N ₃₀ P ₆₀ .

The disadvantage of this method is the presence of pure fallow as a precursor, which reduces the efficiency of arable land use, as well as the application of a small rate of fertilizers N ₃₀ P ₆₀ with biopreparations, which does not allow the full realization of the potential of a variety not specified in the invention.

The technical result of the invention is an increase in the yield and improvement in the quality of grain of the mid-late intensive winter wheat variety Timiryazevka 150 on the chernozem soils of the Krasnodar Territory.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the method for increasing the yield of the mid-late intensive winter wheat variety Timiryazevka 150 in the Krasnodar Territory includes primary and pre-sowing soil preparation, application of mineral fertilizers and seed treatment, in which the primary soil treatment includes double disc stubble cultivation to a depth of 6–8 cm after harvesting the predecessor crop – grain corn, before which ammophos is applied at a dose of 80 kg/ha, sowing is carried out after pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 4–5 cm and seed treatment with fungicide-insecticide dressing agents at the optimal time – the 2nd–3rd ten-day period of September to a depth of 4.0–4.5 cm with a seeding rate of 4.5 million viable seeds per hectare, while after sowing, rolling is carried out with ring-tooth rollers and top dressing of crops is carried out twice with ammonium nitrate with application rates of 150 and 100 kg/ha, with the first application during the period of resumption of spring vegetation, and the second application before the winter wheat begins to sprout.

The novelty lies in the fact that the declared technology for growing a mid-late intensive winter wheat variety ensures high yield and grain quality, taking into account the best responsiveness of the variety to the applied elements of agricultural technology and economic efficiency.

According to scientific, technical and patent information, the claimed set of features has not been identified, which allows us to conclude that the claimed technical solution has an inventive level.

The claimed method is industrially applicable, as it can be used in the cultivation of a mid-late intensive winter wheat variety in a number of farms in the Krasnodar Territory with the use of mineral fertilizers against the background of surface tillage in order to increase the productivity and quality of grain, as well as to increase the profitability of production.

A method for increasing the yield of the mid-late, intensive winter wheat variety Timiryazevka 150 in the Krasnodar Territory is as follows: after harvesting the preceding grain corn, disc stubble cultivation is performed twice to a depth of 6–8 cm using a disc tool. The frequency of disc stubble cultivation is determined by the best possible fragmentation of corn residue in the field, effective weed control, and loosening of the topsoil. The main fertilizer, ammophos, is applied at a rate of 80 kg/ha before the double disc stubble cultivation, ensuring even distribution of the fertilizer over the entire area and its mixing with the soil. The fertilizer rate is determined by the best efficiency in terms of plant nutrient supply, yield, and grain quality, while maintaining shallow soil tillage. Ammophos rates greater than 80 kg/ha slightly increase yield, while rates lower than these do not allow the intensive winter wheat variety to realize its full genetic yield potential. Pre-sowing cultivation of winter wheat seeds is carried out at a depth of 4–5 cm to prevent drying out of the soil bed and to ensure an optimal, fine-grained soil structure. Sowing is carried out at the optimal time—the second and third ten days of September—at a depth of 4.0–4.5 cm, with a seeding rate of 4.5 million viable seeds per hectare, in accordance with the variety's originator's recommendations, the preceding crop, and the quality of the soil preparation. Before sowing, it is necessary to treat the seeds with fungicidal and insecticidal treatments, taking into account the fusarium-prone precursor of grain corn, and to perform shallow tillage. After sowing, the seeds are rolled into the soil with ring-tooth rollers to ensure better seed-soil contact and prevent soil desiccation. In spring, winter wheat crops are fertilized twice with ammonium nitrate at rates of 150 and 100 kg/ha. The first ammonium nitrate application is carried out in the third ten-day period of February, during the resumption of spring vegetation. The second application is carried out in the third ten-day period of March. This fertilization is necessary to better stimulate the development of leaf and stem mass in wheat plants, especially after a satisfactory preceding crop, such as grain corn, and to enhance the structure of the crop. If necessary, fertilization is combined in tank mixes with chemical plant protection products against weeds, pests, and diseases. Harvesting is carried out by direct combining at the stage of full grain maturity at a moisture content of 14-16%.

An example of a specific implementation of the claimed method.

The application of this method was carried out on the experimental field located on the territory of JSC firm "Agrokompleks" named after N.I. Tkachev with the aim of studying the best combination of agricultural practices in the technology of growing the mid-late intensive winter wheat variety Timiryazevka 150. The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary low-humus super-deep chernozem, the humus content in the 0-30 cm layer is 2.6-2.7%, the main nutrition elements: P2O5 - from 13 to 16 mg, K2O - from 16 to 20 mg per 100 g of soil, pH 6.2-7.2.

The experimental variants were replicated four times. The experimental plot area was 88 m x 22 m.

The object of the research is the mid-late intensive winter wheat variety Timiryazevka 150.

The subject of the research is the methods of basic soil preparation and the application rates of ammophos.

The experimental variants included the following variants and factors: 1. Factor A (soil cultivation method): A1 - plowing; A2 - surface cultivation (combined). 2. Factor B (fertilizer dose): B1 - ammophos - 40 kg/ha; B2 - ammophos - 80 kg/ha; B3 - ammophos - 120 kg/ha; B4 - ammophos - 160 kg/ha.

The research revealed that surface tillage contributed to a significant increase in stem density compared to plowing. Against the background of surface tillage with ammophos applied at a dose of 40 kg/ha - 661 ^pcs./m2 , at a dose of 80 kg/ha - 699 ^pcs./m2 , at a dose of 120 kg/ha - 708 ^pcs./m2 , at a dose of 160 kg/ha - 724 pcs./m2 ^. Against the background of moldboard plowing with ammophos applied at a dose of 40 kg/ha - 655 ^pcs./m2 , at a dose of 80 kg/ha - 656 ^pcs./m2 , at a dose of 120 kg/ha - 716 ^pcs./m2 , at a dose of 160 kg/ha - 673 pcs./m2 ^. It has been established that during the heading phase, the maximum number of productive shoots is formed when ammophos is applied at doses of 80-120 kg/ha, and a further increase in the amount of fertilizers does not contribute to an increase in this indicator.

Soil preparation techniques did not significantly affect the protein and gluten content of wheat grain. Ammophos application at doses of 80-120 kg/ha contributed to an increase in protein and gluten in the grain. Protein content varied between the treatments from 11.8 to 12.8% and gluten content from 20.8 to 21.9%. In the treatment with surface tillage and ammophos application at a dose of 80 kg/ha, protein was 12.2% and gluten was 21.2%; at a dose of 120 kg/ha, protein was 11.8% and gluten was 21.4%. In the variant with moldboard cultivation and application of ammophos at a dose of 80 kg/ha, protein is 12.6%, gluten is 21.9%, at a dose of 120 kg/ha, protein is 12.8%, gluten is 21.9%.

The use of various soil preparation techniques and ammophos rates resulted in yield changes for the mid-late intensive winter wheat variety Timiryazevka 150, ranging from 66.0 to 72.8 c/ha. The highest yield across all experimental variants was achieved with surface tillage and an ammophos rate of 120 kg/ha: 72.8 c/ha, slightly exceeding the yield achieved with an ammophos rate of 80 kg/ha by 0.2 c/ha. The yield in the surface tillage variant with an ammophos rate of 40 kg/ha was 69.4 c/ha. With moldboard tillage, crop yields decreased, reaching 66.4 c/ha with ammophos applied at a rate of 40 kg/ha, 69.6 c/ha with ammophos applied at 80 kg/ha, and 69.2 c/ha with ammophos applied at 120 kg/ha. When applying ammophos at a rate of 160 kg/ha with moldboard and surface tillage, crop yields were 66.0 and 68.8 c/ha, respectively. Increasing the ammophos rate above 120 kg/ha was found to be inadvisable, as applying fertilizers above this rate leads to a statistically significant decrease in crop yields.

The effectiveness of the proposed method for growing the mid-late, intensive winter wheat variety Timiryazevka 150 was demonstrated using surface tillage and ammophos application at rates of 80-120 kg per hectare. These methods yielded the highest income and profitability. The highest profitability was achieved with ammophos application at a rate of 80 kg/ha – 267%. The highest profitability was achieved with ammophos application at a rate of 120 kg/ha – 254%, and with ammophos application at a rate of 40 kg/ha – 265%. Increasing the ammophos application rate above 120 kg/ha is economically unfeasible, as it reduces net income and profitability. In the variants with plowing, the profitability was lower and amounted to 242% when ammophos was applied at a dose of 80 kg/ha, 227% at a dose of 120 kg/ha, and 201% at a dose of 160 kg/ha.

Claims (1)

A method for increasing the yield of the mid-late intensive winter wheat variety Timiryazevka 150 in the Krasnodar Territory, including primary and pre-sowing soil preparation, application of mineral fertilizers and seed treatment, in which primary soil treatment includes double disc stubble cultivation to a depth of 6–8 cm after harvesting the predecessor crop – grain corn, before which ammophos is applied at a dose of 80 kg/ha, sowing is carried out after pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 4–5 cm and seed treatment with fungicide-insecticide dressings at the optimal time – the 2nd–3rd ten-day period of September to a depth of 4.0–4.5 cm with a seeding rate of 4.5 million viable seeds per hectare, while after sowing, rolling is carried out with ring-tooth rollers and crops are fertilized twice with ammonium nitrate at an application rate of 150 and 100 kg/ha, with the first feeding during the period of resumption of spring vegetation, and the second feeding before the winter wheat emerges into the tube.