RU2536489C1 - Method of cultivation of winter wheat at application of complex compost - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes the application of fertilizing in the form of compost, consisting of organic and mineral components, pre-plant soil treatment and seeding. Meanwhile in the composition of the complex compost the organic components are half-fire-fang manure of the black cattle (BC), wheaten straw, wastes of animal feeding and grain treatment, sunflower peelings and raspings, and mineral components are phosphogypsum and leach, at the following interrelation of components (by mass %): phosphogypsum - 6-7, leach - 1-2, wheaten straw - 2-3, wastes of animal feeding - 2-3, wastes of grain treatment - 2-3, sunflower peelings - 2-3, raspings - 2-3, half-fire-fang manure of BC - rest, which are composted from the middle of April during 5 months, with monthly mixing by to ensure the aeration of composted heap until maturing. Then the obtained compost is brought into the soil in middle of September in a dose 70 t/ha with aftertreatment of soil to the depth 15-18 cm and sowing of winter wheat in the second decade of October.

EFFECT: method allows to improve environment performance at the expense of decrease of NO₃ infiltration, N₂ denitrification, improve soil properties, fertility, productivity of agricultural crop at continuation of the operation and aftereffect of the complex compost within 5 years, rational use of wastes of industry and agriculture.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of ecology and agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of winter wheat using complex compost from industrial and agricultural wastes.

A known method for the production of complex slow-acting organomineral fertilizers intended for growing crops, in particular wheat (RF patent No. 2054404, class C05G 3/00, C05F 11/02, publication date: 02.20.1996), which allows to improve soil fertility and its structure, as well as strengthen the metabolic processes of cereal plants. Organomineral fertilizer contains an organic component (modified hydrolysis lignin, in which humus carbon is 25-46 wt.% Of the total) and a mineral component (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and trace elements - molybdenum and manganese); in addition, the fertilizer contains calcium, elemental sulfur, chlorocholine chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide and a binder.

The disadvantage of this method is the multivariance of individual elements (from macro to microelements). The layout of such a large number of mineral and organic components of the fertilizer complicates its application. In addition, the lack of application technology and data on the duration and aftereffect of the presented organic mineral fertilizer complicates its use for sowing grain crops, including wheat.

There is also a method of soil enrichment in the cultivation of crops, including the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers into the soil (RF patent No. 2357392, class A01B 79/02, publication date: 10.06.2009), where yellow clover is used as organic fertilizer, and in quality of mineral fertilizers - a mixture of glassy metaphosphates of variable composition of the following content, wt.%: phosphorus oxide - 40-60, potassium oxide - 10-30, calcium oxide - 5-20, magnesium oxide - 3-13, silicon oxide - 1-6 boron oxide - 1-6, element oxides - Co, Fe, Cu, Mo, Mn, Cr, Zn, Ge, Se, V - 0.05-2. A mixture of glassy metaphosphates in an amount of 75-100 kg / ha is spread randomly into the soil and smelled by a cultivator to a depth of 10-15 cm before sowing yellow melilot. During the flowering period of yellow clover, plants are plowed into the soil with disk harrows to a depth of 6-8 cm, then soil is plowed to a depth of 20-25 cm, cultivation and sowing of winter wheat. This contributes to a higher yield of crops grown after plowing green mass.

The disadvantage of this method is the combination of more than a dozen oxides of chemical elements and their use scatter, which significantly complicates their introduction under the cultivator to a depth of 10-15 cm, followed by a flowering period of clover yellow plowing soil up to 25 cm. In addition, the mixture of metaphosphates in the form of oxides of individual elements with a total weight of up to 100 kg / ha, soil preparation is significantly increased. And the biggest drawback is the lack of time of action and aftereffect of the proposed fertilizers in the cultivation of crops.

A known method of growing crops (RF patent No. 2250591, class A01C 21/00, publication date: 04/27/2005), including pre-sowing tillage, fertilizing, which use compost, sowing seeds and caring for crops. Fertilizing and sowing seeds are carried out simultaneously, and a pre-prepared mixture of seeds and multi-purpose compost is applied to the soil with a mass ratio of components of 1:20, respectively. A mixture of seeds and multi-purpose compost is prepared by mixing the components, followed by holding the mixture at room temperature for 24 hours.

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of component composition of compost, which does not allow to specify its quality and application rate, effect on the soil, seed germination and development of cereal plants. In addition, the duration and aftereffect of compost on the development of plants and their productivity over the years was not noted.

Also known is a method of growing winter wheat (AS USSR No. 1727628, Cl. 5 A01C 21/00, 1989, prototype), including pre-sowing tillage, fertilizing, which use compost made from peat, litter manure and soil from the field, which is then sown seeds and care for crops. Compost is prepared at a mass ratio of components of 1: 2, respectively (0.2-0.35), and during the preparation process, the mixture of components is enriched with mineral fertilizers until the nutrient content in it is calculated for the planned yield. Composting is carried out immediately before sowing.

The disadvantage of this method is the absence in the proposed method of the time of action and aftereffect of the proposed compost during the cultivation of winter wheat, both on the crop and on the state of the soil on which it is grown.

The technical result of the proposed method is to increase the efficiency of growing winter wheat using complex compost, which includes organic (agricultural waste) and mineral components (industrial waste), while obtaining a fertilized mixture, as well as improving the ecological environment (reducing NO infiltration ₃ , denitrification N ₂ ) due to the release of land from waste storage.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of growing winter wheat when applying complex compost, including fertilizing in the form of compost consisting of organic and mineral components, pre-sowing cultivation of the soil and sowing seeds, according to the invention, semi-rotated as organic components are used as organic components cattle manure (cattle), wheat straw, animal feed and grain processing waste, sunflower husk and sawdust, and phosphogypsum and y, in the following ratio (wt.%):

phosphogypsum - 6-7,

ash - 1-2,

wheat straw - 2-3,

animal feed waste - 2-3,

grain processing waste - 2-3,

sunflower husk - 2-3,

sawdust - 2-3,

half-rotten cattle manure - the rest,

which are composted from mid-April for 5 months, mixed monthly to ensure aeration of the composted heap until maturing; then the compost is introduced into the soil in mid-September at a dose of 70 t / ha, followed by tillage to a depth of 15-18 cm and sowing winter wheat in the second decade of October.

The novelty of the claimed method is due to the fact that in order to obtain a complex compost that provides an increase in the efficiency of growing winter wheat, it is proposed to use waste from various industries with a simultaneous combination of organic and mineral components in it. The claimed method is very simple, it allows to improve soil properties, maintain their environmental function, increase land fertility, crop productivity with a duration of action and aftereffect of complex compost for 5 years.

According to the patent and scientific and technical literature, no similar technical solution was found, which allows us to judge the inventive step of the proposal.

The method is as follows.

In mid-April, half-ripened manure of cattle (cattle), phosphogypsum, ash, wheat straw, animal feed and grain processing waste, sunflower husk and sawdust are composted in the following ratio of components (wt.%): Phosphogypsum - 6-7, ash - 1-2, wheat straw - 2-3, animal feed waste - 2-3, grain processing waste - 2-3, sunflower husk - 2-3, sawdust - 2-3, half-rotten cattle manure - the rest, mixing the mixture monthly Provide aeration for 5 months before ripening. The resulting complex compost is applied to the soil in mid-September at a dose of 70 t / ha, followed by tillage to a depth of 15-18 cm and sowing winter wheat in the second decade of October.

When combined in the compost of the proposed components, it represents a complex morphological structure, the internal properties of which significantly affect its physical (density, water accumulation and other characteristics), chemical (pH of the solution, the content of organic and mineral colloids, organic matter, biogens, etc. e.) and biological characteristics (the development of new ecological niches by plants and animals).

The presence of agricultural waste (manure, animal feed and grain processing, sunflower husk) in a complex compost contributes, first of all, when it is introduced into the soil, to an increase in the content of organic matter and the main nutrients of crops, including winter wheat. In addition, the use of mineral waste, such as phosphogypsum, contributes to an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus and calcium (necessary for the formation of a water-resistant soil structure). The use of ash in a complex compost provides the soil with additional potassium and calcium. To maintain the water regime of the composted substrate, to reduce the infiltration of liquid effluent from the compost during composting, straw (wheat, etc.) is used as a litter (lower layer of compost). Sawdust and sunflower husk help improve the physical characteristics of the composted substrate, increase its aeration. Thus, one of the objectives of the proposed method of growing plants against the background of improving soil properties and increasing its fertility is to formulate a complex compost formula that includes organic components (cattle manure, straw, animal feed and grain processing waste, sunflower husk, sawdust) and mineral component (phosphogypsum and ash).

An example of a specific implementation of the method of growing winter wheat when making complex compost

Obtaining complex compost and assessing the effectiveness of growing winter wheat with its use was carried out in OJSC "Testament Ilyich" of the Leningrad region of the Krasnodar Territory on ordinary chernozem.

Field experience consisted of 2 options: control (technology generally accepted for farming using mineral fertilizers) and complex compost (against the background of generally accepted technology). The compost option was divided into separate sections with different seed rates. Observations of the development of winter wheat plants were carried out during its growing season. Plants for determining biometric indicators, productivity and product quality were selected before harvesting with simultaneous selection of soil samples in the arable layer (0-20 cm).

The use of complex compost in the technology of growing winter wheat had a positive effect on the development of plants, which, first of all, was reflected in the germination of seeds of this crop, its germination, the intensity of tillering of plants and the formation of additional roots by them.

It was noted that at different seeding rates (from 5 to 4 million seeds per 1 ha), the germination rate of plants is also different: the number of seedlings in the variant with the minimum number of seeds sown fluctuated on average up to 93, and in the variant with a high seeding rate - up to 90%. In sparse crops (4 million seeds / ha) compared with thickened (5 million seeds / ha), tillering of winter wheat plants also increased by 20%, and the number of subordinate roots - by 30%.

In the initial period of plant development (the first 2 weeks), there was a slight slowdown in the growth of terrestrial organs in the experimental plot compared to the control and, conversely, a more active development of the root mass. The roots of winter wheat plants in the variant with the introduction of complex compost at the beginning of tillering were 5-7 cm longer on average than in the control. Also increased (about 2-3) the number of subordinate roots per plant. In addition, some features of the appearance of plants were noted. Plants on the experimental version with compost were distinguished by a darker color and a relatively early transition to active tillering. The influence of complex compost affected the nature of the formation of shoots and their generative structures. So, by the end of the autumn period of development, plants formed 1-2 shoots more than in the control.

In winter, winter wheat plants in both cases wintered well and no attacks were noted: with the onset of positive temperatures in the experimental version, the wheat plants continued to grow and additionally formed an average of another 1-2 shoots. The control also noted the formation of additional shoots, but not in all plants and not more than one shoot per individual. In the spring, with the beginning of active vegetation, winter wheat aisles closed faster in the experimental version, which had a very favorable effect on the sowing state in the subsequent period: the soil under the experimental sowing accumulated 15% more moisture, the level of which was 4-5% higher throughout the growing season, than in control.

Composting also had a positive effect on the relatively rare occurrence of weeds (which reduces the use of chemical plant protection products and improves the ecological situation on agricultural fields), which were observed mainly in those places where sifting was allowed. In the control variant, from 61 to 83 weeds / ha were recorded, and in the experimental one their number did not exceed 23. The reduction in the weediness of crops in the experimental variant is probably associated with a higher degree of tillering of wheat, which is on average 21% higher than in the control.

The zone of shoot formation of wheat plants is characterized by the formation of a powerful node of the subordinate roots, as well as a significantly larger number of subordinate shoots in the area with the introduction of compost during rarefied crops. The adnexal roots penetrate to a depth of 34 cm, of which 2-3 roots are formed in the coleoptile node and up to 20 roots in the tillering zone. In the control variant, the root system of wheat plants in the tillering phase is less developed and is located mainly in the surface soil layer at a depth of about 15-20 cm; in the tillering zone, up to 2, less often 4 shoots, and up to 7 additional roots are formed. The influence of compost also affected the nature of the formation of shoots and their generative structures. In the variant with the introduction of complex compost, the number of shoots per unit area significantly exceeded the control variant and amounted to 585 and 396, respectively, per 1 m ² .

на 35 и кальция (CaO) на 38%, а также благоприятно отразился на ее влажности и способствовал нейтрализации ее pH (в среднем от 8,15 до 7,33). Повышение в почве фосфора, серы и кальция обусловлено поступлением этих элементов с фосфогипсом (минеральной составляющей компоста), а увеличение азота связано со снижением трансформации органических веществ сельскохозяйственных отходов (органической составляющей), что определяется заметным усилением процессов агрегирования почвы.Complicated compost had a positive effect on soil properties: an increase in soil total nitrogen by 40, mobile phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ) by 14, and sulfur $${\text{(SO}}_{\text{four}}^{\text{2-}}\text{)}$$

by 35 and calcium (CaO) by 38%, and also favorably reflected in its moisture content and contributed to the neutralization of its pH (on average from 8.15 to 7.33). The increase in soil phosphorus, sulfur, and calcium is due to the intake of these elements with phosphogypsum (the mineral component of compost), and an increase in nitrogen is associated with a decrease in the transformation of organic substances from agricultural waste (organic component), which is determined by a noticeable increase in soil aggregation processes.

The use of compost contributed to the improvement of the micro- and macrostructure of the soil, the softening of the root layer of the soil (soil density decreased by an average of 10%), the increase in field moisture content and full moisture capacity by 12%, which favorably affected the development of winter wheat plants.

Since compost affects the transformation of organic matter and nitrification processes in the soil, this, in turn, affected the state of living organisms in it, and, above all, the mesofauna in the root-inhabited layer of winter wheat crops. In the compared variants, 3 classes of soil invertebrates were distinguished - insects (Insecta), millipedes (Myriopoda), annelids (Olygochaeta). The dominant group is represented by the Olygochaeta class, the number of taxa of which was over 500 ind./m ² . In the control variant, populations of cicadas, millipedes, which were not found in the compost variant, were isolated. An increase in the number of earthworms in the experimental version with the introduction of compost indicates more favorable conditions for moistening, as well as significant release of organic substances by the root systems of wheat plants and a slowdown in the processes of their mineralization.

Improving soil properties subsequently affected the biological productivity of arable land. The use of complex compost in the technology of growing winter wheat contributed to an increase in its yield by more than 20%; in the control plot, the yield was 52.1 c / ha, and with the introduction of complex compost - 63.1 (with a seed rate of 5 million / ha) and 65.2 c / ha (with a seed rate of 4 million / ha). Thus, it was noted that the use of complex compost in the cultivation of winter wheat allows to reduce the seeding rate, while maintaining the yield of this crop and increasing the level of profitability of the proposed technology.

Complicated compost also influenced the quality of winter wheat grains. In the compost variant, the grain moisture during the harvesting period was slightly higher, but the content of protein (by 11%) and gluten (by 18%) significantly increased. Slightly higher in the compost variant was the vitreous nature of the grain.

Claims (1)

A method of growing winter wheat when making complex compost, including applying fertilizer in the form of compost, consisting of organic and mineral components, pre-sowing tillage and sowing seeds, characterized in that semi-overripe cattle manure (cattle) is used as organic components in the composite compost ), wheat straw, animal feed and grain processing waste, sunflower husk and sawdust, and phosphogypsum and ash as mineral, in the following ratio of components (wt.%) ):
phosphogypsum - 6-7,
ash - 1-2,
wheat straw - 2-3,
animal feed waste - 2-3,
grain processing waste - 2-3,
sunflower husk - 2-3,
sawdust - 2-3,
half-rotten cattle manure - the rest,
which are composted from mid-April for 5 months, mixed monthly to ensure aeration of the composted heap until maturing; then the compost is introduced into the soil in mid-September at a dose of 70 t / ha, followed by tillage to a depth of 15-18 cm and sowing winter wheat in the second decade of October.