RU2835182C1 - Method for increasing soil fertility using poultry droppings during cultivation of medicago polymorpha in conditions of the far east - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular to means of increasing soil fertility, and can be used on various soils when growing any agricultural crop. Method involves the use of organic fertilizer from chicken droppings in dose of 20 t/ha. Organic fertilizer used is prepared, rotted in piles, chicken droppings by mixing, during processing microbiological preparation "Baikal EM-1" is used in norm of 10% of chicken droppings volume, wherein storage takes place during natural microbiological decomposition with exposure for maturation for two years – beginning of finished fertilizer. Before ploughing in the spring, uniform surface scattering of fertilizers, ploughing to depth of 20-25 cm of the arable layer and pre-sowing cultivation to depth of 2.5-3.0 cm of seed placement are carried out. Sowing of Medicago is carried out with a seeding rate of 2 million units/ha of germinating seeds or 20 kg/ha.

EFFECT: method ensures improvement of soil fertility, its recovery, increase of crop capacity.

2 cl, 2 dwg, 1 tbl, 8 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for the application of poultry manure when cultivating multi-legume grasses on seasonally waterlogged soils of monsoon farming, and can also be used on various soils when growing any agricultural crop.

The soil and climatic conditions of the Far East are unique and have no analogues in Russia. Monsoon climate with cold and little snow winters, warm and rainy summers, low fertility, weak biogenicity of most soil genotypes with a small humus layer (14-26 cm), long-term summer waterlogging, extremely favorable conditions for the development of weeds, pests and diseases necessitate the development of a specific farming system on seasonally frozen soils. To reduce soil loss from erosion, it is necessary to switch to adaptive farming systems that provide for the versatile use of perennial grasses (Blokhin V.D. Scientific Foundations of the Russian Far East / V.D. Blokhin, A.A. Moiseenko, V.M. Stupin - Vladivostok: Dalnauka. 2014. - 216 p.).

For soils with heavy granulometric composition, which include most of the soils of the plains of the Far East, optimization of the physical conditions of soil fertility is the main factor in the general problem of optimizing the environment for cultivated plants.

In the Far East (1908-1924) high efficiency of application of manure fertilizers was established, in view of their shortage it was recommended to use more crops of perennial grasses: clover, alfalfa, awnless brome, hair grass. The correctness of these conclusions was confirmed by researchers. Fields occupied by perennial grasses protect the soil from erosion, snow retention, and create a favorable soil structure better than other crops. In such natural and climatic conditions it is recommended to use red clover, blue-green and yellow alfalfa from legumes in forage crop rotations (Kuzmin G.T. Melioration ridge-ridge farming system of two-way regulation of soil water regime / G.T. Kuzmin // Intensification of plant growing in the Far East. - Novosibirsk, 1985. - P. 6).

In monsoon climate conditions, perennial grasses play a meliorative role, since their moisture consumption is 2-4 times greater than that of annual cereal crops. In addition, with prolonged freezing of the soil in winter and periodic over-moistening in summer and autumn, the destruction of the soil structure is observed, and its restoration is most facilitated by the root system of perennial grasses - these are leguminous perennial grasses on the chernozem soils of the Amur region, where the most favorable microaggregate composition of the soil is observed after leguminous grasses, the number of water-stable aggregates, for example, after clover (65.4%).

It should also be noted that in the Primorsky Territory of the Far East, a fairly pronounced dissected relief causes water erosion of soils when developing such lands (monsoon climate). Hence, the basis of crop rotation should be perennial grasses. Consequently, the influence of innovative elements of perennial grass cultivation technologies on the structural state of Far Eastern soils is of particular scientific and practical interest. Therefore, when optimizing the methods of cultivating variable alfalfa for forage, it can be classified as one of the most valuable forage crops that allow solving the problem of protein deficiency in animal diets due to its high ecological plasticity, productivity, longevity and other economically valuable qualities (the authors' study is shown in detail below using examples).

In poultry farming, there is a problem of waste formation - bird droppings, which are a serious source of environmental pollution. Thus, on average, one laying hen produces up to 60 kg of droppings per year. The problem of disposal and disinfection of poultry farm waste is also relevant. Currently, many options have been proposed for the use of bird droppings as organic fertilizer.

The possibility of using bird droppings to improve the fertility of meadow-brown bleached soils and their water resistance, primarily from the point of view of the content of nutrients valuable for alfalfa plants of the first to fourth years of life: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as determining the water resistance of structural aggregates, coefficients of structure and lumpiness of meadow-brown soil.

In addition, meteorological conditions of the vegetation periods in Primorsky Krai are quite favorable for the formation of the second and third cuts due to the large amount of precipitation in the second half of summer, and this task of the region is solved to improve the efficiency of agricultural production, as well as the preservation and increase of soil fertility by improving the species composition of crops, the structure of sown areas, increasing productivity by maximum use of biological factors. Over the past 10 years, the area occupied by perennial crops in Primorye has decreased by 1.5 times, while in field crop rotations perennial grasses should occupy 20-49% of the sown area, which means that the increase in the specific weight of legumes must be brought to 70%.

It should be noted that in increasing the yield, plasticity to unfavorable environmental factors of crops in the world is alfalfa variable. It gives high-quality feed with a high content of protein, vitamins and minerals, and therefore, these studies have a certain scientific and practical significance.

The use of poultry waste as a fertilizer is also obvious, since the bird droppings from adult birds, when kept in cages, contain the following in 1 _ton of mass, kg: organic matter - 180; ash - 70; total nitrogen - 20; total phosphorus ( _P2O5 ) - 7; total potassium ( _K2O ) - 3.

The Far East (Far Eastern Federal District - FEFD) is a region with extreme natural, climatic and economic conditions. According to the peculiarities of agricultural production, there are 2 zones: the southern zone. Which includes Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai, Amur and Jewish Autonomous Regions, and the northern zone - the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Kamchatka Krai, Magadan and Sakhalin Regions, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Agricultural lands of the Far East are characterized by low soil fertility, insufficient melioration development, unsatisfactory cultural and technical condition. For example, according to the national report (State (national) report on the state and use of lands in the Russian Federation, 2019 - M .: Rosreestr, 2020. https://roereest/gov/ri/upload/Doc/16-upr/ГОсдоклад%20%202019%20год.pdf Date of access 02/29/2024), 89.6% of the soils of the Far Eastern Federal District are acidic. This determines the relevance of research on the study and introduction into production of modern varieties of alfalfa resistant to increased soil acidity, adapted to the conditions of the northern and southern zones of the Far East.

A method is known for increasing soil fertility using tobacco dust fertilizer, by biocomposting a mixture of tobacco dust, black soil and peat (Patent RU No. 2520730, C05F 11/00).

The disadvantage of this method is the high-cost elements: preliminary arrangement of the trench, mixing of the mixture components, loading and moistening of the mixture. This method of obtaining fertilizer is suitable only for use as a substrate in pot culture, application in protected soil and is not suitable for use on large areas for agricultural crops due to high material and labor costs.

A method is known for introducing thermally dried chicken manure - pudrette - simultaneously with sowing grain directly into furrows at a rate of 120-360 kg/ha, in order to increase the productivity of agricultural crops. The method provides an increase in grain yield due to an increase in the total and productive tillering of spring wheat, an increase in the lake content and the weight of grain per ear. The most effective application rate is 360 kg/ha (Milyutkin V.A. Efficiency of applying organic fertilizers (dried chicken manure pudrette) simultaneously with sowing in a row. Bulletin of the Orenburg State Agrarian University, 2014. - Issue 2. - Pp. 26-29).

The application rates of poultry manure can vary from 10 to 30 t/ha for various agricultural crops, including fertilizing irrigation (Teuchek A.A. Application of poultry manure as an organic fertilizer. Polythematic online electronic scientific journal of the Kuban State Agrarian University. 2017. - No. 128 (04). - P. 1-18).

When using poultry manure as a fertilizer, for its disinfection, i.e. suppression of pathogenic microflora and reduction of the waste hazard class, there is experience of its fermentation with the microbiological preparation "Baikal EM-1" (Volkova E.N. Obtaining a new organic fertilizer from chicken manure by biofermentation // Environmental problems of agrolandscape development and methods of increasing their productivity: collection of articles on the materials of the International scientific ecology conf. (March 27-29, 2018) / compiled by L.S. Novopoltseva; edited by I.S. Belyuchenko. - Krasnodar: Kub. SAU, - 2018. - Pp. 43-44).

It is necessary to cite known methods of restoring and increasing soil fertility (Patent RU No. 2621025, A01B 79/02 dated 30.05.2017; RU No. 2621025, A01B 79/02 dated 30.05.2017: RU No. 2621025, A01B 79/02 dated 30.05.2017; RU No. 2621025, A01B 79/02 dated 30.05.2017: RU No. 2552938, C05F 11/08, A01N 25/00 dated 10.06.2015).

However, the known methods do not sufficiently provide the formation of conditions for relief areas of meadow-brown bleached, heavy loam in granulometric composition in the conditions of the south of Primorsky Krai when cultivating variable alfalfa, where it is necessary to establish a positive effect on the aggregate composition and water resistance of soil aggregates, i.e. limited possibility of their creation and seasonal waterlogged soils of monsoon agriculture.

It is known that tobacco production waste is used by composting together with chicken manure and vermicompost at doses of 50 t/ha, 4 t/ha and 10 t/ha, respectively. Adding organic waste to the soil improves its biological parameters (porosity, available water content, etc.). [Melis Cereioglu, Bulent Okur, Sezai Delibacak, AH Riza Onqun. Changes in physical conditions of a coarse textured soil by addition of organie wastes // Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 2014, No. 3. p 7-12].

A method for obtaining biocompost is known, which includes bird droppings, peat, sawdust, manure. A suspension of bacteria p. Klebaie Pa, h Bacillus, p. Paeudomonas is added as a stimulant (Patent RU No. 2057103, C05F 3/00, C05F 11/08 from 02.11.1993).

The disadvantage is that biocompost is obtained by mixing many ingredients, and only bacteria in the form of a suspension in a very high concentration of up to 0.5% by weight are used as a composting stimulator.

The prior art also discloses a method for producing organic fertilizer (application WO 2015026270 A1, published 26.02.2015), which includes treating animal excrements and waste, bird droppings with an aqueous solution of enzyme preparations with the addition of unhydrated gypsum and slaked lime.

The main disadvantage of this invention is that the amount of added preparations, including quicklime, depends on the ambient temperature; in addition, the significant time spread between stages and their large number does not allow the proposed method to be cyclical and appropriate in a specific time period.

A method of the invention is known, a composition for the production of organomineral fertilizer, which contains, by weight, h: chicken manure 1.0-1.5; lime 0.1-0.4; peat 0.3-0.8. Fertilizer from the proposed composition is obtained in the form of granules that have high strength (A special feature is the addition of peat as a moisture-absorbing material (Patent RU No. 2026271, C05F 3/00, G05F 11/02 dated 19.05.1892).

Peat itself does not have a high fertilizing effect, and it is still used in composting, which, due to the effect of microflora and manure ingredients at high temperatures (60°C), ensures the destruction of stable organic compounds in peat, the elimination of excess acidity and an increase in the mobility of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients contained in it.

It can be assumed that the use of peat as an adsorbent in a composition intended for the production of fertilizer may lead to a decrease in the value of the fertilizer.

However, the resulting product during its implementation and composting does not reveal the necessary quality characteristics, the required acidity of the pH of the substrate, which determines its quality as a fertilizer, namely, as manure-peat composts for certain ratios between themselves at a certain humidity, the best ratio on the site, which leads to a decrease in copper, lead, cadmium in the compost, the reaction of the environment is neutral, an increase in zonality.

It should be noted that when using peat to prepare compost, the unpleasant pungent smell inherent in bird droppings disappears, peat retains liquid excretions, preventing them from spreading. Nitrogen losses are reduced. When storing peat compost for 3-5 months, 7.4% of total and 4.7% of ammonia nitrogen are lost. It is believed that when adding 30 t/ha of peat compost, the soil is enriched with nitrogen by 135 kg/ha. The high fertilizing efficiency of peat compost is also due to its more intense effect on the nitrification process in the soil; in dry years, it causes denitrification and is evenly incorporated into the soil.

Correctly stored, prepared compost should be a homogeneous, dark crumbly mass with a moisture content of no more than 75% and a reaction of the environment close to neutral. Depending on the quality of the peat, the chemical composition of the compost varies.

There is data from literary sources that peat-dung compost with a moisture content of 54-70% contains (on a raw substance basis) 0.5% nitrogen, 0.4% phosphorus ( _P2O5 ) and 0.25% potassium ( _K2O ). This compost is recommended to be used primarily for _the most valuable crops: vegetables, industrial and row crops - 20-25 t/ha; for winter grain crops - 12-15 t/ha.

A method for increasing soil fertility using tobacco dust is known, which includes uniform distribution of tobacco production waste over the soil surface at a dose of 2-8 t/ha together with a solution of the Sternifag biodestructor (at a consumption rate of 80 g together with water in a volume of 300 l and ammonium nitrate or urea at a dose of 3 kg), for accelerated decomposition of dust in the specified dose range and sealing into the soil using disks to a depth of 5-10 cm (Patent RU No. 2646051, A24B 15/00, C05G 3/00 dated 01.03.2018).

The disadvantage of the method is the limited possibility of purchasing the drug Sternifag due to the low market saturation. The method is taken as a prototype.

The technical task of the invention is to use bird droppings or organic fertilizer "Gigantin" for soils of heavy granulometric composition, which include most soils of the Far East, on the structural-aggregate composition and water resistance of soil aggregates of meadow-brown bleached soils, as well as to increase soil fertility, improve its health, increase the yield of agricultural crops using the example of alfalfa variable in a perennial cycle and safe disposal of poultry waste.

The stated problem is solved by a method of increasing soil fertility using chicken manure when cultivating variable alfalfa in the conditions of the Far East, including the use of organic fertilizer from chicken manure at a dose of 20 t / ha, according to the invention, prepared rotted chicken manure in piles is used as an organic fertilizer by mixing, during processing, the microbiological preparation "Baikal EM-1" is used at a rate of 10% of the composition of the volume of the mass of chicken manure, while storage occurs with natural microbiological decomposition with aging for two years - the beginning of the finished fertilizer, while before plowing in the spring, uniform surface scattering of fertilizers is carried out, plowing to a depth of the arable layer of 20-25 cm and pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of seeding of 2.5-3.0 cm, sowing is carried out with a seeding rate of 2 million pcs. / ha viable seeds or 20 kg/ha.

In addition, the preparation of a solution of the drug "Baikal EM-1" is carried out in drinking water.

As noted above, increasing the yield of perennial grasses is the basis for producing fertility on biological principles and creating conditions for increasing the cultivation of fields.

Preliminary treatment of bird droppings with the microbiological preparation "Baikal EM-1" and aging for two years - the beginning of the finished fertilizer with mixing, during which fermentation occurs, disinfects chicken droppings, suppresses pathogenic microflora applicable to the conditions of the Far East. Its delivery and spreading evenly over the field before plowing in crop rotation is a scientifically based technology for the use of the created organic fertilizer, designed for implementation on meadow-brown soils of the Primorsky Territory of the Far East, taking into account the positive effect of the variable alfalfa variety "Nakhodka", which also contributes to an increase in soil fertility, and therefore, the effect of at least five years of life of the variety "Nakhodka" on the aggregate composition of the soil: the amount of reduction of the lumpy fraction in the soil, the coefficient of soil structure under alfalfa, the results that are reflected below by the authors on examples confirming the effectiveness of using the finished quality of bird droppings (product), assessment by the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, humus, the size of particles of soil aggregates from 10 to 0.25, respectively.

In order to determine the effectiveness of the method when adding ready-made bird droppings at a rate of 20 t/ha, the soil in the experiments included a plot field experiment scheme, given below.

According to another version, the method of implementing the application of organic fertilizer in the form of bird droppings (bulk granules) was carried out using the fertilizer "Gigantin", prepared from chicken droppings mixed with an organic filler in the form of oat husks, straw and sawdust, respectively, directly at the manufacturing factory itself in accordance with GOST requirements.

Organic fertilizer "Gigantin" has a low moisture content (25-30%), a high content of organic matter (60-80%), is characterized by an increased concentration of nitrogen (1.8-4.5%), phosphorus (2.5-4.3%), potassium (2-3.5), has good flowability when applied mechanically using MVU-6 and MVC-8 machines, and does not contain pathogenic organisms and helminths.

Biological activity is one of the main indicators of soil fertility and a sensitive agronomic and ecological indicator of changes in the soil environment under the influence of various agricultural practices. One of the main processes occurring in the soil is the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen, i.e. nitrification capacity. In humid monsoon climate conditions, it creates favorable conditions for the activity of bacteria that assimilate mineral forms of nitrogen in comparison with the control.

For the first time, the features of the formation of the yield of variable alfalfa on the alfalfa grass stand of the Nakhodka variety were identified depending on the nutrition on meadow-brown bleached soil (Primorsky Krai of the Far East).

It is necessary to give a possible implementation, when they process with the microbiological preparation "Baikal EM-1" and add in the norm 10% of the composition of the volume of the mass of chicken manure, and the latter is kept for two years with mixing (at least twice), during which fermentation occurs, disinfects, suppresses pathogenic microflora.

The Nakhodka variety has been included in the State Register since 2004. It is recommended for cultivation in the North-West, Central, Volga-Vyatka, West Siberian, and Far Eastern regions.

Origin: The variety was bred by the method of interspecific hybridization (free cross-pollination) of the varieties: Vela, Vega 87, Vertus, Sin 7008 with subsequent selection for a set of characteristics. The variety is of medium-early maturity. The variety is excellent for haymaking. It is characterized by winter hardiness, drought resistance, and plasticity. It grows back quickly in spring and after mowing. It is capable of maintaining longevity in grassland with 4-time mowing.

Productivity: dry mass (in a grass mixture with this variety) up to 9 tons per hectare, directly alfalfa in pure form up to 7 tons per hectare, seeds up to 420 kilograms per hectare. On acidic soils, alfalfa can be sown only after liming. Optimum pH 6.5-7.0.

Alfalfa, like other legumes, if the yields are high, enriches the soil with nitrogen, improves its physical, physical and chemical properties, enhances the vital activity of beneficial microorganisms and increases the yield of subsequent crops. The root system of alfalfa extracts calcium and other elements from deep soil layers. Alfalfa is demanding of the level of soil fertility, fertilizers are applied taking into account the planned yield and agrochemical indicators of the soil.

It should be noted that alfalfa responds well to organic fertilizers.

Characteristics of the device used.

"Baikal EM-1" is a microbiological fertilizer consisting of a complex of specially selected microorganisms. The biopreparation includes lactic acid photosynthetic bacteria, yeast fungi, enzymes, etc., which quickly and effectively process organic matter, while releasing a number of amino acids and other physically active substances that affect the health of the soil and plant development.

The experiment was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of B.A. Dospekhov (Methodology of field experiment with the basics of statistical processing of research results. Textbook for higher agricultural educational institutions. 5th ed. 1985. - M .: Alliance.2011 - 351 p. UPyL:hhitt:/www elibrar.asp.id=195117484). Research results.

Agrotechnical measures for the cultivation of alfalfa were built in accordance with existing zonal recommendations.

Production studies were carried out on the territory of the collection site of the Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy in 2021-2024 on the meadow-brown bleached soil of the P.K. Chaika Far East using litter-free poultry manure.

Examples of specific implementation of the claimed method.

Example 1.

The relief of the experimental plot is leveled. The soil is meadow-brown bleached, heavy loam by granulometric composition, pH - 6.4; H, - 0.45 mg-eq. per 100 g of soil; humus content - 3.24%; _{P2O5 content} - 31.6 mg/100 g of soil.

The microplot experiment included: plot area of 5 m, fertilizer was applied manually in plots, placement of variants was redomized, the repetition of variants in the experiments was 4-fold, seeding rate was 16-20 kg/ha, sowing was done manually, row spacing was 15 cm. The layout of the experiments, records, and observations on the grass stand of the alfalfa variety "Nakhodka" were carried out according to the approved methods for organizing research with lump crops (Kosolapoe V.M., Shamsutdinov Z.Sh., Kostenko S.I. et al. Forage crop varieties bred by the Federal Scientific Center for Forage Production and Agroecology named after V.R. Williams. - M .: Ugreshskaya Printing House. 2019. - 92 p.). The experimental material was statistically processed according to the method (Stepanov G.V. The influence of pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with bacterial preparations on the adaptive capacity of alfalfa / Obrazov., nauka i arbitrariness. 2015. No. 3 (12). P. 87-91).

The determination of the aggregate composition of the soil was carried out using Savinov's method (dry sifting) (Agriculture / I.P. Vasiliev, A.M. Tulikov, G.I. Bazdyrev et al. Moscow: INFRA-M, 2017. - 424 p.), determination of structural aggregates - according to P.I. Andrianov's method (Fundamentals of experimental work in plant growing / V.E. Yeshchenko, M.F. Trifonova, P.G. Kopytko et al.; edited by V.E. Yeshchenko and M.F. Trifonova, Moscow: Kolos, 2009, - 268 p.), the coefficients of structure and lumpiness - by a calculated method.

Soil samples under third-year variable alfalfa were collected on 10/12/2022.

The air temperature of the vegetation periods of 2021-2023 in Primorsky Krai exceeded the long-term average values by 0.2-2.3 °C. However, there were sharper differences in the distribution and amount of precipitation in the summer months, which fell 1.3-3.7 times more than the long-term average. The hydrothermal coefficient of the vegetation period of 2022 was 2.32 (the sum of active temperatures was 2833.5 °C with 657.8 mm of precipitation), 20023 - 2.85 (the sum of active temperatures was 2926.9 °C, the amount of precipitation was 833.5 mm).

Hydrothermal factors of the vegetation periods of Primorsky Krai are generally favorable for the growth and development of perennial grasses.

Example 2.

Alfalfa was sown on May 30, 2022, in moist soil; the beginning of germination was noted on the 7th day, and full germination was observed on the 9th day for all experimental variants. The soil of the plot was repeatedly in a waterlogged state during the season, some plots were flooded. During the vegetation period of 2022, 7 weedings were carried out. Plant height has a significant impact on the formation of the crop yield. Despite excessive moisture during the vegetation period of 2022, the average plant height varied from 51.1 to 63.2 cm.

Plant height is a criterion for assessing the productivity of vegetative mass associated with a variety. It is believed that the higher the plants, the more significant its yield. In the conditions of Primorsky Krai, the beginning of alfalfa regrowth was noted on 18.04.2023. Plant height was measured on May 18: 1st year of life (minimum 46 cm, maximum - 70 cm, average - 58.32 cm); 2nd year of life (minimum - 28 cm, maximum - 45 cm, average - 36.02 cm, foliage - 47.4%).

The biometric parameters of the alfalfa variety of the first year of life showed that the variation in the height of the plants of the Nakhodka variety in the conditions of Primorsky Krai was 80.2-106.7 cm, while in the second cut it was 80.1-104.7 cm. The decrease in the height of the alfalfa variety of the second cut is explained by the excessive amount of precipitation and waterlogging of the soil.

The experimental design for each background included the following options:

1. Control, without fertilizers.

2. Chicken manure at a dose of 5 t/ha.

3. Chicken manure at a dose of 10 t/ha.

4. Chicken manure at a dose of 15 t/ha.

5. Chicken manure at a dose of 20 t/ha.

6. Thermal fertilizer from chicken manure called “Gigantin” produced by Ussuriyskaya Poultry Farm LLC with a dose of 20 t/ha.

It should be noted that the production of the organic fertilizer "Gigantin" was carried out using intensive composting technology - aerobic solid-phase fermentation.

Example 3.

Chicken manure stored at the site for a two-year experiment.

Chemical composition of chicken manure before composting: - moisture (80%): Cu (40.1 mg/kg), _Zn (76.5 mg/kg), _Mn (97.0 mg/kg), _Pb (0.82 mg/kg), Ca (6.70 kg/t), Mg (20.5 kg/t), N (12.5 kg/t), _{P2O5 (} 4.1 kg/t), _K2O (4.5 kg/t), pH (5.5-5.0), pH 5.43, dry matter - 28.13%, ash content - 3.07%, organic matter - 96.90%.

- humidity (60%): Cu (60 mg/kg), _Zn (148.1 mg/kg), _Mn (171.6 mg/kg), _Pb (1.45 mg/kg), Ca (12.5 kg/t), Mg (4.1 kg/t ₎ , N (27.5 kg/t), _P2O5 (5.5 kg/t), _K2O (9.0 kg/t), pH 5.51, dry matter - 39.11, ash content - 6.25, organic matter - 93.71.

It should be noted that the output of poultry manure and its fertilizing value vary greatly depending on the composition, quantity and quality of feed, the type and age of the bird, the method of its maintenance. In addition, when applying organic fertilizers, it should be controlled, since the chemical composition changes depending on the storage conditions and feed, etc.

Compost from bird droppings during two years of natural storage in small stacks (heaps) is stored on a specially designated area with a hard surface. To reduce the loss of ammonia nitrogen, the stacks are covered with a layer of 20-25 cm of chopped straw, to obtain a homogeneous mass, the stack is mixed twice during the storage period to saturate with air.

Organic fertilizer based on rotted poultry manure, during which the fermentation process is in progress, is mixed with the microbiological preparation "Baikal EM-1" at a rate of 10% of the composition of the volume of chicken manure mass in a stack during storage in natural microbiological decomposition. Then, before plowing in the spring, uniform surface scattering of fertilizers was carried out at a dose of 20 t / ha, plowing to a depth of arable layer of 20-25 cm, pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of seed placement of 2.5-3.0 cm, with a seeding rate of 2 million pcs. / ha of viable seeds or 20 kg / ha.

The microbiological component of the preparation "Baikal EM-1" promotes the transformation of nitrogen fertilizers. Ammonia, formed in the soil during the decomposition of organic matter, is quickly oxidized to nitrous and then nitric acid by nitrifying bacteria. Nitrifying cells are sensitive to the presence of organic compounds in the environment. Nitrates are reduced to molecular nitrogen and evaporate from the soil.

Nitrogen immobilization occurs due to the rapid development of microorganisms that convert nitrogen into cytoplasmic protein. Biologically fixed nitrogen is not lost from the soil, and after the death of microorganisms, protein substances are mineralized and converted into ammonia. In the soil, oxidized forms of nitrogen (nitrates, nitrites) are reduced to nitrogen oxides or molecular nitrogen, as a result of which some of them are lost. The reduction of nitrates and nitrites to gaseous nitrogen compounds occurs as a result of denitrification (biological and chemical). One of the advantages of the drug "Baikal EM-1" is its low cost and independence from the use of expensive equipment in the proposed method.

The results of the studies of the physicochemical and physiological properties of meadow brown soil before sowing show that the exchangeable acidity increased by 0.15 (pH 6.15), the hydrological acidity decreased by 0.69 meq/100 g of soil. The sum of exchangeable bases - by 1.45 meq/100 g of soil, CEC - by 2.15 meq/100 g of soil, total porosity - by 11.33%, soil density - by 0.32 g/ ^cm3 , the degree of base saturation increased by 4.30%. Soil moisture reserves, taken into account during the growing season, allow us to judge the moisture supply of the grass stand, the dissolution and availability of nutrients. The optimal conditions for the life of plants and microelements are considered to be humidity corresponding to 60% of the total moisture capacity. In agronomic practice, it is important to take into account (OSV) and the productive (useful) moisture reserve in the soil. Organic fertilizers and the granulometric composition of the soil affected the water-physical properties of soils, the lumpiness of the soil.

Example 4.

In another way, the composting of poultry manure into raw materials is processed into safe and clean organic fertilizers of the finished product called "Gigantin" in the Ussuriyskaya Poultry Farm LLC, the technology is aerobic solid-phase fermentation, consisting of three periods:

1. Microflora climatization lasts 12-32 hours.

2. Intensive development and quantitative growth of mesophilic and then thermophilic bacteria for 22-54 hours, accompanied by the release of biological heat and an increase in the temperature of the composted mass to 65-80°C with repeated turning for up to 10 days.

3. Reduction of temperature to below 30°C, accompanied by the end of thermophilic growth. In the workshop conditions, this stage takes place for 10 days in the secondary fermentation zone, after which the transfer to the final fermentation zone or directly to the manufacturer takes place.

Example 5.

The technological cycle of production of the organic fertilizer "Gigantin" is (the diagram of the enterprise building is not provided for simplicity) a capital structure made of closed-type reinforced concrete with lighting inside, water supply and ventilation.

The technological cycle of organic fertilizer production begins in the so-called primary fermentation hall, where the bird droppings are delivered by droppings carts. Then the droppings are placed in piles in a loose-dense manner, which remains in this state for certain days of preparation, and depends on the time of loading of the secondary fermentation release zone.

The secondary fermentation zone is a capital structure made of reinforced concrete structures. It has openings for the delivery of raw materials (product) from the primary fermentation zone and removal to the final fermentation zone.

This area contains two secondary fermentation pools, each measuring 80 x 9 m.

Perforated pipes with holes are laid on the bottom of the pools, through which air is supplied from an electric compressor.

Each of the basins (not shown) has a 4 m long loading area, a 4 m long unloading area and a processing area between the loading and unloading areas.

The FJ 9000 composting unit moves from above onto the rails laid (fixed) on the walls of the pools, with the help of which the raw material (product) located in the pool is stirred (mixed).

In this zone, loosening (hot), i.e. processing of raw materials, takes place. At the same time, a carbon component of organic filler in the form of oat husks, straw and sawdust is added to the bird (chicken) droppings in accordance with the requirements of GOSTs, then a specified amount of oxygen is supplied (turning, pumping with compressor units), this leads to the activation of aerobic microflora and heating to 60-70 ° C. It should be noted that this cycle has an accelerated technology, and this allows to neutralize the fertilizer output and preserve the maximum amount of nutrients.

The next process takes place in the secondary fermentation zone, where the product enters the final fermentation zone, with loose-dense laying and cooling of fertilizers to ambient temperature. During the cooling process, the humidity of the product decreases due to moisture evaporation, and physical and chemical changes occur in the product. Then, finally, after fermentation of the obtained product, it is moved by a front loader to the loading hopper of the finished product preparation and packaging line.

Composition of droppings when loaded: bird droppings - 93%, organic filler (oat husks, straw, sawdust) - 7%.

Thus, the final product has the chemical composition of the fertilizer "Gigantin": nitrogen 1.8-4.5%; phosphorus 2.5-4.3%; potassium 2.0-No.5%; also contains useful microelements: calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sulfur, zinc, copper, boron, cobalt, molybdenum. Organic matter is 60-80%; pH 8, humidity not less than 25%.

After aerobic solid-phase fermentation and complete destruction of pathogenic microflora, the raw material (product) moves from the fourth category “Low-hazard” to the fifth category “Practically non-hazardous” for humans and the environment with the removal of foreign inclusions.

It should also be noted that after the final fermentation, the obtained product (raw material) is crushed in a crusher and transferred by a belt conveyor to a vibrating screen, where large fractions not crushed in the crusher (consisting mainly of waste) are screened out and the finished product receives a specified granulometric composition. The finished product is packaged using a packaging machine. The packaging machine operator attaches a bag to the outlet neck, where a specified amount of the finished product is automatically loaded. After this, the bag is stitched on a bag-sewing machine and stored for subsequent removal to the consumer.

The technology itself is waste-free.

The payback period for the organic fertilizer production workshop was one year after the launch of the production line.

The final product is the granulometric composition of the organic fertilizer product based on bird droppings 93% and organic filler 7% (in the form of oat husk, straw, sawdust). Humidity 25-30% bulk density of the specified product taking into account the amount of nutrients, respectively, for the soil under variable alfalfa, i.e. using bird (chicken) droppings with the calculated application rate at a dose of 20 t / ha for variable alfalfa of the Nakhodka variety.

Example 6.

The structural condition of the soil was assessed taking into account the positive effect of five-year-old variable alfalfa on the aggregate composition of the soil: the amount of lumpy fraction decreased in the soil under 2-5-year-old alfalfa by 1.6-3.0 times compared to the first year of life. The number of aggregates valuable in an agronomic ratio increased significantly. The coefficient of soil structure under alfalfa increased from 1.69 to 6.59, i.e. there was a noticeable effect of alfalfa growth on the soil structure (described above).

Example 7.

It was experimentally established that the best was bird droppings of the organic fertilizer "Gigantin" under the third-year variable alfalfa. Table 1 shows the effect of different doses of bird droppings on the aggregate composition of meadow-brown bleached soil under the third-year variable alfalfa.

From the data in Table 1 it follows that the presence of chicken manure allowed to improve its chemical composition in the soil. The best amount of lumpy fraction, equal to 7%, was in the variant according to the effect of bird manure at a dose of 20 t/ha in comparison with the control (11.26%).

In addition, there is a clear trend towards an increase in the number of the most agronomically valuable units (1-3 mm in diameter).

Comparative analysis of soil aggregates with particle sizes of 1-5 mm gradually increased by 3.1-6.4% in the experimental variants. The amount of fine microstructure with a size of less than 0.25 mm in the arable layer under third-year alfalfa was the smallest in the control variant, and in the experimental variants it increased to 3.43-5.77%.

It should be noted that the higher the coefficient of structure, the better the soil is structured. In all variants of the experiment, the structure of the soil under alfalfa was assessed as very good. The coefficient of structure of meadow-brown bleached soil in variants after the effects of organic fertilizers increases to 6.33-6.89% compared to the control (6.24%).

Example 8.

To confirm the experiment, an additional soil sample was taken under an annual crop - pumpkin. The content of the lumpy fraction was higher than in the case of alfalfa cultivation and was 12.82%. The coefficient of structure was 5.48%, the coefficient of lumpyness was 0.15%, compared to alfalfa of the third year of life, on average for the experimental variants it was 6.60 and 0.10, respectively.

The authors' research shows that in order to increase soil fertility and its resistance to erosion processes, it is important to establish the water resistance of aggregates.

During the research it was established that a gradual increase in the number of water-resistant soil aggregates in the 0-20 cm layer of soil, depending on the effect of increasing doses of organic fertilizers under alfalfa in the third life, is shown in Fig. 1.

The analysis of Table 1 for the experimental variants showed that in the control without fertilizer, the amount of water resistance of the aggregates was 77.3%. In the experimental variants with the use of fertilizers, the water resistance of the aggregates was 79.25-87.55%. For comparison, the authors confirmed the water resistance of the aggregates using the example of the row crop of pumpkin cultivation, which was 68.25%.

In general, this was associated with the agronomic indicators of the soil, which largely determines its cultivation, where soil fertility, the fertilization system affects the yield of alfalfa on meadow-stormy bleached soil in the conditions of the south of Primorsky Krai of the Far East.

The yield of the variable alfalfa of the Nakhodka variety for two cuttings specifically in the conditions of Primorsky Krai was 38.84 t / ha (172.6%) compared to the control. Dry matter (DM) was 10.47 t / ha (183.4%) compared to the control. The crude fiber content of alfalfa was up to 32.2%, protein content 17.2%, ash content 7.65%; productivity and nutrients of the alfalfa variety of the 2nd year of life in 1 kg of DM was 9.9-10.5 MJ, i.e. ensured the production of forage mass with high energy saturation.

Fig. 1 shows the effect of organic fertilizers on the water stability of soil aggregates and the structure coefficient of meadow-brown bleached soil under the variable alfalfa variety “Nakhodka” with a rate of application of bird droppings from 5 to 20 t/ha.

Fig. 2 shows granulated organic fertilizers of finished products in a closed room based on bird droppings and organic filler (oat husks, straw and sawdust) in accordance with GOST.

It is worth noting the composition of the fertilizer: bird droppings - 93%, organic filler - 7%.

Chemical composition of the fertilizer: nitrogen (1.8-4.5%), phosphorus (2.5-4.3%), potassium (2.0-3.5%), organic matter (60-80%), pH 8, humidity 25-30%; contains useful microelements: calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sulfur, zinc, copper, boron, cobalt, molybdenum.

In addition, the authors additionally give an example. In the spring before planting for the population it is possible to evenly distribute 2-3 kg of fertilizer per 1 ^m2 , rake the fertilizer into the soil, water it abundantly. Sow and plant crops 1-2 days after sowing the fertilizer. When planting root crops, bushes and trees from 60 to 500 g of fertilizer directly into each hole.

After harvesting or in autumn, on well-cultivated soils - 1.5 kg/ ^m2 . Distribute between rows, water generously, or, if possible, dig up to the depth of a spade.

It should also be noted that the root system of the new variety of alfalfa variable "Nakhodka" for grass is recommended to be sown on May 20...30 or June 1...10 (depending on the prevailing weather conditions). The choice of such options when sowing narrow rows - 15 cm, allows you to collect in the first year of use, as well as in subsequent years of use, respectively, with an increased yield of grass, compared to the control.

It should be noted that the root system of the alfalfa variable is quite powerful, can penetrate deep into the soil, develops on the basis of the embryonic rootlet of seeds. Due to symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria, alfalfa accumulates atmospheric nitrogen in roots and livestock remains. Nodule bacteria develop on the smallest roots of lateral roots, feeding on the plasma of plant cells and producing nitrogenous substances from atmospheric nitrogen, with which they additionally provide both their needs and the alfalfa plants. In this regard, in the conditions of the Primorsky Territory of the Far East, the efficiency of cultivating alfalfa variable is possible under the cover of other agricultural crops, which indicates the relevance of these areas of research.

It should be additionally noted that the comparative indicator of chicken manure and granulated fertilizer "Gigantin" showed an increase in mobile phosphorus by 15%, total nitrogen by 18%, the sum of absorbed bases, mol/100 g by 18%. At the same time, granulated fertilizer at a dosage of 20 t/ha gives a comparative increase in weight to the control amounted to 32%, in addition, it provides an increase in the yield of agricultural crops, in particular, the cultivation of variable alfalfa of the "Nakhodka" variety is higher compared to the yield grown without the use of this fertilizer.

It was noted that when the moisture content of the granules is no more than 25-30%, their stability during long-term storage is ensured.

The results of studies of nutrition elements in the dynamics of crop development and water resistance of aggregates, and the coefficient of structure. Give an idea of the positive effect of the use of organic fertilizers in the form of poultry manure, both when storing it for two years with mixing in piles with irrigation of the use of the microbiological preparation "Baikal EM-1", and the main granulated (Russia) fertilizer of poultry manure with filler for growing legumes of the "Nakhodka" variety, and during heat treatment of fertilizer. Manufactured in the production of Ussuriyskaya Poultry Farm LLC! In the field production system (granulated fertilizer at a rate of 20 t / ha). In general, this allows us to recommend the safety of chemical products, and is permitted for use in Russia and other countries, for use by business entities, as well as for retail sale to the population.

Scientifically based crop rotation with the inclusion of perennial leguminous grasses on seasonally waterlogged soils of monsoon agriculture is an essential factor in optimizing the aggregate composition of the soil and increasing the water resistance of the aggregates.

Thus, the resulting fertilizer from heat-treated poultry manure is convenient for packaging, storage, transportation, and application to the soil, is capable of replenishing humus reserves in the soil, meets the requirements of modern "organic" farming, has an effect on the water resistance of soil aggregates and the coefficient of structure of meadow-brown bleached soils in the conditions of the Far East, recreates the potential fertility of soils and ensures sanitary and toxicologically clean crop production.

Claims (2)

1. A method for increasing soil fertility using chicken manure when cultivating variable alfalfa in the conditions of the Far East, including the use of organic fertilizer from chicken manure at a dose of 20 t / ha, characterized in that the prepared, rotted in piles, chicken manure is used as an organic fertilizer by mixing, during processing the microbiological preparation "Baikal EM-1" is used at a rate of 10% of the composition of the volume of the mass of chicken manure, while storage occurs with natural microbiological decomposition with aging for two years - the beginning of the finished fertilizer, while before plowing in the spring, uniform surface scattering of fertilizers is carried out, plowing to a depth of arable layer of 20-25 cm and pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of seed placement of 2.5-3.0 cm, sowing is carried out with a seeding rate of 2 million pcs. / ha of viable seeds or 20 kg/ha. 2. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the preparation of the solution of the drug "Baikal EM-1" is carried out in drinking water.

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