RU2655855C1 - Method for the preparation of soil for cultivation of cereal crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and crop production. Method includes cleaning the forecrop, peeling of the forecrop stubble, application of organic fertilizers, basic tilling and pre-sowing cultivation. As an organic fertilizer, compost is used, consisting of river silt, organic woodworking waste – sawdust, waste oil – cake and straw, taken in equal quantities. After harvesting perennial grasses, leguminous and tilled crops in June, the first shallow stubbling is performed. After three weeks, re-peeled to a depth of 9–10 cm. After that, make compost in an amount of no more than 4 tons/ha and spend the third peeling at a depth of 10–12 cm. Plowing plowing is carried out in October to a depth of not more than 30 cm and add compost no more than 500 kg/ha, which, together with the soil, is mixed 2-3 times before the complete decomposition of the organic material. In spring, after melting snow, pre-sowing cultivation is carried out, compost is made not less than 1 t/ha and seeds are sown.

EFFECT: method makes it possible to increase the yield by improving the quality of soil cultivation and using complex compost from natural components.

1 cl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for growing crops.

A known method of cultivation of crops, including harvesting grain crops, cultivating the soil, sowing crops and fertilizing (patent No. RF 2421978, CL A01G 1/00, 2011).

Also known is a method of increasing the yield of grain crops, including harvesting the predecessor, stubbing the predecessor, applying organic fertilizers, basic tillage, pre-sowing cultivation (RF patent No. 2370008, class AB 79/02, 2009 - prototype).

A common disadvantage of the known technical solutions is the lack of the possibility of replenishing soil with trace elements and trace elements, the use of mineral fertilizer concentrates, which affects the yield of grain crops.

The technical result is to increase productivity by improving soil quality through the repeated use of complex compost, consisting of natural natural components.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of preparing the soil for cultivating crops, including harvesting the precursor, stubbing the precursor, applying organic fertilizers, basic tillage, pre-sowing cultivation, according to the invention, compost consisting of river sludge, straw, is used as an organic fertilizer, organic waste wood processing - sawdust and waste oil mill - oilcake, taken in equal quantities, then after harvesting perennial grasses, legumes and row crops round, in June, the first shallow stubble cultivation is carried out, after three weeks, repeated peeling is carried out to a depth of 9-10 cm, then compost is applied in an amount of not more than 4 t / ha and the third peeling is carried out to a depth of 10-12 cm, autumn plowing carried out in October to a depth of not more than 30 cm and make additional compost no more than 500 kg / ha, which, together with the soil, is mixed 2-3 times until the organics are completely decomposed, in the spring after snow melting, pre-sowing cultivation is carried out, compost is made at least 1 t / ha and carry out the sowing of seeds.

The novelty of the claimed technical solution lies in the fact that due to the multiple and different tillage with the simultaneous application of organic fertilizer, which is used as a compost of organic components, an increase and a high level of environmental friendliness of the grain crop are provided.

According to scientific, technical and patent information, the claimed combination of features has not been identified, which allows us to conclude about the inventive step of the claimed technical solution.

Industrial applicability of the method lies in the fact that it can be used for growing crops in order to increase productivity.

A method of preparing soil for cultivating crops is as follows.

Compost is preliminarily prepared from river sludge washed on a soil platform located on the river bank, the connection of sludge with organic wood processing waste (sawdust) and oil mill waste (seed husks), as well as straw (field stubble can be used), which enriches the soil with nutrients and increases the humus content, increases the availability of phosphorus and potassium soil, due to the dissolving action of acidic substances formed during its decomposition, the introduction of compost components is carried out in a ratio of 1: 1: 1: 1, i.e. in equal amounts. It should be noted that the use of river sludge as part of compost makes it possible to clean rivers, which eliminates their shallowing, in addition, the ecological situation in water bodies improves and high-quality compost is obtained, and the use of wood processing waste and oil mill also improves the quality of compost and environmental ecology.

Compost is kept during the autumn-winter-early spring period for decomposition of organic matter and dehydration due to winter freezing at temperatures up to minus 15 ° С. Additional mixing of the compost mass in early spring leads to aeration and additional evaporation of moisture accumulated with winter precipitation. Soil plowing in early spring begins when the ground thaws and dries out slightly. Plowing in early spring almost coincides with pre-sowing and it must be carried out as soon as possible, immediately after the onset of physical ripeness of the soil. Then, work is underway to prepare the soil for winter, after harvesting perennial grasses of legumes and row crops. The first shallow stubble cultivation is carried out after harvesting - in June, the second - three weeks later, to a depth of 9-10 cm. Then, compost is applied in an amount of 4 t / ha and the third peeling is carried out - 12 cm.

Autumn plowing is carried out in October to a depth of 30 cm, compost is applied in an amount of 500 kg / ha, for this purpose the total mass is mixed several times (2-3 times until the organic matter is completely decomposed), in the spring, after snow melts under presowing cultivation, additionally compost 1 t / ha. With this preparation of the soil for cultivating a grain crop with one ton of compost, 4.2 kg of nitrogen, 1.7 kg of phosphorus, 8.3 kg of potassium, 4.2 kg of calcium, 0.7 kg of magnesium, and a number of trace elements are returned to the soil. Thus, repeated application of compost in optimal quantities: 4 t / ha; 500 kg / ha and 1 t / ha provides soil enrichment with macroelements and microelements in the norm corresponding to agrotechnical requirements, which significantly affects the increase in yield.

An example of a specific implementation of the method of cultivation of crops

Scientific studies to confirm the effectiveness of the method of cultivating crops were carried out in the Dinsky district of the Krasnodar Territory on an area of 3 ha in a peasant farm. The soil was prepared for wheat, corn and millet. Before testing, compost is preliminarily prepared from river sludge washed on a soil site located on the banks of the Kocheti River, then organic waste from locally produced woodworking (sawdust) and oil mill waste (cake), and straw (field stubble can be used) are added to the sludge equal amounts. The compost was kept during the autumn-winter-early spring period for decomposition of organic matter and dehydration, due to winter freezing at temperatures up to minus 15 ° С. After harvesting perennial grasses (mowing grasses with a high yield of green mass is best done by sweeping with KS-2,1, KDP-4 mowers, rotational KRN-2,1) legumes (legume harvesters ЖРБ-4,2, ЖСБ-4,2 or KS-2.1 mowers with the PB-2.1 or PBA-5 adaptation for doubling the rolls.) and row crops, the initial stubble cultivation was performed, simultaneously with harvesting (in the same unit with the combine).

For peeling, a chisel AKC unit was used, which is designed for subsurface cultivation of all types of soils in order to prevent erosion, while loosening, cutting weeds and planting residues with leveling and subsurface soil compaction in one pass. During peeling, the topsoil is loosened and pathogens and crop pests are destroyed. Peeling reliably protects the soil from drying out and compaction, since the loosened top layer sharply reduces the evaporation of water and at the same time helps the soil to absorb excess moisture, which is rich in river sludge. Three weeks later, repeated peeling was carried out to a depth of 9-10 cm with compost application in the amount of 4 t / ha using PRT-7A and plowed in the form of autumn plowing with plows with skimmers in October to a depth of not more than 30 cm, destroying weed seedlings. Winter chicks smelled in the early stages when weed emerged. In the soil, on an early plowed chill, more moisture and nutrients accumulate due to the decomposition of nutrient residues and buried weeds. In addition, 500 kg / ha of compost was introduced, then the total mass was mixed several times (2-3 times until the organics decompose completely), in spring, after snow melted under pre-sowing cultivation, 1 t / ha compost was additionally added and seeds were sown. Additional mixing of the compost mass in early spring leads to aeration and additional evaporation of moisture accumulated with winter precipitation.

The proposed technology allows you to get a yield increase of 10-12% or 3-5 centners per hectare more than when cultivating crops using standard agricultural measures. The increase in wheat yield amounted to 3.1 kg / ha, corn - 3.6 kg / ha and millet 4.2 kg / ha.

Claims (1)

A method of preparing soil for cultivating crops, including harvesting the predecessor, stubbing the precursor, applying organic fertilizers, basic tillage, pre-sowing cultivation, characterized in that compost consisting of river sludge, organic wood processing waste - sawdust, waste is used as organic fertilizer oil mills - cake and straw, taken in equal amounts, then after harvesting perennial grasses, legumes and row crops in June, the first small stubble, after three weeks, re-peeling is carried out to a depth of 9-10 cm, then compost is introduced in an amount of not more than 4 t / ha and a third peeling is carried out to a depth of 10-12 cm, autumn chowing is carried out in October to a depth of not more than 30 cm and additionally add compost no more than 500 kg / ha, which, together with the soil, is mixed 2-3 times until the organic matter is completely decomposed, in the spring after snow melting, pre-sowing cultivation is carried out, at least 1 t / ha is composted and the seeds are sown.