RU2644963C2 - Extruded dry feed for cattle - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: make a feed mixture of 40% crushed alfalfa hay and 60% barley grain, add 30 grams of fine salt to 1 kg of feed mixture, 34 grams of monosodium phosphate, 18 grams of magnesium carbonate, 6 grams of feed sulfur, moisturize in a screw mixer, sent to the chamber of the extruder, where it is heated to 140-160°C at a pressure of 33-42 atm, then extrude through the spinneret to produce an inflated, porous dry feed in the form of a bundle with a diameter of 30 mm, with a bulk density of 100-120 g/dm³ and a humidity of 7-9%. The time of passage of the feed mixture through the extruder is 8-30 seconds.

EFFECT: use of the invention will increase the productivity of young stock of beef strain.

2 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to livestock, and can be used for feeding domestic animals, mainly cattle.

There are various methods of extruding grain, but at the same time, extruded feed mixtures designed specifically for young cattle in the meat sector are not produced in Russia.

A known method for the preparation of extruded roughage for farm animals (patent RU 2509476, publication date 10/10/2013). As components with a high content of crude fiber use sawdust, straw, husk, husk, and as components with a low content of crude fiber use cereals, bran, cake, meal.

The main disadvantage of this method is that it cannot completely replace grain feed, make up for protein deficiency, but only allows you to get roughage with improved quality characteristics, as well as to utilize wood waste.

Known for the most common set of common features is a method of preparing extruded dry pet food, including preparing a dry mix based on cereals containing corn flour and additives, loading the moistened mixture into an extruder, extruding the mixture heated to a temperature above 100 ° C (RU patent 2208369, publication date 07/20/2003). The extruded dry food prepared in this way is used for rodents. We are considering a method of preparing extruded feed from other components and for ruminants.

The disadvantage of this method is the high cost of production due to the high content of grain feed.

The task of the invention is to increase the nutritional value of fodder and alfalfa hay by extruding feed mixtures.

The technical result is directed to the development of energy-saturated, extruded feed from a mixture of barley grain and alfalfa hay to increase the productivity of young meat breeds of cattle during the growing period.

This technical result is achieved by extruding dry feed for cattle, including the preparation of a dry mixture based on grain crops, and the resulting feed mixture, consisting of 40% of crushed alfalfa hay, 60% of barley grain and a complex of mineral salts, including table salt - 30 g, monosodium phosphate - 34 g, magnesium carbonate - 18 g, fodder sulfur - 6 g, moisten in a screw mixer, then the feed mixture enters the extruder chamber, where due to the friction forces of particles with a surface rotating p bochih bodies in the extruder and compression ration is heated to a high temperature, then subjected to compaction of the press-extruded through a die of the extruder foamed, porous dry food in the form of tow (strand) 30 mm in diameter, with a bulk density of 100-120 g / dm ^3, and humidity 7-9%; the harness (strands) is cut into 2-3 cm pieces using a cutter and packaged; the finished product has a uniform consistency and structure.

During the preparation of extruded feed, grain is subjected to short-term, but very intense mechanical and barothermal stress due to high temperature, pressure and shear forces in the screw working bodies of the extruder, resulting in structural, mechanical and chemical changes in the feedstock. At the same time, starch breaks down into simple sugars, harmful microflora is disinfected, and the vitamins and amino acids contained in the original feed, due to the short duration of the process, are almost completely preserved.

Extruded dry food consists of 60% of barley grain, 40% of crushed alfalfa hay and a complex of mineral salts. Based on 1 kg of a mixture of feed salt - 30 g, monosodium phosphate - 34 g, magnesium carbonate - 18 g, feed sulfur - 6 g.

The obtained extruded dry food is used to increase the growth, development and resistance of young cattle of meat breeds during cultivation.

Phase transitions during extrusion divide the entire process into conditional technological zones:

- grain loading;

- feed compression;

- homogenization of grain;

- "explosion" at the exit of the extruder.

In our case, the extrusion process was carried out as follows:

- barley grain and crushed (up to 1.0-1.5 cm) alfalfa hay is evenly fed into the loading hopper;

- the resulting feed mixture was moistened in a screw mixer;

- water was introduced in an amount of 23 liters per 100 kg of product;

- mineral additives were dissolved in water;

- from the screw mixer, the moistened and enriched feed mixture enters the receiving chamber of the extruder;

- due to the forces of friction of particles with the surface of the rotating working bodies in the extruder and compression, the feed mixture is heated to a high temperature, and then subjected to compaction;

- the travel time of the feed mixture through the extruder is 30 s, and under the influence of the maximum temperature and pressure is only 8-11 s;

- compression of the feed mixture in the extrusion zone to 33-42 atm and heating to 140-160 ° C is achieved by selecting the diameter of the die (outlet) (20 mm);

- in the process of compression and heating occurs homogenization of the feed mixture and structural changes in the nutrients of the feed;

- when leaving the die, from the zone of high pressure and temperature into a normal atmosphere, explosive expansion of the homogenized feed mixture occurs (the extrusion process itself);

- a swollen, porous dry food in the form of a tow (strand) with a diameter of 30 mm, with a bulk density of 100-120 g / dm ³ and humidity 7-9% is squeezed out of the press extruder through a die;

- the harness (strand) with the help of a cutter is cut into 2-3 cm pieces and packaged.

The finished product has a uniform consistency and structure.

The analyzes showed that the extrusion process had a positive effect on the chemical composition and nutritional value of the mixture of barley grain and hay. According to table 1, the concentration of crude protein increased from 254.1 to 258 g, or 5.2%. Digestible protein was also more in the processed feed mixture by 14.5 g, or 7.3%.

The extruded mixture was 3.1% rich in crude fat. In the process of extrusion, the walls of fat cells break, and the energy value of the product increases. The stability of fats is also increased, due to the fact that enzymes such as lipase, which cause rancidity of oils, are destroyed during the extrusion process, and lecithin and tocopherols, which are natural stabilizers, retain full activity.

The percentage of fiber, which is based on cellulose, hemicellulose and inlaid substances of the cell walls (legnin, cutin, suberin), i.e. the least valuable part of the feed, in the processed feed, on the contrary, decreased (by 2.3%) as a result of its breakdown into secondary sugar, which increases its digestibility.

An increase in sugar in the finished mixture (from 22.2 g to 25.5 g) will allow for a more balanced balancing of cattle rations according to the sugar-protein ratio, which is important for farms that do not have fodder root crops.

At the same time, not only the amount of protein increases, but also its physiological value increases due to an increase in the concentration of the main essential amino acids (Table 2).

Studies have shown that after extrusion, the amount of lysine - one of the most deficient amino acids - increased from 5.80 to 6.54%, or 11.3%, cystine - by 41.9% (from 1.15% to 1, 98%), glycine - by 29.3% (from 4.29% to 6.07%), tryptophan - by 21.4%, methionine and aspartic acid - by 3.6% and 3.5%, respectively.

At the same time, the volume of certain essential amino acids slightly decreased: proline - by 15.3%, threonine - by 17.1%, serine - by 13.4%, glutamic acid - by 10.1%.

During the extrusion process under the influence of high pressure and temperature, there is not only a change in the structure of the feed, but also changes in the digestibility of nutrients. Therefore, the resulting feed has the following properties:

- increases eatability due to the uniformity of the resulting feed;

- improved taste, as unpleasant odors disappear;

- It becomes sweet due to an increase in the proportion of sugars;

- high temperature and pressure sterilize the feed;

- eliminates anti-nutritional factors or their effects on the body;

- we get a more structured feed that meets the needs of animals.

The studies of extruded feed show that the feed mixture is almost sterile even after 4 months of storage in commercial households.

When young meat breeds are fed during the rearing period after beating by extruded feed, the death of animals from gastrointestinal diseases is reduced by 1.3-1.5 times.

The experimental work was carried out in the Agrofirm “Aduchi” limited liability company of the Republic of Kalmykia. Studies were conducted on calves of the Kalmyk breed. The experimental animals were formed in 2 groups of 10 goals in each according to the principle of analogues. The diet of the I control group consisted of hay of mixed grass steppe, alfalfa hay, crushed barley grain. In the diet of the experimental group II, grain fodder and part of alfalfa hay were replaced by nutritionally obtained completely extruded dry food.

The dynamics of the live weight of experimental animals was studied in the period from 8 to 12 months of age. As a result of research, it was found that when growing up to 12 months, the bulls of the experimental group had the largest live weight, the diet of which included the developed extruded feed. They exceeded the peers of the control group in live weight by 7.3 kg. The average daily gain in live weight in animals of the control group averaged 736.8 g, in the experimental group - 796.8 g

Thus, for young cattle, when growing after beating from mothers and switching to the consumption of a large amount of bulky feed, extruded feeds, as more easily digestible ones, can replace all concentrated feeds of the diet. When switching to roughage, animals that received extrudate at an early age significantly overtake their peers in growth.

Claims (2)

1. Extruded dry cattle feed, characterized in that it consists of a feed mixture of 40% chopped alfalfa hay and 60% of barley grain, 30 g of sodium chloride, 34 g of monosodium phosphate, 18 g of magnesium carbonate, 6 g of feed are added per 1 kg of feed mixture sulfur, moisten in a screw mixer, sent to the extruder chamber, where it is heated to 140-160 ° C at a pressure of 33-42 atm, then squeezed through a die to obtain expanded, porous dry food in the form of a tow with a diameter of 30 mm, with a bulk density of 100 -120 g / dm ³ and humidity 7-9%. 2. The extruded dry food according to claim 1, characterized in that the time of passage of the feed mixture through the extruder is 30 s, and under the influence of maximum temperature and pressure is only 8-11 s.