JP5369137B2 - 新規ブロック共重合体、ミセル調製物及びそれを有効成分とする抗癌剤 - Google Patents
新規ブロック共重合体、ミセル調製物及びそれを有効成分とする抗癌剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5369137B2 JP5369137B2 JP2011096822A JP2011096822A JP5369137B2 JP 5369137 B2 JP5369137 B2 JP 5369137B2 JP 2011096822 A JP2011096822 A JP 2011096822A JP 2011096822 A JP2011096822 A JP 2011096822A JP 5369137 B2 JP5369137 B2 JP 5369137B2
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- block copolymer
- anticancer agent
- micelle preparation
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- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000007135 neurotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000228 neurotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007764 o/w emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006053 organic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KOHFSROUOPQYJK-NOSCCTPQSA-N paclitaxel dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl.O([C@@H]1[C@@]2(C[C@@H](C(C)=C(C2(C)C)[C@H](C([C@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@H]3OC[C@]3([C@H]21)OC(C)=O)=O)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(=O)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C=1C=CC=CC=1)O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KOHFSROUOPQYJK-NOSCCTPQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004115 pentoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229950009195 phenylpropanol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000036470 plasma concentration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001501 propionyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007039 two-step reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGWKCGZFUXNPDA-XQKSVPLYSA-N vincristine Chemical compound C([N@]1C[C@@H](C[C@]2(C(=O)OC)C=3C(=CC4=C([C@]56[C@H]([C@@]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@]7(CC)C=CCN([C@H]67)CC5)(O)C(=O)OC)N4C=O)C=3)OC)C[C@@](C1)(O)CC)CC1=C2NC2=CC=CC=C12 OGWKCGZFUXNPDA-XQKSVPLYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004528 vincristine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OGWKCGZFUXNPDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N vincristine Natural products C1C(CC)(O)CC(CC2(C(=O)OC)C=3C(=CC4=C(C56C(C(C(OC(C)=O)C7(CC)C=CCN(C67)CC5)(O)C(=O)OC)N4C=O)C=3)OC)CN1CCC1=C2NC2=CC=CC=C12 OGWKCGZFUXNPDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G81/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/337—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having four-membered rings, e.g. taxol
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
- A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
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- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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Description
1)下記一般式(1)
で表される化合物と、一般式(1)で表される化合物に対してm当量〜5m当量のカルボジイミド系化合物とを溶媒中30〜60℃で2〜48時間反応させて得られるブロック共重合体;
2)下記一般式(2)
で表される化合物と、置換基を有していてもよいアリール(C1〜C8)アルキルアルコールあるいは置換基を有していてもよいアリール(C1〜C8)アルキルハライドとを反応させて得られる側鎖カルボン酸の部分エステル化物に、次いで、一般式(2)で表される化合物に対して(x+y)当量〜5(x+y)当量のカルボジイミド系化合物を溶媒中30〜60℃で2〜48時間反応させて得られるブロック共重合体;
3)R1がメチル基、R2がトリメチレン基、R3がメチレン基、R4がアセチル基であり、nが20〜500、mは10〜100、xは0〜100、yは0〜100である上記1)又は2)に記載のブロック共重合体;
4)カルボジイミド系化合物が、ジエチルカルボジイミド、ジイソプロピルカルボジイミド、ジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミド又は1−エチル−3−(3−ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミド若しくはその無機塩である上記1)〜3)のいずれか1項に記載のブロック共重合体;
5)カルボジイミド系化合物がジイソプロピルカルボジイミドである上記1)〜3)のいずれか1項に記載のブロック共重合体;
6)下記一般式(3)
で表されるブロック共重合体;
7)R1がメチル基、R2がトリメチレン基、R3がメチレン基、R4がアセチル基であり、R5における置換基を有していてもよいアリール(C1〜C8)アルコキシ基がベンジルオキシ基又は4−フェニル−1−ブトキシ基、R6、R7がイソプロピル基であり、nが20〜500、mが10〜100、x'が0〜100、y'が0〜100である上記6)に記載のブロック共重合体;
8)R5が水酸基である割合がmの0〜75%であり、置換基を有していてもよいアリール(C1〜C8)アルコキシ基である割合がmの10〜80%であり、−N(R6)−CO−NHR7である割合がmの11〜30%である上記6)又は7)に記載のブロック共重合体;
9)R5が水酸基である割合がmの0%である上記8)に記載のブロック共重合体;
10)上記1)〜9)のいずれか1項に記載のブロック共重合体と難水溶性抗癌剤とから形成されるミセル調製物;
11)難水溶性抗癌剤がタキサン系抗癌剤である上記10)記載のミセル調製物;
12)タキサン系抗癌剤がパクリタキセルである上記11)記載のミセル調製物;
13)上記10)〜12)のいずれか1項に記載のミセル調製物を有効成分とする抗癌剤;
に関する。
a法:攪拌による薬物の封入法
難水溶性抗癌剤を、必要により水混和性の有機溶媒に溶解して、ブロック共重合体分散水溶液と攪拌混合する。なお、攪拌混合時に加熱してもよい。
b法:溶媒揮散法
難水溶性抗癌剤の水非混和性の有機溶媒溶液をブロック共重合体分散水溶液中に混和し、攪拌しながら有機溶媒を揮散させる。
c法:透析法
水混和性の有機溶媒に難水溶性抗癌剤及びブロック共重合体を溶解した後、得られる溶液を、透析膜を用いて緩衝液及び/又は水中にて透析する。
d法:その他の方法
水非混和性の有機溶媒に難水溶性抗癌剤及びブロック共重合体を溶解し、得られる溶液を水と混合し、攪拌して水中油(O/W)型エマルジョンを形成し、次いで有機溶媒を揮散させる。
特許文献2に記載された方法にて製造したPEG(平均分子量12000)−pAsp(ポリアスパラギン酸;平均重合数40)−Ac(上記一般式(2)のR1がメチル基、R2がトリメチレン基、R3がメチレン基、R4がアセチル基、nが約272、xが約10、yが約30、以下PEG−pAsp−Acと略す)42.00gにDMF(630mL)を加え、25℃で溶解し、DMAP(9.90g)及び4−フェニル−1−ブタノール(10.93mL)、DIPCI(15.86mL)を添加し、同温度で24時間反応させた。この反応液に酢酸エチル1.58L、次いで、ヘキサン4.73Lを加え沈殿をろ過回収し、減圧乾燥して粗結晶49.56gを得た。この粗結晶を50%含水アセトニトリルに溶解後、陽イオン交換樹脂ダウエックス50w8(ダウ・ケミカル社製)300mLに通液し、更に、50%含水アセトニトリルで洗浄した。溶出液を減圧濃縮後、凍結乾燥してブロック共重合体1を48.25g得た。
陰イオン交換HPLC測定条件
カラム:TSKgel DEAE―5PW(東ソー株式会社製)
サンプル濃度:10mg/mL
注入量:20μL
カラム温度:40℃
移動相
(A)20mMトリス塩酸緩衝液(pH8.0):アセトニトリル=80:20
(B)20mMトリス塩酸緩衝液+1M塩化ナトリウム水溶液(pH8.0):アセトニトリル=80:20
流速:1mL/min
グラジエント条件 B%(分):10(0)、10(5)、100(40)、10(40.1)、stop(50.1)
検出器:紫外可視分光光度計検出器(検出波長260nm)
特許文献2に記載された方法にて製造したPEG−pAsp−Ac(10.00g)にDMF200mLを加え、35℃で溶解し、DMAP(2.20g)及び4−フェニル−1−ブタノール(3.47mL)、DIPCI(3.70mL)を添加し、同温度で20時間反応させた。この反応液に酢酸エチル0.5L、次いで、ヘキサン1.5Lを加え沈殿をろ過回収して、減圧乾燥し粗結晶11.67gを得た。この粗結晶を50%含水アセトニトリルに溶解後、陽イオン交換樹脂ダウエックス50w8(100mL)に通液してDMAP等を除去し、更に、50%含水アセトニトリルで洗浄した。溶出液を減圧濃縮後、凍結乾燥してブロック共重合体3を11.35g得た。
特許文献2に記載された方法にて製造したPEG−pAsp−Ac(3.0g)をDMF(120mL)に溶解し、臭化ベンジル(0.60mL)及び1,8−ジアザビシクロ[5.4.0]ウンデカ−7−エン(0.75mL)を加え、35℃にて17時間反応させた。この反応液をジイソプロピルエーテル:エタノール(4:1)混液(1.2L)に滴下し、沈殿をろ過回収して減圧乾燥し粗結晶3.17gを得た。この粗結晶を30%アセトニトリル水溶液に溶解後、陽イオン交換樹脂ダウエックス50w8(40mL)に通液し、更に、30%アセトニトリルで洗浄した。溶出液を減圧濃縮後、凍結乾燥してブロック共重合体4を2.99g得た。
特許文献2に記載された方法にて製造したPEG−pAsp−Ac(2.0g)にDMF(30mL)を加え、25℃で溶解し、DMAP(0.472g)及びベンジルアルコール(499μL)、DIPCI(755μL)を添加し、同温度で21時間反応させた。この反応液に酢酸エチル75mL、次いでヘキサン225mLを加え、沈殿をろ過回収して減圧乾燥し粗結晶2.28gを得た。この粗結晶を50%含水アセトニトリルに溶解後、陽イオン交換樹脂ダウエックス50w8(30mL)に通液し、更に、50%含水アセトニトリルで洗浄した。溶出液を減圧濃縮後、凍結乾燥してブロック共重合体6を2.10g得た。
スクリュー管瓶に実施例1のブロック共重合体2を300mg秤量し、40mg/mLマルトース水溶液30mLを加え撹拌し分散液とした後、撹拌しながら4℃まで冷却した。更に、30mg/mLパクリタキセルのジクロロメタン溶液3mLを加え、密栓せず冷蔵庫内で16時間撹拌し、超音波処理(130W、10分間)をし、ミセル調製物を得た。そのパクリタキセル濃度は2.2mg/mLであった。又、光散乱粒子測定装置(パーティクル・サイジング・システム社製)による平均粒子径は57.8nmであった。
雌性CDF1マウスに対してブロック共重合体1又はブロック共重合体2を5%ブドウ糖注射液で溶解してマウス尾静脈より333mg/kgの用量を投与し、投与1日後の体重変動を計測した。対照群として同量の生理食塩水を投与した。結果を表2に示す。
雌性CDF1マウスの背側部皮下にマウス結腸癌Colon26細胞を移植し、腫瘍の体積が100mm3前後に達した時点から実施例4のミセル調製物又は対照薬としてパクリタキセル単剤をマウス尾静脈より4日間隔で3回投与し、進行癌に対する効果を検討した。ミセル調製物は5%ブドウ糖液で希釈し、3mg/mLのパクリタキセル換算濃度の溶液とした。パクリタキセル単剤はエタノールで溶解後、エタノールと等量のクレモホール(シグマ社製)を加え、パクリタキセル濃度が30mg/mLになるように調製し、投与直前に生理食塩水で希釈し3mg/mLとした。各薬剤の抗腫瘍効果は、投与後11日目の薬剤未投与群の平均腫瘍体積に対する薬剤投与群の平均腫瘍体積の百分率(T/C%)で判定した。数値が小さいほど有効であることを示す。結果を表3に示す。
各薬剤は試験例2(Colon26に対するin vivo抗腫瘍効果)と同様の方法で調製した。パクリタキセル50mg/kg相当のミセル調製物又はパクリタキセル単剤を、マウス結腸癌Colon26を背部移植した雌性CDF1マウスの尾静脈より投与後、所定時間に腋下動脈より全採血した。遠心分離して得た血漿0.01mLに水0.2mL及びアセトニトリル1mLを加えて除たん白処理(3回)した後、t−ブチルメチルエーテル2mLを加えて液−液抽出した。有機層を回収し、乾固後、HPLC用溶解液0.4mLに溶解してHPLCによりパクリタキセル濃度を測定した。腫瘍は0.5%酢酸を加えてホモジナイズし、1%腫瘍ホモジネートを調製した後、1%腫瘍ホモジネート0.1mLに水0.1mL及びアセトニトリル1mLを加えて除たん白処理(3回)した後、t−ブチルメチルエーテル2mLを加えて液−液抽出した。有機層を濃縮し、HPLC用溶解液0.4mLに溶解してHPLCによりパクリタキセル濃度を測定した。結果を表4及び5に示す。
雌性CDF1マウスに対して本発明のミセル調製物又はパクリタキセル単剤を5日間連続してマウス尾静脈より投与し、パクリタキセルの末梢神経障害の指標となるマウス後肢の伸展反射を観察した。各薬剤は試験例2(Colon26に対するin vivo抗腫瘍効果)と同様の方法で調製した。投与量はパクリタキセル換算量で30mg/kgとした。結果を表6に示す。
Claims (5)
- 下記一般式(3)
[式中、R1は水素原子又は(C1〜C5)アルキル基を示し、R2は(C1〜C5)アルキレン基を示し、R3はメチレン基又はエチレン基を示し、R4は水素原子又は(C1〜C4)アシル基を示し、R5は水酸基;メトキシ基、エトキシ基、イソプロポキシ基、n−ブトキシ基、t−ブトキシ基、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ニトロ基及びシアノ基からなる群から選ばれる置換基を有していてもよいアリール(C1〜C8)アルコキシ基又は−N(R6)−CO−NHR7を示し、R6、R7は同一でも異なっていてもよく(C3〜C6)環状アルキル基若しくは三級アミノ基で置換されていてもよい(C1〜C5)アルキル基を示し、nは5〜1000、mは2〜300、x'は0〜300、y'は0〜300を示す。ただし、x'とy'の和は1以上で且つmより大きくないものとし、R5が水酸基である割合がmの0%であり、上記アリール(C1〜C8)アルコキシ基である割合がmの10〜80%であり、−N(R6)−CO−NHR7である割合がmの11〜30%である]
で表されるブロック共重合体と難水溶性抗癌剤とから形成されるミセル調製物。 - R1がメチル基、R2がトリメチレン基、R3がメチレン基、R4がアセチル基であり、R5における上記アリール(C1〜C8)アルコキシ基がベンジルオキシ基又は4−フェニル−1−ブトキシ基、R6、R7がイソプロピル基であり、nが20〜500、mが10〜100、x'が0〜100、y'が0〜100である請求項1に記載のミセル調製物。
- 難水溶性抗癌剤がタキサン系抗癌剤である請求項1又は2に記載のミセル調製物。
- タキサン系抗癌剤がパクリタキセルである請求項3に記載のミセル調製物。
- 請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のミセル調製物を有効成分とする抗癌剤。
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TWI394773B (zh) | 2013-05-01 |
| EP1792927A1 (en) | 2007-06-06 |
| ES2410591T3 (es) | 2013-07-02 |
| PT1792927E (pt) | 2013-05-15 |
| RU2375384C2 (ru) | 2009-12-10 |
| KR20070056113A (ko) | 2007-05-31 |
| CA2581125C (en) | 2013-04-23 |
| EP1792927A4 (en) | 2011-11-30 |
| PL1792927T3 (pl) | 2013-09-30 |
| TW200616663A (en) | 2006-06-01 |
| AU2005285953A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
| RU2007115075A (ru) | 2008-10-27 |
| US9434822B2 (en) | 2016-09-06 |
| DK1792927T3 (da) | 2013-06-10 |
| BRPI0515573A (pt) | 2008-07-29 |
| JPWO2006033296A1 (ja) | 2008-05-15 |
| JP2011173908A (ja) | 2011-09-08 |
| WO2006033296A1 (ja) | 2006-03-30 |
| US20140024703A1 (en) | 2014-01-23 |
| CN101023119A (zh) | 2007-08-22 |
| US20150259479A1 (en) | 2015-09-17 |
| EP1792927B1 (en) | 2013-03-06 |
| AU2005285953B2 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
| KR101203475B1 (ko) | 2012-11-21 |
| US20080113028A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
| TWI394774B (zh) | 2013-05-01 |
| TW201302850A (zh) | 2013-01-16 |
| JP4820758B2 (ja) | 2011-11-24 |
| CN101023119B (zh) | 2010-05-05 |
| CA2581125A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
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