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CN101594878A - 通过给予受体相关蛋白(rap)-缀合物对肝病症的治疗 - Google Patents

通过给予受体相关蛋白(rap)-缀合物对肝病症的治疗 Download PDF

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CN101594878A
CN101594878A CNA200780042719XA CN200780042719A CN101594878A CN 101594878 A CN101594878 A CN 101594878A CN A200780042719X A CNA200780042719X A CN A200780042719XA CN 200780042719 A CN200780042719 A CN 200780042719A CN 101594878 A CN101594878 A CN 101594878A
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T·C·赞克尔
C·M·斯塔尔
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Horizon Pharmaceutical LLC
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Abstract

本发明涉及受体相关蛋白(RAP)和其片段和变体用于改进治疗化合物向肝的递送的用途,并且提供了治疗肝病症和病患的方法,例如肝癌,通过给予缀合于活性剂的RAP或RAP变体。

Description

通过给予受体相关蛋白(RAP)-缀合物对肝病症的治疗
相关申请的交叉参考
【0001】本申请请求享受于2006年9月18日提交的在先提交国际申请号PCT/US06/36453的优先权,其全文引入本文以供参考。
发明领域
【0002】本发明涉及受体相关蛋白(RAP),RAP片段和RAP变体在治疗肝病症或病患的方法中的用途,所述方法包括给予与治疗剂或活性剂缀合的RAP多肽。
发明背景
【0003】LRP1是低密度脂蛋白受体“LDLR”的成员。LRP1是4525个氨基酸的大蛋白(600kDa),其被弗林蛋白酶切割以产生保持非共价结合的515-(α)kD和85-(β)kDa的两种亚基。LRP表达于大多数组织类型中,但主要发现于肝中。低密度脂蛋白(LDL)受体家族的其他成员包括LDL-R(132kDa);LRP2(巨蛋白,gp330);LRP/LRP1和LRP1B(600kDa);VLDL-R(130kDa);LRP5;LRP6;apoER-2(LRP-8,130kDa);嵌合LDL-R(LR11,250KDa);和其他成员例如LRP3、LRP6和LRP-7。
【0004】LRP1据信是多功能受体。类似于在LDL受体中所发现的那样,结合重复序列是结合先前认为不相关的多种配体的能力的分子原理。这些包括配体乳铁蛋白(lactoferrin),受体相关蛋白(RAP),脂蛋白脂肪酶,apoE,因子VIII,β-淀粉状蛋白前体,α-2-巨球蛋白,血小板反应蛋白2MMP-2(基质金属蛋白酶-2),MPP-9-TIMP-1(基质金属蛋白酶-1的组织抑制剂);uPA(尿激酶纤溶酶原激活物):PAI-I(纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1):uPAR(uPA受体);和tPA(组织纤溶酶原激活物):PAI-1:uPAR,假单胞菌外毒素A,和人鼻病毒。见Meilinger等,FEBS Lett,360:70-74(1995).LRP1具有GenBank登录号:X 13916和SwissProt原始登录号:Q07954。LRP1基因/蛋白的可选名字包括:低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1[前体],LRP,α-2-巨球蛋白受体,A2MR,脱脂载脂蛋白E受体,ApoER,CD91,LRP1或A2MR。
【0005】内质网伴侣蛋白,受体相关蛋白(RAP),结合大多数LDLR之内的互补重复(CR)序列。RAP辅助分泌途径之内的LDLR的折叠并且拮抗所有其他已知配体与LDLR的结合(Bu,(2001)Int RevCytol 209,79-116)。尽管缺少RAP的详细结构信息,RAP与CR折叠的关联已被受体结合测定,热量测定法,和诱变的组合广泛表征(Andersen,等,(2001)Biochemistry 40,15408-15417;Andersen,等,(2000)J Biol Chem 275,21017-21024;Migliorini,等,(2003)J Biol Chem278,17986-17992;Neels,等,(1999)J Biol Chem 274,31305-31311;Horn,等,(1997)J Biol Chem 272,13608-13613))。
【0006】RAP由一组三种弱同源的结构域组成(Obermoeller,等,(1997)J Biol Chem 272,10761-10768)。这些结构域(d1,d2和d3)的每种已经显示出以不同的亲和性结合LDLR胞外结构域之内直接邻接的CR序列对。LDLR上的全长RAP的每种效果,包括促进大多数其他配体的折叠和抑制其结合(除了α-2-巨球蛋白),被RAPd3单独重演。RAP d3包括成熟Uniprot P30533的氨基酸200-323和前体UniprotP30533的氨基酸234-357。
【0007】肝细胞是被覆(lining)肝血管血窦的上皮细胞。这种细胞类型构成大约80%的总肝质量,提供器官功能必需的大的血管接触表面。肝细胞表达大量的低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LRP1),其参与脂蛋白代谢,特别是乳糜微粒残余的清除(1,2,3),以及其他循环蛋白吸收入肝中(2,4,5)。与其生理功能一致,LRP1是高度有效的配体运输受体,以快速的内化和再循环率(6)经历组成型胞吞作用。内化之后,LRP1将结合的物质(cargo)递送到溶酶体,在那儿蛋白被快速降解。
【0008】肝细胞癌(HCC)产生于肝细胞或它们的前体。HCC是世界范围内第五最普遍的癌症,第三最普遍的癌症相关死亡原因,并且在美国已经显示出渐增的发生率(7,8,9,10,11,12)。发展肝细胞癌的可能性随着病毒感染(乙型和丙型肝炎),酒精中毒,吸烟和肥胖症而增加。这种疾病的预测是很差的,报道了5年的平均存活率低于5%。外科手术切除,移植和物理切除是治疗的首选,但是仅仅5到10%的患者呈现出适于这些方法的肿瘤。肿瘤大小,肝内肿瘤切除,转移,器官功能的减少水平和高水平的复发限制了外科手术干预的有效性(13)。经动脉化疗栓塞(chemoembolism)(其中血液供应到肿瘤被阻塞(栓塞)并且直接给予肿瘤化疗的方法)和肝内化疗(直接将化疗引入肝组织)已经显示出在一些情况中是有帮助的,而且产生了低的总应答率(14,15)。全身化疗,例如阿霉素产生15-20%的应答,两者都是因为有效化疗的全身毒性和对所述的肿瘤细胞抗性(16,17)。由于HCC病例大多数发生于肝功能已经缺乏抵抗力的患者中,有效化疗方案,其大多数导致一些肝细胞毒性,由于不充分的肝储存和爆发性肝功能衰竭的风险,经通常是禁忌的。缀合治疗剂例如90钇,在静脉给药之后靶向递送到肝中,将显著降低与这些药物相关的全身毒性,降低在HCC治疗过程中对患者的风险。提供这种靶向递送的方法可应用肝特异性分子,或以高亲和性结合肝上受体的配体,例如,RAP。
【0009】因此,本领域需要通过利用高亲和性配体将治疗剂选择性肿瘤靶向到肝,例如,RAP-依赖血媒递送化疗剂或其他试剂到肝细胞位置,而进一步减少患者风险,以治疗肝癌或其他肝疾病。
发明概述
【0010】本发明涉及RAP,RAP片段和RAP变体用于治疗个体中的肝病症的用途,通过给予具有改进的转运入肝的RAP-缀合的活性剂。
【0011】在一个方面,本发明提供了治疗个体中肝病症的方法,包括给予所述个体有效量的缀合物,所述缀合物包含(a)选自SEQ IDNO:1(RAP)的受体相关蛋白,保持大约1-5nM的RAP对LRP1的结合亲和性的RAP片段和RAP变体的受体结合部分,其附着于(b)用于治疗肝病症的活性剂。
【0012】RAP变体分子可构成全长人RAP的部分。在一个实施方式中,RAP变体缺失了来自SEQ ID NO:1的N-末端的至少200且最多达243个氨基酸。在一个相关实施方式中,RAP片段或变体缺失了来自SEQ ID NO:1的N-末端的243个氨基酸。在另一实施方式中,RAP变体缺失了来自C-末端的最多11个氨基酸,并且可进一步缺失来自SEQ ID NO:1的C-末端的至少4个氨基酸。在一个进一步的实施方式中,RAP变体包含成熟RAP(SEQ ID NO:1)的连续部分,所述连续部分(a)长度为至少71个氨基酸并且(b)包含氨基酸256-270。在一个相关实施方式中,RAP变体包含RAP d3(SEQ ID NO:2)的连续部分,所述连续部分(a)长度为至少71个氨基酸并且(b)包含氨基酸256-270。
【0013】在一个实施方式中,RAP变体具有在RAP的第三结构域(d3)之内的突变。RAP d3包含成熟RAP(Uniprot P30533)(SEQ IDNO:2)的氨基酸200-323和前体RAP(Uniprot P30533)的氨基酸234-357。在另一实施方式中,涉及了包含缺乏成熟P30533的RAP的至少氨基酸1-143的RAP变体的多肽。在一个进一步的实施方式中,RAP变体缺少成熟RAP的至少氨基酸1-143和氨基酸320-323。在另一实施方式中,多肽缺少成熟P30533的RAP的最多4个C-末端氨基酸。
【0014】在一个相关实施方式中,本发明预期了一种方法,其中受体结合部分是环RAP肽,其长度小于大约85个氨基酸,包含与SEQ ID NO:4至少70%同一的50个连续氨基酸,并且其结合LRP1。在一个相关实施方式中,环RAP肽以大约1×10-8M或更低的Kd结合LRP1。
【0015】在另一方面,本发明提供了方法,其中RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体包含突变。在一个实施方式中,突变包含相对于SEQ IDNO:1的天然RAP的一个或更多个保守取代。在另一实施方式中,突变是用碱性氨基酸取代酸性氨基酸。在一个实施方式中,所述酸性氨基酸选自D和E。在一个相关实施方式中,所述碱性氨基酸选自K和R。
【0016】在一个相关的方面,RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体中的所述突变是用酸性氨基酸取代碱性氨基酸。在一个实施方式中,所述碱性氨基酸选自K和R。在另一实施方式中,所述酸性氨基酸选自D和E。
【0017】在一个进一步的实施方式中,所述突变是用选自F、Y、W和H的氨基酸取代选自A、C、D、E、G、I、K、L、M、N、P、Q、R、S、T、和V的氨基酸。在一个相关实施方式中,预期用于本发明的RAP片段或RAP变体包含在成熟RAP的位点251、256、257、266、270、279、280、296或305中任一位点的突变。
【0018】除了单独的RAP变体,本发明预期了RAP结构域或RAP结构域变体的寡聚组合。RAP编码序列已被分为三种先前已定义的结构域。每种结构域包含具有大约10kD的分子量的大约100个氨基酸。结构域1(或d1)由Genbank登录号P30533的成熟序列的氨基酸1-94组成;结构域2(或d2)由氨基酸95-198组成;并且结构域3(或d3)由氨基酸199-319组成,缺少C-末端4个氨基酸的保持信号(SEQ ID NO:9)。
【0019】因此,本发明预期了RAP结构域变体包括多肽,所述多肽包含RAP d1的2或更多个变体,包含RAP d2的2或更多个变体,包含RAP d3的2或更多个变体,包含RAP d1变体和RAP d3变体但缺少RAP d2,包含多种组合的RAP d1的2或更多个变体以及RAP d2或RAP d3的2或更多个变体(例如,d1-d3、d1-d3-d3、d1-d1-d3、d1-d1-d3-d3、d1-d3-d1-d3、d1-d3-d1-d3-d1、d3、d1-d2-d1、d2-d2-d3、d3-d2-d3、d2-d3-d2-d3-d2-d3等),包括相同序列或交替序列的连续重复,包含多种组合的RAP d1和d2的多种变体,或包含多种组合的RAPd2和d3的多种变体。多种组合可以是连续的或被肽接头分隔,所述肽接头使得结构域呈现为允许结构域结合同一含CR的蛋白之内的不同CR对或结合不同含CR蛋白的CR对的3维构象。
【0020】因此,在示例性实施方式中,本发明预期了包含RAP d3的2或更多个变体的寡聚组合,其中RAP d3变体是本文所述的环RAP肽。
【0021】本发明进一步预期了包含缀合于诊断或治疗试剂的多肽受体相关蛋白(RAP),RAP变体,RAP片段或变体的组合的缀合物的用途。在一个实施方式中,多肽和诊断或治疗试剂通过接头连接。在一个进一步的实施方式中,所述接头是肽接头。
【0022】在一个相关实施方式中,本发明提供了在药学上可接受载体,稀释剂或赋形剂中的包含缀合于诊断或治疗试剂的RAP变体的药物组合物的用途。
【0023】在另一方面,本发明提供了产生RAP变体和缀合物的方法,所述RAP变体和缀合物的量足以确保治疗性地应用包含所述RAP变体和RAP缀合物的组合物。本发明还提供了编码包含可用于本发明方法的RAP,RAP片段和RAP变体的任何前述多肽的核酸。还提供了包含所述核酸的载体,包含所述核酸或载体的宿主细胞,和产生所述多肽的方法,所述方法包括步骤:在适合的培养基中培养宿主细胞并且从所述宿主细胞或培养基分离多肽。
【0024】在一个方面,本发明提供了用于治疗与肝损害相关的疾病或病症的方法,其中肝病症或疾病选自肝癌,肝炎,肝硬化,真菌,立克次氏体或寄生虫感染,与酒精,化学毒素,和药物毒性相关的损害,代谢肝疾病,先天自身免疫肝疾病,胆道阻塞,肝脂肪变性(steatis),胆汁郁积,和肝切除术后病症。在一个实施方式中,肝癌是肝细胞癌。
【0025】在一个相关实施方式中,肝癌选自肝细胞癌并且活性剂部分是细胞毒性化疗剂。
【0026】在一个进一步的实施方式中,病症是肝肿瘤或肝中的肿瘤转移,并且治疗剂是化疗剂。
【0027】在一个方面,本发明提供了用于治疗的方法,其中活性剂是细胞毒性剂。在一个实施方式中,细胞毒性剂选自盐酸二氯甲二乙胺,环磷酰胺,异环磷酰胺,苯丁酸氮芥,美法兰,白消安,噻替派,卡莫司汀,洛莫司汀,氮烯咪胺和链脲霉素。
【0028】在一个相关方面,细胞毒性剂是放射性同位素。在相关实施方式中,放射性同位素选自131I、125I、111In、90Y、67Cu、127Lu、212Bi、213Bi、255Fm、149Tb、223Rd、213Pb、212Pb、211At、89Sr、153Sm、166Ho、225Ac、186Re、67Ga、68Ga和99mTc。
【0029】在仍然进一步的方面,本发明的方法提供了待治疗的病症是由病毒引起的肝炎,并且治疗剂是抗病毒剂。
附图简述
【0030】图1A-B描绘了RAP d3,MegaRAP1 d3(RAPv2A d3)和中间序列变体与LRP2 CR89和LRP1 CR3-5的结合。图1A图示了RAP d3突变体和RAPv2A d3回复突变体与LRP2 CR89的结合。图1B图示了RAP d3突变体和RAPv2A d3回复突变体与LRP1 CR3-5的结合。数据描绘了曲线并且用假定单结合位点的非线性回归(GraphPadPrism)拟合。具有标准偏差的Kd值源于回归分析。
【0031】图2显示了将RAP肽-毒素缀合物给予表达LRP1受体的细胞之后细胞死亡的百分比。
【0032】图3图示了环RAP和多聚化环RAP肽的结构。
【0033】图4显示了mRAPc多聚化肽体内在组织中的吸收和生物分布。
【0034】表2显示了将RAP d3和RAP v2(RAP v2A)变体结合于LRP1 CR3-5和LRP2 CR89的数据。NF指示结合不能被测量或数据不能利用假定单结合位点的非线性回归被可信赖地拟合。最大结合百分比是每种配体的最高测试浓度时的OD比率,并且对于在该浓度时的所有所述配体测量最高OD。
发明详述
【0035】本发明涉及将化合物递送到肝中的方法,包括给予RAP蛋白缀合物,所述RAP蛋白缀合物结合肝受体LRP1并且内化入肝。RAP缀合物的内化是将治疗性化合物或其他活性剂递送到肝以治疗肝疾病或病症的有效方法。
【0036】A.定义
【0037】除非另外定义,本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本发明所属领域普通技术人员的通常理解相同的意思。下列参考文献提供给技术人员本发明使用的许多术语的一般定义:Singleton,等,DICTIONARY OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY(2d ed.1994);THE CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY(Walker ed.,1988);THE GLOSSARY OF GENETICS,5TH ED.,R.Rieger,等(eds.),Springer Verlag(1991);和Hale andMarham,THE HARPER COLLINS DICTIONARY OF BIOLOGY(1991)。
【0038】本文引用的每篇公开文献,专利申请,专利,或其他参考文献以不与本公开矛盾的程度全文通过援引并入本文。
【0039】应注意本说明书和所附权利要求中使用的单数形式“一个”,“一种”,“该”包括复数参考,除非上下文清楚地另外表示。
【0040】如本文使用的,下列术语具有属于它们的意思,除非另外说明。
【0041】本文使用的“肝肿瘤和肝中或肝周围其他瘤形成”包括在肝中或肝周围发展的原发性肿瘤和/或转移。它还可表示肝肿瘤的转移,其迁移到身体的别处,但保持对与化疗剂缀合的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽的反应性。许多类型的所述肿瘤和瘤形成是已知的。原发性肝肿瘤包括肝细胞癌和本领域已知的其他肿瘤。如本文使用的,肿瘤和瘤形成可与肝和肝组织相关。所述肿瘤通常是实体瘤,或者它们是弥散性肿瘤,聚集局限于肝。根据本发明治疗的肿瘤或瘤形成可以是恶性的或良性的,并且可先前已利用化疗,放疗和/或其他治疗方法治疗过。
【0042】术语“有效量”表示足以对个体的健康病症,病理,和疾病或为诊断的目的产生期望结果的剂量。期望的结果可包含剂量接受体中主观或客观的改善。“治疗有效量”表示产生希望的健康上的有益效果的试剂有效量。
【0043】“小有机分子”表示与通常用于药物的有机分子大小相当的有机分子。该术语排除了有机生物聚合物(例如,蛋白,核酸等)。优选的小有机分子大小范围在最高达大约5,000Da,最高达大约2,000Da,或最高达大约1,000Da。
【0044】诊断或治疗的“个体”是人或非人动物,包括哺乳动物或灵长类动物。
【0045】“治疗”表示预防性治疗或治疗性治疗或诊断治疗。
【0046】“预防性”治疗是为了降低发展中的病理的风险给予没有显示出疾病的病征或仅仅显示早期病征的个体的治疗。本发明的缀合化合物可作为预防性治疗给予以降低发展病理的可能性,或使得病理的严重性最小化,如果发展了的话。
【0047】“治疗性”治疗是为了减少或消除病征或症状给予显示出病理的病征或症状的个体的治疗。病征或症状可以是生化的,细胞的,组织学的,功能性的,主观的或客观的。本发明的缀合化合物可作为治疗性治疗或为了诊断而给予。
【0048】“诊断”表示鉴定病理病症的存在或性质。诊断方法在它们的特异性和选择性上存在不同。虽然特定的诊断方法不能提供病症的确定的诊断,只要该方法提供了辅助诊断的阳性指示就足够了。
【0049】“药物组合物”表示适于药学应用于受试动物,包括人和哺乳动物,的组合物。药物组合物包含药理学上有效量的与活性剂缀合的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽,并且还包含药学上可接受的载体。药学组合物包括包含活性成分和构成载体的惰性成分的组合物,以及直接或间接产生于任何两种或更多种这些成分的组合,络合或聚集,或直接或间接产生于一种或更多种这些成分的离解,或直接或间接产生于一种或更多种这些成分的其它类型的反应或相互作用的任何产物。相应地,本发明的药物组合物包括通过混合本发明的缀合化合物和药学上可接受的载体而制备的任何组合物。
【0050】“药学上可接受的载体”表示任何标准药物载体,缓冲剂,和赋形剂,例如磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液,5%右旋糖水溶液,和乳剂,例如油/水或水/油乳剂,和多种类型的湿润剂和/或佐剂。适合的药物载体和制剂描述于Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences,19th Ed.(MackPublishing Co.,Easton,1995)。优选的药物载体依赖于期望的活性剂的给药方式。典型的给药方式包括肠内(例如,口服)或肠胃外(例如,皮下,肌肉内,静脉内或腹膜内注射;或局部,经皮,或经粘膜给药)。“药学上可接受盐”是可配制为用于药学用途的化合物的盐,包括例如,金属盐(钠,钾,镁,钙等)和氨或有机胺的盐。
【0051】本文使用的术语“单位剂量形式”表示适于作为用于人和动物个体的单位剂量的物理上分离的单元,每个单元包含以足以产生期望效果的量计算的预定量的本发明化合物,与药学上可接受的稀释剂,载体或媒介物的组合。本发明的新的单位剂量形式的说明依赖于利用的特定缀合物和要达到的效果,和宿主中与每种化合物相关的药效学。
【0052】本文使用的“调节”表示改变的能力,通过提高或降低(例如,作为拮抗剂或激动剂起作用)。
【0053】本文使用的“相对提高的递送”表示RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体-缀合活性剂在期望的递送位点的聚集的效果相对于未缀合的活性剂的聚集是提高的。
【0054】“治疗指数”表示超过最小治疗量并在不可接受的毒性量之下的剂量范围(量和/或时间安排)。
【0055】“当量剂量”表示包含相同量活性剂的剂量。
【0056】“多核苷酸”表示由核苷酸单元组成的聚合物。多核苷酸包括天然存在的核酸,例如脱氧核糖核酸(“DNA”)和核糖核酸(“RNA”)以及核酸类似物。核酸类似物包括那些包括非天然存在的碱基,参与天然存在的磷酸二酯键之外的与其他核苷酸的连接的核苷酸,或包括通过磷酸二酯键之外的键附着的碱基的核苷酸的物质。因此,核苷酸类似物包括,例如和非限制性地,硫代磷酸酯,二硫代磷酸酯,磷酸三酯,氨基磷酸酯,硼烷磷酸酯(boranophosphates),磷酸甲酯,手性磷酸甲酯,2-O-甲基核糖核苷酸,肽-核酸(PNAs)等。所述多核苷酸可被合成,例如,利用自动DNA合成仪。术语“核酸”典型地表示大的多核苷酸。术语“寡核苷酸”典型地表示短的多核苷酸,通常不大于大约50个核苷酸。将理解当核苷酸序列由DNA序列(即,A,T,G,C)表示时,这也包括了RNA序列(即,A,U,G,C),其中“U”代替了“T”。编码蛋白的核苷酸序列和RNA可包括内含子。
【0057】“cDNA”表示与mRNA互补或相同的DNA,以单链或双链形式。
【0058】传统的符号用于本文以描述多核苷酸序列:单链多核苷酸序列的左侧末端是5’-末端;双链多核苷酸序列的左侧方向表示为5′-方向。5′到3′的方向添加核苷酸到新生RNA转录物表示为转录方向。具有与mRNA相同序列的DNA链表示为“编码链“;在具有与从该DNA转录来的mRNA相同序列的DNA链上并且位于RNA转录物的5′-末端的5′的序列表示为“上游序列”;在具有与该RNA相同序列的DNA链上并且位于编码RNA转录物3′末端的3′的序列表示为“下游序列”。
【0059】“互补”表示两种多核苷酸的相互作用的表面在一起的拓扑兼容性或匹配性。因此,这两种分子可被描述为互补的,并且,接触表面的特征是互相互补的。如果第一多核苷酸的核苷酸序列与第二多核苷酸的多核苷酸结合伴侣的核苷酸序列相同,则第一多核苷酸与第二多核苷酸互补。因此,序列为5′-TATAC-3′的多核苷酸与序列为5′-GTATA-3′的多核苷酸互补。
【0060】具有超过100个互补残基的互补核酸在Southern或Northern印迹中的滤器上杂交的严格杂交条件的一个例子是50%福尔马林,1mg肝素,42℃,杂交过夜实施。高度严格洗涤条件的一个例子是0.15M NaCl,72℃,进行大约15分钟。严格洗涤条件的一个例子是65℃,0.2X SSC洗涤15分钟(关于SSC缓冲液的描述见,Sambrook等)。
【0061】“互补-重复”或“CR”,也称为低密度脂蛋白受体A型结构域(LDL-A,Pfam),是通过六个半胱氨酸和一组酸性氨基酸以及其他特征定义的蛋白结构域家族的一个成员。大量互补重复序列已被发现折叠为称为LDL受体样模块的限定结构(蛋白的结构分类,SCOP)。CR结构域构成了许多受体的配体结合决定簇,包括属于LDLR的受体。在每种CR之内的线性氨基酸序列,基序为AxcBxCxD,其中c是保守的半胱氨酸,x是任何氨基酸,B和D是天冬氨酸,谷氨酸或天冬酰胺,已被证实参与钙结合和配体的结合。特定CR结构域的紧密相邻对已被证实结合RAP。在RAP-结合CR对的两种CR结构域中位点A和C的氨基酸(A,C,A’和C’)已被证实参与RAP结合。
【0062】“重组多核苷酸”表示具有不是天然连接在一起的序列的多核苷酸。扩增的或装配的重组多核苷酸可包括在适当的载体中,并且该载体可用于转化适当的宿主细胞。包含重组多核苷酸的宿主细胞表示为“重组宿主细胞”。基因在重组宿主细胞中表达,以产生,例如,“重组多肽”。重组多核苷酸也可起非编码功能的作用(例如,启动子,复制起点,核糖体-结合位点等)。
【0063】“表达控制序列”表示多核苷酸中的核苷酸序列,其调节与其可操纵地连接的核苷酸序列的表达(转录和/或翻译)。“可操纵地连接”表示两部分之间的功能关系,其中一部分的活性(例如,调节转录的能力)导致另一部分的反应(例如,序列的转录)。表达控制序列可包括,例如并且非限制性地,启动子序列(例如,可诱导的或组成型的),增强子,转录终止子,起始密码子(即,ATG),内含子剪接信号,和终止密码子。
【0064】“表达载体”表示包含重组多核苷酸的载体,所述重组多核苷酸包含可操纵地连接于待表达的核苷酸序列的表达控制序列。表达载体包含用于表达的充分的cis-作用元件。其他用于表达的元件可被宿主细胞或体外表达系统提供。表达载体包括本领域已知的所有载体,例如,并入重组多核苷酸的粘粒,质粒(例如,裸的或包含在脂质体中的)和病毒。
【0065】“多肽”表示聚合物,所述聚合物由通过肽键连接的氨基酸残基,其相关天然存在的结构变体和合成的非天然存在的类似物,其相关天然存在的结构变体和合成的非天然存在的其类似物组成。合成的多肽可例如利用自动多肽合成仪合成。术语“蛋白”典型地表示大的多肽。术语“肽”典型地表示短的多肽。
【0066】“RAP变体”表示α-2-巨球蛋白/低密度脂蛋白受体-相关蛋白-相关蛋白1(RAP)(Unipro登录号P30533,Pfam登录号PF06400和PF06401),的两种或更多种多态形式中的任一。变体基于涉及将一个或更多个氨基酸替代其他氨基酸的一种或更多种突变而在它们的氨基酸序列的组成上不同。基于被取代的氨基酸和取代它的氨基酸的物理化学或功能相关性,取代可以是保守的或非保守的。
【0067】术语“相同”或“同一性百分比”,在两种或更多种多核苷酸或多肽序列的上下文中,表示相同的或具有特定百分比的核苷酸或氨基酸残基是相同的两种或更多种序列或亚序列。
【0068】在两种核酸或多肽的上下文中的短语“基本上同源”或“基本上相同”,通常表示如利用一种下列序列比较算法或通过目测所测量的,当为最大对应性被比较和比对时,具有至少40%,60%,80%,90%,95%,98%的核苷酸或氨基酸残基同一性的两种或更多种序列或亚序列。优选,基本上相同存在于长度为至少大约50个残基的序列区域,更优选存在于至少大约100个残基的区域,并且最优选该序列在至少大约150个残基上是基本上相同的。在最优选的实施方式中,序列在被比较的生物聚合物的一种或两种的全长上是基本上相同的。
【0069】对于序列比较,典型地一种序列作为参考序列,测试序列与其比较。当利用序列比较算法时,测试和参考序列被输入计算机,指定亚序列坐标(coordinate),如果必要的话,并且指定序列算法程序参数。序列比较算法基于指定的程序参数计算测试序列相对于参考序列的序列同一性百分比。
【0070】用于比较的序列最佳比对可例如,通过Smith andWaterman,Adv.Appl.Math.2:482(1981)的局部同源性算法,通过Needleman and Wunsch,J.Mol.Biol.48:443(1970)的同源性比对算法,Pearson and Lipman,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 85:2444(1988)的类似性检索方法,通过这些算法的计算机化工具(GAP,BESTFIT,FASTA,and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package,GeneticsComputer Group,575 Science Dr.,Madison,WI),或通过目测而进行。适于确定序列同一性百分比和序列类似性的算法的另一例子是BLAST算法,其描述于Altschul等,J.Mol.Biol.215:403-410(1990)。
【0071】“基本上纯的”或“分离的”表示目标种类是主要存在的种类(即,在摩尔基础上,比组合物中任何其他独立大分子种类更丰富),并且基本上纯的部分是其中目标种类包含至少大约50%(在摩尔基础上)的所有存在的大分子种类的组合物。通常,基本上纯的组合物表示大约80%到90%或更多的存在于组合物中的大分子种类是感兴趣的纯的种类。如果组合物基本上由单个大分子种类组成,则目标种类是纯化到基本上同质的(通过传统检测方法不能在组合物中检测到污染物种类)。为本定义的目的,溶剂种类,小分子(<500道尔顿),稳定剂(例如,BSA),和元素离子种类不被认为是大分子种类。在一些实施方式中,本发明的缀合物是基本上纯的或分离的。在一些实施方式中,用于本发明方法的缀合物相对于用于它们的合成的大分子起始物质是基本上纯的或分离的。在一些实施方式中,本发明的药物组合物包含基本上纯的或分离的与一种或更多种药学上可接受的赋形剂混合的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽和活性剂的的缀合物。
【0072】“天然存在”当应用于物质时表示该物质可在自然界发现。例如,存在于可从自然来源分离的生物体(包括病毒)中并且不能通过人工在实验室中故意修饰的多肽或多核苷酸序列是天然存在的。
【0073】“接头”表示共价地或通过离子的,范德华或氢键连接两种其他分子的分子,例如,与一种互补序列在5′末端杂交并且与另一互补序列在3′末端杂交由此将两种非互补序列连接的核酸分子。
【0074】B.LDLR
【0075】“LDLR”表示低密度脂蛋白受体家族的成员,包括低密度脂蛋白受体-相关蛋白1(LRP1),LDL-R(132kDa);LRP2(巨蛋白,gp330);LRP/LRP1和LRP1B(600kDa);VLDL-R(130kDa);LRP5;LRP6;apoER-2(LRP-8,130kDa);嵌合LDL-R(LR11,250KDa);和其他成员例如LRP3,LRP6和LRP-7。
【0076】该家族的特征包括细胞表面表达;细胞外配体结合结构域重复(DxSDE);配体结合需要Ca++;RAP和apoE的结合;EGF前体同源物结构域重复(YWTD);单跨膜区;细胞质结构域中的内化信号(FDNPXY);多种配体的受体介导胞吞作用。该家族的一些成员,包括LRP1,参与信号传导途径。
【0077】LDLR配体表示已知结合LDLR的大量分子。这些分子包括,例如,乳铁蛋白,RAP,脂蛋白脂肪酶,apoE,因子VIII,β-淀粉样蛋白前体,α-2-巨球蛋白,血小板反应蛋白2MMP-2(基质金属蛋白酶-2),MPP-9-TIMP-1(基质金属蛋白酶-1组织抑制剂);uPA(尿激酶纤溶酶原激活物);PAI-I(纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1);uPAR(uPA受体);和tPA(组织纤溶酶原激活物);PAI-1;uPAR。
【0078】LDLR通过每种受体的N-末端细胞外结构域,或胞外结构域(ectodomain)之内的保守蛋白结构域结合宽范围的细胞外配体。这些结构域包括互补类型重复(CR,或低密度脂蛋白受体结构域A型,ldl-a),EGF-样重复和YWTD或β-螺旋桨,结构域。CR结构域对已经鉴定的大多数配体的关联起作用。CR序列规定了保守折叠,称为LDL受体-样模块(SCOP术语学)。每种大约36个氨基酸的CR包含以1-3,2-5,4-6构型形成三个分子内胱氨酸的六个半胱氨酸,和在两叶环的一叶之内结合的钙离子。
【0079】在LRP1中,人LRP1的第二配体结合结构域由8个连续的CR单元组成。七个可能的相邻CR对中的每个已被分别表达并为结合RAPd3而测定(Andersen,等,(2000)J Biol Chem 275,21017-21024)。除了在第二CR的CR位置包含非偏好残基的最后的对之外(CR9和CR10),所有的对以类似的亲和性(1-5nM)结合于RAP。
【0080】C.RAP片段和RAP变体
【0081】RAP的随机和定点突变显示可能存在一些不成比例地对配体复合物与CR对的亲和性起作用的残基(Migliorini,等,(2003)JBiol Chem 278,17986-17992)。特别地,RAPd3中的位点256和270中的赖氨酸已被发现对于将这种结构域结合LRP1是重要的。例如,名为Mega RAP1的RAPd3变体,其具有H249T,E251K,K256A和K270D(基于全长RAP序列)的突变,不能结合LRP1 CR结构域(见图1,表2)。也重要的是,两种离散的,十个氨基酸碱基的区域中心分别位于位点205和285(Melman,等,(2001)J Biol Chem 276,29338-29346)。这些观察与下列现象是一致的,所述现象为存在对RAP和CR对之间大部分结合能量起作用的有限组的残基,“热点”,一种在其他蛋白-蛋白界面中观察到的现象(Li,等,(2005)Structure(Camb)13,297-307;Halperin,等,(2004)Structure(Camb)12,1027-1038;Gao,等,(2004)J Mol Model(Online)10,44-54;Dwyer,等,(2001)Biochemistry 40,13491-13500;DeLano,(2002)Curr Opin Struct Biol 12,14-20;Bogan,等,(1998)J Mol Biol 280,1-9;Clackson,等,(1995)Science 267,383-386)。
【0082】RAP分子起始产生为具有35个氨基酸信号序列的357个氨基酸蛋白(SEQ ID NO:6和7),所述35个氨基酸信号序列被切割以形成323个氨基酸肽的成熟RAP(SEQ ID NO:1)。成熟RAP也包含4个氨基酸C-末端内质网保持信号。
【0083】本领域存在相当多的教导,根据这些教导,RAP的部分对于它的LRP结合和调节活性是重要的,并且该部分可以被突变,改变,或缺失而不损失结合活性(见Nielsen等Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 94:7521(1997);和Rall等J.Biol.Chem.273(37):24152,1998)。例如,已通过进行对于表现RAP重叠结构域的融合蛋白的直接结合研究而将RAP的LRP结合功能作图(见Willnow等,J.Biol.Chem.267(36):26172-80,1992)。RAP结合基序也已被通过利用截短和定点的RAP突变而被表征(见Melman等J.Biol.Chem.276(31):29338-29346,2001)。适于本发明用途的特定的RAP多肽片段,包括片段(从RAP N末端氨基酸到RAP C-末端氨基酸位置而定义)1-323(RAP);1-319;1-250;1-110;91-210;191-323;221-323;1-190;1-200;和1-210。在一个方面,用于本发明的RAP蛋白是缺少信号肽的成熟RAP(SEQID NO:1),在一个相关方面,RAP在N-末端缺少RAP信号肽和在C-末端缺少HNEL内质网保持信号(SEQ ID NO:8)。优选的RAP多肽包括片段1-323(RAP);1-319;191-323;和1-210,具有包含氨基酸256-270的RAP的至少71个连续氨基酸的片段,和具有包含氨基酸256-270并且包含RAP d3的连续部分的RAP的至少71个连续氨基酸RAP片段。具有被序列KDEL取代的C-末端四个氨基酸序列的修饰的RAP多肽也是适合的。C-末端四个氨基酸序列(HNEL)被缺失的修饰的RAP多肽也是适合的。还优选的是包含RAP从氨基酸201到210的天然序列的RAP多肽片段。
【0084】RAP变体还可包括特定氨基酸残基的保守取代。“保守”氨基酸取代基于涉及残基的极性,电荷,溶解性,疏水性,亲水性和/或两亲性而进行。例如,非极性(疏水)氨基酸包括丙氨酸(Ala,A),亮氨酸(Leu,L),异亮氨酸(Ile,I),缬氨酸(Val,V),脯氨酸(Pro,P),苯丙氨酸(Phe,F),色氨酸(Trp,W),和甲硫氨酸(Met,M);极性中性氨基酸包括甘氨酸(Gly,G),丝氨酸(Ser,S),苏氨酸(Thr,T),半胱氨酸(Cys,C),酪氨酸(Tyr,Y),天冬酰胺(Asn,N),和谷氨酰胺(Gln,Q);带正电(碱性)氨基酸包括精氨酸(Arg,R),赖氨酸(Lys,K),和组氨酸(His,H);并且带负电(酸性)氨基酸包括天冬氨酸(Asp,D)和谷氨酸(Glu,E)。变化可通过利用重组DNA技术系统地取代多肽分子中的氨基酸并且测定产生的重组变体的活性而引入。核酸改变可在来自不同物种的不同核酸位点进行(可变位点)或在高度保守区域(恒定区域)进行。本发明中有用的表达多肽组合物的方法在下面更详细地描述。
【0085】其他优选的实施方式包含人或哺乳动物RAP多肽,其中该多肽包含在位点282-289、201-210和311-319上的RAP天然氨基酸序列。结合LRP受体的RAP的突变和N-末端或C-末端截短变体公开于Melman等(J.Biol.Chem.276(31):29338-46,2001),其全文,特别是这些RAP突变和截短的变体通过援引并入本文。其他优选的RAP多肽包含在氨基酸85-148和178-248之间的RAP天然序列(见Farquhar等,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 91:3161-3162(1994)。
【0086】因此,许多参考文献公开了RAP和RAP片段结合LRP受体的结合位点和RAP和RAP片段结合LRP受体的结构活性关系。本领域技术人员可容易地采用本领域公知的多种技术以获得包含LRP结合位点并且适于用作本发明的RAP多肽的RAP多肽。RAP的优选片段在生理条件下是可溶的。如所期望地,这些多肽的N-末端或C-末端可被缩短,只要对于LRP颗粒的结合能力保持完整即可。
【0087】D.环RAP肽
【0088】RAP是功能性双配位基的,具有以低纳摩尔亲和性结合LDLR之内的互补-类型重复(CR)的特定串联对的第一和第三结构域(d1和d3)(27)。结构域3,由大约110个氨基酸组成,已经显示出具有对于相关CR对最高的亲和性。为使得免疫原性最小化,生产效能最大化和提高效力,对于那些直接参与受体结合的序列使得RAP最小化是有用的。然而,d3的稳定折叠已经显示出需要不直接参与形成受体接触表面的RAP之内的序列(28)。这些另外的序列,发现于d3的N-末端区域和d2的C-末端区域,因此对于确保稳定折叠和高亲和性受体结合是必需的。分离的d3与受体的结合不与在全长RAP之内的d3结合得那么紧密。缺少折叠稳定化序列的d3的截短形式也与受体结合得很差。源于RAP d3和LDLR CR34复合物的结构数据(29)表明RAP d3的受体结合序列发现于两种通过柔性环连接的大约相等长度的反向平行α-螺旋之内。配对的螺旋整体具有显著的逆时针扭曲并且类似于伸展的扭曲的“U”。
【0089】已经设计了非天然二硫键,连接组成RAP d3的受体结合单元的该两种反向平行螺旋的末端(见共有的美国专利申请号60/919,238,2007年3月21日提交(代理卷号31075/42620)),其全文通过援引并入本文。该环化的肽大约75个氨基酸长,但与未环化的肽相比具有优良的结合亲和性,并具有与110氨基酸的RAP d3相当的亲和性。所述最小化RAP d3肽的一种可能的用途是根据本发明方法作为递送治疗剂的靶向试剂。
【0090】本发明预期的环RAP肽基于成熟RAP的氨基酸序列,优选结构域3,优选长度小于123个氨基酸,并且包含在两个非连续氨基酸之间的共价键。在一些实施方案中,共价键使得该RAP肽的三维结构稳定化。在一些实施方式中,共价键提供了结合亲和性上的改进,使得环RAP肽以大约1×10-8M或更小(更小表示更好的亲和性)的Kd结合包含CR的蛋白。所述结合亲和性可通过本领域已知的任何方法测量,例如放射免疫测定,ELISA,基于表面等离子体共振(SPR)的技术(例如,Biacore)分析,或动力学排除测定(例如,KinExA)。可分析亲和性数据,例如通过Scatchard等,Ann N.Y.Acad.Sci.,51:660(1949)中的方法。在示例性的实施方案中,对于CR-蛋白,例如,LRP1,的结合亲和性是大约1×10-9、10-10、10-11、10-12、10-13、10-14M或更小。本发明提供了不同大小的环RAP肽,包括大约103、大约99、大约95、大约90、大约85、大约82、大约80、大约78、大约76、75、74、73、72、71、70、69、68、67、66、65、64、63、62、61、60、59、58、57或56个氨基酸长度或更小的氨基酸长度。在一些实施方式中,在氨基酸之间形成共价键,所述氨基酸被分隔了大约76、75、74、73、72、71、70、69、68、67、66、65、64、63、62、61、60、59、58、57或56个氨基酸。
【0091】在一个实施方式中,可用于本发明方法的RAP肽(包括环RAP肽)的氨基酸序列缺失了成熟RAP的N-末端的至少200个最多至243个氨基酸。因此,RAP肽可缺失成熟RAP的氨基酸1-200、1-220、1-225、1-230、1-235、1-240、1-241、1-242、1-243或可选地1-244、1-245、1-246、1-247、或1-248。在相关实施方式中,RAP肽氨基酸序列进一步缺失成熟RAP的C-末端的至少4个最多至11个氨基酸。因此,RAP肽可缺失成熟RAP的氨基酸314-323或313-323、或可选地304-323、305-323、306-323、307-323、308-323、309-323、310-323、311-323、或312-323。在另一实施方式中,RAP肽氨基酸序列包含(a)长度为至少71个氨基酸并且(b)包含氨基酸256-270的成熟RAP的连续部分。在相关实施方式中,RAP肽氨基酸序列包含(a)长度为至少71个氨基酸并且(b)包含氨基酸256-270的成熟RAP结构域3的连续部分。可形成RAP肽(包括环RAP肽)的基础的RAP的示例性部分包括成熟RAP(SEQ ID NO:1)的氨基酸200-323、221-323、200-319、221-319、243-319、244-319、249-319、200-313、221-313、243-313、244-313、249-313、200-303、221-303、243-303、244-303或249-303。
【0092】如本文所述,可制备显示出类似于天然RAP的对于包含CR的蛋白质的亲和性和选择性的环RAP肽(例如,与天然RAP相比大约5倍差异或更小差异)。也可制备显示出与天然RAP相比对于LRP1改善的亲和性的环RAP肽。在一个实施方式中,环RAP肽显示了对于LRP1(P98157)至少1.5-倍、2-倍、2.5-倍、3-倍、4-倍、5-倍、7-倍、10-倍、或20-倍的改善的亲和性(相对于天然RAP)。
【0093】本发明预期的环RAP肽可由天然RAP序列组成,或可包括天然序列的突变。在示例性实施方式中,本发明的环RAP肽包含与SEQ ID NO:3所示RAP的氨基酸243-313或SEQ ID NO:4所示RAP的氨基酸249-303至少60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%或99%相同的氨基酸序列。在一些实施方式中,环RAP肽长度小于大约85个氨基酸,包含与SEQID NO:4至少70%相同的50个连续氨基酸,并且以大约1×10-8M或更小Kd的结合亲和性结合包含CR的蛋白质。
【0094】可制备包含相对于天然RAP保守的取代(例如,最多5个,最多10个,最多15个,最多20个或最多25个)仍然保持对于LRP1的结合亲和性的环RAP肽。包含非保守取代的RAP肽也可包含对于LRP1的结合亲和性。例如,在成熟RAP位点217、249或251的任一的非保守突变已经显示不影响结合亲和性。
【0095】在任何前述实施方式中,RAP肽可包含在肽的N-末端或N-末端附近的半胱氨酸和在肽的C-末端或C-末端附近的半胱氨酸,通过两个半胱氨酸之间的二硫键形成允许肽的环化和α-螺旋的稳定化。任选地,甘氨酸和脯氨酸可插入半胱氨酸和α-螺旋之间(例如,Cys-Gly在N-末端和Gly-Cys在C-末端)。引入甘氨酸允许相邻非天然螺旋内二硫键的α-螺旋中的断裂。
【0096】环肽,Hep1,通过非天然内部二硫键稳定化,其改进了结合热力学(Kd>50nM到Kd<1nM),推测是通过减少肽和LRP1之间络合物形成的熵损失。结合LRP1并且可用于肝疾病治疗的另外RAP变体公开于共有的国际专利申请号PCT/US2006/36453,其全文通过援引并入本文。
【0097】Hep1序列与人RAP在N-末端三个位点(LEA/XCG)和C-末端两个位点(RI/GC)不同(SEQ ID NO:9)。患者对于源于RAP的肽应该是免疫学耐受的。虽然RAP的结构域1和2之内的表位在大鼠中实验性海曼肾炎的发展中起作用,Hep1表位全部源于结构域3。由于人RAP的序列与啮齿动物和犬科RAP序列不同,这些物种期望在几周的静脉内给药之内发展出显著的抗药物抗体的滴度。
【0098】进一步预期任何本文的环RAP肽如本文所述被多聚化为寡聚组合。本文使用的“多聚化环RAP肽”表示包含2种或更多种RAPd3的变体,其中RAP d3的变体是本文所述的环RAP肽。术语“多聚体”和“寡聚体”在本文中可互换使用。在一个实施方式中,寡聚体或多聚体包含至少两种,至少三种,至少四种,至少五种,至少六种,至少七种或至少八种环RAP肽。在一个示例性的实施方式中,环RAP肽与生物素分子缀合以促进多聚化或寡聚化。生物素-缀合-环肽然后可通过结合链霉抗生物素或通过结合抗-生物素抗体而被多聚化(图3)。也可通过本领域公知并描述于下面的其他技术制备环RAP肽寡聚体或多聚体。
【0099】本领域已知产生肽的多聚体或寡聚体的多种技术。例如,肽可通过如本文所述的接头或通过聚乙二醇而连接。见Zhang等,Bioconjug Chem.14:86-92,2003(通过聚乙二醇(PEG)间隔区或仅仅两个氨基酸连接的淀粉样小纤维结合肽显示出大约100倍的对于小纤维的亲和性,而将六拷贝的该肽置于分枝PEG上产生10000倍的亲和性),其全文通过援引并入本文。在通过偶联链霉抗生物素而生物素化之后,肽可被容易地多聚化。见例如,Guillaume等,J.Biol.Chem.,278(7):4500-4509,2003(肽多聚体可通过抗生物素蛋白或抗生物素蛋白衍生物的连接而制备肽多聚体,并且四聚体和八聚体的均质制剂是可能的),其全文通过援引并入本文。具有受体结合能力的肽可移植到抗体或免疫球蛋白支架的不同CDR区。见Frederickson等,Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A.103(39):14307-12,2006.Epub Sep 14,2006(包含两种移植的mpl受体结合肽的抗体和片段以估计与天然配体等效的方式刺激mpl受体),其全文通过援引并入本文。肽可以串联或分枝的模式被附着于抗体Fc结构域,具有或不具有接头。见国际公开号WO00/24782,公开于2000年5月4日,其全文通过援引并入本文。肽和其他蛋白可展示在源于多酶络合物的大分子支架上。见Domingo等.,J Mol Biol.305(2):259-67,2001,其全文通过援引并入本文。对于适于展示肽的蛋白支架的综述,见Hosse等,Protein Science 15:14-27,2006(综述了骨架例如纤连蛋白III型结构域,脂笼蛋白,knottin,细胞色素b562,kunitz-型蛋白酶抑制剂,Z-结构域,和碳水化合物结合模块CBM4-2),其全文通过援引并入本文。
【00100】因此,在示例性实施方式中,通过同型二聚体化包含环RAP肽和抗体Fc区的多肽而制备二价寡聚组合。通过用环RAP肽取代四聚免疫球蛋白(包含两条重链和两条轻链)中的抗体可变区而制备四价寡聚组合。在仍然其他示例性实施方式中,通过将环RAP肽缀合PEG分子而制备二价,三价,四价或其他寡聚组合。其他寡聚组合是本领域普通技术人员可预见的。
【00101】E.RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体和活性剂的缀合
【00102】“RAP缀合物”,“配体-多肽缀合物”,“包含缀合于活性剂的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体的嵌合分子”每种都表示包含附着于活性剂的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体的化合物。如本文使用的,术语“缀合”表示治疗剂和RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽是通过例如,共价化学键,物理力如范德华或疏水性反应,包囊,包埋,或其组合而物理连接。在优选的实施方式中,治疗剂和RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽是通过共价化学键物理连接。类似地,优选的化疗剂包含用于与RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体或其片段缀合的官能团例如醇,酸,羰基,硫醇或胺基团。阿霉素属于胺类并且也有可能通过羰基连接。紫杉醇属于醇类。没有适合的缀合基团的化疗剂可被进一步修饰以添加所述基团。本发明中预期了所有这些化合物。在多治疗剂的例子中,可利用多种缀合的组合。
【00103】在一些实施方式中,可以是直接(没有插入原子)或间接(通过接头例如共价连接原子的链)的共价化学键连接RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体和活性剂。在优选实施方式中,缀合物的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体和活性剂部分通过RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体的原子和活性剂的原子之间的共价键直接连接。在一些优选实施方式中,受体结合部分与本发明化合物的活性剂部分通过接头连接,所述接头实质上包含能够连接RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体与活性剂的任何氨基酸序列或任何分子或原子的共价键或肽。
【00104】在一些实施方式中,接头包含1到大约60,或1到30个原子或更长,2到5个原子,2到10个原子,5到10个原子,或10到20个原子长的原子链。在一些实施方式中,链原子都是碳原子。在一些实施方式中,链原子选自C、O、N和S。链原子和接头可根据它们期望的溶解性(亲水性)而被选择,以提供更可溶的缀合物。在一些实施方式中,接头(linker)提供了在溶酶体中易遭受酶攻击的官能团。在一些实施方式中,接头提供了易遭受发现于靶组织或器官中的酶的攻击并且当攻击或水解时作为活性剂和RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体之间的连接的官能团。在一些实施方式中,接头提供了在发现于靶位点的条件下(例如,溶酶体的低PH)易遭受水解的官能团。接头可包含一种或更多种所述官能团。在一些实施方式中,接头的长度足以降低RAP、RAP片段或RAP变体结合位点和活性剂结合位点之一或两者之间的空间位阻的势能(当活性剂是大的时)。
【00105】如果接头是共价键或肽并且活性剂是多肽,则整个缀合物可以是融合蛋白。所述肽接头可以是任何长度的。示例性的接头长度从大约1到50个氨基酸,5到50,或10到30个氨基酸。所述融合蛋白可通过本领域普通技术人员已知的重组遗传工程方法产生。在一些实施方式中,缀合物的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体部分配制为快速降解以释放活性化合物。在其他实施方式中,接头在细胞内,或更优选溶酶体环境条件下易遭受切割以从RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽部分释放或分离活性剂部分。
【00106】缀合物可包含连接相同的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体的一种或更多种活性剂。例如,缀合反应可将1到5,大约5,大约1到10,大约5到10,大约10到20,大约20到30或30或更多个分子的活性剂缀合到RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽。这些制剂可用作混合物,或它们可纯化为特定的化学计量制剂。本领域技术人员能够确定哪种形式和哪种化学计量比例是优选的。而且,超过一种类型的活性剂可与RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽连接,七种期望递送超过一种类型的试剂到靶位点或区室。复数种活性剂种类可附着于相同的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽,例如,阿霉素-顺铂RAP(或其他RAP变体)缀合物。因此,缀合物可由多种化学计量比例组成并且并入了超过一种类型的活性剂。这些也可被分离入纯化的混合物或它们可用于聚集体。
【00107】RAP、RAP片段或RAP变体或其片段,如本文描述地并且利用本领域已知的方法缀合,可如期望地被修饰以增强它的稳定性和药物动力学特性(例如,PEG化)。用于缀合RAP变体多肽和活性剂的适合的接头和它们的官能团,以及可容易地适用于制备其的人工化学方法,描述于美国专利申请号2003253890,其全文通过援引并入本文。
【00108】这些缀合物的合成是有效的和方便的,产生了高产量和具有增强的水溶性的药物。
【00109】F.活性剂
【00110】根据本发明的活性剂包括可影响生物过程的试剂。用于本发明的化合物组合物和方法的特别优选的活性剂是治疗剂,包括药物和诊断剂。术语“药物”或“治疗剂”表示当以治疗有效量给药时具有药理学活性或有益健康的活性剂。特别优选的试剂是天然存在的生物试剂(例如,酶,蛋白,多核苷酸,抗体,多肽,纳米颗粒,糖缀合物)。在一些实施方式中,缀合于RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体的活性剂是能够调节活宿主中的生物过程的分子,以及其任何结合部分或片段。药物或治疗剂的例子包括用于预防,诊断,缓和,治疗或治愈疾病或病症的物质。特别期待的是该试剂不是引起疾病的试剂。
【00111】i.蛋白活性剂
【00112】活性剂可以是非蛋白或蛋白。活性剂可以是蛋白或酶或仍然保持一些,基本上全部,或全部该蛋白或酶的治疗或生物学活性的其任何片段。在一些实施方式中,该蛋白或酶如果不被表达或生产或如果表达或生产降低相当大,将产生疾病。优选,该蛋白或酶源于或获自人或小鼠。
【00113】在本发明的优选实施方式中,当缀合于RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽的活性剂是蛋白或酶,或具有该蛋白或酶的生物学活性的其片段时,该活性剂具有与人或哺乳动物蛋白或酶的对应部分的氨基酸序列相同的氨基酸序列。在其他实施方式中,缀合物的活性剂部分是人或哺乳动物物种天然的蛋白或酶。在其他实施方式中,蛋白或酶,或其片段与对应的人或哺乳动物蛋白或酶的天然序列是基本上同源的(即,在活性剂至少10,25、50、100、150或200个氨基酸的长度或全长上至少80%、85%、90%、95%、更优选98%或最优选99%的氨基酸序列相同)。
【00114】RAP、RAP片段或RAP变体-活性剂缀合物可包含与RAP、RAP片段或RAP变体或其LRP-1结合片段连接的一个或更多个活性剂部分(例如,1到10或1到4或2到3个部分)。例如,缀合反应可将1到4或更多个分子缀合到单个RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体。这些制剂可用作混合物,或者它们可被纯化为特定的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽-试剂化学计量制剂。本领域技术人员能够确定哪种形式和哪种化学计量比例是优选的。
【00115】这些RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体缀合试剂可由多种化学计量比例组成。这些也可分离为纯化的混合物或它们可用于聚集体。在融合物中RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体和活性剂的顺序对于LRP1结合部分结合LRP1的能力是重要的。因此,在优选实施方式中,RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体位于蛋白活性剂编码序列的N-末端。
【00116】ii.药物活性剂
【00117】通常,药物活性剂可以是任何大小。优选药物是能够结合感兴趣靶的小的有机分子。缀合物的药物部分,当为小分子时,通常具有至少大约50D的分子量,通常至少大约100D,其中分子量可以是500D或更高,但通常不超过大约2000D。
【00118】药物部分能够与在主题方法的实践过程中缀合物被给予的宿主中的靶相互作用。
【00119】在一些实施方式中,活性剂或药物具有与异氰酸盐试剂反应的羟基或氨基基团,或活性剂被化学修饰以引入与异氰酸盐试剂反应的羟基或氨基基团。
【00120】在一些实施方式中,活性剂或药物包含可被修饰和/或参与共价连接,优选不损失活性剂期望的生物学活性,的区域。药物部分通常包含被一个或更多个上述官能团取代的环碳或杂环结构和/或芳香族或聚芳香族结构。作为药物部分还感兴趣的是在生物分子,蛋白,酶,多糖,和多核苷酸中发现的结构,包括肽,糖,脂肪酸,甾族化合物,嘌呤,嘧啶,其衍生物,结构类似物或组合物。
【00121】适合的活性剂包括但不限于精神药理学试剂,例如(1)中枢神经系统抑制剂,例如,全身麻醉剂(巴比妥酸盐,苯并二氮
Figure A20078004271900281
甾族化合物,环己酮衍生物,和混杂试剂),镇静催眠药(苯并二氮
Figure A20078004271900282
巴比妥酸盐,哌啶二酮(piperidinedones)和三酮,喹唑啉衍生物,氨基甲酸酯,醛和衍生物,酰胺,无环酰脲,苯并氮杂类
Figure A20078004271900283
和相关药物,吩噻嗪等),中枢随意肌紧张调节药物(抗惊厥剂,例如海因,巴比妥酸盐,噁唑烷二酮,琥珀酰亚胺,酰基酰脲(acylureides),戊二酰亚胺,苯并二氮
Figure A20078004271900284
仲醇和叔醇,二苯氮
Figure A20078004271900285
衍生物,丙戊酸和衍生物,GABA类似物等),止痛剂(吗啡和衍生物,东罂粟碱衍生物,吗啡喃衍生物,苯哌啶,2,6-甲烷-3-benzazocaine衍生物,二苯丙胺和电子等排物,水杨酸盐,p-氨基酚衍生物,5-吡唑酮衍生物,芳基乙酸衍生物,灭酸酯类和电子等排物等)和止吐剂(抗胆碱能剂,抗组胺剂,抗多巴胺剂等),(2)中枢神经系统刺激剂,例如,回苏药(呼吸刺激剂,惊厥刺激剂,精神性运动刺激剂),麻醉拮抗剂(吗啡衍生物,东罂粟碱衍生物,2,6-甲烷-3-benzoxacine衍生物,吗啡喃衍生物)、促智药,(3)精神药理学剂,例如,抗焦虑镇静剂(苯并二氮
Figure A20078004271900286
丙烷二醇氨基甲酸酯)抗精神病药物(吩噻嗪衍生物,thioxanthine衍生物,其他三环化合物,丁酰苯衍生物和电子等排物,二苯基丁胺衍生物,取代的苯酰胺,芳基哌嗪,吲哚衍生物等),抗抑郁剂(三环化合物,MAO抑制剂等),(4)呼吸道药物,例如,中枢止咳剂(阿片生物碱和它们的衍生物);药效学试剂,例如(1)外周神经系统药物,例如,局部麻醉剂(酯衍生物,酰胺衍生物),(2)作用于突触或神经效应接合位点的药物,例如,胆碱能试剂,胆碱能阻断试剂,神经肌肉阻断试剂,(3)平滑肌活性药物,例如,解痉剂(抗胆碱能剂,向肌性解痉剂),血管舒张剂,平滑肌刺激剂,(4)组胺和抗组胺剂,例如,组胺及其衍生物(氨乙吡唑),抗组胺剂(H1-拮抗剂,H2-拮抗剂),组胺代谢药物,(5)心血管药物,例如,强心药(植物提取物,丁烯羟酸内酯,戊二烯羟酸内酯(entadienolids),来自格木属物种的生物碱,离子透入剂,肾上腺素受体刺激剂等),抗心律不齐药物,抗高血压药物,抗脂血剂(祛酯酸衍生物,烟酸衍生物,激素和类似物,抗生素,水杨酸和衍生物),抗曲张药物,止血剂,(6)血和造血系统药物,例如,抗贫血药物,血液凝结药物(止血剂,抗凝剂(anticoagulants),抗凝血剂(antithrombotics),血栓溶解剂,血蛋白和它们的部分),(7)胃肠道药物,例如,消化剂(健胃药,胆汁分泌促进剂),抗溃疡药物,止泻剂,(8)局部作用药物;化疗剂,例如(1)抗感染剂,例如,杀体外寄生虫药(氯化烃,pyrethins,硫化化合物),驱蠕虫药,抗原虫药,抗疟疾剂,抗阿米巴药,抗利什曼原虫药(antileiscmanial drugs),抗毛滴虫剂,抗椎虫剂,磺酰胺,抗分枝杆菌药物,抗病毒化疗剂等,和(2)细胞抑制剂,即,抗瘤剂或细胞毒性药物,例如烷化剂,例如盐酸二氯甲二乙胺(氮芥,盐酸氮芥,HN2),环磷酰胺(Cytovan,Endoxana),异环磷酰胺(IFEX),苯丁酸氮芥(Leukeran),美法兰(苯丙氨酸氮芥,L-溶血瘤素,Alkeran,L-PAM),白消安(白血福恩),噻替派(三乙基硫代磷酰胺),卡莫司汀(BiCNU,BCNU),洛莫司汀(CeeNU,CCNU),链脲霉素(Zanosar),氮烯咪胺等;植物生物碱,例如,长春新碱(长春灭瘟碱),长春碱(长春花碱,Velbe),紫杉醇(紫杉酚)等;抗代谢物,例如,氨甲喋呤(MTX),乐疾宁(巯基嘌呤,6-MP),硫代鸟嘌呤(6-TG),氟尿嘧啶(5-FU),阿糖胞苷(Cytosar-U,Ara-C),阿扎胞苷(Mylosar,5-AZA)等;抗生素,例如,放线菌素D(更生霉素),阿霉素(亚德里亚霉素),红比霉素(duanomycin,盐酸红比霉素),黄胆素(Idamycin),博莱霉素(Blenoxane),Picamycin(光辉霉素,光神霉素),丝裂霉素(自力霉素)等,和其他抗细胞增殖试剂,例如,羟基脲(Hydrea),甲基苄肼(Mutalane),氮烯唑胺(DTIC-Dome),顺氯氨铂(Platinol),卡铂(Paraplatin),天冬酰胺酶(左旋天冬酰胺酶),依托泊苷(VePesid,VP-16-213),氨吖啶(amsarcrine)(AMSA,m-AMSA),米托坦(Lysodren),米托蒽醌(Novatrone),(9)受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,其可抑制激酶例如FGFR、PDGFR、VEGFR2、VEGFR、HER2、Ebr-B2等,包括但不限于SU6668(FGFR、PDGFR、VEGFR、VEGFR2)Sunitinib(PDGFR)、Bevacizumab(VEGFR)Gefitinib、Erlotinib、Cetuximab(EGFR)、Lapatinib(Erb-B2)、Trastuzumab(HER2)和Alemtuzumab(抗-CD52),Dasatinib、Imatinib、Sorafenib、Sunitinib等,(10)抗肿瘤剂,包括但不限于SU6668、Bevacizuma、Sunitinib、Vandetanib(VEGFR2)、BMS-275291、COL-3、Neovastat(MMPs)、vitaxin等。优选的化疗剂是在游离形式时以期望剂量显示出不可接受的全身毒性的那些。与所述试剂的治疗水平相关的全身毒性可被它们与RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽的连接而降低。特别优选的是为有用的治疗剂但被心脏毒性限制剂量的心脏毒性化合物。一个经典的例子是阿霉素(也称为亚德里亚霉素)和它的类似物,例如,红比霉素。将RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽与所述药物连接可预防活性剂在心脏的积聚和相关的心脏毒性。
【00122】适合的活性剂包括但不限于:抗生素,例如,氨基糖苷,如,氨丁卡霉素,安普霉素,黄花高,班贝霉素,丁酰苷菌素,地贝卡星,二氢链霉素,福提霉素,庆大霉素,isepamicin,卡那霉素,小奴霉素(micronomcin),新霉素,硫酸乙基西梭霉素,paromycin,核糖霉素,西索米星,奇霉素,链霉素,托普霉素,丙大观霉素,amphenicols,例如,叠氮氯霉素,chloramphenicol,florfenicol,和theimaphenicol;袢霉素,例如,利福酰胺,利福平,利福霉素,rifapentine,rifaximin;β-内酰胺,例如,碳头孢烯,碳青霉烯,头孢菌素类,cehpamycins,单酰胺菌素,oxaphems,青霉素类,林肯酰胺,例如,clinamycin,林肯霉素,大环内酯,例如,克拉霉素,地红霉素(dirthromycin),红霉素等;多肽,例如,双霉素,枯草杆菌肽,卷曲霉素等;四环素类,例如,阿哌环素,氯四环素,氯摩四环素等;合成抗细菌剂,例如,2,4-二氨基嘧啶,呋喃类药物,喹啉酮和其类似物,磺酰胺,砜;
【00123】适合的活性剂包括但不限于:抗真菌剂,例如:多烯,例如,两性霉素B,杀念珠菌素,制皮菌素,菲律宾菌素,制霉色基素,曲古霉素,哈霉素,光明霉素,美帕曲星,游霉素,制霉菌素,拟青霉素,表霉素,合成抗真菌剂,例如烯丙胺,例如,布替萘芬(butenafine),萘替芳,特比萘芬(terbinafine),咪唑,例如,bifonazole,布康唑(butoconazole),氯海因,chlormidazole等,硫代氨基甲酸酯,例如,tolciclate,三唑,例如,氟康唑,itraconazole,特康唑;
【00124】适合的活性剂包括但不限于:驱虫药,例如,槟榔碱,绵马精,绵马酚,dichlorophene,酸藤子酚,苦辛,萘(napthalene),氯硝柳胺,石榴碱,奎纳克林,土木香内酯,amocarzine,硝硫氰胺,驱蛔素,酚乙铵,对苯二异硫氰酸酯,四氯化碳,香芹酚,环苯达唑,乙胺嗪等;
【00125】适合的活性剂包括但不限于:抗疟疾剂,例如,二乙酰氨苯砜,氨酚喹,蒿乙醚,蒿甲醚,青蒿素,青蒿酯,atovaquone,甘蜜树皮碱,黄连素,印度当药,氯胍,氯化喹啉,氯丙胍(chlorprogaunil),金鸡纳树皮,金鸡尼丁,金鸡纳宁,环氯胍,龙胆苦苷,halofantrine,羟氯喹,盐酸甲氟喹,3-甲基对乙酰氨基苯胂酸,扑疟喹啉,抗疟素,伯氨喹,息疟定,阿的平,奎尼丁,奎宁,quinocide,喹啉,胂酸氢二钠;
【00126】适合的活性剂包括但不限于,抗原生动物试剂,例如:acranil,磺甲硝咪唑,异丙硝哒唑,乙睇胺,戊烷脒,乙酰胂胺,醋胺硝唑,茴香霉素,硝呋拉太,磺甲硝咪唑,苄硝唑,苏拉明等。
【00127】用作活性剂的适合药物还列于:Goodman andGilman′s,The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics(9th Ed)(Goodman等eds)(McGraw-Hill)(1996);和1999 Physician′s Desk Reference(1998)。
【00128】适合的活性剂包括但不限于:抗肿瘤剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号5,880,161,5,877,206,5,786,344,5,760,041,5,753,668,5,698,529,5,684,004,5,665,715,5,654,484,5,624,924,5,618,813,5,610,292,5,597,831,5,530,026,5,525,633,5,525,606,5,512,678,5,508,277,5,463,181,5,409,893,5,358,952,5,318,965,5,223,503,5,214,068,5,196,424,5,109,024,5,106,996,5,101,072,5,077,404,5,071,848,5,066,493,5,019,390,4,996,229,4,996,206,4,970,318,4,968,800,4,962,114,4,927,828,4,892,887,4,889,859,4,886,790,4,882,334,4,882,333,4,871,746,4,863,955,4,849,563,4,845,216,4,833,145,4,824,955,4,785,085,4,684,747,4,618,685,4,611,066,4,550,187,4,550,186,4,544,501,4,541,956,4,532,327,4,490,540,4,399,283,4,391,982,4,383,994,4,294,763,4,283,394,4,246,411,4,214,089,4,150,231,4,147,798,4,056,673,4,029,661,4,012,448;
【00129】精神药理学治疗剂/向精神治疗剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号5,192,799,5,036,070,4,778,800,4,753,951,4,590,180,4,690,930,4,645,773,4,427,694,4,424,202,4,440,781,5,686,482,5,478,828,5,461,062,5,387,593,5,387,586,5,256,664,5,192,799,5,120,733,5,036,070,4,977,167,4,904,663,4,788,188,4,778,800,4,753,951,4,690,930,4,645,773,4,631,285,4,617,314,4,613,600,4,590,180,4,560,684,4,548,938,4,529,727,4,459,306,4,443,451,4,440,781,4,427,694,4,424,202,4,397,853,4,358,451,4,324,787,4,314,081,4,313,896,4,294,828,4,277,476,4,267,328,4,264,499,4,231,930,4,194,009,4,188,388,4,148,796,4,128,717,4,062,858,4,031,226,4,020,072,4,018,895,4,018,779,4,013,672,3,994,898,3,968,125,3,939,152,3,928,356,3,880,834,3,668,210;
【00130】心血管治疗剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号4,966,967,5,661,129,5,552,411,5,332,737,5,389,675,5,198,449,5,079,247,4,966,967,4,874,760,4,954,526,5,051,423,4,888,335,4,853,391,4,906,634,4,775,757,4,727,072,4,542,160,4,522,949,4,524,151,4,525,479,4,474,804,4,520,026,4,520,026,5,869,478,5,859,239,5,837,702,5,807,889,5,731,322,5,726,171,5,723,457,5,705,523,5,696,111,5,691,332,5,679,672,5,661,129,5,654,294,5,646,276,5,637,586,5,631,251,5,612,370,5,612,323,5,574,037,5,563,170,5,552,411,5,552,397,5,547,966,5,482,925,5,457,118,5,414,017,5,414,013,5,401,758,5,393,771,5,362,902,5,332,737,5,310,731,5,260,444,5,223,516,5,217,958,5,208,245,5,202,330,5,198,449,5,189,036,5,185,362,5,140,031,5,128,349,5,116,861,5,079,247,5,070,099,5,061,813,5,055,466,5,051,423,5,036,065,5,026,712,5,011,931,5,006,542,4,981,843,4,977,144,4,971,984,4,966,967,4,959,383,4,954,526,4,952,692,4,939,137,4,906,634,4,889,866,4,888,335,4,883,872,4,883,811,4,847,379,4,835,157,4,824,831,4,780,538,4,775,757,4,774,239,4,771,047,4,769,371,4,767,756,4,762,837,4,753,946,4,752,616,4,749,715,4,738,978,4,735,962,4,734,426,4,734,425,4,734,424,4,730,052,4,727,072,4,721,796,4,707,550,4,704,382,4,703,120,4,681,970,4,681,882,4,670,560,4,670,453,4,668,787,4,663,337,4,663,336,4,661,506,4,656,267,4,656,185,4,654,357,4,654,356,4,654,355,4,654,335,4,652,578,4,652,576,4,650,874,4,650,797,4,649,139,4,647,585,4,647,573,4,647,565,4,647,561,4,645,836,4,639,461,4,638,012,4,638,011,4,632,931,4,631,283,4,628,095,4,626,548,4,614,825,4,611,007,4,611,006,4,611,005,4,609,671,4,608,386,4,607,049,4,607,048,4,595,692,4,593,042,4,593,029,4,591,603,4,588,743,4,588,742,4,588,741,4,582,854,4,575,512,4,568,762,4,560,698,4,556,739,4,556,675,4,555,571,4,555,570,4,555,523,4,550,120,4,542,160,4,542,157,4,542,156,4,542,155,4,542,151,4,537,981,4,537,904,4,536,514,4,536,513,4,533,673,4,526,901,4,526,900,4,525,479,4,524,151,4,522,949,4,521,539,4,520,026,4,517,188,4,482,562,4,474,804,4,474,803,4,472,411,4,466,979,4,463,015,4,456,617,4,456,616,4,456,615,4,418,076,4,416,896,4,252,815,4,220,594,4,190,587,4,177,280,4,164,586,4,151,297,4,145,443,4,143,054,4,123,550,4,083,968,4,076,834,4,064,259,4,064,258,4,064,257,4,058,620,4,001,421,3,993,639,3,991,057,3,982,010,3,980,652,3,968,117,3,959,296,3,951,950,3,933,834,3,925,369,3,923,818,3,898,210,3,897,442,3,897,441,3,886,157,3,883,540,3,873,715,3,867,383,3,873,715,3,867,383,3,691,216,3,624,126;
【00131】抗微生物剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号5,902,594,5,874,476,5,874,436,5,859,027,5,856,320,5,854,242,5,811,091,5,786,350,5,783,177,5,773,469,5,762,919,5,753,715,5,741,526,5,709,870,5,707,990,5,696,117,5,684,042,5,683,709,5,656,591,5,643,971,5,643,950,5,610,196,5,608,056,5,604,262,5,595,742,5,576,341,5,554,373,5,541,233,5,534,546,5,534,508,5,514,715,5,508,417,5,464,832,5,428,073,5,428,016,5,424,396,5,399,553,5,391,544,5,385,902,5,359,066,5,356,803,5,354,862,5,346,913,5,302,592,5,288,693,5,266,567,5,254,685,5,252,745,5,209,930,5,196,441,5,190,961,5,175,160,5,157,051,5,096,700,5,093,342,5,089,251,5,073,570,5,061,702,5,037,809,5,036,077,5,010,109,4,970,226,4,916,156,4,888,434,4,870,093,4,855,318,4,784,991,4,746,504,4,686,221,4,599,228,4,552,882,4,492,700,4,489,098,4,489,085,4,487,776,4,479,953,4,477,448,4,474,807,4,470,994,4,370,484,4,337,199,4,311,709,4,308,283,4,304,910,4,260,634,4,233,311,4,215,131,4,166,122,4,141,981,4,130,664,4,089,977,4,089,900,4,069,341,4,055,655,4,049,665,4,044,139,4,002,775,3,991,201,3,966,968,3,954,868,3,936,393,3,917,476,3,915,889,3,867,548,3,865,748,3,867,548,3,865,748,3,783,160,3,764,676,3,764,677;
【00132】抗炎剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号5,872,109,5,837,735,5,827,837,5,821,250,5,814,648,5,780,026,5,776,946,5,760,002,5,750,543,5,741,798,5,739,279,5,733,939,5,723,481,5,716,967,5,688,949,5,686,488,5,686,471,5,686,434,5,684,204,5,684,041,5,684,031,5,684,002,5,677,318,5,674,891,5,672,620,5,665,752,5,656,661,5,635,516,5,631,283,5,622,948,5,618,835,5,607,959,5,593,980,5,593,960,5,580,888,5,552,424,5,552,422,5,516,764,5,510,361,5,508,026,5,500,417,5,498,405,5,494,927,5,476,876,5,472,973,5,470,885,5,470,842,5,464,856,5,464,849,5,462,952,5,459,151,5,451,686,5,444,043,5,436,265,5,432,181,RE034918,5,393,756,5,380,738,5,376,670,5,360,811,5,354,768,5,348,957,5,347,029,5,340,815,5,338,753,5,324,648,5,319,099,5,318,971,5,312,821,5,302,597,5,298,633,5,298,522,5,298,498,5,290,800,5,290,788,5,284,949,5,280,045,5,270,319,5,266,562,5,256,680,5,250,700,5,250,552,5,248,682,5,244,917,5,240,929,5,234,939,5,234,937,5,232,939,5,225,571,5,225,418,5,220,025,5,212,189,5,212,172,5,208,250,5,204,365,5,202,350,5,196,431,5,191,084,5,187,175,5,185,326,5,183,906,5,177,079,5,171,864,5,169,963,5,155,122,5,143,929,5,143,928,5,143,927,5,124,455,5,124,347,5,114,958,5,112,846,5,104,656,5,098,613,5,095,037,5,095,019,5,086,064,5,081,261,5,081,147,5,081,126,5,075,330,5,066,668,5,059,602,5,043,457,5,037,835,5,037,811,5,036,088,5,013,850,5,013,751,5,013,736,5,006,542,4,992,448,4,992,447,4,988,733,4,988,728,4,981,865,4,962,119,4,959,378,4,954,519,4,945,099,4,942,236,4,931,457,4,927,835,4,912,248,4,910,192,4,904,786,4,904,685,4,904,674,4,904,671,4,897,397,4,895,953,4,891,370,4,870,210,4,859,686,4,857,644,4,853,392,4,851,412,4,847,303,4,847,290,4,845,242,4,835,166,4,826,990,4,803,216,4,801,598,4,791,129,4,788,205,4,778,818,4,775,679,4,772,703,4,767,776,4,764,525,4,760,051,4,748,153,4,725,616,4,721,712,4,713,393,4,708,966,4,695,571,4,686,235,4,686,224,4,680,298,4,678,802,4,652,564,4,644,005,4,632,923,4,629,793,4,614,741,4,599,360,4,596,828,4,595,694,4,595,686,4,594,357,4,585,755,4,579,866,4,578,390,4,569,942,4,567,201,4,563,476,4,559,348,4,558,067,4,556,672,4,556,669,4,539,326,4,537,903,4,536,503,4,518,608,4,514,415,4,512,990,4,501,755,4,495,197,4,493,839,4,465,687,4,440,779,4,440,763,4,435,420,4,412,995,4,400,534,4,355,034,4,335,141,4,322,420,4,275,064,4,244,963,4,235,908,4,234,593,4,226,887,4,201,778,4,181,720,4,173,650,4,173,634,4,145,444,4,128,664,4,125,612,4,124,726,4,124,707,4,117,135,4,027,031,4,024,284,4,021,553,4,021,550,4,018,923,4,012,527,4,011,326,3,998,970,3,998,954,3,993,763,3,991,212,3,984,405,3,978,227,3,978,219,3,978,202,3,975,543,3,968,224,3,959,368,3,949,082,3,949,081,3,947,475,3,936,450,3,934,018,3,930,005,3,857,955,3,856,962,3,821,377,3,821,401,3,789,121,3,789,123,3,726,978,3,694,471,3,691,214,3,678,169,3,624,216;
【00133】免疫抑制剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号4,450,159,4,450,159,5,905,085,5,883,119,5,880,280,5,877,184,5,874,594,5,843,452,5,817,672,5,817,661,5,817,660,5,801,193,5,776,974,5,763,478,5,739,169,5,723,466,5,719,176,5,696,156,5,695,753,5,693,648,5,693,645,5,691,346,5,686,469,5,686,424,5,679,705,5,679,640,5,670,504,5,665,774,5,665,772,5,648,376,5,639,455,5,633,277,5,624,930,5,622,970,5,605,903,5,604,229,5,574,041,5,565,560,5,550,233,5,545,734,5,540,931,5,532,248,5,527,820,5,516,797,5,514,688,5,512,687,5,506,233,5,506,228,5,494,895,5,484,788,5,470,857,5,464,615,5,432,183,5,431,896,5,385,918,5,349,061,5,344,925,5,330,993,5,308,837,5,290,783,5,290,772,5,284,877,5,284,840,5,273,979,5,262,533,5,260,300,5,252,732,5,250,678,5,247,076,5,244,896,5,238,689,5,219,884,5,208,241,5,208,228,5,202,332,5,192,773,5,189,042,5,169,851,5,162,334,5,151,413,5,149,701,5,147,877,5,143,918,5,138,051,5,093,338,5,091,389,5,068,323,5,068,247,5,064,835,5,061,728,5,055,290,4,981,792,4,810,692,4,410,696,4,346,096,4,342,769,4,317,825,4,256,766,4,180,588,4,000,275,3,759,921;
【00134】免疫调节剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号4,446,128,4,524,147,4,720,484,4,722,899,4,748,018,4,877,619,4,998,931,5,049,387,5,118,509,5,152,980,5,256,416,5,468,729,5,583,139,5,604,234,5,612,060,5,612,350,5,658,564,5,672,605,5,681,571,5,708,002,5,723,718,5,736,143,5,744,495,5,753,687,5,770,201,5,869,057,5,891,653,5,939,455,5,948,407,6,006,752,6,024,957,6,030,624,6,037,372,6,037,373,6,043,247,6,060,049,6,087,096,6,096,315,6,099,838,6,103,235,6,124,495,6,153,203,6,169,087,6,255,278,6,262,044,6,290,950,6,306,651,6,322,796,6,329,153,6,344,476,6,352,698,6,365,163,6,379,668,6,391,303,6,395,767,6,403,555,6,410,556,6,412,492,6,468,537,6,489,330,6,521,232,6,525,035,6,525,242,6,558,663,6,572,860;
【00135】止痛剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号5,292,736,5,688,825,5,554,789,5,455,230,5,292,736,5,298,522,5,216,165,5,438,064,5,204,365,5,017,578,4,906,655,4,906,655,4,994,450,4,749,792,4,980,365,4,794,110,4,670,541,4,737,493,4,622,326,4,536,512,4,719,231,4,533,671,4,552,866,4,539,312,4,569,942,4,681,879,4,511,724,4,556,672,4,721,712,4,474,806,4,595,686,4,440,779,4,434,175,4,608,374,4,395,402,4,400,534,4,374,139,4,361,583,4,252,816,4,251,530,5,874,459,5,688,825,5,554,789,5,455,230,5,438,064,5,298,522,5,216,165,5,204,365,5,030,639,5,017,578,5,008,264,4,994,450,4,980,365,4,906,655,4,847,290,4,844,907,4,794,110,4,791,129,4,774,256,4,749,792,4,737,493,4,721,712,4,719,231,4,681,879,4,670,541,4,667,039,4,658,037,4,634,708,4,623,648,4,622,326,4,608,374,4,595,686,4,594,188,4,569,942,4,556,672,4,552,866,4,539,312,4,536,512,4,533,671,4,511,724,4,440,779,4,434,175,4,400,534,4,395,402,4,391,827,4,374,139,4,361,583,4,322,420,4,306,097,4,252,816,4,251,530,4,244,955,4,232,018,4,209,520,4,164,514,4,147,872,4,133,819,4,124,713,4,117,012,4,064,272,4,022,836,3,966,944;
【00136】胆碱能剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号5,219,872,5,219,873,5,073,560,5,073,560,5,346,911,5,424,301,5,073,560,5,219,872,4,900,748,4,786,648,4,798,841,4,782,071,4,710,508,5,482,938,5,464,842,5,378,723,5,346,911,5,318,978,5,219,873,5,219,872,5,084,281,5,073,560,5,002,955,4,988,710,4,900,748,4,798,841,4,786,648,4,782,071,4,745,123,4,710,508;
【00137】肾上腺素能剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号5,091,528,5,091,528,4,835,157,5,708,015,5,594,027,5,580,892,5,576,332,5,510,376,5,482,961,5,334,601,5,202,347,5,135,926,5,116,867,5,091,528,5,017,618,4,835,157,4,829,086,4,579,867,4,568,679,4,469,690,4,395,559,4,381,309,4,363,808,4,343,800,4,329,289,4,314,943,4,311,708,4,304,721,4,296,117,4,285,873,4,281,189,4,278,608,4,247,710,4,145,550,4,145,425,4,139,535,4,082,843,4,011,321,4,001,421,3,982,010,3,940,407,3,852,468,3,832,470;
【00138】抗组胺剂,如下列中所述:美国专利号5,874,479,5,863,938,5,856,364,5,770,612,5,702,688,5,674,912,5,663,208,5,658,957,5,652,274,5,648,380,5,646,190,5,641,814,5,633,285,5,614,561,5,602,183,4,923,892,4,782,058,4,393,210,4,180,583,3,965,257,3,946,022,3,931,197;
【00139】甾族药物,如下列中所述:美国专利号5,863,538,5,855,907,5,855,866,5,780,592,5,776,427,5,651,987,5,346,887,5,256,408,5,252,319,5,209,926,4,996,335,4,927,807,4,910,192,4,710,495,4,049,805,4,004,005,3,670,079,3,608,076,5,892,028,5,888,995,5,883,087,5,880,115,5,869,475,5,866,558,5,861,390,5,861,388,5,854,235,5,837,698,5,834,452,5,830,886,5,792,758,5,792,757,5,763,361,5,744,462,5,741,787,5,741,786,5,733,899,5,731,345,5,723,638,5,721,226,5,712,264,5,712,263,5,710,144,5,707,984,5,705,494,5,700,793,5,698,720,5,698,545,5,696,106,5,677,293,5,674,861,5,661,141,5,656,621,5,646,136,5,637,691,5,616,574,5,614,514,5,604,215,5,604,213,5,599,807,5,585,482,5,565,588,5,563,259,5,563,131,5,561,124,5,556,845,5,547,949,5,536,714,5,527,806,5,506,354,5,506,221,5,494,907,5,491,136,5,478,956,5,426,179,5,422,262,5,391,776,5,382,661,5,380,841,5,380,840,5,380,839,5,373,095,5,371,078,5,352,809,5,344,827,5,344,826,5,338,837,5,336,686,5,292,906,5,292,878,5,281,587,5,272,140,5,244,886,5,236,912,5,232,915,5,219,879,5,218,109,5,215,972,5,212,166,5,206,415,5,194,602,5,166,201,5,166,055,5,126,488,5,116,829,5,108,996,5,099,037,5,096,892,5,093,502,5,086,047,5,084,450,5,082,835,5,081,114,5,053,404,5,041,433,5,041,432,5,034,548,5,032,586,5,026,882,4,996,335,4,975,537,4,970,205,4,954,446,4,950,428,4,946,834,4,937,237,4,921,846,4,920,099,4,910,226,4,900,725,4,892,867,4,888,336,4,885,280,4,882,322,4,882,319,4,882,315,4,874,855,4,868,167,4,865,767,4,861,875,4,861,765,4,861,763,4,847,014,4,774,236,4,753,932,4,711,856,4,710,495,4,701,450,4,701,449,4,689,410,4,680,290,4,670,551,4,664,850,4,659,516,4,647,410,4,634,695,4,634,693,4,588,530,4,567,000,4,560,557,4,558,041,4,552,871,4,552,868,4,541,956,4,519,946,4,515,787,4,512,986,4,502,989,4,495,102;所有上述的公开内容通过援引并入本文。
【00140】缀合物的药物部分可以是完整的药物或保持它对于感兴趣的靶的亲和性和特异性同时具有用于与载体蛋白配体或接头共价结合的连接位点的其结合片段或部分。所述药物的缀合物可用于与药物自身相同的病症,疾病,和适应症。
【00141】G.癌症化疗活性剂
【00142】用于可用于本发明方法的基于RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体的缀合物的优选癌症化疗试剂包括可用于治疗肝肿瘤或肝周围的其他肿瘤的所有药物,所述药物是游离形式的,或如果以游离形式对所述肿瘤不是那么有用而当与RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体或其LRP1-结合片段连接是是有用的。所述化疗剂优选是细胞毒性化疗试剂,包括但不限于阿霉素(也称为亚德里亚霉素),顺氯氨铂,紫杉醇,其类似物,并且其他化疗剂在先体外后体内(ex vivo)和体内显示出针对肿瘤的活性。所述化疗剂还包括烷基化试剂,抗代谢物,天然产物(例如长春花生物碱,表叶毒素(epidophyllotoxins),抗生素,酶和生物反应调节剂),拓扑异构酶抑制剂,微管抑制剂,纺锤体抑制剂,激素和拮抗剂,和混杂试剂例如铂配位络合物,蒽二酮(anthracendiones),取代的尿素,等。本领域激素人员将了解其他的化疗剂。
【00143】可用于治疗癌症或肿瘤的细胞毒性化疗剂包括但不限于放射性同位素,例如131I(碘)、125I、111In(铟)、90Y(钇)、67Cu(铜)、127Lu(镥)、212Bi(铋)、213Bi、255Fm(镄)、149Tb(铽)、223Rd(镭)、213Pb(铅)、212Pb、211At(砹)、89Sr(锶)、153Sm(钐)、166Ho(钬)、225Ac(锕)、186Re(铼)、67Ga(镓)、68Ga和99mTc(锝),可缀合可用于本发明的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体。放射性同位素可为所述目的利用本领域常用的金属螯合剂连接于多肽,包括但不限于,1,4,7,10-四氮杂环-11十二烷--N,N’,N”,N”’-四乙酸(DOTA),1,4,8,11-四氮杂环十四烷N,N′,N″,N″′-四乙酸(TETA),二亚乙基三胺五乙酸酯(DTPA),二巯基琥珀酸(DMSA),四氮杂环十三烷-N,N′,N″,N″′-四乙酸(TRITA),和1,5,9,13-四氮杂环十六烷-N,N′,N″,N″′-四乙酸(HETA),羟基亚乙基二膦酸酯(HEDP),HEXA和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA),其允许将放射性同位素“加载”到多肽上。
【00144】优选的化疗剂是以游离形式以期望剂量显示出不可接受的全身毒性的那些。与所述试剂的治疗水平相关的全身毒性被它们与RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体的连接而降低。特别优选的是心脏毒性化合物,其是有用的治疗剂但是剂量被心脏毒性限制。经典的例子是阿霉素(也称为亚德里亚霉素)和它的类似物,例如红比霉素。RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体与所述药物连接降低了心脏中的积聚和相关的心脏毒性。
【00145】H.纳米颗粒
【00146】纳米颗粒是从生物可降解和非生物可降解聚合物或从其他物质例如脂质构建的大分子集合。所述集合可被工程化以在颗粒之内的腔中包含治疗分子。通过这种方式,纳米颗粒提供了改变药物的生物分布,药物动力学,免疫原性和效力的方法。适合的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体的附着将,反过来,提供提高这些分子的组织分布的特异性。
【00147】I.生产RAP缀合物的方法
【00148】i.宿主细胞
【00149】用于生产嵌合蛋白的宿主细胞是细菌,酵母,昆虫,非哺乳动物脊椎动物,或哺乳动物细胞;哺乳动物细胞包括但不限于,仓鼠,猴,黑猩猩,狗,猫,牛,猪,小鼠,大鼠,兔子,绵羊和人细胞。宿主细胞可以是永生化细胞(细胞系)或非永生化(原代或次级)细胞并且可以是多种细胞类型中的任一,例如但不限于,成纤维细胞,角质化细胞,上皮细胞(例如,乳房上皮细胞,肠上皮细胞),卵巢细胞(例如,中国仓鼠卵巢或CHO细胞),内皮细胞,神经胶质细胞,神经细胞,血液形成元件(例如,淋巴细胞,骨髓细胞),肌肉细胞,肝细胞和这些体细胞类型的前体。宿主细胞可包括CHO细胞的突变体,其不表达LRP例如CHO13-5-1(FitzGerald等,J.Biol.Chem.,129(6):1533-41,1995)。
【00150】包含和表达编码嵌合蛋白的DNA或RNA的细胞在本文中表示为遗传修饰的细胞。包含和表达编码嵌合蛋白的DNA或RNA的哺乳动物细胞表示为遗传修饰的哺乳动物细胞。DNA或RNA引入细胞是通过已知的转染方法,例如,电穿孔,微注射,微粒轰击,磷酸钙沉淀,修饰的磷酸钙沉淀,阳离子脂质治疗,photoporation,融合方法,受体介导转移,或聚凝胺沉淀。或者,DNA或RNA可通过用病毒载体注射而导入。生产表达编码嵌合蛋白的DNA或RNA的包括哺乳动物细胞的细胞的方法描述于美国专利号6,048,729,5,994,129和6,063,630。这些申请中的每一的教导全文通过援引并入本文。
【00151】ii.核酸构建体
【00152】用于表达嵌合蛋白的核酸构建体可以是在转染的哺乳动物细胞内染色体外表达(游离基因地)或通过同源重组随机或在预选择靶点整合入受体细胞基因组。染色体外表达的构建体包含,除了编码嵌合蛋白的序列之外,足以在细胞中表达蛋白的序列,和任选地,用于构建体的复制的序列。典型地,它包括启动子,编码嵌合蛋白的DNA和聚腺苷化位点。编码嵌合蛋白的DNA以使得它的表达在启动子的控制之下的方式定位于构建体中。任选地,构建体可包含另外的成分例如一个或更多个下列成分:剪接位点,增强子序列,在适当启动子控制之下的可选择标记基因,和在适当启动子控制之下的可扩增标记基因。
【00153】在那些其中DNA构建体整合入细胞基因组的实施方式中,它仅仅需要包括编码嵌合蛋白的核酸序列。任选地,它可包括启动子和增强子序列,单个或复数个聚腺苷酸化位点,单个或复数个剪接位点,编码单个或复数个可选择标记的核酸序列,编码可扩增标记的DNA的核酸序列和/或为使得DNA靶向整合入基因组中的选择位点的与受体细胞中基因组DNA同源的DNA(靶向DNA或DNA序列)。
【00154】iii.细胞培养方法
【00155】包含编码嵌合蛋白的DNA或RNA的哺乳动物细胞在适于细胞生长和DNA或RNA表达的条件下培养。那些表达嵌合蛋白的细胞可利用已知方法和本文描述的方法而鉴定,并且嵌合蛋白可利用已知方法和本文也描述了的方法而分离和纯化;可以扩大或不扩大嵌合蛋白生产。例如,可通过筛选展现出指示编码嵌合蛋白的DNA或RNA存在的表型的遗传修饰的哺乳动物细胞,例如PCR筛选,通过Southern印迹分析的筛选,或为嵌合蛋白表达的筛选,而实施鉴定。可通过在DNA构建体中包括可选择标记并在仅仅适于表达所述可选择标记基因的那些细胞存活的条件下培养包含可选择标记基因的转染或感染的细胞,而完成已经并入编码嵌合蛋白的DNA的细胞的选择。可通过在适于扩增的条件下培养遗传修饰的哺乳动物细胞(例如,在存在仅仅包含多拷贝可扩增标记基因的细胞可以存活的药物浓度下培养包含可扩增标记基因的遗传修饰的哺乳动物细胞)而影响引入的DNA构建体的进一步扩增。
【00156】如本文所述,通过检测表达产物可鉴定表达嵌合蛋白的遗传修饰的哺乳动物细胞。例如,其中载体是RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体的表达嵌合蛋白的哺乳动物细胞可通过三明治酶免疫测定而鉴定。抗体可定位于针对缀合物的LRP1-结合部分或活性剂部分。
【00157】iv.RAP片段或RAP变体多肽的生产
【00158】用于根据本发明的用途的RAP片段或RAP变体多肽包括描述于美国专利号5,474,766和国际专利申请号PCT/US2006/36453的那些,为了公开用于本发明的化合物和组合物的所述肽和它们的生产的目的,所述文献全文通过援引并入本文。RAP片段和RAP变体多肽利用本领域技术人员已知的任何蛋白制备和纯化方法被生产。
【00159】配体从蛋白的天然存在来源纯化,可从表达配体的重组宿主中分离,或利用蛋白合成中公知的技术合成。熟练技术人员可容易地修饰多种所述技术以获得包含受体-结合位点的RAP片段或RAP变体。(Melman等,J.Biol.Chem.276(31):29338-29346(2001);Savonen等,J Biol Chem.274(36):25877-25882(1999);Nielsen等Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 94:7521-7525(1997);Medved等,J.Biol.Chem.274(2):717-727(1999);Rall等,J.Biol.Chem.273(37):24152-24157(1998);Orlando等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 3161-3163(1994))。
【00160】天然RAP蛋白的分离先前已被描述(Ashcom等,J.Cell.Biol.110:1041-1048(1990)和Jensen等,FEBS Lett.255:275-280(1989))。RAP变体和片段产生于分离的天然蛋白,其被酶和/或化学切割以产生完整蛋白的片段。美国专利号6,447,775通过援引并入本文,特别是用于获得RAP变体多肽的所述方法。另外,RAP片段或RAP变体表达于重组细菌(Williams等,J.Biol.Chem.267:9035-9040(1992);Wurshawsky等,J.Biol.Chem.269:3325-3330(1994))。从重组大肠杆菌菌株纯化39kDa RAP蛋白的方法先前已被描述(Herz等,J.Biol.Chem.266,21232-21238(1991);美国专利号5,474,766)。
【00161】在具有100μg/ml氨比西林的LB培养基中在37℃培育携带表达质粒pGEX-39kDa的大肠杆菌菌株DH5α的培养物到中对数期。培养物冷却到30℃并且补充0.01%的异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷以诱导谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶-39kDa融合蛋白的表达。30℃诱导4-6个小时之后,培养物用冰冷却并通过离心回收。进一步的步骤在4℃进行。细胞团在具有1%Triton X-100,1μM抑胃酶肽,2.5μg/ml亮抑酶肽,0.2mM苯甲基磺酰基氟化物(PMSF),and 1μM乙二胺四乙酸酯(EDTA)的PBS中裂解。裂解物用Branson 450型超声波仪超声处理并且产生的膜和其他细胞碎片通过以15,000g离心15分钟而被分离。回收的上清液用琼脂糖固定的谷胱甘肽珠(Sigma Chemical Co.)在PBS和0.1%的叠氮化钠过夜孵育。洗涤珠,并且通过用5mM还原谷胱甘肽(Sigma Chemical Co.)竞争而洗脱融合蛋白。透析之后,通过用每50μg融合蛋白100ng的活化人凝血酶过夜孵育而切割融合蛋白。谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶表位接下来通过用琼脂糖固定的谷胱甘肽珠进一步孵育而被除去。
【00162】尽管如上所述,描述了用于生产和纯化RAP的上述方法,也可利用类似技术生产其他RAP片段或RAP变体。所述配体的综述可见于Christensen和Birn,(Am.J.Physiol.Renal Physiol.,280:F562-F573,2001,特别见表2和其引用的参考文献)。生产和纯化所述配体的技术对于本领域技术人员是公知的。
【00163】J.RAP缀合物的表征
【00164】i.标记
【00165】在一些实施方式中,基于RAP,RAP片段和RAP变体的活性剂缀合物被标记以促进它的检测。“标记”或“可检测部分”是可通过光谱学,光化学,生化,免疫化学,化学,或其他物理方法检测的组分。例如,适用于本发明的标记包括,例如,放射活性标记(如,32P),荧光团(如,荧光素),电子致密试剂,酶(如,如通常用于ELISA中的),生物素,地高辛配基,或半抗原和蛋白,所述半抗原或蛋白可例如通过将放射标记掺入该半抗原或肽使得其可检测,或其可用于检测与该半抗原或肽特异性反应的抗体。
【00166】如上所述,依赖于利用的筛选测定,缀合物的活性剂,接头或RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体多肽部分可被标记。利用的特别的标记或可检测基团不是本发明的关键方面,只要它不显著影响缀合物的生物学活性即可。可检测基团可以是任何具有可检测物理或化学性质的物质。因此,标记是可通过光谱学,光化学,生化,免疫化学,电子,光学或化学方法检测的任何成分。
【00167】适于用于本发明的标记的例子包括但不限于,荧光染料(例如,荧光素异硫氰酸盐,德克萨斯红,罗丹明等),放射标记(例如,3H、125I、35S、14C或32P),酶(例如,辣根过氧化物酶,碱磷酸酶和通常用于ELISA的其他酶),和比色标记例如胶体金或有色玻璃或塑料珠(例如,聚苯乙烯,聚丙烯,胶乳等)。
【00168】根据本领域公知的方法标记可直接或间接与测定中期望的成分偶联。优选地,根据本发明,为缀合活性剂在一个实施方式中标记利用异氰酸盐试剂与生物聚合物共价结合。在本发明的一个方面,本发明的双功能异氰酸盐试剂可用于将标记缀合于生物聚合物以形成标记生物聚合物缀合物,而不向其附着活性剂。标记生物聚合物缀合物可用作合成根据本发明的标记缀合物的中间体,或可用于检测生物聚合物缀合物。如上所述,多种标记可被利用,根据需要的敏感性,与测定的期望成分缀合的便利,稳定性需要,可获得的仪器和处理规定选择标记。非放射活性标记通常通过间接方式附着。通常,配体分子(例如,生物素)与分子共价结合。配体结合天然可检测或共价结合信号系统的另一分子(例如,链霉抗生物素),例如可检测酶,荧光化合物,或化学发光化合物。
【00169】缀合物还可直接与产生信号的化合物缀合,例如通过与酶或荧光团缀合。适于用作标记的酶包括但不限于,水解酶,特别是磷酸酶,酯酶和糖苷酶,或氧化酶(oxidotases),特别是过氧化物酶。适于用作标记的荧光化合物,即,荧光团,包括但不限于荧光素和它的衍生物,罗丹明和它的衍生物,丹磺酰,伞形酮等。适合的荧光团的进一步的例子包括但不限于,曙红,TRITC-胺,奎宁,荧光素W,吖啶黄,丽丝胺罗丹明,B磺酰基氯化物erythroscein,钌(三,二吡啶盐),德克萨斯红,烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸,黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸等。适于用作标记的化学发光化合物包括但不限于,萤光素和2,3-二氢-2,3-二氮杂萘二酮,例如,鲁米诺。对于可用于本发明方法的多种标记或信号产生系统的综述,见美国专利号4,391,904。
【00170】检测标记的工具是本领域技术人员公知的。因此,例如,当标记是放射活性标记时,用于检测的工具包括闪烁计数器或当在放射自显影术中时的摄影膜。当标记是荧光标记时,可通过用适当波长的光激发荧光染料并检测产生的荧光而检测它。可通过利用电子检测器例如电荷耦合装置(CCDs)或光电倍增器等而目测荧光。类似地,可通过提供适合的酶底物并检测产生的反应产物而检测酶标记。可通过简单地观察与标记相关的颜色而检测比色或化学发光标记。适于用于本发明方法的其他标记和检测系统对于本领域技术人员将是显而易见的。所述标记调节剂和配体可用于诊断疾病或健康状况。
【00171】K.应用方法,药物组合物,和它们的给药
【00172】缀合物可通过将它们溶解,悬浮或乳化在水或非水溶剂,例如植物或其他类似油,合成脂肪酸甘油酯,高级脂肪酸酯或聚乙二醇中而配制为用于注射的制剂;并且如果期望,利用传统添加剂,例如增溶剂,等渗剂,悬浮剂,乳化剂,稳定剂和防腐剂。
【00173】缀合物可用于气溶胶制剂中以通过吸入给药。本发明的化合物可配制入增压可接受的推进剂例如二氯二氟甲烷,丙烷,氮气等。
【00174】用于注射或静脉内给药的单位剂量形式可包含作为在无菌水,标准盐或另一药学上可接受载体中的溶液的组合物中的缀合物。
【00175】在特别的应用中,本文所述的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体缀合物可根据传统药学复合技术组合为在具有药学载体的紧密混合物中的活性成分。载体可采取多种形式,依赖于给药期望的制剂形式,例如口服或肠胃外(包括静脉内)。
【00176】关于经皮途径给药,经皮给药方法公开于Remington’sPharmaceutical Sciences,17th Edition,(Gennaro et al.Eds.MackPublishing Co.,1985)。真皮或皮肤贴剂是用于经皮递送用于本发明方法的缀合物的优选工具。贴剂优选提供吸收增强剂例如DMSO以提高化合物的吸收。其他用于经皮药物递送的方法公开于美国专利号5,962,012,6,261,595和6,261,595。其每种全文通过引用并入本文。
【00177】药学上可接受的赋形剂,例如媒介物,佐剂,载体或稀释剂,是商业上可获得的。而且,药学上可接受的辅助物质,例如PH调节和缓冲剂,张力调节剂,稳定剂,湿润剂等,是商业上可获得的。
【00178】本领域技术人员将容易地理解剂量水平可作为特定化合物,症状严重度和个体对于副作用的易感性的函数而改变。对于给定化合物优选的剂量是本领域技术人员通过多种方式可容易地确定的,所述方式包括但不限于在患者,测试动物中和体外进行剂量响应和药物动力学评价。
【00179】在每种这些方面中,组合物包括但不限于,适于口服,直肠,局部,肠胃外(包括皮下,肌肉内,和静脉内),肺(鼻或口腔吸入),或鼻给药,尽管在任何给定的情况中最适合的途径将部分依赖于待治疗的病症的性质和严重性以及活性成分的性质。给药的示例性途径是口服和静脉内途径。组合物可便利地存在于单位剂量形式中并且通过药学领域任何公知方法制备。
【00180】本发明的组合物可包囊入或附着于病毒被膜或囊泡,或并入细胞。囊泡是胶束颗粒,其通常是球形的并且经常是脂质的。脂质体是从双层膜形成的囊泡。适合的囊泡包括但不限于单层囊泡和多层脂质囊泡或脂质体。所述囊泡和脂质体可利用例如美国专利号4,394,448中所述的标准技术从多种脂质或磷脂化合物制备,例如,磷脂酰胆碱,磷脂酸,磷脂酰丝氨酸,磷脂酰乙醇胺,鞘磷脂,糖脂,神经节苷脂等。所述囊泡或脂质体可用于细胞内给予化合物并且递送化合物到靶器官。感兴趣的p97-组合物的控制释放也可利用包囊化而获得(见例如,美国专利号5,186,941)。
【00181】可利用将基于RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体的活性剂缀合物递送入血流的给药途径。优选,组合物外周给予,最优选静脉内或通过心脏导管。颈静脉内和颈动脉内注射也是有用的。组合物可局部性或区域性地给予,例如腹膜内或皮下或肌肉内。在一个方面,组合物利用适合的药学稀释剂或载体而给予。
【00182】待给予的剂量将依赖于个体需要,期望的效果,利用的活性剂,生物聚合物和选择的给药途径。缀合物的优选剂量在大约0.2pmol/kg到大约25nmol/kg之间变化,并且特别优选的剂量范围是2-250pmol/kg;或者,缀合物优选的剂量范围可以是0.02到2000mg/kg。这些剂量可被与生物聚合物缔合的多种活性剂或药物部分所影响。或者,剂量可基于给予的活性剂而计算。
【00183】在优选的实施方式中,缀合物包含RAP变体。例如,包含0.005到100mg/kg阿霉素的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体-阿霉素的剂量在体内是有用的。特别优选的是包含0.05mg/kg到20mg/kg阿霉素的RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体-阿霉素的剂量。本领域技术人员可部分基于推荐用于化合物游离形式的剂量而确定与RAP变体连接的化合物的适合剂量。活性剂与RAP变体的缀合通常降低为获得相同效果而需要的药物的量。
【00184】本发明的缀合物和调节剂可用于动物,特别是人类中的治疗,预防和诊断介入。RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体化合物可显示出在特定组织中的偏好积聚。优选的对于诊断的医学适应症包括例如,与感兴趣的靶器官相关的任何病症(例如,肺,肝,肾,脾)。
【00185】所述主题方法可用于治疗多种不同疾病病症。在某些实施方式中,特别感兴趣的是所述主题方法用于具有期望活性的活性剂或药物先前已被鉴定但是活性剂或药物没有充分递送到靶位点,区域或区室以产生完全满意的治疗效果的疾病病症中的用途。利用所述活性剂或药物,将活性剂与RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体缀合的方法可用于增强治疗试剂或药物的治疗功效和治疗指数。
【00186】可用受试缀合物治疗的特定疾病病症随着可存在于缀合物中的药物部分的类型改变而改变。因此,影响肝并且可被本发明方法治疗的疾病病症包括细胞增殖性疾病,例如,瘤疾病,自身免疫疾病,激素异常疾病,变性疾病,老化疾病等。
【00187】治疗表示包括与缀合物给药相关的个体的任何有益结果,包括降低的获得疾病的可能性,疾病的预防,疾病进展的减缓,停止或逆转,或与影响宿主的疾病病症相关的症状的改善,其中改善或益处在广义上使用以表示至少降低参数的大小,例如,与待治疗病理病症相关的症状,例如与其相关的炎症和疼痛。同样,治疗还包括如下情形,其中病理病症,或至少与其相关症状,被完全抑制,例如,被防止发生或被停止,例如被终止,使得宿主不再遭受病理病症,或至少表征所述病理病症的症状。
【00188】L.RAP缀合物向肝的递送
【00189】大多数肝主要通过门静脉灌注。肿瘤对于动脉血的依赖,以及首次通过捕获(first-pass capture)的效率,应该允许静脉内给予RAP-缀合的化疗剂之后不伤害(sparing)显著部分的非癌症肝组织。
【00190】除了肝脉管系统提供的潜在优点之外,LRP1在HCC肿瘤细胞和周围组织上的相对表达水平可进一步有利于RAP缀合物的功效。研究已经证实了在瘤转化之后LRP1表达在肝细胞上表达的至少十倍增加(23)。显著的对比之下,其他已经显示了LRP1在非癌症而是硬变的肝组织中是显著低表达的(24)。在肿瘤细胞上增强的LRP1表达,以及在疾病肝脏中别处降低的表达,应该类似于具有首次通过捕获的动脉递送,导致RAP缀合物的非一致的递送,其偏好于肿瘤组织。非一致的递送,以及快速增殖的肿瘤细胞对化疗剂通常增强的敏感性,可防止在大多数HCC患者中由于降低的肝脏储备而呈现的对治疗的障碍。
【00191】一种有效的治疗肝细胞癌的方法是给予钇-90(90Y)。90Y是具有对抗多种肿瘤的高抗生素功效的癌症化疗剂。90Y衰变产生了高能量的β粒子,使得它成为对于大的实体肿瘤例如HCC中常见的那些特别好的选择。在衰变时,钇成为稳定的元素锆。90Y递送到肝细胞肿瘤中目前是利用通过经动脉导管插入术给予包含核素的不溶玻璃珠(THERASPHERETM)而获得。这种方法对于治疗大的,定义明确的肿瘤是有效的,但是对于涉及多重,小的肿瘤的情况或涉及转移的情况是较无用的。另一方法是将90Y或其他化疗剂与选择性地靶向肿瘤细胞的试剂缀合。这种方法的一个实例可发现于非何杰金淋巴瘤治疗剂(Ibritumomab tiuxetan),一种具有金属螯合剂的抗CD-22单克隆抗体,其在注射之前装载了90Y。
【00192】RAP显示了在给药后快速扩散到肝。静脉内大丸剂注射30皮摩尔蛋白之后,超过70%的外源RAP在十分钟之内积聚在肝中(20)。注射的RAP的循环半衰期小于1分钟。这些药物动力学也在大鼠中静脉内注射时观察到最多达2.5mg/kg(60nmol/kg)(20)。对于另一高亲和性LRP1配体,蛋白酶活化-2-巨球蛋白,一种725kD的四聚血清糖蛋白,已经报道了类似的药物动力学(21)。仅仅少量的RAP(<1%的注射剂量)积聚在心脏,脑,肌肉或肾,显示在这些组织中RAP-结合LDLR的组织和血管表达对于此应用是可忽略的。静脉内给予RAP已经显示出在啮齿动物和猫科物种中可测量的毒性。RAP被肝的捕获效率被与肝细胞上丰富的细胞表面肝素硫酸蛋白多糖的起始低亲和性结合步骤,以及随后高亲和性结合和被LRP1的胞吞作用所增强(1,22)。根据本发明,静脉内给药之后RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体缀合的化疗剂,例如90Y对肝的接近定量的递送将显著降低与这些药相关的全身毒性,降低患者在HCC治疗过程中的风险。缀合于90Y或其他活性剂的RAP或RAP片段或变体提供了递送活性剂到肝中的有效方法。
【00193】大量因素有利于RAP缀合物的选择性肝肿瘤靶向,也暗示了所述试剂对于转移的HCC是有效的。转移肿瘤细胞趋向于保持它们对于迁移到异位的特性,证实了LRP1在肝外转移人HCC中未减少的表达(25)。这种因素可导致转移的HCC对静脉内给予的RAP,RAP片段和RAP变体以及适合的化疗剂或其他活性剂的缀合物类似地易感。
【00194】M.肝病症
【00195】本发明的一个方面预期了化疗药物或其他试剂与RAP,RAP片段或RAP片段或RAP变体的缀合以递送治疗化合物到肝中以治疗肝疾病。RAP缀合物的给药以治疗肝疾病将导致与肝疾病治疗相关的严重问题,例如肝对试剂的清除,或在质膜中的药物抗性机理(MDR,P-糖蛋白)。
【00196】本发明预期的肝疾病包括但不限于下面讨论的那些病症。肝细胞癌,或肝癌是世界上第五普遍的癌症,并且发生率已经稳定地上升。致瘤肝细胞保持高水平的LRP1表达。肝细胞癌对化疗响应不好,因为肿瘤细胞显示出高比率的药物抗性,并且因为使用的化疗剂具有炎症的毒性,特别是在心脏和肾中,由于全身(静脉内)给药。
【00197】肝炎是肝的炎症的普通术语。肝炎可以是急性或慢性并且包括急性或慢性肝衰竭,例如,由于病毒(例如,甲型,乙型,丙型,丁型或戊型或非-甲乙丙丁戊肝炎,CMV,非洲淋巴细胞瘤病毒(Epstein-Barr)),真菌,立克次氏体或寄生虫感染,酒精,化学毒素,药物(例如,醋氨酚,胺碘达隆(amiodarone),异烟肼,三氟溴氯乙烷(halothane),氯丙嗪,红霉素),代谢肝疾病(例如,威尔逊病,α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏),癌症,先天自身免疫肝疾病,肝硬化(例如,原发胆汁肝硬化),胆道阻塞。肝被甲型,乙型和/或丙型肝炎病毒感染可导致缓慢进展的肝疾病,导致肝衰竭。急性肝炎感染最常见是由甲型肝炎病毒引起的。乙型和丙型肝炎感染可在身体内持续并且成为长期感染(慢性)。丙型肝炎可导致严重的病症,包括肝硬化和癌症。
【00198】预期的另外的肝病症或病患可用缀合于RAP,RAP片段或变体的组合物治疗,包括肝脂肪变性(美国专利6,596,762),胆汁郁积(美国专利号6,069,167),肝硬化,毒性肝损害,肝切除后病症,和胆道阻塞。
【00199】用于治疗肝疾病的与RAP或RAP片段或变体缀合的候选药物包括但不限于:5-尿氟嘧啶,亚德里亚霉素(阿霉素),丝裂霉素C,顺铂,表阿霉素,红比霉素,依托泊苷,和表1中的其他化疗剂,阿德福韦(adefovir),拉米夫定,恩替卡韦,病毒唑,干扰素α,聚乙二醇化干扰素α-2a,干扰素α-2b和其他抗病毒剂,维生素E,乌索脱氧胆酸,和其他用于治疗肝病症的试剂。
表1
烷化剂                                             天然产品
氮芥                                               抗有丝分裂药物
二氯甲基二乙胺
环磷酰胺
异环磷酰胺                                         紫杉烷
美法兰                                             紫杉醇
苯丁酸氮芥                                         长春花生物碱
                                                   长春碱(VLB)
亚硝基脲                                           长春新碱
卡莫司汀(BCNU)                                     长春瑞滨(vinorelbine)
洛莫司汀(CCNU)                                     泰索帝(Taxotere)
Figure A20078004271900501
(多西泰索(docetaxel))
司莫司汀(甲基-CCNU)                                雌莫司汀
                                                   磷酸雌莫司汀
乙烯亚胺/甲基-蜜胺
三乙烯胺三嗪(thriethylenemelamine)(TEM)            表鬼臼毒素类(Epipodophylotoxins)
三亚乙基硫化磷酰胺(triethylene thiophosphoramide)  依托泊苷(etoposide)
(噻替哌(thiotepa))                                 替尼泊苷(teniposide)
六甲基蜜胺
(HMM,六甲蜜胺)            抗生素
                           放线菌素(actimomycin)D
磺酸烷酯                   红比霉素(daunomycin)(柔毛霉素)
白消安                     阿霉素(亚德里亚霉素)
                           mitoxantroneidarubicin
三嗪                       博莱霉素
氮烯咪胺(DTIC)             splicamycin(光神霉素)
                           丝裂霉素C
抗代谢物                   放线菌素D
叶酸类似物                 阿非科林(aphidicolin)
氨甲喋呤
三甲曲沙(Trimetrexate)     
培美曲塞(Pemetrexed)       L-天冬酰胺酶
(多靶向抗叶酸物)           L-精氨酸酶
嘧啶类似物                 放射致敏剂
5-尿氟嘧啶                 甲硝哒唑
氟脱氧尿苷                 米索硝唑
吉西他滨                   去甲基醚醇硝唑
胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷           哌莫硝唑
(AraC,阿糖胞苷)           硝吗唑啉
5-氮杂胞苷                 RSU 1069
2,2′-二氟脱氧-胞嘧啶     EO9
                           RB 6145
嘌呤类似物                 SR4233
6-巯基嘌呤                 尼克酰胺
6-硫代鸟嘌呤               5-溴代脱氧尿苷(bromodeozyuridine)
硫唑嘌呤                   5-碘代脱氧尿苷
2′-脱氧助间型霉素         溴代脱氧胞苷
(喷司他丁)
赤羟基壬基-腺嘌呤(EHNA)
磷酸氟达拉宾(fludarabine)  多重试剂
2-氯代脱氧腺苷                      铂配位络合物
(克拉屈滨(cladribine),2-CdA)       顺铂
                                    卡铂
                                    奥沙利铂
I型拓扑异构酶抑制剂                 蒽二酮(Anthracenedione)
喜树碱                              米托蒽醌
拓扑替康
伊立替康(irinotecan)                取代脲
                                    羟基脲
生物响应修饰剂
G-CSF                               甲肼衍生物
GM-CSF                              N-甲肼(MIH)
                                    甲苄肼
分化剂
维甲酸衍生物                        肾上腺皮质抑制剂
                                    米托坦(o,p′-DDD)
激素和拮抗剂                        ainoglutethimide
肾上腺皮质类固醇/拮抗剂
强的松和等效物                      细胞因子
地塞米松                            干扰素(α,β,γ)
ainoglutethimide                    白介素-2
孕酮                                光敏剂
己酸羟基孕酮                        血卟啉衍生物
醋酸甲羟孕酮                        光卟啉
Figure A20078004271900521
醋酸甲地孕酮                        苯并卟啉衍生物
                                    Npe6
雌激素                              tin初卟啉(SnET2)
己烯雌酚                            pheoboride-a
乙炔基雌二醇/等效物                 细菌叶绿素-a
                                    萘酞菁(naphthalocyanines)
抗雌激素药                          酞菁
三苯氧胺                  锌酞菁
雄激素                    放射
丙酸睾酮                  X-射线
氟羟甲睾酮/等效物         紫外光
                          γ放射
抗雄激素药                可见光
氟他胺                    红外放射
促性腺激素释放素类似物    微波放射
亮丙立得(leuprolide)
非类固醇抗雄激素药
氟他胺
【00200】本发明的其他方面和细节从下列实施例中将是显而易见的,其意图为例示而不是限制。
实施例1:RAP缀合物通过LRP1途径将毒素递送到细胞
【00201】为确定缀合于细胞毒性试剂的RAP肽是否能够将毒素有效递送到细胞并且启动细胞死亡,利用了体外测定以评价毒素通过RAP-LRP1结合和内化途径的递送。
【00202】野生型和LRP-1-缺陷CHO-K1细胞生长于补充了5%胎牛血清的BioWhittaker Ultra-CHO。细胞在实验前48小时接种于12孔板。对应于RAP d3的部分的生物素化,内部二硫键连接,截短的肽(mini-RAPc,Hep1:生物素-GGSGGCGFREELKHFEAKIEKHNHYQKQLEIAHEKLRHAESVGDGERVSRSREKHALLEGRTKELGYTVKKHLQDLSGGC)(SEQ ID NO:9)与等摩尔量的链霉抗生物素和细菌毒素皂草毒蛋白的缀合物(ZAP,Advanced Targeting Systems,San Diego)组合。混合物稀释入生长培养基到100mM,并且一式两份添加到孔中。作为对照,重复孔单独用RAP d3肽孵育(mini-RAPc),单独用链霉抗生物素-皂草毒蛋白(ZAP)孵育,两者都是100nM浓度,并且单独用1μM皂草毒蛋白(SAP)孵育。细胞在潮湿室中37℃,5%CO2下孵育48小时。对于每种处理条件用MTT测定试剂盒(Invitrogen,San Diego)确定细胞存活率。
【00203】图2显示了肽单独对于细胞存活不具有显著效果。链霉抗生物素-皂草毒蛋白缀合物单独对于野生型CHO-K1降低了大约10%的存活细胞数量,对于LRP-缺陷细胞没有作用。肽和细胞毒性缀合物的组合对于野生型CHO-K1降低了将近40%的存活细胞数量,在LRP-缺陷CHO-K1中仅仅只有5%的损失。皂草毒蛋白单独(1μM)导致的损失为大约55%(野生型)和35%(LRP-缺陷)。
【00204】这种数据显示了RAP d3肽可有效驱动结合的毒素通过LRP1胞吞途径内化,并且提供了用于递送化合物和治疗剂的有用系统。
实施例2:RAP和RAP肽缀合物体内给药
【00205】乙型肝炎的感染可产生多重结果:无症状感染,急性肝炎,暴发性(快速和严重发作)肝炎,或慢性低水平持续性感染的发展。5%到10%之间的感染成人将成为慢性携带者。在具有慢性携带者病症的那些人中,25-35%将最终死于感染并发症:肝硬化或肝细胞癌(HCC)。发展肝细胞癌的可能性还随着酒精中毒,吸烟和肥胖而提高。这种疾病的预测是很弱的,据报道5年平均存活率为低于5%。
【00206】HCC是第5普遍的待诊断恶性肿瘤,并且世界范围每年造成将近500,000例死亡。肿瘤组织的手术去除,移植和物理破坏是治疗的首选,但仅仅5到10%的患者呈现出适于这些方法的肿瘤(13-15)。而且,全身化疗导致15-20%的低响应率,两者都是因为化疗的毒性和肿瘤细胞抗性(16-17)。
【00207】例如,阿霉素是癌症化疗剂,其具有针对多种肿瘤的高功效,并且对于经历快速生长的细胞,包括肿瘤细胞,特别具有毒性。但是,阿霉素在肝细胞癌治疗中的应用受限于显著的肝和心脏毒性和血细胞生产的抑制(34)。另外,肝细胞癌细胞显示出向药物抗性类型的高转变率(35)。
【00208】治疗的一种可选方法是利用放射。例如,一种用于当前测试的肝癌的新的治疗法涉及将已标记了放射活性材料(90Y)的微玻璃珠注射入主要肝动脉,从那里它进入遍布肿瘤组织的小血管。放射然后破坏肿瘤组织。然而,血从肝动脉的显著分流到肺排除了在许多患者中使用玻璃珠。珠子显著回流到供养胃肠道的动脉还可导致严重的副反应。放射治疗有效递送到肿瘤组织因此需要不依赖于将在血管中捕获的大物质的更定向的方法。
【00209】用于测试治疗的生物分布和功效的用于肝细胞癌(HCC)的相关动物模型是旱獭肝炎病毒(WHV)-感染的东方旱獭(33)。近乎所有感染了病毒的新生旱獭在24个月的平均间隔内发展了HCC。平均预期寿命是30个月,然而WHV-感染的旱獭没有发展肝硬化,一种存在于大多数HCC患者中的病症。旱獭肝炎病毒和人乙型肝炎病毒在结构,遗传,传播方法,感染过程和向肝细胞癌的进展上类似。存在显著的类似性,这些显著的类似性说明了这种模型的重要性。类似于人,超过半数的所有出生后不久暴露于肝炎病毒的旱獭发展了慢性感染并且接近所有慢性感染的旱獭在暴露后大约20到28个月发展了肝细胞癌。剩余的接种的新生旱獭经常发展急性肝炎,但将发展出针对病毒的抗体并且恢复。17到25%之间的这些“恢复的”动物在暴露之后29到56个月发展了HCC。在表面上从肝炎感染恢复之后的HCC的发展也在人中发现。
【00210】为确定RAP和RAP肽对试剂递送到肝的效果,在旱獭HCC模型中研究了对照和RAP肽缀合物治疗的吸收和毒性。利用了六只慢性感染的旱獭和四只未感染的旱獭,大约1.5到2年龄。
【00211】作为药物动力学的初始测试,RAP肽缀合于90Y(GEHealthcare)并且静脉内给予麻醉的,具有HCC的旱獭。RAP肽在N-末端包含DOTA螯合部分以允许加载放射性同位素例如90Y。RAP肽的修饰因此允许通过孵育修饰的RAP肽与钇-90而生产RAP肽-90Y。有用的递送化合物将通常显示出下列特性:1)不会不利地影响肝已经缺乏抵抗力的功能,2)被肝和恶性肝组织的可测量的吸收,3)并且当吸收时,对肿瘤细胞是毒性的并且导致肿瘤退化。
【00212】作为对照,另外的具有肿瘤的旱獭被注射等摩尔量的游离90Y或细菌表达的全长RAP,所述RAP在C-末端包含缀合于马来酰亚氨-DOTA的半胱氨酸以允许生产RAP-90Y。
【00213】90Y具有定义明确的毒性和致癌性概况。RAP肽-DOTA-90Y缀合物的药物动力学概况预期与RAP不会显著不同,其具有快速和近于定量的肝积聚。RAP肽和药物动力学在所有哺乳动物种中很可能是非常类似的,因为LRP1功能,序列和表达在亚门之内是非常保守的。类似地,RAP序列在哺乳动物种之间是同源的,尽管人序列仅仅与其他灵长类动物同一。
【00214】为确定比较动物的基线水平,分析血清的病毒负荷和下列分子的基线水平:生物碱磷酸酶(ALP)-一种与胆管相关的酶;当它们被封闭时通常增加;天冬酰胺氨基转移酶(AST)-AST是从损害的细胞中释放的肝内胞质酶,最高提升发生于病毒肝炎以及肝毒性丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT),对于肝比AST更特异,而且存在于肾和肌肉中。过去常常确认AST提升是肝脏起源的(例如,AST和ALT两者的提升强烈地暗示了肝细胞损伤;胆红素,缀合胆红素的不成比例的提升发现于胆汁郁积并且后来发现于慢性肝疾病的过程中并且血清胆红素在肝细胞损害中增加;白蛋白,测量肝产生的主要蛋白并且辨别肝是否正在产生充分量的这种蛋白;γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(GGT),是一种发现于肝细胞的酶并且对于肝损害和修复高度敏感;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),发现于肝细胞,当细胞死亡和/或由于损伤从细胞渗漏时通常发现增加;凝血酶原时间(PT),PT依赖于维生素K依赖因子:II,VII,IX和X的肝合成,PT的提升可能是肝机能不全的征兆,以及总蛋白水平,以测量血中的白蛋白和所有其他蛋白,包括产生以辅助治愈感染的抗体。
【00215】一旦确定了治疗前肝的基础状态,动物被麻醉并且两后肢被刮毛并且清洁。腿中主要(跗骨)静脉被暴露并且将一根导管植入一条腿中。旱獭然后置于磁共振成像(MRI),7T MRI。需要肝的侦察图像以确定肝的位置和大小。需要旱獭的机械通气门控(gated)的多切片,多回波T2-加权图像以产生高质量的完整肝和任何肿瘤位置的图像。通过导管注射对比试剂(钆)以提高T2图像的图像质量并且定位肿瘤。还利用2D-CSI(二维化学转移成像)磷光谱法将肝成像。一旦完成成像,麻醉的旱獭从MRI移开,并且为给予测试试剂做准备。
【00216】在两只感染的旱獭中,RAP肽-90Y被注射入没有植入导管的腿静脉。在第二对感染的旱獭中,注射RAP-90Y。第三对感染的旱獭注射DOTA-90Y。90Y没有附着的靶向部分时的状况作为阴性对照。第四对照旱獭将注射RAP肽-90Y或溶解于盐中的RAP-90Y,以提供两种测试化合物在具有疾病和健康肝脏的动物中相对分布的比较。
【00217】从药物注射时开始每五分钟从对侧导管收集血到分离的无菌容器中。药物注射三十分钟之后,旱獭被处以安乐死并且全部尸体冷冻。在实验过程中从所有旱獭中收集的所有血液样品被分析以确定90Y-标记的药物在血中循环的量。
【00218】建立了肽的STD10(在10%的治疗动物中产生严重的毒性的剂量)测定,然后在非啮齿动物中测试十分之一当量剂量。肝酶的提升,以及组织学,应该提供了肝毒性的可靠度量。在非啮齿动物种中缺乏严重毒性允许直接计算以十分之一大鼠STD10人-当量剂量用于1期研究的人起始剂量。可基于先前数据计算大概的有效剂量。通过假定500MBq剂量,定量加载RAP肽-DOTA与90Y和每摩尔74拍他贝克勒尔(petabecquerels)的对YCl3的特异活性,产生了100皮摩尔/kg(3nmol/m2)的有效剂量。
【00219】RAP和RAP肽和其他化合物主要递送到肝,具有对HCC细胞的一些偏好,暗示了与其他组织位置相比试剂通过RAP可以有效偏好地递送到肝。偏好正常组织的显著非肝递送或肝递送显示了递送途径对于肝和HCC细胞不是特异性的。
【00220】而且,RAP蛋白和RAP肽的给药和药物动力学概况分析提供了确定RAP肽和全长RAP蛋白都是将活性剂运输到肝脏的有效分子,并且RAP-和RAP肽-缀合物在体内模拟了全长未缀合的RAP的LRP1-靶向行为。
【00221】因此,预期全长RAP和模拟全长RAP LRP-1特异结合的更短的RAP片段都是递送治疗化合物到肝而不诱导健康组织的毒性的有效工具。
实施例3:体内给药之后RAP分布的分析
【00222】为了确定RAP,RAP片段或RAP变体与其他组织相比更特异性地靶向肝脏,实施了缀合于90Y的RAP蛋白和片段的定位和分布。还为定位和分布对照药物和肿瘤细胞监控了动物。
【00223】为确定单个剂量的90Y-标记的肽或蛋白治疗剂之后雄性旱獭(Marmota monax)组织中的相对残余放射活性,分析了治疗动物的冷冻切片。实施了特别的措施以辨别肝的肿瘤和非肿瘤区域。
【00224】分析的组织切片可包括脂肪组织,胃肠道,皮肤,肾,脊髓,肝,脾,肾上腺,肿瘤组织,非肿瘤组织,胸腺,骨(脊椎骨),肺,甲状腺/甲状旁腺,骨髓,淋巴结,脑,心肌,胰脏,胃壁,唾液腺(腮腺),以及小和大肠。
【00225】紧接着处死,每个动物样本在CO2/己烷中深度冷冻。采取适当的步骤提供适于冷冻切片的动物样品,其然后根据本领域标准的动物护理方案包埋入2%羧甲基纤维素(CMC)。样品段在LeicaCM-3600冷冻切片机中切片为30μm。
【00226】切片在切片机冷冻室中冷冻干燥至少16小时或在ThermoSavant冷冻干燥器中大约30分钟。每个切片的代表暴露于14C-成像板30分钟,1,2,6,12,24,48和72小时(在铅盒中并且在大约4℃冷藏以使得背景放射假象最小),以提供最佳分辨率而不损失时间。暴露之后,通过Fuji BAS-2500扫描器和其Fuji图像读出软件1.1版对成像板进行读数。
【00227】预期RAP缀合物将在受试动物的肝中优先发现,特别是具有肝细胞癌或其他肝损害的那些。
实施例4:最小化的RAP肽的产生和对LRP1的结合亲和性的评价
【00228】如本文所述产生另外的最小化RAP肽。
【00229】产生了两种命名为mRAP-8c和mRAP-14c的另外的肽。mRAP-8c(SEQ ID NO:10)包含在片段的N-末端的氨基酸取代E246C,L247G i和在C-末端的取代L311G,S312C。mRAP-14c(SEQ IDNO:11)包含氨基酸取代F250C和L308G,Q309C。序列生物素-GGSGG(SEQ ID NO:12)在N-末端添加到每个肽。
【00230】通过固相结合测定确定mRAP-8c和MRAP-14c肽对LRP1 II群的亲和性。简短而言,重组人LRP1 II群(R&D Systems,氨基酸786-1165,具有C-末端Fc标签,1μg)用于在4℃过夜包被在补充了5mM CaCl2(TBSC)的TBS pH 8中的Nunc MAXISORPTM 96-孔板。用TBSC洗涤孔并且用包含2%BSA的TBSC封闭。
【00231】在涉及链霉抗生物素和生物素化肽的络合物的测定中,在抑制剂存在或不存在下,用固定的受体在室温下在补充了0.05%Tween-20的上述封闭缓冲液中孵育LRP1配体2小时。在涉及抗生物素抗体和生物素化肽的络合物的测定中,所有抑制剂溶液在直接添加RAP d3配体之前用固定的LRP1-C2预孵育1小时。由于CR对的配体结合能力需要钙,在50mM EDTA的存在下进行相同的结合反应,以提供非特异性结合的度量。对照孔不包含添加的抑制剂。用补充了5mM CaCl2和0.05%Tween-20的TBS洗涤孔。用抗-S-肽-HRP缀合物(Abcam)或抗-α-2-巨球蛋白-HRP缀合物(Abcam)检测结合的配体。除去过量HRP缀合物并且洗涤孔。用TMB试剂(BioRad,Hercules,CA)显色。用微板分光光度计(Molecular Devices,Palo Alto)测量在450nm的吸收。
【00232】结合测定的结果显示mRAP-8c展现了对LRP1 II群大约4nM的亲和性,而mRAP-14c展现了大约21nM的亲和性。
【00233】这些结果证实了最小化的RAP片段,其大小可以是全长RAP d3的大约一半,有效结合RAP受体LRP1并且可用于通过LRP1胞吞作用递送试剂到肝。
实施例5:环RAP肽寡聚组合的评价
【00234】最小化的RAP环肽保持与分离的RAP d3类似的对适当的CR对的亲和性,但不显示全长RAP赋予的结合具有许多CR对的受体的效价优点。为重建这种效价优点,在链霉抗生物素和抗生物素抗体上产生了生物素化RAP d3肽的多聚体集合(图3)。
【00235】源于RAP d3并用分子内二硫键环化的截短的肽(mRAPc),用于测试多聚化对于结合LRP1的第二配体结合结构域(LRP1-C2)的效果。为使检测简单化并且允许用链霉抗生物素和抗生物素抗体进行肽的多聚化,肽装配了N-末端生物素残基,所述N-末端生物素残基通过五肽接头(GGSGG)(SEQ ID NO:12)与RAP序列分隔。上面显示了单体mRAPc肽以高亲和性结合LRP1-C2。LRP1-C2中的七种CR对中的六种已经证实以类似的亲和性独立地结合RAP d3(1-5nM)(Obermoeller等,J Biol Chem 272:10761-10768,1997;Andersen等,J Biol Chem 275:21017-21024,2000)。
【00236】在链霉抗生物素或抗生物素抗体存在和不存在下,如上所述通过固相结合测定测量mRAPc抑制重组RAP d3与LRP1-C2结合的能力。
【00237】结果显示了对于单体肽的抑制程度(EC50)是29±7nM(表3)。对于组合了半摩尔当量的链霉抗生物素,但其他条件相同的mRAPc的EC50,是6±1nM,改进到单独肽的将近5倍。成熟的RAP具有0.8±3nM的EC50,良好程度是单体mRAPc肽的36倍,并且是在链霉抗生物素上装配的肽的大约10倍。链霉抗生物素单独没有抑制效果。在链霉抗生物素存在下所见的抑制的多倍增加与当最小化RAP结构域的多聚化时亲和性的改进一致。
表3
  mRAPc   mRAPc+链霉抗生物素   RAP
  EC50(2nM RAP d3)   29±7   8±2   0.8±3
  最大结合   0.34   0.26   0.29
  r2   0.82   0.97   0.93
  相对于单体   1x   3.6x   36x
【00238】考虑到抗生物素抗体对生物素相对弱的单价亲和性(低纳摩尔KD),猜测由两个,适当地接近的,受体结合肽和单个抗体组成多价络合物的预组装将使得肽-抗体络合物稳定。因此,抗体和肽,以一比三的摩尔比,在洗涤和接下来添加RAP d3配体之前用固定的受体孵育。对于对照实施相同的程序:单独肽,单独抗体和全长RAP。利用这种方法,对于单体mRAPc肽的EC50测量为20±1nM(表4)。
表4
  mRAPc   mRAPc+抗生物素Ab   RAP
  EC50(2nM RAP d3)   20±1   3±1   0.5±5
  最大结合   0.62   0.52   0.74
  r2   0.99   0.99   0.89
  相对于单体   1x   6.7x   40x
【00239】mRAPc与抗生物素抗体的组合产生了3±1nM的EC50。全长RAP产生0.5±5nM的EC50。抗体单独对于RAP d3与受体的结合没有效果。抗体的预组装使得表面上的mRAPc抑制效力改善到链霉抗生物素的大约7倍。在抗体存在下mRAPc的EC50保持为全长RAP的6倍。因此,如四价链霉抗生物素的情形一样,二价抗体的添加显著改进了肽抑制RAP d3与LRP1-C2结合的能力。
【00240】多聚化mRAPc抑制其他LRP1-配体的结合的能力与mRAPc单体和全长RAP的抑制相比较。胰蛋白酶-活化的α-2-巨球蛋白和uPA/PAI-1络合物在单个配体浓度的mRAPc肽的存在下孵育。在两种情况下,链霉抗生物素和mRAPc的络合物以大约中间的EC50抑制RAP和mRAPc单体之间的结合。
实施例6:环RAP肽寡聚组合进入肝脏的评价
【00241】为确定多聚肽是否在静脉内注射后将复制全长RAP的体内生物分配行为,测量了mRAPc肽在肝中积聚的水平。生物素化RAP肽,生物素化RAP蛋白或缓冲剂与35S-SLR-链霉抗生物素(0.7mCi/mL,300Ci/mmol,GE Healthcare)组合并且利用D-TUBETM透析盒(14kD MWCO,EMD Biosciences)针对磷酸盐缓冲盐透析。雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠(6-8周)用测试材料(2μL/g;~20μCi/大鼠)通过尾静脉注射。用戊巴比妥(200mg/kg)注射后三十分钟处死动物。所有个体根据加拿大实验室动物的人道处理的动物护理委员会设置的指南进行处理。尸体被冷冻,包埋在羧甲基纤维素中并且利用Fuji BAS-2500磷光显像仪通过半定量全身自动放射发光绘图法(QWBA)进行切片分析。对于每个动物选择在测定器官之内的清晰描绘的区域进行荧光分析(Fuji图像读出器1.1版和Fuji图像计量器3.12版)。数值以每单位区域光刺激荧光单位表示(PSL/mm2)。
【00242】35S-标记的链霉抗生物素的制剂以二十比一的摩尔比与生物素化mRAPc肽组合,或以五比一的摩尔比与生物素化RAP体内组合,并且静脉内注射入大鼠。标记的链霉抗生物素单独用作对照。
【00243】链霉抗生物素已经报道静脉内注射之后在肾中积聚,但在肝中不显著(Wilbur,等,Bioconjug Chem 9:100-107,1998;Rosebrough,等,J Nucl Med 37:1380-1384,1996)。在此实验中,生物素化RAP制剂分布到肝的水平是单独链霉抗生物素的2.7倍,并且与所有其他测试组织类似或更低(图3)。mRAPc肽,在标记的链霉抗生物素上预装配,分布到肝的水平是单独链霉抗生物素的7倍以上,并且与在所有其他测试组织中的对照类似或更低(图3)。值得注意的是血中高水平的竞争性LRP 1配体表面上不能阻断肝吸收肽络合物,先前对于静脉内给予全长RAP已经观察到这一现象(Warshawsky,等,J ClinInvest 92:937-944,1993)。
【00244】除了在大鼠中的生物分布研究,mRAPc多聚化肽的分布也在旱獭中进行了评价,其对于研究肝病症例如肝细胞癌是有用的(见实施例2)。生物分布研究基本上如上所述实施,利用mRAPc-链霉抗生物素和链霉抗生物素单独作为对照。研究结果显示在旱獭肝中mRAPc-链霉抗生物素的吸收(1979的平均PSL/mm2)是单独链霉抗生物素吸收的大约4.5倍(平均435PSL/mm2)。
【00245】这些结果显示了多聚化mRAPc被肝体内有效吸收,并且显示多聚化RAPc是为治疗肝病症将治疗剂给予到肝的有效媒介。
【00246】如上述例示性实施例所阐明的发明的多种修饰和变化对于本领域技术人员是可以预期的。因此对于本发明仅仅只能附加所附权利要求中出现的所述限制。
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序列表
<110>Raptor Pharmaceuticals,Inc.
Zankel,et al.
<120>通过给予受体相关蛋白(RAP)-缀合物对肝病症的治疗
<130>31075/42619A
<140>PCT/US2007/078792
<141>2007-09-18
<150>PCT/US06/036453
<151>2006-09-18
<160>12
<170>PatentIn version 3.5
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Tyr Ser Arg Glu Lys Asn Gln Pro Lys Pro Ser Pro Lys Arg Glu Ser
1                5                    10                  15
Gly Glu Glu Phe Arg Met Glu Lys Leu Asn Gln Leu Trp Glu Lys Ala
             20                  25                   30
Gln Arg Leu His Leu Pro Pro Val Arg Leu Ala Glu Leu His Ala Asp
        35                   40                   45
Leu Lys Ile Gln Glu Arg Asp Glu Leu Ala Trp Lys Lys Leu Lys Leu
    50                   55                   60
Asp Gly Leu Asp Glu Asp Gly Glu Lys Glu Ala Arg Leu Ile Arg Asn
65                   70                   75                  80
Leu Asn Val Ile Leu Ala Lys Tyr Gly Leu Asp Gly Lys Lys Asp Ala
                 85                   90                  95
Arg Gln Val Thr Ser Asn Ser Leu Ser Gly Thr Gln Glu Asp Gly Leu
            100                  105                  110
Asp Asp Pro Arg Leu Glu Lys Leu Trp His Lys Ala Lys Thr Ser Gly
        115                  120                  125
Lys Phe Ser Gly Glu Glu Leu Asp Lys Leu Trp Arg Glu Phe Leu His
    130                  135                  140
His Lys Glu Lys Val His Glu Tyr Asn Val Leu Leu Glu Thr Leu Ser
145                  150                  155                 160
Arg Thr Glu Glu Ile His Glu Asn Val Ile Ser Pro Ser Asp Leu Ser
                 165                  170                  175
Asp Ile Lys Gly Ser Val Leu His Ser Arg His Thr Glu Leu Lys Glu
            180                  185                  190
Lys Leu Arg Ser Ile Asn Gln Gly Leu Asp Arg Leu Arg Arg Val Ser
        195                  200                  205
His Gln Gly Tyr Ser Thr Glu Ala Glu Phe Glu Glu Pro Arg Val Ile
    210                  215                 220
Asp Leu Trp Asp Leu Ala Gln Ser Ala Asn Leu Thr Asp Lys Glu Leu
225                  230                 235                  240
Glu Ala Phe Arg Glu Glu Leu Lys His Phe Glu Ala Lys Ile Glu Lys
                 245                  250                 255
His Asn His Tyr Gln Lys Gln Leu Glu Ile Ala His Glu Lys Leu Arg
            260                  265                  270
His Ala Glu Ser Val Gly Asp Gly Glu Arg Val Ser Arg Ser Arg Glu
        275                  280                  285
Lys His Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Arg Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Tyr Thr Val
    290                  295                 300
Lys Lys His Leu Gln Asp Leu Ser Gly Arg Ile Ser Arg Ala Arg His
305                  310                 315                  320
Asn Glu Leu
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Leu Asp Arg Leu Arg Arg Val Ser His Gln Gly Tyr Ser Thr Glu Ala
1                5                    10                  15
Glu Phe Glu Glu Pro Arg Val Ile Asp Leu Trp Asp Leu Ala Gln Ser
             20                   25                  30
Ala Asn Leu Thr Asp Lys Glu Leu Glu Ala Phe Arg Glu Glu Leu Lys
         35                  40                   45
His Phe Glu Ala Lys Ile Glu Lys His Asn His Tyr Gln Lys Gln Leu
    50                   55                   60
Glu Ile Ala His Glu Lys Leu Arg His Ala Glu Ser Val Gly Asp Gly
65                   70                   75                   80
Glu Arg Val Ser Arg Ser Arg Glu Lys His Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Arg
                 85                   90                  95
Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Tyr Thr Val Lys Lys His Leu Gln Asp Leu Ser
            100                  105                 110
Gly Arg Ile Ser Arg Ala Arg His Asn Glu Leu
        115                  120
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Phe Arg Glu Glu Leu Lys His Phe Glu Ala Lys Ile Glu Lys His Asn
1                5                   10                   15
His Tyr Gln Lys Gln Leu Glu Ile Ala His Glu Lys Leu Arg His Ala
            20                   25                   30
Glu Ser Val Gly Asp Gly Glu Arg Val Ser Arg Ser Arg Glu Lys His
        35                   40                   45
Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Arg Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Tyr Thr Val Lys Lys
    50                   55                   60
His Leu Gln Asp Leu Ser Gly
65                   70
<210>4
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His Phe Glu Ala Lys Ile Glu Lys His Asn His Tyr Gln Lys Gln Leu
1                5                    10                  15
Glu Ile Ala His Glu Lys Leu Arg His Ala Glu Ser Val Gly Asp Gly
            202                  530
Glu Arg Val Ser Arg Ser Arg Glu Lys His Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Arg
        35                   40                45
Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Tyr Thr
    50                   55
<210>5
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Leu Asp Arg Leu Arg Arg Val Ser His Gln Gly Tyr Ser Thr Glu Ala
1                5                   10                   15
Glu Phe Glu Glu Pro Arg Val Ile Asp Leu Trp Asp Leu Ala Gln Ser
            20                    25                  30
Ala Asn Leu Thr Asp Lys Glu Leu Glu Ala Phe Arg Glu Glu Leu Lys
        35                   40                   45
His Phe Glu Ala Lys Ile Glu Lys His Asn His Tyr Gln Lys Gln Leu
    50                   55                   60
Glu Ile Ala His Glu Lys Leu Arg His Ala Glu Ser Val Gly Asp Gly
65                   70                   75                  80
Glu Arg Val Ser Arg Ser Arg Glu Lys His Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Arg
                 85                  90                   95
Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Tyr Thr Val Lys Lys His Leu Gln Asp Leu Ser
            100                  105                  110
Gly Arg Ile Ser Arg Ala Arg
        115
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tgagcggggg atgatggcgc cgcggagggt caggtcgttt ctgcgcgggc tcccggcgct    60
gctactgctg ctgctcttcc tcgggccctg gcccgctgcg agccacggcg gcaagtactc    120
gcgggagaag aaccagccca agccgtcccc gaaacgcgag tccggagagg agttccgcat    180
ggagaagttg aaccagctgt gggagaaggc ccagcgactg catcttcctc ccgtgaggct    240
ggccgagctc cacgctgatc tgaagataca ggagagggac gaactcgcct ggaagaaact    300
aaagcttgac ggcttggacg aagatgggga gaaggaagcg agactcatac gcaacctcaa    360
tgtcatcttg gccaagtatg gtctggacgg aaagaaggac gctcggcagg tgaccagcaa    420
ctccctcagt ggcacccagg aagacgggct ggatgacccc aggctggaaa agctgtggca    480
caaggcgaag acctctggga aattctccgg cgaagaactg gacaagctct ggcgggagtt    540
cctgcatcac aaagagaaag ttcacgagta caacgtcctg ctggagaccc tgagcaggac    600
cgaagaaatc cacgagaacg tcattagccc ctcggacctg agcgacatca agggcagcgt    660
cctgcacagc aggcacacgg agctgaagga gaagctgcgc agcatcaacc agggcctgga    720
ccgcctgcgc agggtcagcc accagggcta cagcactgag gctgagttcg aggagcccag    780
ggtgattgac ctgtgggacc tggcgcagtc cgccaacctc acggacaagg agctggaggc    840
gttccgggag gagctcaagc acttcgaagc caaaatcgag aagcacaacc actaccagaa    900
gcagctggag attgcgcacg agaagctgag gcacgcagag agcgtgggcg acggcgagcg    960
tgtgagccgc agccgcgaga agcacgccct gctggagggg cggaccaagg agctgggcta    1020
cacggtgaag aagcatctgc aggacctgtc cggcaggatc tccagagctc ggcacaacga    1080
actctgaagg cactggggag cccagcccgg cagggaagag gccagcgtga aggacctggg    1140
ctcttggccg tggcatttcc gtggacagcc cgccgtcagg gtggctgggg ctggcacggg    1200
tgtcgaggca ggaaggattg tttctggtga ctgcagccgc tgccgtcgcg acacagggct    1260
tggtggtggt agcatttggg tctgagatcg gcccagctct gactgaaggg gcttggcttc    1320
cactcagcat cagcgtggca gtcaccaccc cagtgaggac ctcgatgtcc agctgctgtc    1380
aggtctgata gtcctctgct aaaacaacac gatttacata aaaaatctta cacatctgcc    1440
accggaaata ccatgcacag agtccttaaa aaatagagtg cagtatttaa acc           1493
<210>7
<211>357
<212>PRT
<213>智人
<400>7
Met Ala Pro Arg Arg Val Arg Ser Phe Leu Arg Gly Leu Pro Ala Leu
1                5                   10                   15
Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Phe Leu Gly Pro Trp Pro Ala Ala Ser His Gly
             20                  25                   30
Gly Lys Tyr Ser Arg Glu Lys Asn Gln Pro Lys Pro Ser Pro Lys Arg
        35                   40                   45
Glu Ser Gly Glu Glu Phe Arg Met Glu Lys Leu Asn Gln Leu Trp Glu
    50                   55                   60
Lys Ala Gln Arg Leu His Leu Pro Pro Val Arg Leu Ala Glu Leu His
65                   70                   75                  80
Ala Asp Leu Lys Ile Gln Glu Arg Asp Glu Leu Ala Trp Lys Lys Leu
                85                   90                   95
Lys Leu Asp Gly Leu Asp Glu Asp Gly Glu Lys Glu Ala Arg Leu Ile
            100                  105                  110
Arg Asn Leu Asn Val Ile Leu Ala Lys Tyr Gly Leu Asp Gly Lys Lys
        115                  120                  125
Asp Ala Arg Gln Val Thr Ser Asn Ser Leu Ser Gly Thr Gln Glu Asp
    130                  135                  140
Gly Leu Asp Asp Pro Arg Leu Glu Lys Leu Trp His Lys Ala Lys Thr
145                  150                  155                 160
Ser Gly Lys Phe Ser Gly Glu Glu Leu Asp Lys Leu Trp Arg Glu Phe
                 165                  170                 175
Leu His His Lys Glu Lys Val His Glu Tyr Asn Val Leu Leu Glu Thr
            180                  185                  190
Leu Ser Arg Thr Glu Glu Ile His Glu Asn Val Ile Ser Pro Ser Asp
        195                  200                  205
Leu Ser Asp Ile Lys Gly Ser Val Leu His Ser Arg His Thr Glu Leu
    210                  215                  220
Lys Glu Lys Leu Arg Ser Ile Asn Gln Gly Leu Asp Arg Leu Arg Arg
225                 230                  235                  240
Val Ser His Gln Gly Tyr Ser Thr Glu Ala Glu Phe Glu Glu Pro Arg
                 245                 250                  255
Val Ile Asp Leu Trp Asp Leu Ala Gln Ser Ala Asn Leu Thr Asp Lys
            260                  265                  270
Glu Leu Glu Ala Phe Arg Glu Glu Leu Lys His Phe Glu Ala Lys Ile
        275                  280                 285
Glu Lys His Asn His Tyr Gln Lys Gln Leu Glu Ile Ala His Glu Lys
    290                 295                   300
Leu Arg His Ala Glu Ser Val Gly Asp Gly Glu Arg Val Ser Arg Ser
305                  310                 315                  320
Arg Glu Lys His Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Arg Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Tyr
                325                  330                  335
Thr Val Lys Lys His Leu Gln Asp Leu Ser Gly Arg Ile Ser Arg Ala
            340                  345                  350
Arg His Asn Glu Leu
         355
<210>8
<211>319
<212>PRT
<213>智人
<400>8
Tyr Ser Arg Glu Lys Asn Gln Pro Lys Pro Ser Pro Lys Arg Glu Ser
1                5                   10                   15
Gly Glu Glu Phe Arg Met Glu Lys Leu Asn Gln Leu Trp Glu Lys Ala
            20                   25                   30
Gln Arg Leu His Leu Pro Pro Val Arg Leu Ala Glu Leu His Ala Asp
        35                   40                   45
Leu Lys Ile Gln Glu Arg Asp Glu Leu Ala Trp Lys Lys Leu Lys Leu
    50                   55                   60
Asp Gly Leu Asp Glu Asp Gly Glu Lys Glu Ala Arg Leu Ile Arg Asn
65                   70                  75                   80
Leu Asn Val Ile Leu Ala Lys Tyr Gly Leu Asp Gly Lys Lys Asp Ala
                85                   90                   95
Arg Gln Val Thr Ser Asn Ser Leu Ser Gly Thr Gln Glu Asp Gly Leu
            100                  105                  110
Asp Asp Pro Arg Leu Glu Lys Leu Trp His Lys Ala Lys Thr Ser Gly
        115                  120                  125
Lys Phe Ser Gly Glu Glu Leu Asp Lys Leu Trp Arg Glu Phe Leu His
    130                  135                  140
His Lys Glu Lys Val His Glu Tyr Asn Val Leu Leu Glu Thr Leu Ser
145                 150                  155                  160
Arg Thr Glu Glu Ile His Glu Asn Val Ile Ser Pro Ser Asp Leu Ser
                165                  170                  175
Asp Ile Lys Gly Ser Val Leu His Ser Arg His Thr Glu Leu Lys Glu
            180                  185                  190
Lys Leu Arg Ser Ile Asn Gln Gly Leu Asp Arg Leu Arg Arg Val Ser
        195                  200                  205
His Gln Gly Tyr Ser Thr Glu Ala Glu Phe Glu Glu Pro Arg Val Ile
    210                  215                 220
Asp Leu Trp Asp Leu Ala Gln Ser Ala Asn Leu Thr Asp Lys Glu Leu
225                 230                  235                  240
Glu Ala Phe Arg Glu Glu Leu Lys His Phe Glu Ala Lys Ile Glu Lys
                245                  250                  255
His Asn His Tyr Gln Lys Gln Leu Glu Ile Ala His Glu Lys Leu Arg
            260                  265                  270
His Ala Glu Ser Val Gly Asp Gly Glu Arg Val Ser Arg Ser Arg Glu
        275                  280                  285
Lys His Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Arg Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Tyr Thr Val
    290                  295                  300
Lys Lys His Leu Gln Asp Leu Ser Gly Arg Ile Ser Arg Ala Arg
305                  310                 315
<210>9
<211>80
<212>PRT
<213>人工序列
<220>
<223>合成肽
<400>9
Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Cys Gly Phe Arg Glu Glu Leu Lys His Phe Glu
1                5                   10                   15
Ala Lys Ile Glu Lys His Asn His Tyr Gln Lys Gln Leu Glu Ile Ala
            20                   25                   30
His Glu Lys Leu Arg His Ala Glu Ser Val Gly Asp Gly Glu Arg Val
        35                   40                   45
Ser Arg Ser Arg Glu Lys His Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Arg Thr Lys Glu
    50                   55                   60
Leu Gly Tyr Thr Val Lys Lys His Leu Gln Asp Leu Ser Gly Gly Cys
65                   70                   75                  80
<210>10
<211>67
<212>PRT
<213>人工序列
<220>
<223>合成肽
<400>10
Cys Gly Lys His Phe Glu Ala Lys Ile Glu Lys His Asn His Tyr Gln
1                5                    10                  15
Lys Gln Leu Glu Ile Ala His Glu Lys Leu Arg His Ala Glu Ser Val
             20                  25                   30
Gly Asp Gly Glu Arg Val Ser Arg Ser Arg Glu Lys His Ala Leu Leu
         35                  40                   45
Glu Gly Arg Thr Lys Glu Leu Gly Tyr Thr Val Lys Lys His Leu Gln
    50                   55v                  60
Asp Gly Cys
65
<210>11
<211>60
<212>PRT
<213>人工序列
<220>
<223>合成肽
<400>11
Cys Glu Ala Lys Ile Glu Lys His Asn His Tyr Gln Lys Gln Leu Glu
1                5                   10                   15
Ile Ala His Glu Lys Leu Arg His Ala Glu Ser Val Gly Asp Gly Glu
            20                   25                   30
Arg Val Ser Arg Ser Arg Glu Lys His Ala Leu Leu Glu Gly Arg Thr
        35                   40                   45
Lys Glu Leu Gly Tyr Thr Val Lys Lys His Gly Cys
    50                   55                   60
<210>12
<211>5
<212>PRT
<213>人工序列
<220>
<223>合成肽
<400>12
Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly
1                5

Claims (31)

1.治疗个体中肝病症的方法,所述方法包括:
给予所述个体有效量的缀合物,所述缀合物包含(a)选自SEQ IDNO:1的受体相关蛋白(RAP),保持大约1-5nM的RAP对LRP1的结合亲和性的RAP片段和RAP变体的受体结合部分,其附着于(b)用于治疗肝病症的活性剂上。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述缀合物的受体结合部分是缺失了来自SEQ ID NO:1的N-末端的至少200且最多达243个氨基酸的RAP片段或变体。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述缀合物的受体结合部分是缺失了来自SEQ ID NO:1的N-末端的至少200且最多达243个氨基酸的RAP片段。
4.权利要求2-3任一项的方法,其中所述RAP片段或变体缺失了来自SEQ ID NO:1的N-末端的243个氨基酸。
5.权利要求2-4任一项的方法,其中所述RAP片段或变体进一步缺失了来自SEQ ID NO:1的C-末端的至少4且最多达11个氨基酸。
6.权利要求2-4任一项的方法,其中所述RAP片段或变体进一步缺失了来自SEQ ID NO:1的C-末端的11个氨基酸。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中所述RAP片段或变体缺少了SEQ IDNO:1的成熟RAP的氨基酸1-143和320-323。
8.权利要求2-7任一项的方法,其中所述RAP片段或变体包含RAP d3(SEQ ID NO:2)的连续部分,所述连续部分(a)长度为至少71个氨基酸并且(b)包含氨基酸256-270。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中所述受体结合部分是环RAP肽,所述环RAP肽长度小于大约85个氨基酸,包含与SEQ ID NO:4至少70%同一的50个连续氨基酸,并且其以大约1×10-8M或更小的Kd结合LRP1。
10.权利要求1-9任一项的方法,其中所述受体结合部分是RAP变体,相对于SEQ ID NO:1的天然RAP,所述RAP变体包含一个或更多个保守取代。
11.权利要求1-9任一项的方法,其中所述受体结合部分是RAP变体,所述RAP变体包含在成熟RAP的位点217、249或251中的任一位点的突变。
12.权利要求2-11任一项的方法,其中所述RAP变体包含突变,其中所述突变是用碱性氨基酸取代酸性氨基酸。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中所述酸性氨基酸选自D和E。
14.权利要求12的方法,其中所述碱性氨基酸选自K和R。
15.权利要求2-11任一项的方法,其中所述RAP变体包含突变,其中所述突变是用酸性氨基酸取代碱性氨基酸。
16.权利要求15的方法,其中所述碱性氨基酸选自K和R。
17.权利要求15的方法,其中所述酸性氨基酸选自D和E。
18.权利要求2-11任一项的方法,其中所述RAP变体包含突变,其中所述突变是用选自F、Y、W和H的氨基酸取代选自A、C、D、E、G、I、K、L、M、N、P、Q、R、S、T和V的氨基酸。
19.权利要求1的方法,其中所述缀合物的受体结合部分是SEQ IDNO:9所示的RAP片段或变体。
20.权利要求1-19任一项的方法,其中RAP、RAP片段或RAP变体和诊断或治疗试剂通过接头连接。
21.权利要求20的方法,其中所述接头是肽接头。
22.权利要求1-21任一项的方法,其中受体结合部分是RAP片段或RAP变体的寡聚组合。
23.权利要求1-22任一项的方法,其中缀合物是在药物组合物中,所述药物组合物包含药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。
24.权利要求1-23任一项的方法,其中肝病症选自肝癌,肝炎,肝硬化,真菌、立克次氏体或寄生虫感染,由于酒精、化学毒素、药物毒性的损害,代谢肝疾病,先天性自身免疫肝疾病,胆道阻塞,肝脂肪变性,胆汁郁积,和肝切除术后病症。
25.权利要求24的方法,其中肝癌选自肝细胞癌,并且活性剂部分是细胞毒性化疗剂。
26.权利要求24的方法,其中病症是肝肿瘤或肝中的肿瘤转移,并且治疗剂是化疗剂。
27.权利要求1-26任一项的方法,其中活性剂是细胞毒性剂。
28.权利要求27的方法,其中细胞毒性剂选自盐酸二氯甲二乙胺、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、苯丁酸氮芥、美法兰、白消安、噻替派、卡莫司汀、洛莫司汀、氮烯咪胺和链脲霉素。
29.权利要求1-26任一项的方法,其中活性剂是放射性同位素。
30.权利要求29的方法,其中放射性同位素选自131I、125I、111In、90Y、67Cu、127Lu、212Bi、213Bi、255Fm、149Tb、223Rd、213Pb、212Pb、211At、89Sr、153Sm、WHo、225Ac、186Re、67Ga、68Ga和99mTc。
31.权利要求24的方法,其中病症是由病毒引起的肝炎,并且治疗剂是抗病毒剂。
CNA200780042719XA 2006-09-18 2007-09-18 通过给予受体相关蛋白(rap)-缀合物对肝病症的治疗 Pending CN101594878A (zh)

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WO2008036682A3 (en) 2009-04-09
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EP2063905A2 (en) 2009-06-03
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