[go: up one dir, main page]

ZA200604862B - Agents for treatment of glaucomatous retinopathy and optic neuropathy - Google Patents

Agents for treatment of glaucomatous retinopathy and optic neuropathy Download PDF

Info

Publication number
ZA200604862B
ZA200604862B ZA200604862A ZA200604862A ZA200604862B ZA 200604862 B ZA200604862 B ZA 200604862B ZA 200604862 A ZA200604862 A ZA 200604862A ZA 200604862 A ZA200604862 A ZA 200604862A ZA 200604862 B ZA200604862 B ZA 200604862B
Authority
ZA
South Africa
Prior art keywords
pharmacologically active
optic neuropathy
agent
active derivative
cells
Prior art date
Application number
ZA200604862A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Robert A Landers
Pang Iok-Hou
Original Assignee
Alcon Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alcon Inc filed Critical Alcon Inc
Publication of ZA200604862B publication Critical patent/ZA200604862B/en

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/325Carbamic acids; Thiocarbamic acids; Anhydrides or salts thereof
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/35Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/352Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
    • A61K31/3533,4-Dihydrobenzopyrans, e.g. chroman, catechin
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/365Lactones
    • A61K31/366Lactones having six-membered rings, e.g. delta-lactones
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/38Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/385Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having two or more sulfur atoms in the same ring
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7048Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin, digitoxin or digoxin
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A61K9/0024Solid, semi-solid or solidifying implants, which are implanted or injected in body tissue
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0043Nose
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0048Eye, e.g. artificial tears
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02Ophthalmic agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02Ophthalmic agents
    • A61P27/06Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Steroid Compounds (AREA)
  • Pyrrole Compounds (AREA)
  • Quinoline Compounds (AREA)
  • Pyrane Compounds (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
ZA200604862A 2003-12-22 2004-12-17 Agents for treatment of glaucomatous retinopathy and optic neuropathy ZA200604862B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US53177003P 2003-12-22 2003-12-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ZA200604862B true ZA200604862B (en) 2007-10-31

Family

ID=34738696

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ZA200604862A ZA200604862B (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-17 Agents for treatment of glaucomatous retinopathy and optic neuropathy

Country Status (19)

Country Link
US (2) US20050137146A1 (fr)
EP (2) EP1803468B1 (fr)
JP (2) JP4755599B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR20060127043A (fr)
CN (1) CN1897972A (fr)
AT (2) ATE357932T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2004308919B2 (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0417987A (fr)
CA (1) CA2547852A1 (fr)
CY (2) CY1106623T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE602004005617T2 (fr)
DK (2) DK1696958T3 (fr)
ES (2) ES2282926T3 (fr)
MX (1) MXPA06006980A (fr)
PL (2) PL1803468T3 (fr)
PT (2) PT1696958E (fr)
SI (2) SI1696958T1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2005063295A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA200604862B (fr)

Families Citing this family (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6881198B2 (en) * 2001-01-09 2005-04-19 J. David Brown Glaucoma treatment device and method
PL1803468T3 (pl) * 2003-12-22 2012-05-31 Novartis Ag Środki do leczenia retinopatii jaskrowej i neuropatii wzrokowej
WO2005102345A1 (fr) * 2004-03-30 2005-11-03 Alcon, Inc. Utilisation d'inhibiteurs de kinase rho dans le traitement de deficits auditifs, d'acouphenes et dans l'amelioration de l'equilibre corporel
WO2006030907A1 (fr) * 2004-09-16 2006-03-23 Redox Bioscience Inc. Agent de protection de la rétine
WO2007035356A2 (fr) * 2005-09-16 2007-03-29 Bg Implant, Inc. Dispositifs et procedes de traitement du glaucome
WO2008016095A1 (fr) * 2006-08-02 2008-02-07 Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. REMÈDE PRÉVENTIF OU CURATIF POUR LES KÉRATOCONJONCTIVITES CONTENANT UN ACTIVATEUR DE Nrf2 EN TANT QUE MATIÈRE ACTIVE
WO2008108825A2 (fr) * 2006-10-10 2008-09-12 Burnham Institute For Medical Research Compositions neuroprotectrices et procédés correspondants
WO2008111497A1 (fr) * 2007-03-08 2008-09-18 Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Agent prophylactique ou thérapeutique pour une maladie ophtalmique associée avec un stress oxydant, comprenant un triterpénoïde comme principe actif
NZ588711A (en) 2008-04-18 2012-10-26 Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc C-17 homologated oleanolic acid derivatives for treating cancer
LT2276493T (lt) 2008-04-18 2019-01-10 Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antioksidaciniai uždegimo moduliatoriai: oleanolio rūgšties dariniai su amino ir kitomis modifikacijomis c-17
TW201006474A (en) 2008-04-18 2010-02-16 Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc Natural products including an anti-flammatory pharmacore and methods of use
LT2558105T (lt) 2010-04-12 2020-02-10 Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bardoksolono metilas, skirtas nutukimo gydymui
RU2472475C2 (ru) * 2010-04-20 2013-01-20 Учреждение образования "Белорусский государственный медицинский университет" (УО БГМУ) Способ комбинированного лечения глаукомной оптической нейропатии
WO2012009171A2 (fr) * 2010-07-15 2012-01-19 The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Inc. Compositions et méthodes de traitement de troubles de l'endothélium cornéen
RU2447864C1 (ru) * 2010-09-15 2012-04-20 Инна Витальевна Щербинина Способ лечения заболеваний зрительного нерва и сетчатки
CN103702669A (zh) * 2011-06-21 2014-04-02 约翰霍普金斯大学 用于治疗周围神经病变和其他神经退行性疾患的化合物
RU2546019C2 (ru) * 2013-03-02 2015-04-10 Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Воронежская государственная медицинская академия им. Н.Н. Бурденко" Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации Способ лечения глаукомной оптической нейропатии
JP6340673B2 (ja) 2013-05-02 2018-06-13 レティナ ファウンデーション オブ ザ サウスウエストRetina Foundation Of The Southwest 二層型眼用インプラント
AU2015374033B2 (en) 2014-12-31 2020-07-02 Microoptx Inc. Glaucoma treatment devices and methods
US10980667B2 (en) 2015-09-30 2021-04-20 Microoptx Inc. Eye treatment devices and methods
CA3036630A1 (fr) 2016-09-12 2018-03-15 St Ip Holding Ag Formulations de 4-methyl-5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-3h-1,2-dithiole-3-thione, formulations a gout modifie, et leurs procedes de fabrication et d'utilisation
EP3509642A1 (fr) 2016-09-12 2019-07-17 ST IP Holding AG Formulations de 4-méthyl-5-(pyrazine-2-yl)-3 h-1,2-dithiole-3-thione, et leurs procédés de fabrication et d'utilisation
US10953020B2 (en) 2016-11-08 2021-03-23 Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Methods of treating Alport syndrome using bardoxolone methyl or analogs thereof
RU2647324C1 (ru) * 2017-04-24 2018-03-15 Игорь Евгеньевич Хаценко Способ определения показаний для лечения амблиопии с помощью нейропептидного препарата
KR20230015891A (ko) * 2020-03-30 2023-01-31 우한 뉴로프스 바이오테크놀로지 리미티드 컴퍼니 인간 핵 인자 e2-관련 인자 2의 발현 벡터 및 발현 벡터의 적용
US11135220B1 (en) 2020-04-08 2021-10-05 St Ip Holding Ag Methods of treating viral infections with formulated compositions comprising 4-methyl-5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione

Family Cites Families (38)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4456757A (en) * 1981-03-20 1984-06-26 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Isoquinolinesulfonyl derivatives and process for the preparation thereof
US4678783B1 (en) * 1983-11-04 1995-04-04 Asahi Chemical Ind Substituted isoquinolinesulfonyl compounds
US4959389A (en) * 1987-10-19 1990-09-25 Speiser Peter P Pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis
US5124154A (en) * 1990-06-12 1992-06-23 Insite Vision Incorporated Aminosteroids for ophthalmic use
AU689036B2 (en) * 1995-05-10 1998-03-19 Kureha Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Pharmaceutical composition containing substance inhibiting HSP47 production
JP3193301B2 (ja) * 1995-09-14 2001-07-30 麒麟麦酒株式会社 生理活性タンパク質p160
US5906819A (en) * 1995-11-20 1999-05-25 Kirin Beer Kabushiki Kaisha Rho target protein Rho-kinase
US5681854A (en) * 1995-11-22 1997-10-28 Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Use of aliphatic carboxylic acid derivatives in ophthalmic disorders
US6271224B1 (en) * 1995-12-21 2001-08-07 Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Use of certain isoquinolinesulfonyl compounds for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular ischemia
DE69724108T2 (de) * 1996-02-02 2004-06-09 D.Western Therapeutics Institute, Nagoya Isochinolinderivate und arzneimittel
US6586425B2 (en) * 1996-02-21 2003-07-01 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Cytoskeletal active agents for glaucoma therapy
JP3872834B2 (ja) * 1996-03-04 2007-01-24 第一製薬株式会社 メイラード反応抑制剤
BR9711154A (pt) * 1996-08-12 1999-08-17 Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Agente farmac-utico contendo inibidor cinase rho
US5759787A (en) * 1996-08-26 1998-06-02 Tularik Inc. Kinase assay
DE69822806T2 (de) * 1997-01-16 2005-03-10 University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc., Gainesville Zusammensetzungen zur verstärkung zytoprotektiver wirkung von polycyclischer phenolverbindungen durch synergistiche wechselwirkung von antioxidationsmitteln
US6573044B1 (en) * 1997-08-07 2003-06-03 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods of using chemical libraries to search for new kinase inhibitors
US6441033B1 (en) * 1997-12-22 2002-08-27 Alcon Manufacturing, Ltd. 11β-fluoro 15β-hydroxy PGF2α analogs as FP receptor antagonists
US6274338B1 (en) * 1998-02-24 2001-08-14 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Human c-Maf compositions and methods of use thereof
AU2440599A (en) * 1998-02-25 1999-09-15 Shionogi & Co., Ltd. Therapeutic agent for complication of diabetes
US20010041174A1 (en) * 1998-11-24 2001-11-15 Najam Sharif Use of implanted encapsulated cells expressing glutamate transporter proteins for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
US6020383A (en) * 1999-01-11 2000-02-01 Eastman Chemicals Company Method for reducing blood cholesterol and/or blood triglycerides
US6103756A (en) * 1999-08-11 2000-08-15 Vitacost Inc. Ocular orally ingested composition for prevention and treatment of individuals
US6573299B1 (en) * 1999-09-20 2003-06-03 Advanced Medical Instruments Method and compositions for treatment of the aging eye
WO2002002190A2 (fr) * 2000-07-05 2002-01-10 Johns Hopkins School Of Medicine Prevention et traitement de maladies degeneratives par le glutathion et des enzymes de detoxification de phase ii
GB0030727D0 (en) * 2000-12-15 2001-01-31 Lumitech Uk Ltd Methods and kits for detecting kinase activity
US6756063B2 (en) * 2001-03-29 2004-06-29 Zoltan Laboratories, Llc Methods and compositions for the treatment of human and animal cancers
CA2357265C (fr) * 2001-04-24 2004-04-13 University Of British Columbia Additif ameliore pour aliments du betail
US6884816B2 (en) * 2001-08-31 2005-04-26 Alcon, Inc. Hydroxy substituted fused naphthyl-azoles and fused indeno-azoles and their use for the treatment of glaucoma
TW201041580A (en) * 2001-09-27 2010-12-01 Alcon Inc Inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) for treating glaucoma
US7199122B2 (en) * 2001-10-02 2007-04-03 Fox Chase Cancer Center Methods for inhibiting angiogenesis
AU2002357311A1 (en) * 2001-12-18 2003-06-30 Johns Hopkins University School Of Medicine Prevention and treatment of oxidative stress disorders by glutathione and phase ii detoxification enzymes
EP1476143A1 (fr) * 2002-02-15 2004-11-17 DSM IP Assets B.V. Compositions comportant du lycopene destinees au traitement et a la prevention des pathologies associees a l'angiogenese
US20030219846A1 (en) * 2002-02-28 2003-11-27 Pfizer Inc. Assay for activity of the ActRIIB kinase
WO2004012677A2 (fr) * 2002-08-05 2004-02-12 Wackvom, Ltd. Procedes et compositions pour le traitement d'etats associes a la neovascularisation
US6747025B1 (en) * 2002-11-27 2004-06-08 Allergan, Inc. Kinase inhibitors for the treatment of disease
TW200526224A (en) * 2003-12-22 2005-08-16 Alcon Inc Short form c-Maf transcription factor antagonists for treatment of glaucoma
ZA200605378B (en) * 2003-12-22 2008-01-30 Alcon Inc Agents for treatment of diabetic retinopathy and drusen formation in macular degeneration
PL1803468T3 (pl) * 2003-12-22 2012-05-31 Novartis Ag Środki do leczenia retinopatii jaskrowej i neuropatii wzrokowej

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1803468B1 (fr) 2011-09-07
JP2011046736A (ja) 2011-03-10
PL1696958T3 (pl) 2007-08-31
ATE523208T1 (de) 2011-09-15
CN1897972A (zh) 2007-01-17
SI1803468T1 (sl) 2011-12-30
EP1696958B1 (fr) 2007-03-28
PL1803468T3 (pl) 2012-05-31
DE602004005617T2 (de) 2007-12-13
EP1696958A1 (fr) 2006-09-06
DE602004005617D1 (de) 2007-05-10
CY1106623T1 (el) 2012-01-25
WO2005063295A1 (fr) 2005-07-14
CY1112393T1 (el) 2015-12-09
AU2004308919A1 (en) 2005-07-14
DK1803468T3 (da) 2011-12-05
HK1097179A1 (en) 2007-06-22
KR20060127043A (ko) 2006-12-11
SI1696958T1 (sl) 2007-08-31
ES2282926T3 (es) 2007-10-16
BRPI0417987A (pt) 2007-04-27
US20050137146A1 (en) 2005-06-23
JP4755599B2 (ja) 2011-08-24
ES2371364T3 (es) 2011-12-30
EP1803468A1 (fr) 2007-07-04
AU2004308919B2 (en) 2009-11-12
ATE357932T1 (de) 2007-04-15
DK1696958T3 (da) 2007-07-09
US20110144127A1 (en) 2011-06-16
MXPA06006980A (es) 2006-12-14
PT1803468E (pt) 2011-11-23
CA2547852A1 (fr) 2005-07-14
JP2007515423A (ja) 2007-06-14
HK1110772A1 (en) 2008-07-25
PT1696958E (pt) 2007-06-04

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU2004308919B2 (en) Agents for treatment of glaucomatous retinopathy and optic neuropathy
US7625927B2 (en) Method of treating glaucoma
US20100204244A1 (en) Agents for treatment of diabetic retinopathy and drusen formation in macular degeneration
US20100273892A1 (en) Formulations of tocotrienol quinones for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases
CN102985083A (zh) 治疗眼科疾病的醌类的制剂
US11850213B2 (en) Ophthalmic compositions of rifamycins and uses thereof
HK1097179B (en) Agents for treatment of glaucomatous retinopathy and optic neuropathy
HK1110772B (en) Agents for treatment of glaucomatours retinopathy and optic neuropathy
Koide et al. Ascorbic acid concentration in rabbit vitreous measured by microdialysis with HPLC-electrochemical detection before and after vitreous surgery
KR20070015913A (ko) 당뇨병성 망막병증 및 황반 변성에서의 드루젠 형성의치료용 약제
CN117982516A (zh) Skq1在抑制线粒体自噬和制备抑制线粒体自噬相关产品中的应用
US20060172977A1 (en) Method and composition for preventing, reducing and reversing ocular ischemic neuronal damage