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WO2025212525A1 - Procédés, architectures, dispositifs et systèmes de détection de liaison monolithique utilisant l'avance de synchronisation - Google Patents

Procédés, architectures, dispositifs et systèmes de détection de liaison monolithique utilisant l'avance de synchronisation

Info

Publication number
WO2025212525A1
WO2025212525A1 PCT/US2025/022347 US2025022347W WO2025212525A1 WO 2025212525 A1 WO2025212525 A1 WO 2025212525A1 US 2025022347 W US2025022347 W US 2025022347W WO 2025212525 A1 WO2025212525 A1 WO 2025212525A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wtru
path
prs
offset
srsp
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/US2025/022347
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Remun KOIRALA
Fumihiro Hasegawa
Paul Marinier
Moon Il Lee
Tao Deng
Janet Stern-Berkowitz
Kunjan SHAH
Frank Lasita
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Original Assignee
InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc filed Critical InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Publication of WO2025212525A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025212525A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/0205—Details
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/74—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/76—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems wherein pulse-type signals are transmitted
    • G01S13/765—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems wherein pulse-type signals are transmitted with exchange of information between interrogator and responder
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/003—Transmission of data between radar, sonar or lidar systems and remote stations
    • G01S7/006—Transmission of data between radar, sonar or lidar systems and remote stations using shared front-end circuitry, e.g. antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04W56/004—Synchronisation arrangements compensating for timing error of reception due to propagation delay
    • H04W56/0045—Synchronisation arrangements compensating for timing error of reception due to propagation delay compensating for timing error by altering transmission time

Definitions

  • Sensing involves detecting, estimating, and/or monitoring conditions of an environment and/or objects within the environment (e.g., shape, size, orientation, speed, location, distance between objects, relative motion between objects, or the like) using RF signals.
  • Sensing has been studied in the context of Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) including studying of use cases, potential enhancements to 5G systems, different sensing modes and key performance indicators (KPIs) related to sensing.
  • Different sensing modes including monostatic and bistatic sensing were defined depending on the transmitter and receiver location.
  • a monostatic sensing mode refers to the architecture with co-located transmitter and receiver
  • a bistatic sensing mode refers to a non-co-located transmitter and receiver.
  • multi-static sensing refers to the bistatic sensing mode with multiple transmitters and/or receivers.
  • a channel modeling study for ISAC has been performed. However, sensing tasks are not fully developed.
  • a method is implemented by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU).
  • the method comprises receiving information indicating an angle of arrival (AoA) range for performing measurements for one or more paths.
  • the method comprises performing the measurements for the one or more paths within the AoA range.
  • the method comprises determining, based on the measurements for the one or more paths, a time offset for a path of interest of the one or more paths.
  • the method comprises transmitting a signal based on the path of interest and using the time offset.
  • the method comprises receiving an indication of a transmission muting pattern.
  • the transmitting the signal using the time offset occurs according to the transmission muting pattern.
  • the transmitting the signal using the time offset comprises an empty symbol preceding a sounding reference signal (SRS) symbol within a time window.
  • the method comprises determining a timing advance (TA) value based on the time offset and a TA reference value.
  • the transmitting the signal using the time offset comprises transmitting the signal using a determined TA value to cause the path of interest to be a first detected path at a base station.
  • the time offset corresponds to a relative time offset between a first path of the one or more paths and the path of interest.
  • the method comprises selecting the path of interest of the one or more paths that has a highest reference signal received power (RSRP).
  • RSRP reference signal received power
  • the method comprises receiving an indication of an offset threshold. Further, for example, the method comprises determining whether the time offset is above the offset threshold. In addition, for example, the method comprises in response to determining the time offset is above the offset threshold, applying a transmission muting pattern to transmission of the signal. Moreover, for example, the transmitting the signal comprises transmitting a sounding reference signal (SRS). Furthermore, for example, the method comprises reporting at least one measurement of the measurements for the one or more paths having an Ao A within the Ao A range. Additionally, for example, the method comprises reporting at least one measurement of the measurements of the one or more paths that has the highest RSRP.
  • SRS sounding reference signal
  • a WTRU includes, for example, a processor and a transceiver configured to perform one or more of the above-referenced functions.
  • FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system
  • FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A;
  • FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A;
  • RAN radio access network
  • CN core network
  • FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A;
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a reference and timing advance (TA) for baseline communication and/or positioning systems
  • FIG. 5 A is a representation of one type of muting pattern
  • FIG. 5B is a representation of another type of muting pattern
  • FIG. 5C is a representation of yet another type of muting pattern
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram of an example of an expected angle of arrival (AoA) range and a reference at a WTRU;
  • FIG. 7 is a chart illustrating an example of a relative delay with respect to a reference
  • FIG. 8 is a chart illustrating an example of an interpretation of a reference path
  • FIG. 9A is a chart illustrating an example of measurement with respect to a common reference time for two positioning reference signals
  • FIG. 9B is a chart illustrating an example of a difference between measurement with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals
  • FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating an example of an effect of rotation of a WTRU with an absolute reference for AoA measurement
  • FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating an example of an effect of rotation of a WTRU with a relative reference for AoA measurement
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a WTRU determining a path for sensing based on a measurement within an AoA range
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a positioning reference signal (PRS) associated with a sensing path and a reference TA PRS path;
  • PRS positioning reference signal
  • FIG. 13A is a chart illustrating an example of measurement of relative time delay with respect to a common reference time for two positioning reference signals
  • FIG. 13B is a chart illustrating an example of normalized relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals
  • FIG. 14A is a chart illustrating an example of relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals
  • FIG. 14B is a chart illustrating an example of normalized relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals
  • FIG. 16 is a chart illustrating an example of an association between a DL RS and a UL RS based on normalized relative delay measurements for sensing
  • FIG. 17 is a chart illustrating an example of a timing determination for a TA value offset based on an i-th DL frame
  • FIG. 19 is a chart illustrating an example of a timing determination for a sensing TA value based on a ToA of a sensing TA path;
  • FIG. 20A is a chart illustrating an example of a first scenario to processing orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols at a gNode-B (gNB);
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
  • FIG. 20B is a chart illustrating an example of a second scenario to processing OFDM symbols (e.g., at a gNB).
  • FIG. 21 is a flow chart of an example of using timing advance for UL sensing in wireless communications.
  • FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.
  • the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users.
  • the communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth.
  • the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), singlecarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discreet Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block- filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • OFDMA orthogonal FDMA
  • SC-FDMA singlecarrier FDMA
  • ZT zero-tail
  • ZT UW unique-word
  • DFT discreet Fourier transform
  • OFDM ZT UW DTS-s OFDM
  • UW-OFDM unique word OFDM
  • FBMC filter bank multicarrier
  • the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit and/or receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104/113, a core network (CN) 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements.
  • Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi- Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and
  • UE user equipment
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • HMD head-mounted display
  • the communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b.
  • Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, e.g., to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the Internet 110, and/or the networks 112.
  • the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.
  • the base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc.
  • BSC base station controller
  • RNC radio network controller
  • the base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum.
  • a cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors.
  • the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors.
  • the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell.
  • the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell.
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple output
  • beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.
  • the base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.).
  • the air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).
  • RAT radio access technology
  • the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like.
  • the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA).
  • WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+).
  • HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE- A Pro).
  • E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • LTE- A Pro LTE-Advanced Pro
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).
  • a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies.
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles.
  • DC dual connectivity
  • the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.
  • IEEE 802.11 i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
  • IEEE 802.16 i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
  • CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO Code Division Multiple Access 2000
  • IS-95 Interim Standard 95
  • IS-856 Interim Standard 856
  • GSM Global
  • the base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node-B, Home eNode- B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable radio access technology (RAT) for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like.
  • RAT radio access technology
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN).
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN).
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, picocell or femtocell.
  • a cellular-based RAT e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro, NR, etc.
  • the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110.
  • the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.
  • the RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d.
  • the data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like.
  • QoS quality of service
  • the CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication.
  • the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.
  • the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing any of a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology.
  • the CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or other networks 112.
  • the PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS).
  • POTS plain old telephone service
  • the Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite.
  • the networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/114 or a different RAT.
  • Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links).
  • the WTRUc shown in FIG. 1 A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.
  • FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU.
  • the WTRU may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/mi crophone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other elements/peripherals 138, among others.
  • GPS global positioning system
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.
  • the processor 118 of the WTRU may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit).
  • the processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128.
  • the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132.
  • the non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device.
  • the removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like.
  • SIM subscriber identity module
  • SD secure digital
  • the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).
  • the processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU.
  • the power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU.
  • the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel -cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.
  • the processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU.
  • location information e.g., longitude and latitude
  • the WTRU may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the processor 118 may further be coupled to other elements/peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules/units that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity.
  • the elements/peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and/or augmented reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like.
  • FM frequency modulated
  • the elements/peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.
  • a gyroscope an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.
  • the WTRU may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).
  • a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).
  • FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment.
  • the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.
  • the RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology.
  • the eNode-B 160a for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRUa.
  • Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and/or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.
  • the CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.
  • MME mobility management entity
  • SGW serving gateway
  • PGW packet data network gateway
  • the MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an SI interface and may serve as a control node.
  • the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.
  • the MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.
  • the CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks.
  • the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices.
  • the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108.
  • IMS IP multimedia subsystem
  • the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • a WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP.
  • the AP may have an access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic into and/or out of the BSS.
  • Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs.
  • Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations.
  • Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA.
  • the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel.
  • the primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling.
  • the primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP.
  • Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems.
  • the STAs e.g., every STA, including the AP, may sense the primary channel.
  • High throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadj acent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.
  • VHT STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels.
  • the 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels.
  • a 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration.
  • the data, after channel encoding may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams.
  • Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing may be done on each stream separately.
  • IFFT Inverse fast Fourier transform
  • Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11af and 802.1 lah.
  • the channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.1 laf and 802.1 lah relative to those used in
  • MTC meter type control/machine-type communications
  • MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths.
  • the MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).
  • FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment.
  • the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.
  • the gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRUa.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology.
  • the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRUa (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology.
  • WTRUa may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).
  • CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).
  • TTIs subframe or transmission time intervals
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c).
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously.
  • eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG. ID, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.
  • UPFs user plane functions
  • AMFs access and mobility management functions
  • the CN 115 shown in FIG. ID may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183 a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.
  • AMF session management function
  • the AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node.
  • the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of non-access stratum (NAS) signaling, mobility management, and the like.
  • PDU protocol data unit
  • Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b, e.g., to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultrareliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and/or the like.
  • URLLC ultrareliable low latency
  • eMBB enhanced massive mobile broadband
  • the AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as Wi-Fi.
  • radio technologies such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as Wi-Fi.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an Nl 1 interface.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like.
  • a PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.
  • the UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, e.g., to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.
  • the UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.
  • the CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks.
  • the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108.
  • IMS IP multimedia subsystem
  • the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to any of: WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a- b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a- b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and/or any other element(s)/device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation elements/devices (not shown).
  • the emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.
  • the emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network.
  • the emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network.
  • the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components.
  • the one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.
  • RF circuitry e.g., which may include one or more antennas
  • wireless communication according to new radio (NR) integrated sensing and communications is provided.
  • NR new radio
  • IRC integrated sensing and communications
  • wireless communication and radar sensing services are provided.
  • wireless communication and radar sensing services are provided using radio signals to detect and identify various objects and surfaces within a surrounding environment.
  • timing advance compensates for propagation delay.
  • a sounding reference signal for positioning (SRSp) configuration provides a reference signal.
  • the reference signal may be configurable to enhance a precision of uplink (UL) and/or downlink (DL) time and/or angular measurements.
  • an SRSp muting pattern may be provided to avoid interference and improve signal quality.
  • a device e.g., a wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU) 102 in a network receives a configuration from the network.
  • the WTRU may perform a measurement according to the configuration.
  • the device may compare the measurements to a condition (e.g., determine whether the measurement is within a certain range).
  • the device may identify a specific path.
  • the device may report the specific path.
  • the device may recalculate a value based on the measurement.
  • the device may compare the recalculated value to a condition (e.g., whether the recalculated value exceeds a threshold).
  • the device may transmit data including, for example, the recalculated value and a pattern.
  • a WTRU may receive a TA value (e.g., TAO) from a network.
  • the WTRU may receive an SRSp configuration.
  • the SRSp configuration may include a transmission muting pattern and a TA offset threshold.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive a positioning reference signal (PRS) configuration.
  • the PRS configuration may include an angle of arrival (AoA) range.
  • the WTRU may, for example, perform a per path measurement.
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine a sensing path.
  • the WTRU may, for example, report the sensing path.
  • the WTRU may, for example, measure the AoA.
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine if the measured AoA is within the AoA range.
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine a new TA value.
  • the new TA value may be based on the sensing path.
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine a time of delay T between two paths (e.g., between a line of sight path and an additional path). A determination of whether the T is above the TA offset threshold may be performed.
  • the WTRU may, for example, transmit an SRSp.
  • the SRSp may be sent with additional information (e.g., a sensing TA offset with a transmission muting pattern).
  • a method may be implemented by a WTRU.
  • the method may include receiving information indicating an angle of arrival (AoA) range for performing per path measurements.
  • the method may include performing the per path measurements for one or more paths within the AoA range.
  • the method may include determining a time offset for a path of interest based on the per path measurements.
  • the method may include transmitting a signal using the time offset.
  • AoA angle of arrival
  • the method may include receiving an indication of a transmission muting pattern.
  • the transmitting the signal using the time offset may occur according to the transmission muting pattern.
  • the transmitting the signal using the time offset may include an empty symbol preceding each sounding reference signal (SRS) symbol within a time window.
  • the method may include determining a timing advance (TA) value based on the time offset and a TA reference value.
  • transmitting the signal using the time offset comprises transmitting the signal may use a determined TA value to cause the path of interest to be a first detected path at a base station.
  • the time offset may correspond to a relative time offset between a first path and the path of interest.
  • the method may include selecting the path of interest as the path of the one or more paths having a highest reference signal received power (RSRP).
  • RSRP reference signal received power
  • the method may include receiving an indication of an offset threshold. In some embodiments, the method may include determining whether the time offset is above the offset threshold. In some embodiments, the method may include in response to determining the time offset is above the offset threshold, applying a transmission muting pattern to transmission of the signal. For example, transmitting the signal may include transmitting a sounding reference signal (SRS).
  • SRS sounding reference signal
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a reference and timing advance (TA) for baseline communication and/or positioning systems.
  • the reference and TA for baseline communication and/or positioning systems may occur between a gNB 210 and a WTRU 220.
  • the gNB 210 may operate in a transmitting mode (Tx) or a receiving mode (Rx).
  • the WTRU 220 may operate in a transmitting mode (Tx) or a receiving mode (Rx).
  • TA may be used to control transmission timing for a UL signal of a WTRU 220 for synchronization between DL and UL frames.
  • there may be an offset between UL and DL timing The offset may be due to a distance between a transmitter and a receiver.
  • the offset may require time synchronization.
  • a WTRU may receive a TA value (e.g., TAO) from a network.
  • the WTRU may receive an SRSp configuration from a network (e.g., gNB, LMF, or the like).
  • the WTRU may receive a PRS (e.g., where the reception includes multiple received paths) in the indicated PRS resource.
  • the WTRU may perform one or more measurements.
  • the one or more measurements may be performed for each of a first received path (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, or the like) and one or more additional received paths (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative timing with respect to the first path, or the like) on the received PRS.
  • a first received path e.g., RSRPP, AoA, or the like
  • additional received paths e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative timing with respect to the first path, or the like
  • the WTRU may determine a new TA value.
  • the new TA value may be, for example, TA0+T, where T is a relative delay (e.g., with respect to the first path) of the path for which the measurements are reported.
  • the new TA value may be determined on a condition (e.g., that T is above a TA offset threshold).
  • a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and/or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) may be scheduled during a configured time window. For example, on a condition the PUSCH and/or the PUCCH is/are scheduled during the configured time window, the WTRU may cancel the transmission of the PUSCH and/or the PUCCH.
  • T may be compared to a TA offset threshold. For example, on a condition the T is less than the TA offset threshold, the WTRU may transmit an SRSp. For example, the SRSp may be transmitted in at least one uplink slot (e.g., based on the SRSp configuration).
  • the WTRU may transmit the SRSp in the time window using the new TA value where the configured transmission muting pattern is applied during the time window.
  • the WTRU may transmit the SRSp in the time window using the new TA value.
  • the WTRU may use a spatial filter for the SRSp transmission.
  • the SRSp transmission may be based on the PRS receive path (e.g., based on the receive beam or Rx spatial information used for receiving the PRS receive path).
  • the SRSp transmission may be based on the PRS receive path for which the measurements are reported.
  • the SRSp transmission may be based on the PRS receive path for which the TA offset T is determined.
  • the transmission of the SRSp may utilize the new TA according to the transmission muting pattern inside of the time window.
  • the WTRU may not transmit the SRSp with the new TA outside of the time window.
  • the WTRU may transmit the SRSp according to the SRSp configuration (e.g., the WTRU does not apply the transmission muting pattern) inside the time window.
  • a WTRU may be configured to transmit the SRSp resources with a flexible TA offset.
  • the flexible TA offset allows for the WTRU to determine a first significant path for reception other than a first detected path in time (e.g., a line- of-sight (LoS) path).
  • a first significant path for reception other than a first detected path in time e.g., a line- of-sight (LoS) path.
  • the WTRU configured to transmit the SRSp resources with the flexible TA offset may achieve advantages including at least one of: accurate object detection or tracking, which may utilize synchronized UL sensing with one or more UEs; measurement of a sensing path (e.g., paths other than the first significant path, path associated with objects, or the like), which may utilize positioning methods currently defined only for the first detected path (e.g., carrier phase-based positioning such as received signal code power (RSCP) and RSCP difference (RSCPD), or the like); flexible measurement frame (e.g., at the gNB); long range sensing, which may be performed with one or more transmission and/or reception points (TRPs); combinations of the same; or the like.
  • RSCP received signal code power
  • RSCPD RSCP difference
  • TRPs transmission and/or reception points
  • the starting time for the measurement frame (e.g., at the gNB) may be the first detected path (e.g., based on UL RS reception at the gNB) in time with the baseline TA procedure.
  • the measurement duration to receive the signal without significant inter-symbol interference may be the OFDM symbol CP duration.
  • the WTRU may transmit to dynamically adjust the gNB measurement frame.
  • the reference for TA adjustment in the baseline procedure may be the first detected path of DL RS from the serving TRP.
  • the starting time for the measurement frame for a neighboring TRP may be the first detected path (e.g., based on UL RS reception) for the serving TRP.
  • the measurement duration for the neighboring TRP may be relatively small (e.g., 0 in cases where the distance between the WTRU and the neighboring TRP is greater than a distance (e.g., c.T CP)).
  • the WTRU may, for example, transmit to change the reference point of the measurement frame for both serving and neighboring TRP.
  • a "TRP” may be used interchangeably with “gNB” or pico radio unit (“PRU”).
  • a “network” may refer to the AMF, a LMF or gNB.
  • a “location” may be used interchangeably with “position”.
  • a “measurement occasion” may be defined as an instance where the WTRU measures the different positioning metrics (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, or the like).
  • An “RS” may refer to any of the positioning and reference signals (e.g., PRS, SRSp, channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), synchronization signal block (SSB), or the like).
  • a “PRS” may refer to any of the downlink positioning or any other reference signals that may be received by the WTRU (e.g., DL PRS, SSB, CSI-RS, or the like).
  • An “SRSp” may refer to any of the uplink positioning or any other reference signals to be transmitted by the WTRU (e.g., SRSp, SRS, sidelink PRS (SL-PRS), physical random access channel (PRACH), or the like).
  • An SRSp/UL RS may be used interchangeably with SRSp/UL RS resource and/or SRSp/UL RS resource set.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive configurations (e.g., RS configurations) and/or TA values (e.g., absolute, relative, or the like), or the like, from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB, or the like) via downlink physical channel (e.g., physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), or the like) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., downlink control information (DCI), MAC-CE, radio resource control (RRC) or LTE positioning protocol (LPP) message, or the like).
  • DCI downlink control information
  • RRC radio resource control
  • LTP LTE positioning protocol
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive one or more thresholds (e.g., the one or more thresholds may be preconfigured and/or actively configured, hereinafter “pre(configured)”) from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB, or the like) via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, or the like) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message, or the like).
  • pre(configured) e.g., the one or more thresholds may be preconfigured and/or actively configured, hereinafter “pre(configured)” from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB, or the like) via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, or the like) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message, or the like).
  • the network e.g., LMF,
  • An LMF is a non-limiting example of a node or entity (e.g., network node or entity) that may be used for or to support positioning. Any other node or entity (e.g., server WTRU) may be substituted for an LMF and still be consistent with the present application.
  • a node or entity e.g., network node or entity
  • Any other node or entity e.g., server WTRU
  • An “ID” may, for example, be used interchangeably with “index”.
  • the WTRU may send the measurement report, containing the measurements, to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB, or the like) via a semi-static (e.g., LPP, RRC, or the like) or dynamic message (e.g., UCI, MAC-CE, or the like).
  • the network e.g., LMF, gNB, or the like
  • a semi-static e.g., LPP, RRC, or the like
  • dynamic message e.g., UCI, MAC-CE, or the like.
  • the WTRU may indicate RS resource index, and/or RS index or ID, associated with measurements, in a report.
  • the report may indicate which RS(s) the WTRU measured to derive the measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, or the like).
  • the WTRU may, for example, include a TRP ID or index in the measurement report.
  • the measurement report may indicate which TRP's PRS(s) the WTRU made measurements on.
  • a DL-ToA (e.g., measured in terms of symbol index, slot index, subframe index, frame index, absolute time, relative time with reference to (e.g., SFNO and a reference symbol index, slot index, subframe index, or the like)) or alternatively referred to as ToA may be defined as the beginning of the symbol and/or slot and/or subframe and/or frame containing the DL RS (e.g., PRS).
  • a TAG may be associated with a DL RS or UL RS.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive association information (e.g., associating a TAG ID with a DL PRS resource ID).
  • the WTRU may receive an offset TAO offset from the network where the TAO offset may be applied based on certain criteria indicated by the network.
  • the TAO value configured by the network may already include the TAO offset.
  • WTRU Receives an SRSp Configuration from Network
  • the WTRU receives SRSp resource configurations via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, or the like) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message) from the network (e.g., gNB, LMF, or the like).
  • the SRSp or SRSp resource or SRSp resource set may refer to any UL RS (e.g., SRS, SL-PRS, PRACH, or the like), UL RS resource or UL RS resource set that the WTRU may transmit and other entities (e.g., gNB) may make measurements on.
  • WTRU Receives Association of SRSp with Other RSs
  • FIG. 3 is a system diagram 300 illustrating an example of a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state indicating an association between a sounding reference signal for positioning (SRSp) with a timing advance group identity (TAG ID).
  • TCI transmission configuration indication
  • SRSp sounding reference signal for positioning
  • TAG ID timing advance group identity
  • the system 300 may include a TRP #1 310 in communication with a TRP #2 320 and a WTRU 330.
  • the WTRU 330 may receive the relationship of SRSp resource(s) with other reference signals (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, PRS, SRS, or the like) with the SRSp configuration from the network.
  • other reference signals e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, PRS, SRS, or the like
  • the WTRU 330 may receive this relationship with the TCI state.
  • a TCI state defines the relationship between the SRSp with other reference RSs.
  • the WTRU 330 may, for example, receive at least one of the following with the TCI states: TCI State ID (e.g., TCI-UL- StatelD), serving cell ID, TRP ID, BWP ID, QCL information and/or relationship with an RS, TAG ID, reference path ID (e.g., Reference TA path ID, Path 1, first path, n-th path, path ID #n, or the like), combinations of the same, or the like.
  • TCI State ID e.g., TCI-UL- StatelD
  • serving cell ID e.g., TCI-UL- StatelD
  • TRP ID e.g., TRP ID
  • BWP ID serving cell ID
  • TAG ID e.g., TAG ID
  • reference path ID e.g.,
  • the WTRU 330 may receive the QCL information (e.g., QCL type, or the like) of an SRSp resource with other reference RSs (SSB, CSI-RS, PRS, SRS, or the like).
  • the WTRU 330 may, for example, also receive the reference RS ID(s) for different QCL types associated with the SRSp.
  • the WTRU 330 may receive the spatial relationship between SRSp resource(s) and other RSs with spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo, a.k.a. spatialrelationinformation) in the SRSp configuration.
  • the WTRU 330 may, for example, receive at least one of the following: serving cell ID, TRP ID, BWP ID, reference signal (e.g., SSB, CSI- RS, PRS, SRS, or the like) ID(s) spatially associated with the SRSp, TAG ID, reference path ID (e.g., Reference TA path ID, Path 1, first path, n-th path, path ID #n, or the like), combinations of the same, or the like.
  • serving cell ID e.g., TRP ID, BWP ID
  • reference signal e.g., SSB, CSI- RS, PRS, SRS, or the like
  • ID(s) spatially associated with the SRSp e.g., TAG ID, reference path
  • the configured spatial relationship may indicate one PRS resource index and SRSp resource index, indicating that the indicated PRS and SRS are aligned spatially. For example, if the spatial relationship indicates that PRS resource #3 and SRSp resource #10 are associated, it means that PRS resource #3 and SRSp resource #10 are aligned spatially. In another example, if the spatial relationship indicates that PRS resource #3, index #3 and SRSp resource #10 are associated, it indicates that the SRSp resource #10 is spatially aligned with the angle of arrival along the path index #3 measured through PRS resource #3.
  • the WTRU 330 may receive, from the network, a spatial relationship indicating association of PRS resource index and more than one SRSp resource index. This may imply that multipaths may be expected for the indicated PRS and each path may correspond to different AoAs. Additionally, the different AoAs may be associated with each of the indicated SRSp resource indexes.
  • the WTRU 330 may receive a TAG ID associated with the SRSp resource(s) in the configuration where the association may indicate the relationship between the TA value and the SRSp resource(s).
  • TAG ID associated with the SRSp resource(s) in the configuration where the association may indicate the relationship between the TA value and the SRSp resource(s).
  • FIG. 3 the relationship between different RSs and the SRSp is illustrated where the relationship for each SRSp resource is defined with a TCI state.
  • the WTRU 330 may receive the reference path ID associated with the TAG.
  • the WTRU 330 may, for example, determine the reference time for the timing adjustment based on the reference path ID.
  • the path ID may be associated with a TAG ID.
  • the WTRU 330 may receive a TCI-State associated with an SRSp configuration with a reference TA path ID indicating the WTRU 330 may determine the SRSp transmission time based on TAO offset to the 1st received path.
  • the WTRU 330 may determine the pathloss, SRSp transmission power, beam direction, or the like, which may be based on the indicated reference TA path ID.
  • WTRU Receives SRSp Transmission Time Window Configuration from Network
  • a WTRU may receive one or more time window configuration(s) from the network where it may transmit the SRSp resources on.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive at least one of the following SRSp transmission time window parameters: transmission window ID(s), start and/or end time (e.g., expressed in terms of relative time or symbol number, slot number, subframe number or frame number, or the like), periodicity of occurrence of the time window, duration (e.g., expressed in terms of number of symbol, slots, subframes, frames, absolute time (e.g., ms), or the like), offset (e.g., in terms of symbol offset, slot offset, subframe offset, frame offset, relative time offset (e.g., ms) with respect to a reference time, or the like), events and/or conditions that may activate and/or deactivate the time window (e.g., WTRU movement, RSRPP threshold, network trigger (e.g., DCI trigger), or the like
  • time window e.g., W
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine a start time and/or an end time of windows from a configuration given by a network.
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine a periodicity of the window and duration of the window from the configuration given by the network.
  • the WTRU may not be expected to transmit PUCCH or PUSCH within the window SRSp transmission window. If the transmissions for PUCCH or PUSCH are already scheduled within the SRSp transmission window, the WTRU may, for example, drop or cancel other uplink channels within this window.
  • a set of window parameters may be associated with an index. The WTRU may, for example, receive an activation command or configuration message indicating the index of the configured or activated window.
  • the WTRU may receive the configuration via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, or the like) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message, or the like) from the network.
  • downlink physical channel e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, or the like
  • lower or higher layer signaling e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message, or the like
  • the WTRU may receive one or more muting pattern configurations for the SRSp from the network.
  • the WTRU may apply the muting pattern to symbols, slots, frame, subframe, resource, resource set (e.g., herein referred to as SRSp units or units) associated with (e.g., (pre)configured) SRSp resources, or the like. If the WTRU determines that an SRSp unit is muted, it may not transmit any SRSp even though the transmission may be configured by the network in that time instance.
  • SRSp units or units associated with (e.g., (pre)configured) SRSp resources, or the like.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive at least one of the following configurations for each muting pattern: pattern ID; pattern indication; granularity of muting (e.g., SRSp units, symbols, slots, frame, sub-frame, resource, resource set, or the like); type (e.g., periodic muting, aperiodic muting, semi-persistent muting, or the like); periodicity (e.g., for periodic and/or semi- persistent muting, N SRSp units, symbols, slots, frame, sub-frame, resource, resource set, or the like), which may repeat the pattern every N units; repetition (e.g., 1, 2, 3, and so on), which may indicate the number of consecutive SRSp units corresponding to a single muting pattern in the indication, muting validity time duration (e.g., start time, end time, duration, offset, or the like), and which may determine when the SRSp muting pattern may be applied to SRSp transmission; events and/or conditions, which
  • the WTRU may receive the muting pattern as a bitmap of N bits (e.g., 14 bits), where each bit may map to the intended (e.g., (pre)configured) SRSp units. For example, the WTRU may determine to transmit in the SRSp unit position if the same position in the bitmap corresponds to a bit 1 and mute if it corresponds to bit 0. For example, the WTRU may determine that a muting pattern of [010101010101] may correspond to muting every other SRSp unit (e.g., symbols), or the like. This is illustrated in FIG.
  • the WTRU may receive one or more numbers indicating the intended units of muting between two SRSp units. For example, the WTRU may determine to mute 1 SRSp unit between two consecutive SRSp units with a muting pattern of [1], Similarly, the WTRU may, for example, determine to mute 2 SRSp units between two consecutive SRSp units and 3 units between the subsequent two consecutive SRSp units with a muting pattern of [2, 3], This is illustrated in FIG.
  • the WTRU may determine that the muting pattern is activated if the WTRU receives an activation command (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, LPP, or the like) from the network.
  • an activation command e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, LPP, or the like
  • Each muting pattern may be associated with a unique index or ID.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive indexes from the network and the activation command may indicate the index that the WTRU should use for transmission of SRSp.
  • the WTRU may receive a range of expected relative delay.
  • the WTRU may receive an expected uncertainty value (e.g., delta delay, in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, time duration (e.g., ms), or the like).
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine the expected delay range as expected delay ⁇ delta delay.
  • the WTRU may receive the range as minimum and maximum expected delay.
  • the WTRU may receive the expected time delay range as [XI ms, X2 ms] where XI ms may correspond to minimum expected time delay and X2 ms may correspond to maximum expected time delay.
  • the WTRU may measure ToA for the first detected path. In another example, the WTRU may receive expected ToA or range of expected ToA from the network.
  • the expected relative time delay and expected range of the time delay is illustrated with respect to the first detection path timing of the received PRS.
  • the WTRU may receive one or more reference path indices (e.g., path ID #1, path ID #2, and so on) from the network.
  • the WTRU may receive the reference path ID in terms of a path identity, a path index, and a path group index.
  • the WTRU may, for example, be (pre)configured or may know the metrics or associations for each the path ID(s).
  • the WTRU may determine that the reference path ID #2 may indicate to the path with second highest RSRPP or second earliest detected path in time.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive an indication that the path ID indicates relative delay measurements, hence may determine that the path ID corresponds to 2nd earliest measured path.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive an indication about the criterion (e.g., time, power, or the like) about how to detect a path.
  • the WTRU may receive an indication to detect the path in the order of arrival time.
  • the WTRU may determine the detected path may be that path with RSRPP higher than a configured threshold.
  • the WTRU may determine to report the criterion (e.g., based on ToA, RSRPP above the preconfigured threshold, or the like) used to detect path(s).
  • the criterion e.g., based on ToA, RSRPP above the preconfigured threshold, or the like
  • FIG. 8 is a chart 800 illustrating an example of an interpretation of a reference path.
  • the WTRU may be (pre)configured with the path ID with at least one of the intended order of paths and the reference measurement to determine the sensing path.
  • the WTRU or network may, for example, be configured to adjust TA such that a path of interest may be measured accurately.
  • a sensing path may be the path UL RS or DL RS propagated by reflecting off an object.
  • a sensing path may be a path detected by the WTRU by the measurement made on the received DL-RS.
  • a sensing path may be the path other than the first significant path or path associated with objects.
  • a "sensing path" and “path” may be used interchangeably in the examples herein.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive the reference to the reference path #ID as at least one of the following: cell ID and/or TRP ID, PRS resource ID and/or PRS resource set ID, SRSp resource ID and/or SRSp resource, combinations of the same, or the like.
  • the WTRU may receive association between a DL-RS configuration information (e.g., DL-RS resource ID, DL-RS ID, or the like) and path indices.
  • a DL-RS configuration information e.g., DL-RS resource ID, DL-RS ID, or the like
  • the WTRU may receive an indication that path ID#1, path ID#2 are associated with DL PRS resource ID #4.
  • the WTRU may receive an indication that path ID#1, path ID#2 are associated with TRP ID #1.
  • the reference path ID may be configured by the network with the association between the SRSp resources and other RSs (e.g., with TCI State indication or spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo)).
  • the reference path ID mentioned here may correspond to the Reference TA path ID configured with TCI State indication or spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo).
  • the WTRU may receive a reference TA path ID that may indicate the path ID associated with the reference TA value (e.g., TAO value).
  • the reference TA path ID may be associated with the first detected path in time and in one example may be associated to a TRP.
  • the WTRU may determine to associate a TAG ID with the reference TA path ID and the TAG ID may be the same TAG ID as associated with the TAO value.
  • the WTRU may receive the reference location(s) of one or more sensing object(s), PRU(s), neighboring TRP(s), and/or neighboring WTRU(s).
  • each location may be an absolute location or a relative location. If the location is a relative location, the WTRU may, for example, receive the reference point associated with the object.
  • the reference may be at least one of the following: WTRU location, PRU location, TRP location (e.g., TRP ID), combinations of the same, or the like.
  • the WTRU may receive a request to report the WTRU capability to the network.
  • the WTRU may, for example, indicate, in the WTRU capability report, that the WTRU is a PRU or PRU ID.
  • the WTRU may, for example, report its location to the network. If the WTRU determined the location, the WTRU may, for example, determine to indicate the positioning method used to determine the location (e.g., RAT dependent positioning method, RAT independent positioning method such as GPS, GNSS, or the like).
  • the WTRU may receive one or more reference PRS ID(s) (e.g., a subset of configure PRS ID(s)).
  • the reference PRS ID(s) may be associated with one or more PRS resource set ID(s).
  • the WTRU may receive one or more reference angles of boresight direction(s) (e.g., reference azimuth of boresight, reference elevation of boresight, or the like).
  • the WTRU in one example, may associate the reference angles(s) with one or more PRS ID(s).
  • the WTRU may receive validity time associated one or more of the sensing indications (e.g., expected AoA, expected relative delay, reference path ID(s), location of sensing object(s), reference PRS ID(s) and/or reference angles of boresight direction(s), or the like).
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive either an absolute validity time (e.g., in terms of symbol index, slot index, subframe index, frame index, absolute time, or the like) or a relative validity duration (e.g., in terms number of symbols, slots, subframe, frame, absolute time duration, or the like) where the indications provided in the assistance data may be valid.
  • the WTRU may receive a validity area indicating the WTRU location(s) where the assistance information may be valid.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive the validity area in terms of DL RS ID(s), cell ID(s), sector ID(s), one or more TRP ID(s), or the like, which may indicate that the assistance information may be valid if the WTRU may measure or correspond the validity area parameters.
  • the WTRU may receive a validity rotation of the WTRU (e.g., in terms of degrees, radians, or the like) indicating the assistance information may be valid if the WTRU does not rotate by more than a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold).
  • a validity rotation of the WTRU e.g., in terms of degrees, radians, or the like
  • the assistance information may be valid if the WTRU does not rotate by more than a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold).
  • the WTRU may request and receive the updated assistance information for sensing from the network.
  • the WTRU may receive the updated assistance information periodically or receive the second assistance information an indicated time duration after receiving the first assistance information.
  • the WTRU may receive a reference PRS for TA.
  • the WTRU may, for example, use the reference TA PRS ID(s) to determine the uplink timing for UL RS (e.g., SRSp, SRS, or the like) transmission.
  • each reference TA PRS ID may be associated with a TAG ID.
  • the WTRU may receive the reference TA PRS ID(s) with the SRSp association information with other RSs (e.g., TCI state, spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo), or the like).
  • the SRSp association information e.g., TCI state, spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo), or the like.
  • the WTRU may, for example, also receive at least one of the following assistance information for sensing from the network including: Cell ID(s), TRP ID(s), PRS ID(s), PRS resource set ID(s), positioning frequency layer (PFL) ID, PRS beam information (e.g., azimuth, elevation, or the like), transmission time of PRS ID(s), or the like.
  • assistance information for sensing from the network including: Cell ID(s), TRP ID(s), PRS ID(s), PRS resource set ID(s), positioning frequency layer (PFL) ID, PRS beam information (e.g., azimuth, elevation, or the like), transmission time of PRS ID(s), or the like.
  • the reference TA PRS ID may be the PRS ID associated with the measurements corresponding to the reference TA path.
  • the WTRU may determine that the sensing assistance information and configuration from the network may be an indication (e.g., implicit indication) from the network to perform sensing.
  • an indication e.g., implicit indication
  • FIG. 9A is a chart 900 illustrating an example of measurement with respect to a common reference time for two positioning reference signals.
  • FIG. 9B is a chart 950 illustrating an example of a difference between measurement with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals.
  • the WTRU may determine to measure the relative time delay associated with the per path measurements from one or more PRS(s), where the reference for measurement may be a common relative time delay reference or a specific relative time delay reference.
  • the WTRU may measure the relative time delay associated with all the received PRS path(s) (e.g., associated with the received PRS resource set(s), range of frequencies, PFLs, or the like) with a common reference point. For example, the WTRU may measure the relative delay associated with PRS ID #1 (e.g., associated with PRS resource set #1 and TRP #1) and PRS ID #2 (e.g., associated with PRS resource set #2 and TRP #2) with the same reference.
  • PRS ID #1 e.g., associated with PRS resource set #1 and TRP #1
  • PRS ID #2 e.g., associated with PRS resource set #2 and TRP #2
  • the reference may be at least one of the following: measured ToA of first detected path timing associated with one of the received PRS(s) (e.g., reference PRS ID), transmission timing associated with one of the received PRS(s) (e.g., reference PRS ID), SFN0 offset, start time of the measurement window, time instance of reception of the PRS configuration, combinations of the same, or the like.
  • the WTRU may make the relative delay measurements with a common reference time, e.g., first detected PRS path time associated with PRS #1 and a PRS resource set #1.
  • the WTRU may, for example, measure the relative delay of all the paths in both PRS #1 and PRS #2 with the same common reference associated with PRS #1 path.
  • the WTRU may receive, from the network (e.g., gNB, LMF, or the like), an indication or configuration for the reference.
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine, from the configuration, to use the ToA for the first path for PRS resource ID #3, as the reference to determine relative timing for paths for other PRSs and/or PRS resource ID #3.
  • the WTRU may measure the relative time delay for at least one of each received PRS(s), received PRS resource(s), received PRS resource set(s), range of frequencies, PFL(s), TRP(s) with a separate and/or specific reference point, combinations of the same, or the like.
  • the WTRU may measure the relative delays associated PRS ID #1 with a first reference point associated with PRS ID #1 and PRS ID #2 with a second reference point associated with PRS ID #2. This example may be valid for other PRS resource set(s), range of frequencies, PFL(s), TRP(s), or the like.
  • the specific reference for relative delay measurement associated with a PRS may be at least one of the following: ToA of the first detected path of the PRS or the PRS resource set and/or PFL and/or TRP associated with the PRS, transmission timing of the PRS or the PRS resource set and/or PFL and/or TRP associated with the PRS, combinations of the same, or the like.
  • the WTRU may measure the AoA per path, associated with the per path measurements from one or more PRS(s). In one example, the WTRU may measure the AoA with respect to an absolute AoA reference, a relative AoA reference, or the like.
  • the WTRU 1010 may measure the AoA per path associated with the received PRS path(s) with a global reference point including at least one of the following: global coordinate system, geographical reference (e.g., true North), reference direction of reception of a PRS ID (e.g., reference PRS ID, pathloss DL RS ID, CSI-RS ID, or the like), reference direction of reception of a reference path ID, combinations of the same, or the like.
  • a global reference point including at least one of the following: global coordinate system, geographical reference (e.g., true North), reference direction of reception of a PRS ID (e.g., reference PRS ID, pathloss DL RS ID, CSI-RS ID, or the like), reference direction of reception of a reference path ID, combinations of the same, or the like.
  • a global reference point including at least one of the following: global coordinate system, geographical reference (e.g., true North), reference direction of reception of a PRS ID (e.g., reference PRS ID,
  • WTRU 1010 rotation between two measurement occasions may not change the measurement. This is illustrated in FIG. 10A, where the WTRU 1010 rotates with a certain angle. Due to the absolute reference, the angle between the sensing path and the reference still remains the same.
  • the WTRU may determine the reference points for the per path measurements (e.g., AoA, relative delay measurement, or the like) based on at least one of the following: the same as the reference point associated with expected relative time delay, Line-of- Sight (LoS) and/or Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) indicator, based on configuration by the network, combinations of the same, or the like.
  • AoA relative delay measurement
  • LoS Line-of- Sight
  • NoS Non-Line-of-Sight
  • the WTRU may choose one reference if the LoS and/or NLoS indicator (e.g., expected LoS and/or NLoS indicator) associated with the received PRS is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold) and another reference otherwise.
  • the WTRU may use one of the specific reference points for relative delay measurement and/or the absolute AoA reference for AoA measurement if the LoS and/or NLoS indicator is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold).
  • the WTRU may, for example, use common and relative references otherwise.
  • the WTRU may determine to change the reference of the measurements (e.g., after the measurements) if the measurement reference point(s) and the corresponding reference points associated with the expected AoA and/or expected time delay are not the same.
  • the WTRU may report SRSp resource ID(s) to the network to report AoA for each path.
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine to associate reported SRSp resource ID(s)to a PRS resource ID.
  • the WTRU may associate a path index with each reported SRSp resource ID.
  • the WTRU may report more than one SRSp resource IDs or indexes without path IDs to the network.
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine to associate reported SRSp resource ID(s)to a PRS resource ID.
  • the WTRU may receive a request from the network to report, for indicated PRS resource ID(s), either UL RS resource ID (e.g., SRS resource ID), absolute and/or relative angle of arrival.
  • indicated PRS resource ID(s) either UL RS resource ID (e.g., SRS resource ID), absolute and/or relative angle of arrival.
  • the WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU rotated from the last time or occasion the WTRU transmitted the measurement report. For example, the WTRU may indicate by a flag (e.g., 1 or 0) whether the WTRU's orientation has changed since the last time the WTRU transmitted the report. The WTRU may, for example, indicate " 1" if the WTRU's orientation changed. The WTRU may, for example, indicate "0" if the WTRU's orientation has not changed since the last time the WTRU sent the measurements report. In another example, if the WTRU did not change orientation, the WTRU may not include the flag. If the WTRU’s orientation changed, the WTRU may, for example, include a flag to indicate to the network that the WTRU’ s orientation changed.
  • a flag e.g., 1 or 0
  • the WTRU may include rotation or orientation angle to the network in the report to indicate how much the WTRU’s orientation has changed since the last time or occasion the WTRU transmitted the measurement report.
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram 1100 illustrating an example of a WTRU 1130 determining a path for sensing based on a measurement within an AoA range.
  • the path for sensing may be between TRP 1110, an object 1120, and the WTRU 1130, and/or a reference path may be directly between the TRP 1110 and the WTRU 1130.
  • the WTRU 1130 may determine one or more paths for sensing based on the configured assistance information for sensing and one or more measurements.
  • the WTRU 1130 may, for example, determine the path(s) for sensing based on at least one of the following: the path with RSRPP measurement above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the path with highest RSRPP measurement (e.g., among multiple path measurements of the measured PRS, reference PRS, or the like); the path with the measured AoA above a (e.g., (pre)configured) minimum expected AoA and/or below a maximum expected AoA (e.g., this is illustrated in FIG.
  • a threshold e.g., (pre)configured threshold
  • the path with highest RSRPP measurement e.g., among multiple path measurements of the measured PRS, reference PRS, or the like
  • the path with the measured AoA above a (e.g., (pre)configured) minimum expected AoA and/or below a maximum expected AoA e.g., this is illustrated in FIG.
  • AoA range indicates the angles between the (e.g., (pre)configured) minimum and maximum expected AoA); the path with the difference between the measured AoA and the expected AoA below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold) (e.g., expected AoA uncertainty)); the path with the measured relative time delay above a (e.g., (pre)configured) minimum expected relative time and/or below a maximum expected relative time); the path with the measured relative time delay below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold) (e.g., expected relative delay uncertainty); the path associated with the reference path ID (e.g., if configured); the path with the difference between one or more measurement(s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay, or the like) of the PRS and the corresponding measurement(s) associated with the reference path ID below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the path with the difference between one or more measurement(s) (e.
  • WTRU 1130 Determines Sensing Path from More than One Path
  • the WTRU 1130 may determine more than one path for the sensing path associated with measurements from more than one PRS resource(s).
  • the PRS resources may be transmitted at different time and for each transmitted PRS, the relative time delay may be measured with a different references (e.g., common reference, relative reference, etc.) for each PRS. This may create time offsets between measurements due to different transmission time of the PRS resource(s), or different references in the measurement.
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating an example of a positioning reference signal (PRS) associated with a sensing path and a reference TA PRS path.
  • PRS positioning reference signal
  • the path for sensing may be between TRP 1210, an object 1220, and a WTRU 1230, and/or a reference path may be directly between the TRP 1210 and the WTRU 1230.
  • the WTRU 1230 may determine to normalize the measurements to remove the offset.
  • the WTRU 1230 may be configured with a Reference TA PRS ID as a reference PRS for normalizing the relative delay measurements.
  • the WTRU 1230 may determine the Reference TA PRS ID based on at least one of the following conditions: the PRS ID associated with the same TAG ID as the configured TA value (e.g., TAO) (e.g., indicated to the WTRU 1230 via spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo), TCI-state ID, or the like); the PRS ID with the measured RSRP and/or (e.g., average, maximum, minimum, or the like) RSRPP above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the PRS ID with the highest measured RSRPP path; the PRS ID with the LoS and/or NLoS ID above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the PRS ID containing the (e.g., (pre)configured) reference TA PRS path; the PRS ID with the RSRPP measurement associated with the reference TA PRS path above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the PRS ID
  • the offset in one example, may be specific to a PRS resource.
  • the offset may be the difference between the transmit times of the PRS and the reference TA PRS ID.
  • the relative time delay measurements are associated with a common reference time (e.g., first path of the reference TA PRS ID).
  • PRS #1 is the reference TA PRS transmitted at time instance Tx #1.
  • the time offset for a PRS may be the difference in measured relative time delays between a path measured with the reference TA PRS and another path measured with the PRS such that: the difference between the one or more measurements (e.g., Ao A, doppler spread, or the like) associated with the paths is below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the measured RSRPP of the paths is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between the AoD(s) of the measured PRSs associated with the paths is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between beamwidth(s) of the measured PRSs associated with the paths is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); or the like.
  • the one or more measurements e.g., Ao A, doppler spread, or the like
  • the measured RSRPP of the paths is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold)
  • FIG. 13A is a chart 1300 illustrating an example of measurement of relative time delay with respect to a common reference time for two positioning reference signals.
  • FIG. 13B is a chart 1350 illustrating an example of normalized relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals.
  • FIG. 14A is a chart 1400 illustrating an example of relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals.
  • FIG. 14B is a chart 1450 illustrating an example of normalized relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals.
  • the WTRU may measure the relative time delays of PRS #1 and PRS #2 with a specific reference (e.g., first corresponding PRS path).
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine the offset for the PRS as the difference of paths of the PRSs with AoA difference below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold).
  • the WTRU may, for example, normalize the relative time delay for each PRS by subtracting the time offset between the PRS and the reference PRS from the relative time delay of the PRS.
  • the normalized relative delay may, for example, be one to one mapped to the normalized relative delays.
  • the normalized relative delays may be associated with other measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, or the like) corresponding to the relative delays.
  • WTRU Determines PRS Resource(s) for Sensing Path Determination
  • the difference between the measured AoA per path may, for example, be smaller than a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold), or the like.
  • a threshold e.g., (pre)configured threshold
  • Each path may, for example, be associated with more than one measurements including RSRPP, AoA, relative delays, normalized relative delays, or the like.
  • the WTRU may allocate path ID(s) to the sensing path.
  • the path ID(s) may be configured by the network or determined by the WTRU.
  • the WTRU may determine the sensing path based on at least one of the following: the path with measured RSRPP (e.g., average, minimum, maximum if multiple measurements are associated, or the like) is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the path with highest (e.g., average, minimum, maximum RSRPP, or the like); the path with the number of associated PRS(s) above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the path with the number of the associated TRP(s) is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); combinations of the same; or the like.
  • the path with measured RSRPP e.g., average, minimum, maximum if multiple measurements are associated, or the like
  • the path with highest e.g., average, minimum, maximum RSRPP, or the like
  • the path with the number of associated PRS(s) above a threshold e.g., (pre)configured threshold
  • the sensing path may, for example, be associated with multiple measurements where the measurements may correspond to different received PRS resource(s).
  • the WTRU may be configured by the network to report information and/or measurements with respect to the determined sensing path(s).
  • the WTRU may, for example, report at least one of the following information: path ID associated with sensing path (herein referred to as sensing path ID); sensing PRS resource ID(s) associated with the sensing path ID); PRS resource ID(s) associated with the sensing path ID) (herein referred to as sensing PRS ID); measurement s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay, normalized relative time delay (e.g., with respect to the reference TA PRS resource), or the like) associated with the determined sensing path; reference time (e.g., ToA of the PRS path, measurement window start time, or the like) associated with the measured relative time delay; LoS and/or NLoS ID associated with the PRS of the sensing path(s) (and/or TRP associated with the PRS of the sensing path(s)
  • sensing path ID path ID associated with sens
  • the number of samples used to determine and/or report the measurements may be configured by the network.
  • the WTRU may report the measurements every time it collects N samples.
  • the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., ACK) from the network.
  • the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., path ID) to consider another path as the sensing path from the network.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive an indication of the sensing path (e.g., path ID).
  • WTRU Determines TA Value for Sensing
  • the WTRU may determine the TA offset for the SRSp transmission for sensing.
  • the WTRU may determine the TA offset value based on the determined sensing path. In one example, the WTRU may determine the TA offset value based on at least one of the following: if the transmission time of the reference TA PRS ID and the sensing PRS ID is different, the WTRU determines the TA offset based on the normalized relative delay difference between the reference TA path and the sensing path; if the transmission time of the reference TA PRS ID and the sensing PRS ID is the same and if the relative delay(s) the PRS ID(s) are measured with a common reference, the WTRU may, for example, determine the TA offset based on the relative time delay difference between the reference TA path and the sensing path; if the reference TA PRS ID and sensing PRS ID are measurement with specific reference and the WTRU determines that the TA path ID is measured (with RSRPP above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold)) with both the PRS ID(s),
  • a threshold e
  • the WTRU may determine the TA value offset as T1 - T2.
  • the WTRU may determine the TA offset based on the downlink path measurement and the TA value is determined for the UL transmission (e.g., SRSp transmission)
  • the WTRU may determine the TA value based on the two-way offset consideration. For example, if the WTRU determines the timing offset as TAI based on the downlink time measurements, the WTRU may determine that the TA value may be 2 times TAI (e.g., 2TA1) to account for the uplink downlink offset.
  • the WTRU may be configured by the network to report the determined TA offset.
  • the WTRU may, for example, report at least one of the following: determined TA value offset for the sensing path ID; indicating whether the reported TA value is absolute TA value or relative TA value; reference TA path ID; measurement(s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay (s), ToA of the first path, or the like) associated with the sensing path; reference time (e.g., ToA of the first path of a PRS ID) associated with the sensing path; measurement(s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay(s), ToA of the first path, or the like) associated with the reference TA PRS; reference time (e.g., ToA of the first path of the reference TA PRS) associated with the TA value; TAG ID associated with the TA value (e.g., TAG ID of the TAO if used as
  • the WTRU may determine the reporting as an implicit request to perform TA adjustment for the sensing path. In another example, the WTRU may send a request to the network for TA adjustment for the sensing path.
  • the WTRU may receive a request from the network on the content of the measurement report.
  • the WTRU may receive a request to report the absolute or relative TA value.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive an indication on which path should be used as the sensing path.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive configuration about the reference to be used to determine the TA value.
  • WTRU Determines and Reports Relationship Between Different RSs for Sensing
  • the relationship between the SRSp (or a UL RS) and other RSs (e.g., SRS, PRS, SSB, CSI-RS, or the like) indicated by the network through TCI states or TCI-UL states or spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo) may consist of the associations for communication and/or positioning for direct path association between the WTRU and the TRP(s).
  • FIG. 15 is a diagram 1500 illustrating an example of an association between a downlink (DL) reference signal (RS) and an uplink (UL) RS based on AoA measurements for sensing.
  • Signals may be sent between two or more of TRP #1 1510, object 1520, WTRU 1530, and TRP #2 1540.
  • the association may, for example, require measurements for sensing paths or paths corresponding to the reflections from objects (e.g., 1520).
  • the WTRU 1530 may be configured by the network to report the associations for sensing based on measurement.
  • the WTRU 1530 may determine the associations between the PRS resources (e.g., or any other DL RSs) based on the angle or relative delay measurements.
  • the PRS #1 and PRS #2 may be associated with more than one PRS resource set ID(s), TRP ID(s), PFL ID(s) and TAG ID(s).
  • the WTRU 1530 may determine the association of the sensing path with UL RS such as SRSp or SRS.
  • Each group may, for example, be associated with the same TA offset value.
  • the WTRU may determine at least one of the following associations where the associations may be made for a same TA value and may correspond to the same TAG.
  • FIG. 16 is a chart 1600 illustrating an example of an association between a DL RS and a UL RS based on normalized relative delay measurements for sensing.
  • the WTRU determines the association between groups of path measurements that may correspond to the same TA value.
  • the WTRU may determine to group the RS(s), measurement(s) and the associated TA values in a group with a same ID to indicate that the paths associated with it may correspond to the same TA value offset.
  • the WTRU may determine a relationship between the RSs.
  • the relationship may consist of at least one of the following: association between DL RSs (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, PRS, or the like) and UL RS(s); association between the TRP ID(s); association between TAG ID(s); combinations of the same; or the like.
  • association between DL RSs e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, PRS, or the like
  • UL RS(s) association between the TRP ID(s); association between TAG ID(s); combinations of the same; or the like.
  • the WTRU may determine to associate the TRP(s) based on the spatial relationship based on AoA measurements. For example, the WTRU may determine to associate the TRP(s) based on relative delay measurements (e.g., associated with same TA value offset).
  • the WTRU may determine to associate the TAG ID(s) associated with the DL and UL RSs (e.g., where the associations may be determined based on configured TCI states ID(s) or TCI-UL state ID(s) associated with the DL and UL RSs and the TAG IDs, or the like) based on the spatial relationship based on AoA measurements.
  • the WTRU may determine to associate the TAG ID(s) associated with the DL and UL RSs (e.g., where the associations may be determined based on configured TCI states ID(s) or TCI-UL state ID(s) associated with the DL and UL RSs and the TAG IDs, or the like) based on relative delay measurements (e.g., associated with same TA value offset)
  • the WTRU may report the associations and the associated measurements to the network where WTRU may report at least one of the following: associations between SRSp resources and DL and/or UL RSs (e.g., index of the resources, resource set(s), PFL ID(s), or the like); association between TRP ID(s); association between TAG ID(s); type of association (e.g., spatial association, TA value offset association, or the like); measurements associated with the paths associated with the associated RSs (SRSp, DL and/or UL RSs, or the like); combinations of the same; or the like.
  • associations between SRSp resources and DL and/or UL RSs e.g., index of the resources, resource set(s), PFL ID(s), or the like
  • association between TRP ID(s) association between TAG ID(s)
  • type of association e.g., spatial association, TA value offset association, or the like
  • measurements associated with the paths associated with the associated RSs SRSp,
  • WTRU Receives TA Value Offset for SRSp Configuration from Network [0324]
  • the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., acknowledgement, ACK, or the like) from the network to adjust the uplink timing for SRSp for uplink sensing.
  • an indication e.g., acknowledgement, ACK, or the like
  • the WTRU may receive configuration for TA adjustment (e.g., for the sensing path) from the network.
  • the configuration may be associated with SRSp resource(s) or SRSp resource set(s) configured to the WTRU by the network.
  • the WTRU may receive the sensing related configuration (e.g., TA value for sensing, beam association information (e.g., TCI state, TCI state ID, spatialrelationinfo, or the like), power control information (e.g., P0, alpha, Pathloss (PL) RS, or the like)) for the sensing path from the network.
  • TA value for sensing
  • beam association information e.g., TCI state, TCI state ID, spatialrelationinfo, or the like
  • power control information e.g., P0, alpha, Pathloss (PL) RS, or the like
  • the WTRU may receive a new TCI state or TCI UL State containing the sensing related configurations.
  • the new TCI state or TCI UL state may be associated with one or more other TCI states IDs or TCI UL states IDs.
  • the WTRU may receive an indicator (e.g., 0 or 1, LoS/NLoS indicator, or the like) with the new TCI state ID to indicate whether the configured TCI state is associated with the first path (e.g., indicated by a 1) or sensing path (e.g., indicated by a 0).
  • the sensing path can be a path other than the first path, such as the second path, third path, and so on.
  • a LoS or NLoS indicator can be a hard indicator, e.g., 1 for LoS, 0 for NLoS.
  • LoS or NLoS can be a soft indicator.
  • the LoS indicator, x can be 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, indicating the likelihood of the associated path, TRP or PRS resource ID to be in line of sight. For example, the higher the LoS indicator, the more likely that the associated path is a line of sight path.
  • the LoS indicator is associated with a PRS
  • the higher the LoS indicator the more likely that the PRS is transmitted along line of sight.
  • the LoS indicator is associated with a TRP
  • the higher the LoS indicator the more likely that the there is a line of sight between the TRP and WTRU.
  • the WTRU may receive the sensing configurations with the TCI state or TCI-UL state associated with the previously configured TCI states or TCI-UL states.
  • the WTRU may receive configuration related to more than one path (e.g., associated with the first path or the reference TA path and the sensing path or the n-th path) in the TCI state (e.g., first path and the sensing path) with the configured TCI state.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive the TA value, e.g., via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LTE positioning protocol (LPP) message, or the like).
  • the configuration may consist of at least one of the following: reference sensing path ID (e.g., sensing path ID); TA value offset (e.g., associated with the sensing path ID); granularity of TA offset (e.g., symbol, slot, subframe, frame, or the like); TA value for sensing path; reference path ID associated with TA value for sensing path (e.g., Path #N, N, or the like); reference PRS ID(s) and/or PRS resource set ID(s) and/or TRP ID(s) and/or PFL ID(s) or the like, which may be associated with the TA value offset; TAG ID associated with the TA value offset; associated TCI State ID(s); SRSp muting pattern (e.g.,
  • the WTRU may receive an TA value offset (e.g., associated with the sensing path).
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine the this may be an offset to the TAO value configured by the network.
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine that the offset may be a relative value indicated by the network.
  • the granularity of the TA offset may, for example, indicate to the WTRU an adjustment to the TA for every symbol, slot, subframe and/or frame.
  • the WTRU may receive the TA value for sensing which may be an absolute TA value.
  • the TAG ID may correspond to the TAG ID of the configured TA value (e.g., TAO value).
  • the WTRU may determine if the TA indicated by the network based on the payload (e.g., number of bits, range of TA values, or the like) associated with the configured value. For example, if the number of bits in the payload associated with the configured TA value is below a threshold, the WTRU may determine that the TA is an offset value. For example, the WTRU may receive a 16 bit field for receiving the absolute TA value (e.g., TA value for sensing path) and an 8 bit field for receiving the offset.
  • the payload e.g., number of bits, range of TA values, or the like
  • the WTRU may determine that the TA is an offset value. For example, the WTRU may receive a 16 bit field for receiving the absolute TA value (e.g., TA value for sensing path) and an 8 bit field for receiving the offset.
  • the WTRU may receive the TA value offset configurations associated with SRSp configuration with the sensing path in the message associating the DL and UL RSs (e.g., TCI State, TCI-UL-State, spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo), or the like) for SRSp configuration.
  • the DL and UL RSs e.g., TCI State, TCI-UL-State, spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo), or the like
  • the WTRU may receive the configurations and receive an association to the DL and UL RSs association information (e.g., TCI State, TCI-UL-State, spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo), or the like) for SRSp configuration.
  • the WTRU may receive the ID(s) of the TCI states or TCI UL states with the configuration for TA offset.
  • the WTRU may receive the power control configurations with the TA value offset configuration consisting of P0 value and alpha associated with the sensing path.
  • the WTRU may receive an ID (e.g., TCI State ID) associated with the configuration for where the configuration may be associated with SRSp resource(s) or SRSp resource set(s).
  • ID e.g., TCI State ID
  • the WTRU may determine the TA value and/or the determined reference (e g., PRS ID(s), PRS resource set(s), TRP ID(s), PFL(s), TAG ID(s), or the like) associated with the sensing path ID(s) from the measurements for the TA adjustment.
  • the determined reference e g., PRS ID(s), PRS resource set(s), TRP ID(s), PFL(s), TAG ID(s), or the like
  • the WTRU may receive a request from the network on the content of the measurement report.
  • the WTRU may receive a request to report the absolute or relative TA value.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive an indication on which path should be used as the sensing path.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive configuration about the reference to be used to determine the TA value.
  • WTRU Determines Transmission Time of SRSp Resources Based on TA Values
  • the WTRU may be configured by the network to transmit the SRSp.
  • the SRSp may be transmitted based on at least one of the following: TA value offset, TA value for reference sensing path ID, TA value (e.g., TAO), reference sensing path ID, ToA of reference sensing path, reference TA path ID, To A of the reference TA path, reference TA PRS ID, combinations of the same, or the like.
  • the WTRU may receive the TA value offset, TA value, TA value for sensing path and/or TAO offset in terms of symbols, slots, subframes, frames or in terms of any other unit of time.
  • an n-th symbol, slot, sub-frame, or frame may refer to the index of the time unit defined from the fixed reference point.
  • the reference point for all the units may be system frame number zero (SFN0) time configured by the network to the WTRU.
  • SFN0 system frame number zero
  • an i-th symbol and the j-th symbol may have an offset of (j-i) symbols in between.
  • the units of all the timing, TA and offset variables may be the same.
  • FIG. 17 is a chart 1700 illustrating an example of a timing determination for a TA value offset based on an i-th DL frame.
  • the WTRU may be configured to transmit the SRSp resource on the i-th UL symbol, slot, subframe or frame, as illustrated in FIG. 17.
  • the granularity of transmission time and/or transmission time adjustment with the timing advance may be configured by the network to the WTRU.
  • the WTRU may start the SRSp transmission T_TA time duration before the start of the corresponding i-th DL symbol, slot, subframe or frame.
  • T_DL is the time of i-th DL symbol, slot, subframe or frame
  • FIG. 18 is a chart 1800 illustrating an example of a timing determination for a TA value offset based on a time of arrival (ToA) of a reference TA path.
  • the WTRU determines offset by determining the difference between the i-th symbol and/or slot and/or subframe or frame and the k-th symbol and/or slot and/or subframe or frame where the ToA of the reference TA path.
  • the WTRU may determine the SRSp transmission time based on the measured ToA of the reference TA path. For example, if the WTRU measured the ToA of reference TA path in the k-th symbol and/or slot and/or sub-frame or frame, the WTRU may determine the difference (e.g., represented as time offset in FIG. 18) between the k-th and the i-th symbol and/or slot and/or sub-frame or frame.
  • the difference may be determined in terms of the granularity for TA adjustment (e.g., configured by the network).
  • the WTRU may, for example, then determine the DL time of the i-th symbol and/or slot and/or subframe or frame based on the sum of ToA of the reference TA path and the time offset.
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine the TA offset as the sum of TAO and the TA value offset.
  • the units of all the variables including the ToA, offset i-k and the TA value offset may be the same. Additionally, the i-th and the k-th symbol and/or slot and/or subframe and/or frame may be defined with the same reference point (e.g., SFNO and/or additional symbol and/or slot and/or subframe offset, or the like).
  • the WTRU may determine the SRSp transmission time based on the TA value for the sensing path and the associated TAG ID.
  • the UE may start the SRSp transmission T_TA time duration before the start of the corresponding i-th DL symbol, slot, subframe or frame where the DL symbol, slot, subframe or frame corresponds to the k-th path (e.g., sensing path).
  • T_TA may be a function of the TA value for sensing.
  • the reference time for determining the SRSp transmission time may be the DL symbol/slot/subframe or frame time associated reference signal with same TAG ID as associated with the TA value offset or TA value for sensing or TAO value.
  • the WTRU may determine to activate the (e.g., (pre)configured) transmission muting pattern for SRSp resources based on at least one of the following conditions: the (e.g., configured) TA value offset is above a (e.g., (pre)configured) TA offset threshold; the (e.g., configured) sensing TA value is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between the sensing TA value and the TAO is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between the minimum and the maximum normalized path delay associated the sensing path is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the number of multipath components associated with the sensing PRS is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the measured RSRPP associated with the sensing path is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the measured doppler shift associated
  • the WTRU may apply the muting pattern only within the SRSp transmission time window
  • the WTRU may apply to the SRSp transmission within the N frames with respect to the reference.
  • the WTRU may, for example, receive an indication (e.g., muting pattern ID) from the network,
  • the WTRU may apply the muting pattern to the configured SRSp where the muting pattern is applied to the symbols, slots, subframes or frames (or the like) of the resources based on the configured granularity.
  • the WTRU may transmit the SRSp resources with at least one blank symbol preceding each configured SRSp resource with the muting pattern if the muting pattern is activated and when the WTRU transmits the SRSp resources with a sensing TA value or a TA offset value above a threshold.
  • the advantage of transmission with an SRSp muting pattern is illustrated, for example, with reference to a first scenario and a second scenario.
  • the timing advance offset TAO value may be used for SRSp transmission time determination and the SRSp may be transmitted without a muting pattern.
  • the SRSp muting pattern is not applied in the first scenario, for the gNB also receives the interference from the SRSp symbol in the previous slot (indicated by left-cross-hatched frame in FIG. 20A).
  • the timing advance offset of TAO + T considering the sensing path may be used for SRSp transmission time determination and the SRSp may be transmitted with a muting pattern.
  • the time offset does not cause any interference between the different symbols.
  • the WTRU determines that the sensing TA value or a TA offset value is below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold), the WTRU does not transmit the SRSp with the transmission muting pattern.
  • a threshold e.g., (pre)configured threshold
  • the WTRU may, for example, determine to transmit SRSp that is spatially aligned with the indicated PRS.
  • FIG. 20A is a chart 2000 illustrating a first scenario to processing orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) symbols at a gNode-B (gNB).
  • FIG. 20B is a chart 2050 illustrating an example of a second scenario to processing OFDM symbols (e.g., at a gNB).
  • OFDM orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing
  • the WTRU may determine the transmit spatial filter for the SRSp resources based on at least one of the following: the WTRU determines the transmit direction (e.g., transmit filter) of the SRSp as the receive filter of the PRS (e.g., DL RS) or a PRS associated with the sensing path; the WTRU determines the transmit direction (e.g., transmit filter) of the SRSp as the receive filter of the PRS associated with the sensing path with no TA path; the WTRU determines the transmit direction (e.g., transmit filter) of the SRSp as the receive filter of the PRS with the paths that arriver earlier than the sensing path with RSRPP (e.g., average, minimum, maximum, or the like) below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the WTRU determines the transmit direction (e.g., transmit filter) of the SRSp as the receive filter of the PRS with RSRPP of the sens
  • the WTRU may receive an indication from the network for which PRS (e.g., via PRS resource ID) the receive filter should be aligned with.
  • the WTRU may receive, from the network, an indication of PRS (e.g., PRS resource ID) and path index, indicating to use SRSp that is aligned with the receiver filter used to receive the indicated PRS from the indicated path.
  • the path index may be the sensing path.
  • the WTRU may determine the SRSp resource index and transmit direction based on the measurement report the WTRU transmitted, in which the WTRU reported AoA in terms of SRSp resource IDs. In another example, the WTRU may determine SRSp resource index and transmit direction based on spatial relationship configuration associating PRS resource index and SRSp resource index. In another example, the WTRU may determine SRSp resource index and transmit direction based on spatial relationship configuration associating PRS resource index, SRSp resource index and path index. Based on configured spatial relationship and PRS resource ID indicated by the network, the WTRU may, for example, determine which SRSp to transmit.
  • the WTRU may receive an indication of which SRSp to transmit, according to the indicated SRSp resource index.
  • the WTRU may determine a beamwidth (e.g., in terms of degrees, radians, or the like) if at least one of the above conditions is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold).
  • a threshold e.g., (pre)configured threshold
  • the WTRU may receive a request to report beam information of the WTRU.
  • the WTRU may, for example, report beamwidth for mainlobe and/or sidelobe.
  • the WTRU may determine the path loss as the difference between the transmit power of the sensing PRS and measured RSRPP associated with the sensing path.
  • the WTRU may, for example, be (pre)configured with the parameters for sensing and may determine the transmission power based on the path loss measurement.
  • a process 2100 is, for example, implemented by a WTRU (e.g., 102, 220, 330, 610, 1010, 1060, 1130, 1230, 1530, or the like).
  • the process 2100 comprises receiving 2110 information indicating an angle of arrival (AoA) range (e.g., FIGs. 6 and 11) for performing measurements for one or more paths.
  • the process 2100 comprises performing 2120 the measurements for the one or more paths within the AoA range.
  • the process 2100 comprises determining 2130, based on the measurements for the one or more paths, a time offset (e.g., FIGs.
  • the process 2100 comprises transmitting 2140 a signal based on the path of interest and using the time offset.
  • the process 2100 may further comprise receiving an indication of a transmission muting pattern (e.g., FIGs. 5B-5C).
  • the transmitting the signal using the time offset may, for example, occur according to the transmission muting pattern.
  • the transmitting the signal using the time offset may comprise an empty symbol preceding a sounding reference signal (SRS) symbol within a time window.
  • SRS sounding reference signal
  • the process 2100 may further comprise determining a timing advance (TA) value based on the time offset and a TA reference value (e.g., FIGs. 12, 13A, 13B, 14A, 14B, 17, 18, and 19).
  • the transmitting the signal using the time offset may comprise transmitting the signal using a determined TA value to cause the path of interest to be a first detected path at a base station.
  • the time offset may correspond to a relative time offset between a first path of the one or more paths and the path of interest.
  • the process 2100 may further comprise selecting the path of interest of the one or more paths that has a highest reference signal received power (RSRP) (e.g., FIGs. 8, 9A, 9B, 13A, 13B, 14A, 14B, and 16).
  • RSRP reference signal received power
  • the process 2100 may further comprise receiving an indication of an offset threshold (e.g., FIG. 14A). Further, for example, the process 2100 may further comprise determining whether the time offset is above the offset threshold. In addition, for example, the process 2100 may comprise, in response to determining the time offset is above the offset threshold, applying a transmission muting pattern to transmission of the signal. Moreover, for example, the transmitting the signal may comprise transmitting a sounding reference signal (SRS) (e.g., FIG. 3, 5A, 5B, 5C, 10B, and 15). Furthermore, for example, the process 2100 may further comprise reporting at least one measurement of the measurements for the one or more paths having an AoA within the AoA range. Additionally, for example, the process 2100 may further comprise reporting at least one measurement of the measurements of the one or more paths that has the highest RSRP.
  • SRS sounding reference signal
  • video or the term “imagery” may mean any of a snapshot, single image and/or multiple images displayed over a time basis.
  • the terms “user equipment” and its abbreviation “UE”, the term “remote” and/or the terms “head mounted display” or its abbreviation “HMD” may mean or include (i) a wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU); (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable device configured with less than all structures and functionality of a WTRU; or (iv) the like.
  • WTRU wireless transmit and/or receive unit
  • any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU
  • a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some
  • FIGs. 1 A-1D Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any WTRU recited herein, are provided herein with respect to FIGs. 1 A-1D.
  • various disclosed embodiments herein supra and infra are described as utilizing a head mounted display.
  • a device other than the head mounted display may be utilized and some or all of the disclosure and various disclosed embodiments can be modified accordingly without undue experimentation. Examples of such other device may include a drone or other device configured to stream information for providing the adapted reality experience.
  • the methods provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor.
  • Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media.
  • Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs).
  • a processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.
  • processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices that include processors are noted. These devices may include at least one Central Processing Unit (“CPU”) and memory.
  • CPU Central Processing Unit
  • memory In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being “executed,” “computer executed” or “CPU executed.”
  • an electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals.
  • the memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.
  • the data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (ROM)) mass storage system readable by the CPU.
  • the computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the provided methods.
  • any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium.
  • the computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and/or any other computing device.
  • the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”
  • the terms “any of followed by a listing of a plurality of items and/or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include “any of,” “any combination of,” “any multiple of,” and/or “any combination of multiples of the items and/or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and/or other categories of items.
  • the term “set” is intended to include any number of items, including zero.
  • the term “number” is intended to include any number, including zero.
  • the term “multiple”, as used herein, is intended to be synonymous with “a plurality”.
  • a range includes each individual member.
  • a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells.
  • a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des procédures, procédés, architectures, appareils, systèmes, dispositifs et produits logiciels fournis pour la détection de liaison montante (UL) à l'aide d'une avance de synchronisation. Un procédé mis en œuvre par une unité de transmission/réception sans fil (WTRU) comprend la réception d'informations indiquant une plage d'angle d'arrivée (AoA) pour mettre en œuvre des mesures par trajet, la mise en œuvre des mesures dans la plage AoA, la détermination d'un décalage temporel pour un trajet d'intérêt sur la base des mesures, et la transmission d'un signal en utilisant le décalage temporel. La plage AoA pour les mesures, un motif de blocage de transmission et un seuil de décalage peuvent être reçus. Si le décalage temporel est supérieur au seuil, un motif de blocage de transmission est appliqué. Le décalage temporel peut correspondre à un décalage temporel relatif entre un premier trajet et le trajet d'intérêt, qui peut être sélectionné comme le trajet présentant la puissance de signal de référence reçue (RSRP) la plus élevée. La WTRU comprend un émetteur-récepteur et un processeur configuré pour mettre en œuvre le procédé.
PCT/US2025/022347 2024-04-01 2025-03-31 Procédés, architectures, dispositifs et systèmes de détection de liaison monolithique utilisant l'avance de synchronisation Pending WO2025212525A1 (fr)

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023192692A2 (fr) * 2022-08-09 2023-10-05 Futurewei Technologies, Inc. Procédé et appareil de mobilité continue entre points de réception d'émission inter-cellules
WO2023242804A1 (fr) * 2022-06-15 2023-12-21 Lenovo (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Localisation sans fil basée sur les angles

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023242804A1 (fr) * 2022-06-15 2023-12-21 Lenovo (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Localisation sans fil basée sur les angles
WO2023192692A2 (fr) * 2022-08-09 2023-10-05 Futurewei Technologies, Inc. Procédé et appareil de mobilité continue entre points de réception d'émission inter-cellules

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