WO2025212525A1

WO2025212525A1 - Methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems for uplink sensing using timing advance

Info

Publication number: WO2025212525A1
Application number: PCT/US2025/022347
Authority: WO
Inventors: Remun KOIRALA; Fumihiro Hasegawa; Paul Marinier; Moon Il Lee; Tao Deng; Janet Stern-Berkowitz; Kunjan SHAH; Frank Lasita
Original assignee: InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Current assignee: InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Priority date: 2024-04-01
Filing date: 2025-03-31
Publication date: 2025-10-09
Anticipated expiration: 2026-10-01

Abstract

Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products are provided for uplink (UL) sensing using timing advance. A method implemented by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) involves receiving information indicating an angle of arrival (AoA) range for performing per path measurements, performing the measurements within the AoA range, determining a time offset for a path of interest based on the measurements, and transmitting a signal using the time offset. The AoA range for the measurements, a transmission muting pattern, and an offset threshold may be received. If the time offset is above the threshold, a transmission muting pattern is applied. The time offset may correspond to a relative time offset between a first path and the path of interest, which may be selected as the path with the highest reference signal received power (RSRP). The WTRU includes a transceiver and a processor configured to perform the method.

Description

METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS FOR UPLINK SENSING USING TIMING ADVANCE

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/572,778, filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on April 1, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure is generally directed to the fields of communications, software and encoding/decoding, including, for example, to methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems related to using timing advance for uplink (UL) sensing in wireless communications.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Sensing involves detecting, estimating, and/or monitoring conditions of an environment and/or objects within the environment (e.g., shape, size, orientation, speed, location, distance between objects, relative motion between objects, or the like) using RF signals. Sensing has been studied in the context of Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) including studying of use cases, potential enhancements to 5G systems, different sensing modes and key performance indicators (KPIs) related to sensing. Different sensing modes including monostatic and bistatic sensing were defined depending on the transmitter and receiver location. A monostatic sensing mode refers to the architecture with co-located transmitter and receiver, and a bistatic sensing mode refers to a non-co-located transmitter and receiver. Likewise, multi-static sensing refers to the bistatic sensing mode with multiple transmitters and/or receivers. A channel modeling study for ISAC has been performed. However, sensing tasks are not fully developed.

SUMMARY

[0004] In certain representative embodiments, a method is implemented by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU). For example, the method comprises receiving information indicating an angle of arrival (AoA) range for performing measurements for one or more paths. Also, for example, the method comprises performing the measurements for the one or more paths within the AoA range. Further, for example, the method comprises determining, based on the measurements for the one or more paths, a time offset for a path of interest of the one or more paths. In addition, for example, the method comprises transmitting a signal based on the path of interest and using the time offset. [0005] Moreover, for example, the method comprises receiving an indication of a transmission muting pattern. Furthermore, for example, the transmitting the signal using the time offset occurs according to the transmission muting pattern. Additionally, for example, the transmitting the signal using the time offset comprises an empty symbol preceding a sounding reference signal (SRS) symbol within a time window. Still further, for example, the method comprises determining a timing advance (TA) value based on the time offset and a TA reference value. Even further, for example, the transmitting the signal using the time offset comprises transmitting the signal using a determined TA value to cause the path of interest to be a first detected path at a base station. Yet further, for example, the time offset corresponds to a relative time offset between a first path of the one or more paths and the path of interest. Further still, for example, the method comprises selecting the path of interest of the one or more paths that has a highest reference signal received power (RSRP).

[0006] Also, for example, the method comprises receiving an indication of an offset threshold. Further, for example, the method comprises determining whether the time offset is above the offset threshold. In addition, for example, the method comprises in response to determining the time offset is above the offset threshold, applying a transmission muting pattern to transmission of the signal. Moreover, for example, the transmitting the signal comprises transmitting a sounding reference signal (SRS). Furthermore, for example, the method comprises reporting at least one measurement of the measurements for the one or more paths having an Ao A within the Ao A range. Additionally, for example, the method comprises reporting at least one measurement of the measurements of the one or more paths that has the highest RSRP.

[0007] A WTRU includes, for example, a processor and a transceiver configured to perform one or more of the above-referenced functions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] A more detailed understanding may be had from the detailed description below, given by way of example in conjunction with drawings appended hereto. Figures in such drawings, like the detailed description, are examples. As such, the Figures (FIGs.) and the detailed description are not to be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and likely. Furthermore, like reference numerals ("ref.") in the FIGs. indicate like elements, and wherein: [0009] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system;

[0010] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A; [0011] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A;

[0012] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A;

[0013] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a reference and timing advance (TA) for baseline communication and/or positioning systems;

[0014] FIG. 3 is a system diagram illustrating an example of a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state indicating an association between a sounding reference signal for positioning (SRSp) with a timing advance group identity (TAG ID);

[0015] FIG. 4 is a chart illustrating an example of configuration parameters for a time window;

[0016] FIG. 5 A is a representation of one type of muting pattern;

[0017] FIG. 5B is a representation of another type of muting pattern;

[0018] FIG. 5C is a representation of yet another type of muting pattern;

[0019] FIG. 6 is a diagram of an example of an expected angle of arrival (AoA) range and a reference at a WTRU;

[0020] FIG. 7 is a chart illustrating an example of a relative delay with respect to a reference;

[0021] FIG. 8 is a chart illustrating an example of an interpretation of a reference path;

[0022] FIG. 9A is a chart illustrating an example of measurement with respect to a common reference time for two positioning reference signals;

[0023] FIG. 9B is a chart illustrating an example of a difference between measurement with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals;

[0024] FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating an example of an effect of rotation of a WTRU with an absolute reference for AoA measurement;

[0025] FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating an example of an effect of rotation of a WTRU with a relative reference for AoA measurement;

[0026] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a WTRU determining a path for sensing based on a measurement within an AoA range;

[0027] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a positioning reference signal (PRS) associated with a sensing path and a reference TA PRS path;

[0028] FIG. 13A is a chart illustrating an example of measurement of relative time delay with respect to a common reference time for two positioning reference signals; [0029] FIG. 13B is a chart illustrating an example of normalized relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals;

[0030] FIG. 14A is a chart illustrating an example of relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals;

[0031] FIG. 14B is a chart illustrating an example of normalized relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals;

[0032] FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of an association between a downlink (DL) reference signal (RS) and an uplink (UL) RS based on AoA measurements for sensing;

[0033] FIG. 16 is a chart illustrating an example of an association between a DL RS and a UL RS based on normalized relative delay measurements for sensing;

[0034] FIG. 17 is a chart illustrating an example of a timing determination for a TA value offset based on an i-th DL frame;

[0035] FIG. 18 is a chart illustrating an example of a timing determination for a TA value offset based on a time of arrival (ToA) of a reference TA path;

[0036] FIG. 19 is a chart illustrating an example of a timing determination for a sensing TA value based on a ToA of a sensing TA path;

[0037] FIG. 20A is a chart illustrating an example of a first scenario to processing orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols at a gNode-B (gNB);

[0038] FIG. 20B is a chart illustrating an example of a second scenario to processing OFDM symbols (e.g., at a gNB); and

[0039] FIG. 21 is a flow chart of an example of using timing advance for UL sensing in wireless communications.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and/or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and/or inherently (collectively "provided") herein. Although various embodiments are described and/or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and/or any element thereof carries out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and/or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and/or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and/or any element thereof is configured to carry out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and/or any portion thereof.

[0041] Example Communications System

[0042] The methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to FIGs. 1A-1D, where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and/or be adapted and/or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[0043] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), singlecarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discreet Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block- filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0044] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit and/or receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104/113, a core network (CN) 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and/or a "STA", may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi- Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any ofthe WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0045] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, e.g., to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the Internet 110, and/or the networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

[0046] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0047] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT). [0048] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0049] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE- A Pro).

[0050] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0051] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0052] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0053] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node-B, Home eNode- B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable radio access technology (RAT) for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.

[0054] The RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113, which may be utilizing an NR radio technology, the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing any of a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology.

[0055] The CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/114 or a different RAT. [0056] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRUc shown in FIG. 1 A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0057] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU. As shown in FIG. IB, the WTRU may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/mi crophone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other elements/peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0058] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. IB depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, e.g., in an electronic package or chip.

[0059] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals. [0060] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. IB as a single element, the WTRU may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0061] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0062] The processor 118 of the WTRU may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0063] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel -cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0064] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0065] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other elements/peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules/units that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the elements/peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and/or augmented reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The elements/peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.

[0066] The WTRU may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0067] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0068] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRUa.

[0069] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and/or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface. [0070] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0071] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an SI interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.

[0072] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the SI interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0073] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0074] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.

[0075] Although the WTRU is described in FIGs. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network. [0076] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0077] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic into and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.1 le DLS or an 802.1 Iz tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[0078] When using the 802.1 lac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS. [0079] High throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadj acent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0080] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, entity, etc.

[0081] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11af and 802.1 lah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.1 laf and 802.1 lah relative to those used in

802.1 In, and 802.1 lac. 802.1 laf supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.1 lah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment,

802.1 lah may support meter type control/machine-type communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0082] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as

802.1 In, 802.1 lac, 802.1 laf, and 802.1 lah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.1 lah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and/or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0083] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.1 lah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.1 lah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0084] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0085] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRUa. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRUa (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRUa may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).

[0086] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time). [0087] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0088] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG. ID, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0089] The CN 115 shown in FIG. ID may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183 a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0090] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of non-access stratum (NAS) signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b, e.g., to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultrareliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and/or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as Wi-Fi.

[0091] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an Nl 1 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0092] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, e.g., to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0093] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0094] In view of FIGs. 1 A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGs. 1 A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to any of: WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a- b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a- b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and/or any other element(s)/device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation elements/devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.

[0095] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0096] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.

[0097] In certain representative embodiments, wireless communication according to new radio (NR) integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is provided. In certain representative embodiments, wireless communication and radar sensing services are provided. For example, wireless communication and radar sensing services are provided using radio signals to detect and identify various objects and surfaces within a surrounding environment.

[0098] In certain representative embodiments, timing advance (TA) compensates for propagation delay. In certain representative embodiments, a sounding reference signal for positioning (SRSp) configuration provides a reference signal. For example, the reference signal may be configurable to enhance a precision of uplink (UL) and/or downlink (DL) time and/or angular measurements. In certain representative embodiments, an SRSp muting pattern may be provided to avoid interference and improve signal quality. [0099] In certain representative embodiments, a device (e.g., a wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU) 102) in a network receives a configuration from the network. For example, the WTRU may perform a measurement according to the configuration. The device may compare the measurements to a condition (e.g., determine whether the measurement is within a certain range). The device may identify a specific path. The device may report the specific path. The device may recalculate a value based on the measurement. The device may compare the recalculated value to a condition (e.g., whether the recalculated value exceeds a threshold). The device may transmit data including, for example, the recalculated value and a pattern.

[0100] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU may receive a TA value (e.g., TAO) from a network. For example, the WTRU may receive an SRSp configuration. The SRSp configuration may include a transmission muting pattern and a TA offset threshold. The WTRU may, for example, receive a positioning reference signal (PRS) configuration. The PRS configuration may include an angle of arrival (AoA) range. The WTRU may, for example, perform a per path measurement. The WTRU may, for example, determine a sensing path. The WTRU may, for example, report the sensing path. The WTRU may, for example, measure the AoA. The WTRU may, for example, determine if the measured AoA is within the AoA range. The WTRU may, for example, determine a new TA value. For example, the new TA value may be based on the sensing path. The WTRU may, for example, determine a time of delay T between two paths (e.g., between a line of sight path and an additional path). A determination of whether the T is above the TA offset threshold may be performed. The WTRU may, for example, transmit an SRSp. The SRSp may be sent with additional information (e.g., a sensing TA offset with a transmission muting pattern).

[0101] In certain representative embodiments, a method may be implemented by a WTRU. For example, the method may include receiving information indicating an angle of arrival (AoA) range for performing per path measurements. For example, the method may include performing the per path measurements for one or more paths within the AoA range. For example, the method may include determining a time offset for a path of interest based on the per path measurements. For example, the method may include transmitting a signal using the time offset.

[0102] In some embodiments, the method may include receiving an indication of a transmission muting pattern. For example, the transmitting the signal using the time offset may occur according to the transmission muting pattern. For example, the transmitting the signal using the time offset may include an empty symbol preceding each sounding reference signal (SRS) symbol within a time window. In some embodiments, the method may include determining a timing advance (TA) value based on the time offset and a TA reference value. For example, transmitting the signal using the time offset comprises transmitting the signal may use a determined TA value to cause the path of interest to be a first detected path at a base station. For example, the time offset may correspond to a relative time offset between a first path and the path of interest. In some embodiments, the method may include selecting the path of interest as the path of the one or more paths having a highest reference signal received power (RSRP).

[0103] In some embodiments, the method may include receiving an indication of an offset threshold. In some embodiments, the method may include determining whether the time offset is above the offset threshold. In some embodiments, the method may include in response to determining the time offset is above the offset threshold, applying a transmission muting pattern to transmission of the signal. For example, transmitting the signal may include transmitting a sounding reference signal (SRS).

[0104] In some embodiments, the method may include reporting at least one measurement of the one or more paths having an AoA within the AoA range. For example, the method may include reporting at least one measurement of the path having the highest RSRP.

[0105] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU includes a transceiver and a processor configured to perform the method including one or more of the features noted above.

[0106] Overview

[0107] FIG. 2 is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a reference and timing advance (TA) for baseline communication and/or positioning systems. For example, the reference and TA for baseline communication and/or positioning systems may occur between a gNB 210 and a WTRU 220. The gNB 210 may operate in a transmitting mode (Tx) or a receiving mode (Rx). The WTRU 220 may operate in a transmitting mode (Tx) or a receiving mode (Rx). TA may be used to control transmission timing for a UL signal of a WTRU 220 for synchronization between DL and UL frames. For instance, there may be an offset between UL and DL timing. The offset may be due to a distance between a transmitter and a receiver. The offset may require time synchronization.

[0108] The TA may either be indicated by a network or autonomously determined by the WTRU 220. The network may either indicate an absolute timing advance value (e.g., during initial access through a message 2 (a random access response (RAR) message) or through a control element of medium access control (MAC-CE)) or a relative TA command (e.g., through MAC-CE). A reference point for the WTRU 220 for adjusting the absolute timing advance may be a timing of a received DL RS first significant path of a reference cell (e.g., serving cell). The first significant path may be a first detected path in time. The reference point for the WTRU 220 for adjusting the relative timing advance may be the current WTRU's transmission timing.

[0109] Synchronized UL Reception from One or More Transmission and/or Reception Points (TRPs) for Sensing

[0110] In certain representative embodiments, functionalities and/or support are provided for sensing. For example, NR positioning features (e.g., including DL and/or UL reference signals, architecture, protocols, or the like) are provided. Sensing features are provided based on the NR positioning features.

[0111] In certain embodiments, for multipath measurement, reference signal received power (RSRP) and/or RSRP per path (RSRPP) measurement are provided. For example, the RSRP and/or RSRPP may be provided for at least one of DL-PRS, reference signal time difference (RSTD), UE reception time difference, UE transmission time difference, PRS-RSRPP, combinations of the same, or the like.

[0112] In certain representative embodiments, multiple UEs transmit in UL. For example, a baseline TA procedure may ensure that first significant paths are aligned in time (e.g., with the gNB reference timing) at the gNB.

[0113] In certain representative embodiments, for uplink sensing procedure involving more than one UE transmitting the UL RS (e.g., multi-static sensing), reception time alignment of a path of a network is provided.

[0114] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU may determine a TA for sensing. Also, for example, the WTRU may dynamically adjust the TA for sensing.

[0115] In certain representative embodiments, The WTRU may, for example, receive an AoA range for sensing. For example, the WTRU may receive the AoA range for sensing from the network (e.g., gNB, location management function (LMF)). For example, the WTRU may perform per path measurements (e.g., AoA, or the like). The WTRU may, for example, determine a time offset to the SRSp. The time offset to the SRSp may be based on measurements. The time offset to the SRSp may be based on the AoA range. The time offset to the SRSp may be based on the measurements and the AoA range. A path of interest (e.g., determined by the WTRU) may be a first path at the gNB. A time offset may be added to the SRSp.

[0116] WTRU Actions and/or Steps

[0117] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU may receive a TA value (e.g., TAO) from a network. [0118] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU may receive an SRSp configuration from a network (e.g., gNB, LMF, or the like). For example, the SRSp configuration may indicate at least one of the following: one or more resources (e.g., one or more symbols in one or more slots; e.g., for SRS transmission); a time window (e.g., start time, duration, or the like); a transmission muting pattern (e.g., with an empty symbol preceding each SRSp symbol), which may be applied within the time window; a TA offset threshold; combinations of the same; or the like.

[0119] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU may receive a PRS configuration. For example, the WTRU may receive the PRS configuration from the network. The WTRU may, for example, receive an AoA range (e.g., an angle with respect to a geographical direction, e.g., true north). The WTRU may, for example, receive an indication of one or more PRS resources. The WTRU may, for example, receive the indication of the one or more PRS resources from the PRS configuration. The WTRU may, for example, use an indication of one or more resources for one or more measurements (e.g., via PRS resource ID).

[0120] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU may receive a PRS (e.g., where the reception includes multiple received paths) in the indicated PRS resource. For example, the WTRU may perform one or more measurements. For example, the one or more measurements may be performed for each of a first received path (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, or the like) and one or more additional received paths (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative timing with respect to the first path, or the like) on the received PRS.

[0121] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU may determine and/or reports at least one measurement (e.g., relative delay, RSRPP, AoA, or the like) of the received path from among the first and additional paths whose AoA is within the AoA range. For example, if the WTRU detects more than one path whose AoA is within the AoA range, the WTRU may report the measurement(s) for the path with the highest RSRPP.

[0122] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU may determine a new TA value. The new TA value may be, for example, TA0+T, where T is a relative delay (e.g., with respect to the first path) of the path for which the measurements are reported. The new TA value may be determined on a condition (e.g., that T is above a TA offset threshold).

[0123] In some embodiments, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and/or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) may be scheduled during a configured time window. For example, on a condition the PUSCH and/or the PUCCH is/are scheduled during the configured time window, the WTRU may cancel the transmission of the PUSCH and/or the PUCCH. [0124] In certain representative embodiments, T may be compared to a TA offset threshold. For example, on a condition the T is less than the TA offset threshold, the WTRU may transmit an SRSp. For example, the SRSp may be transmitted in at least one uplink slot (e.g., based on the SRSp configuration). For example, the WTRU may transmit the SRSp in the time window using the new TA value where the configured transmission muting pattern is applied during the time window. For example, the WTRU may transmit the SRSp in the time window using the new TA value. For example, the WTRU may use a spatial filter for the SRSp transmission. For example, the SRSp transmission may be based on the PRS receive path (e.g., based on the receive beam or Rx spatial information used for receiving the PRS receive path). For example, the SRSp transmission may be based on the PRS receive path for which the measurements are reported. For example, the SRSp transmission may be based on the PRS receive path for which the TA offset T is determined. For example, the transmission of the SRSp may utilize the new TA according to the transmission muting pattern inside of the time window. For example, the WTRU may not transmit the SRSp with the new TA outside of the time window.

[0125] In certain representative embodiments, on a condition that T is less than the TA offset threshold, the WTRU may transmit the SRSp according to the SRSp configuration (e.g., the WTRU does not apply the transmission muting pattern) inside the time window.

[0126] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU may be configured to transmit the SRSp resources with a flexible TA offset. For example, the flexible TA offset allows for the WTRU to determine a first significant path for reception other than a first detected path in time (e.g., a line- of-sight (LoS) path). The WTRU configured to transmit the SRSp resources with the flexible TA offset may achieve advantages including at least one of: accurate object detection or tracking, which may utilize synchronized UL sensing with one or more UEs; measurement of a sensing path (e.g., paths other than the first significant path, path associated with objects, or the like), which may utilize positioning methods currently defined only for the first detected path (e.g., carrier phase-based positioning such as received signal code power (RSCP) and RSCP difference (RSCPD), or the like); flexible measurement frame (e.g., at the gNB); long range sensing, which may be performed with one or more transmission and/or reception points (TRPs); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0127] Regarding the flexible measurement frame, for example, the starting time for the measurement frame (e.g., at the gNB) may be the first detected path (e.g., based on UL RS reception at the gNB) in time with the baseline TA procedure. The measurement duration to receive the signal without significant inter-symbol interference may be the OFDM symbol CP duration. With the flexible TA offset, the WTRU may transmit to dynamically adjust the gNB measurement frame.

[0128] Regarding the long range sensing with the one or more TRPs, for example, the reference for TA adjustment in the baseline procedure may be the first detected path of DL RS from the serving TRP. The starting time for the measurement frame for a neighboring TRP may be the first detected path (e.g., based on UL RS reception) for the serving TRP. For example, due to a relatively large distance of the WTRU to the neighboring TRP (e.g., in rural sensing scenarios with large inter-site distances (ISDs) between the TRPs) compared to the serving TRPs, the measurement duration for the neighboring TRP may be relatively small (e.g., 0 in cases where the distance between the WTRU and the neighboring TRP is greater than a distance (e.g., c.T CP)). With the TA adjusted transmission, the WTRU may, for example, transmit to change the reference point of the measurement frame for both serving and neighboring TRP.

[0129] Terminology

[0130] In the present application, a "TRP" may be used interchangeably with "gNB" or pico radio unit ("PRU"). A "network" may refer to the AMF, a LMF or gNB. A "location" may be used interchangeably with "position". A "measurement occasion" may be defined as an instance where the WTRU measures the different positioning metrics (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, or the like). An "RS" may refer to any of the positioning and reference signals (e.g., PRS, SRSp, channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), synchronization signal block (SSB), or the like). A "PRS" may refer to any of the downlink positioning or any other reference signals that may be received by the WTRU (e.g., DL PRS, SSB, CSI-RS, or the like). An "SRSp" may refer to any of the uplink positioning or any other reference signals to be transmitted by the WTRU (e.g., SRSp, SRS, sidelink PRS (SL-PRS), physical random access channel (PRACH), or the like). An SRSp/UL RS may be used interchangeably with SRSp/UL RS resource and/or SRSp/UL RS resource set.

[0131] The WTRU may, for example, receive configurations (e.g., RS configurations) and/or TA values (e.g., absolute, relative, or the like), or the like, from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB, or the like) via downlink physical channel (e.g., physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), or the like) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., downlink control information (DCI), MAC-CE, radio resource control (RRC) or LTE positioning protocol (LPP) message, or the like).

[0132] The WTRU may, for example, receive one or more thresholds (e.g., the one or more thresholds may be preconfigured and/or actively configured, hereinafter “pre(configured)”) from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB, or the like) via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, or the like) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message, or the like).

[0133] An LMF is a non-limiting example of a node or entity (e.g., network node or entity) that may be used for or to support positioning. Any other node or entity (e.g., server WTRU) may be substituted for an LMF and still be consistent with the present application.

[0134] An "ID" may, for example, be used interchangeably with "index".

[0135] In one example, the WTRU may send the measurement report, containing the measurements, to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB, or the like) via a semi-static (e.g., LPP, RRC, or the like) or dynamic message (e.g., UCI, MAC-CE, or the like).

[0136] In one example, the WTRU may indicate RS resource index, and/or RS index or ID, associated with measurements, in a report. For example, the report may indicate which RS(s) the WTRU measured to derive the measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, or the like). The WTRU may, for example, include a TRP ID or index in the measurement report. For example, the measurement report may indicate which TRP's PRS(s) the WTRU made measurements on.

[0137] For example, the reference TA path may reference to the first detected path in time (e.g., direct path, path with highest RSRPP, or the like). The path may be a reference associated with the reference TA value (e.g., TAO value). The identifier for the reference TA path may be indicated as reference TA path ID.

[0138] The reference TA PRS resource/ID may refer to the reference PRS ID that may be associated with (e.g., measurements associated with) the reference TA path.

[0139] An RSRPP (or RSRP) threshold may be defined with respect to first path RSRPP (or RSRP) (e.g., threshold of 3dB lower than that of first path). In this case, the threshold may be -3dB.

[0140] Configuration of RS

[0141] Configuration for PRS

[0142] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, a PRS configuration may contain at least one of the following parameters: number of symbols; transmission power; number of PRS resources, which may be included in PRS resource set; muting pattern for PRS (e.g., the muting pattern may be expressed via a bitmap); periodicity; type of PRS (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic), slot offset for periodic transmission for PRS; vertical shift of PRS pattern in the frequency domain; time gap during repetition; repetition factor; resource element (RE) offset; comb pattern; comb size; spatial relation; quasi co location (QCL) information (e.g., QCL target, QCL source, or the like) for PRS; number of PRUs; number of TRPs; Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN); subcarrier spacing; expected RSTD; uncertainty in expected RSTD; start Physical Resource Block (PRB); bandwidth; bandwidth part (BWP) ID; number of frequency layers; start and/or end time for PRS transmission; on and/or off indicator for PRS; TRP ID; PRS ID; cell ID; global cell ID; PRU ID; applicable time window; combinations of the same; or the like. For example, the WTRU may apply a PRS configuration under a condition that the current time is within the applicable time window. The WTRU may, for example, receive beam width of a PRS or boresight direction (e.g., AoD) of PRS from the network. The configuration described herein is not limited to PRS. The configuration described herein may be applicable to any DL RS.

[0143] Configurations for SRS for Positioning (SRSp)

[0144] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, SRS for positioning (SRSp) or SRS configuration may include at least one of: resource ID; comb offset values, cyclic shift values; start position in the frequency domain; number of SRSp symbols; shift in the frequency domain for SRSp; frequency hopping pattern; type of SRSp (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent or periodic); sequence ID used to generate SRSp, or other IDs used to generate SRSp sequence; spatial relation information, which may indicate which reference signal (e.g., DL RS, UL RS, CSI-RS, SRS, DM- RS, or the like) or SSB (e.g., SSB ID, cell ID of the SSB, or the like) the SRSp is related to spatially, where the SRSp and DL RS may be aligned spatially; QCL information (e.g., a QCL relationship between SRSp and other reference signals or SSB); QCL type (e.g., QCL type A, QCL type B, QCL type D, or the like); resource set ID; list of SRSp resources in the resource set; transmission power related information; pathloss reference information, which may contain an index for SSB, CSI-RS or PRS; periodicity of SRSp transmission; spatial information, such as spatial direction information of SRSp transmission (e.g., beam information, angles of transmission, or the like), and spatial direction information of DL RS reception (e.g., beam ID used to receive DL RS, angle of arrival, or the like); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0145] Measurements

[0146] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, RSRPP (e.g., in terms of dBm, dBW, or the like) may be defined as the path-wise power measurement that may be associated with a path. A path may be characterized by, in one example, an i-th measurement component (e.g., i-th delay component, i-th AoA component, or the like) of the resource elements that carry DL RS signal(s). For example, the RSRPP associated with the 1-st path measurements (e.g., 1-st delay component, 1-st AoA component, or the like) corresponds to the power contribution associated with the first detected path in time and so on. [0147] In one example, the AoA (e.g., measured in degrees, radians, or the like) may be defined as the azimuth and/or the vertical angle with which the WTRU receives the transmitted RS with respect to a reference direction. This reference direction may either be defined in the global coordinate system (e.g., geographical north) or in the local coordinate system (e.g., orientation of the WTRU measured in terms of Euler angles (e.g., degrees, radians, or the like)). In one example, the WTRU may measure the AoA per path associated with the received DL RS. The WTRU may, for example, determine the AoA based on an algorithm (e.g., subspace-based algorithms such as multiple signal classification (MUSIC) and/or estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPIRIT)) and/or based on the angles of the receive beam used to receive the RS (e.g., angle associated with the Rx filter) if the WTRU is able to perform Rx beamforming, based on WTRU capability. The resolution of the measured AoA may depend on the number of antenna elements and/or the antenna pattern at the WTRU, the granularity of Rx beams by the WTRU, or the like.

[0148] In one example, a relative delay (e.g., measured in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, seconds, or the like) measurement of a path (e.g., i-th path) may be defined as the time duration associated with the delay component (e.g., i-th delay component) of the resource elements that carry received DL RS with respect to the reference delay component (e.g., 1-st delay component of the DL RS). The granularity of measuring the excess delays may be dependent on the time measurement resolution capability of the WTRU. This capability, in one example, may depend on the signal bandwidth for sensing. Additionally, the resolution may also depend on the ability of the WTRU to process (e.g., compute FFT) large frequency domain samples.

[0149] In one example, a DL-ToA (e.g., measured in terms of symbol index, slot index, subframe index, frame index, absolute time, relative time with reference to (e.g., SFNO and a reference symbol index, slot index, subframe index, or the like)) or alternatively referred to as ToA may be defined as the beginning of the symbol and/or slot and/or subframe and/or frame containing the DL RS (e.g., PRS).

[0150] TA Value Configuration

[0151] WTRU Receives TA Value (e.g., TAO) from Network

[0152] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may receive a reference TA value(s) (herein referred to as TAO value(s)) from the network (e.g., via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message, or the like)). In one example, the TA value may be associated with a timing advance group (TAG) ID. In another example, the TA value may be associated to a (e.g., set of) serving cells (e.g., associated with the TAG ID) and/or a set (or subset) of TRP(s) associated with the serving cell. In another example, the TA value may be associated with a TCI state or a TCI-UL-state (e.g., associated with the TAG-ID). TA associated to a TAG ID configured for a TCI state may be applicable to uplink transmissions associated to that TCI state.

[0153] An example of TAG may be a group that consists of more than one TA value. A unique identifier may be assigned to a TAG. Within a TAG, The WTRU may, for example, be configured with more than one ID where each ID is associated with a TA value. The WTRU may, for example, receive an indication or configuration as to which TAG is active or configured. The WTRU may, for example, receive an indication or configuration as to which TA value within an indicated or configured TAG is activated or configured.

[0154] In one example, a TAG may be associated with a DL RS or UL RS. The WTRU may, for example, receive association information (e.g., associating a TAG ID with a DL PRS resource ID). [0155] In another example, the WTRU may receive an offset TAO offset from the network where the TAO offset may be applied based on certain criteria indicated by the network. In the present disclosure, to simplify the notations, the TAO value configured by the network may already include the TAO offset.

[0156] In one example, the WTRU may receive the reference TA value (e.g., TAO) from the network, e.g., during the initial access (e.g., via Message 2 RAR message), during RRC CONNECTED state (e.g., through MAC-CE command), or the like.

[0157] SRSp Configuration

[0158] WTRU Receives an SRSp Configuration from Network

[0159] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU receives SRSp resource configurations via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, or the like) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message) from the network (e.g., gNB, LMF, or the like). In the present application, the SRSp or SRSp resource or SRSp resource set may refer to any UL RS (e.g., SRS, SL-PRS, PRACH, or the like), UL RS resource or UL RS resource set that the WTRU may transmit and other entities (e.g., gNB) may make measurements on.

[0160] WTRU Receives Association of SRSp with Other RSs

[0161] FIG. 3 is a system diagram 300 illustrating an example of a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state indicating an association between a sounding reference signal for positioning (SRSp) with a timing advance group identity (TAG ID). For example, the system 300 may include a TRP #1 310 in communication with a TRP #2 320 and a WTRU 330. [0162] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 330 may receive the relationship of SRSp resource(s) with other reference signals (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, PRS, SRS, or the like) with the SRSp configuration from the network.

[0163] In one solution, the WTRU 330 may receive this relationship with the TCI state. A TCI state defines the relationship between the SRSp with other reference RSs. The WTRU 330 may, for example, receive at least one of the following with the TCI states: TCI State ID (e.g., TCI-UL- StatelD), serving cell ID, TRP ID, BWP ID, QCL information and/or relationship with an RS, TAG ID, reference path ID (e.g., Reference TA path ID, Path 1, first path, n-th path, path ID #n, or the like), combinations of the same, or the like. Regarding the reference path ID, in one example, the WTRU 330 may receive the QCL information (e.g., QCL type, or the like) of an SRSp resource with other reference RSs (SSB, CSI-RS, PRS, SRS, or the like). The WTRU 330 may, for example, also receive the reference RS ID(s) for different QCL types associated with the SRSp.

[0164] In another solution, the WTRU 330 may receive the spatial relationship between SRSp resource(s) and other RSs with spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo, a.k.a. spatialrelationinformation) in the SRSp configuration. The WTRU 330 may, for example, receive at least one of the following: serving cell ID, TRP ID, BWP ID, reference signal (e.g., SSB, CSI- RS, PRS, SRS, or the like) ID(s) spatially associated with the SRSp, TAG ID, reference path ID (e.g., Reference TA path ID, Path 1, first path, n-th path, path ID #n, or the like), combinations of the same, or the like.

[0165] In one example, the configured spatial relationship may indicate one PRS resource index and SRSp resource index, indicating that the indicated PRS and SRS are aligned spatially. For example, if the spatial relationship indicates that PRS resource #3 and SRSp resource #10 are associated, it means that PRS resource #3 and SRSp resource #10 are aligned spatially. In another example, if the spatial relationship indicates that PRS resource #3, index #3 and SRSp resource #10 are associated, it indicates that the SRSp resource #10 is spatially aligned with the angle of arrival along the path index #3 measured through PRS resource #3.

[0166] In another example, the WTRU 330 may receive, from the network, a spatial relationship indicating association of PRS resource index and more than one SRSp resource index. This may imply that multipaths may be expected for the indicated PRS and each path may correspond to different AoAs. Additionally, the different AoAs may be associated with each of the indicated SRSp resource indexes.

[0167] In the examples described herein, "PRS" may be used interchangeably with any downlink reference signal such as "DL-RS", "CRI-RS", "DMRS", "TRS", "SSB", or the like. [0168] In one example, the WTRU 330 may receive a TAG ID associated with the SRSp resource(s) in the configuration where the association may indicate the relationship between the TA value and the SRSp resource(s). In FIG. 3, the relationship between different RSs and the SRSp is illustrated where the relationship for each SRSp resource is defined with a TCI state.

[0169] In one solution, the WTRU 330 may receive the reference path ID associated with the TAG. The WTRU 330 may, for example, determine the reference time for the timing adjustment based on the reference path ID. In one example, the path ID may be associated with a TAG ID. For example, for the TA value TAO, the WTRU 330 may receive a TCI-State associated with an SRSp configuration with a reference TA path ID indicating the WTRU 330 may determine the SRSp transmission time based on TAO offset to the 1st received path.

[0170] In another solution, the WTRU 330 may determine the pathloss, SRSp transmission power, beam direction, or the like, which may be based on the indicated reference TA path ID.

[0171] WTRU Receives SRSp Transmission Time Window Configuration from Network

[0172] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, a WTRU may receive one or more time window configuration(s) from the network where it may transmit the SRSp resources on. The WTRU may, for example, receive at least one of the following SRSp transmission time window parameters: transmission window ID(s), start and/or end time (e.g., expressed in terms of relative time or symbol number, slot number, subframe number or frame number, or the like), periodicity of occurrence of the time window, duration (e.g., expressed in terms of number of symbol, slots, subframes, frames, absolute time (e.g., ms), or the like), offset (e.g., in terms of symbol offset, slot offset, subframe offset, frame offset, relative time offset (e.g., ms) with respect to a reference time, or the like), events and/or conditions that may activate and/or deactivate the time window (e.g., WTRU movement, RSRPP threshold, network trigger (e.g., DCI trigger), or the like), combinations of the same, or the like.

[0173] An example of a window configuration 400 is shown in FIG. 4. The WTRU may, for example, determine a start time and/or an end time of windows from a configuration given by a network. The WTRU may, for example, determine a periodicity of the window and duration of the window from the configuration given by the network.

[0174] In one example, the WTRU may not be expected to transmit PUCCH or PUSCH within the window SRSp transmission window. If the transmissions for PUCCH or PUSCH are already scheduled within the SRSp transmission window, the WTRU may, for example, drop or cancel other uplink channels within this window. [0175] For example, a set of window parameters may be associated with an index. The WTRU may, for example, receive an activation command or configuration message indicating the index of the configured or activated window.

[0176] In one example, the WTRU may receive the configuration via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, or the like) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message, or the like) from the network.

[0177] WTRU Receives Transmission Muting Pattern for SRSp from Network

[0178] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may receive one or more muting pattern configurations for the SRSp from the network.

[0179] For example, the WTRU may apply the muting pattern to symbols, slots, frame, subframe, resource, resource set (e.g., herein referred to as SRSp units or units) associated with (e.g., (pre)configured) SRSp resources, or the like. If the WTRU determines that an SRSp unit is muted, it may not transmit any SRSp even though the transmission may be configured by the network in that time instance.

[0180] The WTRU may, for example, receive at least one of the following configurations for each muting pattern: pattern ID; pattern indication; granularity of muting (e.g., SRSp units, symbols, slots, frame, sub-frame, resource, resource set, or the like); type (e.g., periodic muting, aperiodic muting, semi-persistent muting, or the like); periodicity (e.g., for periodic and/or semi- persistent muting, N SRSp units, symbols, slots, frame, sub-frame, resource, resource set, or the like), which may repeat the pattern every N units; repetition (e.g., 1, 2, 3, and so on), which may indicate the number of consecutive SRSp units corresponding to a single muting pattern in the indication, muting validity time duration (e.g., start time, end time, duration, offset, or the like), and which may determine when the SRSp muting pattern may be applied to SRSp transmission; events and/or conditions, which may activate and/or deactivate the muting pattern (e.g., RSRPP threshold, network trigger (e.g., DCI trigger), or the like); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0181] Regarding the pattern indication, in one example, the WTRU may receive the muting pattern as a bitmap of N bits (e.g., 14 bits), where each bit may map to the intended (e.g., (pre)configured) SRSp units. For example, the WTRU may determine to transmit in the SRSp unit position if the same position in the bitmap corresponds to a bit 1 and mute if it corresponds to bit 0. For example, the WTRU may determine that a muting pattern of [01010101010101] may correspond to muting every other SRSp unit (e.g., symbols), or the like. This is illustrated in FIG. 5A (e.g., indicated as pattern indication #1 500) with the granularity of an OFDM symbol, where the WTRU determines the SRSp transmission pattern based on the bitmap indicated. In another representation, the WTRU may receive one or more numbers indicating the intended units of muting between two SRSp units. For example, the WTRU may determine to mute 1 SRSp unit between two consecutive SRSp units with a muting pattern of [1], Similarly, the WTRU may, for example, determine to mute 2 SRSp units between two consecutive SRSp units and 3 units between the subsequent two consecutive SRSp units with a muting pattern of [2, 3], This is illustrated in FIG. 5B (e.g., indicated as pattern indication #2 530) with the granularity of an OFDM symbol. In one example, this may be done the other way around, where the WTRU may determine to transmit 2 SRSp units consecutively between two SRSp mutings and 3 SRSp units between the subsequent two SRSp units with a muting pattern of [2, 3], This is illustrated in FIG. 5C (e.g., indicated as pattern indication #3 560) with the granularity of an OFDM symbol.

[0182] Regarding the granularity of the muting, each of the examples in FIGs. 5A-5C indicates a granularity of a symbol, hence the pattern may be applied to each symbol. In one example, the SRSp unit may be the same as granularity (if configured) in the present application.

[0183] Regarding the muting validity time duration, in one example, the validity time duration may be associated with the time window.

[0184] In FIG. 5 A, for example, the cross-hatched pattern in a symbol (e.g., symbol 2 with pattern indication #1 500) represents SRSp transmission, and a symbol without a patterns (e.g., symbol 1 with pattern indication #1 500) represents a muted symbol. These conventions are also used in FIGs. 5B and 5C.

[0185] In one example, the WTRU may determine that the muting pattern is activated if the WTRU receives an activation command (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC, LPP, or the like) from the network. Each muting pattern may be associated with a unique index or ID. The WTRU may, for example, receive indexes from the network and the activation command may indicate the index that the WTRU should use for transmission of SRSp.

[0186] In another example, the WTRU may receive a configuration for a time window during which the WTRU may apply the muting pattern for transmission of SRSp. The WTRU may, for example, receive a muting pattern ID with the configuration of the time window from which the WTRU determines which muting pattern to activate during the window. The WTRU may be expected, for example, to apply the muting pattern only during the window. Outside of the window, the WTRU may be expected, for example, to transmit SRSp according to the transmission schedule determined by the WTRU and/or network.

[0187] In one example, the WTRU may determine to activate the configured muting pattern if the timing advance offset to the reference TA value is greater than a configured threshold. For example, if the new TA value may be expressed as TAO + TA_value_offset, where TAO and TA value offset are the current reference TA value and TA offset to the current reference TA value, respectively, and TA value offset is greater than the configured threshold (e.g., expressed in seconds), the WTRU may determine to activate the configured muting pattern. In another example, the WTRU may determine to activate the configured muting pattern if TAO+TA_value_offset is greater than a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold).

[0188] For example, upon activation, the WTRU may determine to transmit SRSp according to the activated muting pattern within the window. The WTRU may, for example, determine to apply the TA offset or offset to the TA value when the WTRU is configured to determine the new TA value. In one example, the TA offset may be 0, greater than 0 or less than 0.

[0189] In one example, the WTRU may determine to deactivate the muting pattern and/or stop SRSp transmission according to the muting pattern if the WTRU receives a deactivation command from the network or the transmission window is terminated by the network. In another example, the WTRU may send a request to the network to deactivate the muting pattern and/or window.

[0190] Sensing Measurements

[0191] PRS Configuration for Sensing

[0192] WTRU Receives PRS Configuration from Network for Sensing

[0193] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may receive configurations for PRS resources. In the present application, the PRS or PRS resource or PRS resource set may refer to any DL RS (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, or the like) or DL RS resource or DL RS resource set that the WTRU may receive and may make measurements on.

[0194] Assistance Information for Sensing

[0195] WTRU Receives Assistance Information from Network for Sensing

[0196] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may receive assistance information for sensing from the network. The WTRU may, for example, receive the information from the network via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH, PDCCH, or the like) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LPP message, or the like). The assistance information may consist of at least one of an expected AoA, an expected relative time delay, one or more reference path IDs, one or more reference locations (e.g., of sensing object(s), PRU(s), neighboring TRP(s), neighboring UE(s), or the like), one or more reference PRS IDs and/or reference angles of one or more boresight directions, validity conditions associated with assistance information, one or more reference TA PRS IDs, combinations of the same, or the like. [0197] Expected AoA

[0198] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 of an example of an expected angle of arrival (AoA) range and a reference at a WTRU 610. FIG. 7 is a chart 700 illustrating an example of a relative delay with respect to a reference. In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU 610 may receive expected AoA (e.g., in terms of degrees, radians, or the like) with respect to a reference. The reference associated with the AoA may be at least one of the following: global coordinate system, such as geographical north (e.g., illustrated in FIG. 6); local coordinate system, such as WTRU orientation (e.g., in terms of Euler angles, radians, degrees, or the like); AoA associated with a reference TRP (e.g., serving cell); UL RS ID (e.g., SRSp ID, SRS ID, or the like) (e.g., associated with path-loss measurement, DL RS reception, or the like) and/or the reference angle associated with the UL RS ID; DL RS ID (e.g., PRS ID, CSI-RS ID, pathloss DL-RS, or the like) (e.g., associated with path-loss measurement, or the like) and/or the reference angle associated with the DL RS ID; combinations of the same; or the like.

[0199] In one example, the WTRU 610 may receive expected azimuth AoA and/or expected zenith AoA.

[0200] In one example, the WTRU 610 may receive a range of AoA. For example, the WTRU 610 may receive an expected AoA with the associated expected uncertainty range (e.g., delta theta, in terms of degrees, radians, or the like). The AoA range in one example may be determined as expected AoA ± delta theta. In another example, the WTRU 610 may receive a minimum expected AoA and a maximum expected AoA. In one example, the WTRU 610 may receive the AoA range indication as [XI degrees, X2 degrees] where XI degrees may correspond to minimum expected AoA and X2 degrees may correspond to maximum expected AoA. The expected AoA range is illustrated in FIG. 6 where the WTRU 610 may be configured with a range of AoAs, e.g., associated with the sector labeled "Expected AoA range."

[0201] Expected Relative Time Delay

[0202] In certain representative embodiments, in another example, the WTRU may receive an expected relative time delay (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, sub-frames, time duration (e.g., ms), or the like) from the network. The WTRU may, for example, receive the indication with a reference associated with expected time delay. The reference point for the expected time delay may be at least one of the following: ToA of the first detected path of a received PRS, transmission time of a received PRS, ToA of the first detected path of a reference PRS ID, transmission time of a received PRS ID, SFN0 offset (e.g., with additional associated symbol, slot, subframe, frame offset, or the like), combinations of the same, or the like. [0203] In one example, the WTRU may receive a range of expected relative delay. In one solution, the WTRU may receive an expected uncertainty value (e.g., delta delay, in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, time duration (e.g., ms), or the like). The WTRU may, for example, determine the expected delay range as expected delay ± delta delay. In another example, the WTRU may receive the range as minimum and maximum expected delay.

[0204] In one example, the WTRU may receive the expected time delay range as [XI ms, X2 ms] where XI ms may correspond to minimum expected time delay and X2 ms may correspond to maximum expected time delay.

[0205] In one example, the WTRU may measure ToA for the first detected path. In another example, the WTRU may receive expected ToA or range of expected ToA from the network.

[0206] For example, in FIG. 7, the expected relative time delay and expected range of the time delay is illustrated with respect to the first detection path timing of the received PRS.

[0207] Reference Path ID(s)

[0208] In certain representative embodiments, in another example, the WTRU may receive one or more reference path indices (e.g., path ID #1, path ID #2, and so on) from the network. In one example, the WTRU may receive the reference path ID in terms of a path identity, a path index, and a path group index. The WTRU may, for example, be (pre)configured or may know the metrics or associations for each the path ID(s).

[0209] In another example, the WTRU may determine that the path ID(s) may indicate a path associated with one or more measurement(s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay, or the like). For example, if the WTRU receives a reference path ID #1, the WTRU may determine that the ID may correspond to the first path in time. In another example, the WTRU may determine that the ID may correspond to the path with highest RSRPP. In one example, the WTRU may be indicated or (pre)configured with the association between the path ID and the intended metric.

[0210] For example, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the WTRU may determine that the reference path ID #2 may indicate to the path with second highest RSRPP or second earliest detected path in time. The WTRU may, for example, receive an indication that the path ID indicates relative delay measurements, hence may determine that the path ID corresponds to 2nd earliest measured path. [0211] The WTRU may, for example, receive an indication about the criterion (e.g., time, power, or the like) about how to detect a path. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication to detect the path in the order of arrival time. In one example, the WTRU may determine the detected path may be that path with RSRPP higher than a configured threshold. In one example, if the WTRU does not receive such indication from the network, the WTRU may determine to report the criterion (e.g., based on ToA, RSRPP above the preconfigured threshold, or the like) used to detect path(s).

[0212] FIG. 8 is a chart 800 illustrating an example of an interpretation of a reference path. In one example, the WTRU may be (pre)configured with the path ID with at least one of the intended order of paths and the reference measurement to determine the sensing path.

[0213] The WTRU or network may, for example, be configured to adjust TA such that a path of interest may be measured accurately. A sensing path may be the path UL RS or DL RS propagated by reflecting off an object. In one example, a sensing path may be a path detected by the WTRU by the measurement made on the received DL-RS. A sensing path may be the path other than the first significant path or path associated with objects. A "sensing path" and "path" may be used interchangeably in the examples herein.

[0214] The WTRU may, for example, receive the reference to the reference path #ID as at least one of the following: cell ID and/or TRP ID, PRS resource ID and/or PRS resource set ID, SRSp resource ID and/or SRSp resource, combinations of the same, or the like.

[0215] In one example, the WTRU may receive association between a DL-RS configuration information (e.g., DL-RS resource ID, DL-RS ID, or the like) and path indices. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication that path ID#1, path ID#2 are associated with DL PRS resource ID #4. In another example, the WTRU may receive an indication that path ID#1, path ID#2 are associated with TRP ID #1.

[0216] In one example, the reference path ID may be configured by the network with the association between the SRSp resources and other RSs (e.g., with TCI State indication or spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo)). The reference path ID mentioned here may correspond to the Reference TA path ID configured with TCI State indication or spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo).

[0217] In one example, the WTRU may receive a reference TA path ID that may indicate the path ID associated with the reference TA value (e.g., TAO value). Alternatively, the reference TA path ID may be associated with the first detected path in time and in one example may be associated to a TRP. In one example, the WTRU may determine to associate a TAG ID with the reference TA path ID and the TAG ID may be the same TAG ID as associated with the TAO value.

[0218] Reference Location(s)

[0219] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may receive the reference location(s) of one or more sensing object(s), PRU(s), neighboring TRP(s), and/or neighboring WTRU(s). In one example, each location may be an absolute location or a relative location. If the location is a relative location, the WTRU may, for example, receive the reference point associated with the object. The reference may be at least one of the following: WTRU location, PRU location, TRP location (e.g., TRP ID), combinations of the same, or the like.

[0220] In one example, if the WTRU receives a reference location (e.g., 3D location, 2D location, or the like), the WTRU may determine to represent the location in terms of the positioning metrics (e.g., angle between the WTRU and the object(zenith, azimuth), difference between the gNB to WTRU distance and/or delay and the gNB to reference location to the WTRU distance and/or delay, or the like). In one example, the WTRU may determine to use the same reference as configured with the sensing assistance information (e.g., of expected AoA and/or expected relative time delay) while changing the representation.

[0221] In one example, only PRU, a WTRU with a known location by the network, may be able to perform sensing. In one example, the WTRU may receive a request to report the WTRU capability to the network. The WTRU may, for example, indicate, in the WTRU capability report, that the WTRU is a PRU or PRU ID. The WTRU may, for example, report its location to the network. If the WTRU determined the location, the WTRU may, for example, determine to indicate the positioning method used to determine the location (e.g., RAT dependent positioning method, RAT independent positioning method such as GPS, GNSS, or the like).

[0222] Reference PRS ID(s) and/or Reference Angles of Boresight Direction(s)

[0223] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may receive one or more reference PRS ID(s) (e.g., a subset of configure PRS ID(s)). The reference PRS ID(s) may be associated with one or more PRS resource set ID(s). In another example, the WTRU may receive one or more reference angles of boresight direction(s) (e.g., reference azimuth of boresight, reference elevation of boresight, or the like). The WTRU, in one example, may associate the reference angles(s) with one or more PRS ID(s).

[0224] Validity Conditions Associated with Assistance Information

[0225] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may receive validity time associated one or more of the sensing indications (e.g., expected AoA, expected relative delay, reference path ID(s), location of sensing object(s), reference PRS ID(s) and/or reference angles of boresight direction(s), or the like). The WTRU may, for example, receive either an absolute validity time (e.g., in terms of symbol index, slot index, subframe index, frame index, absolute time, or the like) or a relative validity duration (e.g., in terms number of symbols, slots, subframe, frame, absolute time duration, or the like) where the indications provided in the assistance data may be valid. [0226] In another example, the WTRU may receive a validity area indicating the WTRU location(s) where the assistance information may be valid. The WTRU may, for example, receive the validity area in terms of DL RS ID(s), cell ID(s), sector ID(s), one or more TRP ID(s), or the like, which may indicate that the assistance information may be valid if the WTRU may measure or correspond the validity area parameters.

[0227] In another example, the WTRU may receive a validity rotation of the WTRU (e.g., in terms of degrees, radians, or the like) indicating the assistance information may be valid if the WTRU does not rotate by more than a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold).

[0228] In one example, if the at least one of the validity conditions associated with the sensing assistance information is not met (e.g., the WTRU determines that the assistance information validity time has expired, the WTRU is not located within the validity area, the WTRU has rotated by more than a threshold value, or the like), the WTRU may request and receive the updated assistance information for sensing from the network.

[0229] In another example, the WTRU may receive the updated assistance information periodically or receive the second assistance information an indicated time duration after receiving the first assistance information.

[0230] Reference TA PRS ID(s)

[0231] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may receive a reference PRS for TA. The WTRU may, for example, use the reference TA PRS ID(s) to determine the uplink timing for UL RS (e.g., SRSp, SRS, or the like) transmission. In one example, each reference TA PRS ID may be associated with a TAG ID.

[0232] In one example, the WTRU may receive the reference TA PRS ID(s) with the SRSp association information with other RSs (e.g., TCI state, spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo), or the like).

[0233] The WTRU may, for example, also receive at least one of the following assistance information for sensing from the network including: Cell ID(s), TRP ID(s), PRS ID(s), PRS resource set ID(s), positioning frequency layer (PFL) ID, PRS beam information (e.g., azimuth, elevation, or the like), transmission time of PRS ID(s), or the like.

[0234] In one example, the reference TA PRS ID may be the PRS ID associated with the measurements corresponding to the reference TA path.

[0235] In one example, the WTRU may determine that the sensing assistance information and configuration from the network may be an indication (e.g., implicit indication) from the network to perform sensing. [0236] Measurement and Reporting for Sensing

[0237] WTRU Performs Measurements on Received PRS

[0238] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may receive one or more PRS(s) in the configured PRS resource(s) transmitted by one or more TRP(s). If a WTRU is configured with one or more reference PRS ID(s), the WTRU may, for example, only measure the reference PRS resource(s). Each received PRS resource(s) may be associated with a unique PRS ID and/or PRS resource ID. The WTRU may, for example, receive the measurements and/or PRS through one or more paths where each path may be characterized by different set of path-wise measurement(s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay, or the like). Each received PRS(s) may be associated with one or more paths.

[0239] Relative Time Delay Measurements

[0240] FIG. 9A is a chart 900 illustrating an example of measurement with respect to a common reference time for two positioning reference signals. FIG. 9B is a chart 950 illustrating an example of a difference between measurement with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals. In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may determine to measure the relative time delay associated with the per path measurements from one or more PRS(s), where the reference for measurement may be a common relative time delay reference or a specific relative time delay reference.

[0241] Common Relative Time Delay Reference

[0242] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU may measure the relative time delay associated with all the received PRS path(s) (e.g., associated with the received PRS resource set(s), range of frequencies, PFLs, or the like) with a common reference point. For example, the WTRU may measure the relative delay associated with PRS ID #1 (e.g., associated with PRS resource set #1 and TRP #1) and PRS ID #2 (e.g., associated with PRS resource set #2 and TRP #2) with the same reference. In one example, the reference may be at least one of the following: measured ToA of first detected path timing associated with one of the received PRS(s) (e.g., reference PRS ID), transmission timing associated with one of the received PRS(s) (e.g., reference PRS ID), SFN0 offset, start time of the measurement window, time instance of reception of the PRS configuration, combinations of the same, or the like.

[0243] As illustrated in FIGs. 9A-9B, the WTRU may make the relative delay measurements with a common reference time, e.g., first detected PRS path time associated with PRS #1 and a PRS resource set #1. The WTRU may, for example, measure the relative delay of all the paths in both PRS #1 and PRS #2 with the same common reference associated with PRS #1 path. [0244] In one example, the WTRU may receive, from the network (e.g., gNB, LMF, or the like), an indication or configuration for the reference. The WTRU may, for example, determine, from the configuration, to use the ToA for the first path for PRS resource ID #3, as the reference to determine relative timing for paths for other PRSs and/or PRS resource ID #3.

[0245] Specific Relative Time Delay Reference

[0246] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU may measure the relative time delay for at least one of each received PRS(s), received PRS resource(s), received PRS resource set(s), range of frequencies, PFL(s), TRP(s) with a separate and/or specific reference point, combinations of the same, or the like. For example, the WTRU may measure the relative delays associated PRS ID #1 with a first reference point associated with PRS ID #1 and PRS ID #2 with a second reference point associated with PRS ID #2. This example may be valid for other PRS resource set(s), range of frequencies, PFL(s), TRP(s), or the like. In one example the specific reference for relative delay measurement associated with a PRS may be at least one of the following: ToA of the first detected path of the PRS or the PRS resource set and/or PFL and/or TRP associated with the PRS, transmission timing of the PRS or the PRS resource set and/or PFL and/or TRP associated with the PRS, combinations of the same, or the like.

[0247] As illustrated in FIGs. 9A-9B, for each received PRS, the WTRU may make the relative delay measurements with the PRS specific reference, such as the first detected path time of the PRS.

[0248] AoA Measurements

[0249] In certain representative embodiments, in another example, the WTRU may measure the AoA per path, associated with the per path measurements from one or more PRS(s). In one example, the WTRU may measure the AoA with respect to an absolute AoA reference, a relative AoA reference, or the like.

[0250] FIG. 10A is a diagram 1000 illustrating an example of an effect of rotation of a WTRU 1010 with an absolute reference for AoA measurement. FIG. 10B is a diagram 1050 illustrating an example of an effect of rotation of a WTRU 1060 with a relative reference for AoA measurement.

[0251] Absolute AoA Reference

[0252] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU 1010 may measure the AoA per path associated with the received PRS path(s) with a global reference point including at least one of the following: global coordinate system, geographical reference (e.g., true North), reference direction of reception of a PRS ID (e.g., reference PRS ID, pathloss DL RS ID, CSI-RS ID, or the like), reference direction of reception of a reference path ID, combinations of the same, or the like.

[0253] If, for example, the WTRU 1010 measures the AoA with the absolute reference, WTRU 1010 rotation between two measurement occasions may not change the measurement. This is illustrated in FIG. 10A, where the WTRU 1010 rotates with a certain angle. Due to the absolute reference, the angle between the sensing path and the reference still remains the same.

[0254] Relative AoA Reference

[0255] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU 1060 may measure the AoA per path associated with the received PRS path(s) with a relative AoA reference, including at least one of the following: boresight direction and/or angle associated with an SRSp ID (e.g., reference SRSp ID, SRSp ID associated with reception of pathloss RS, or the like), local coordinate system such as WTRU 1060 orientation, AoA measurement associated with a PRS (e.g., reference PRS, associated with reference TRP, or the like), combinations of the same, or the like.

[0256] If, for example, the WTRU measures the AoA with the relative reference, WTRU rotation between two measurement occasions may change the measurements. This is illustrated in FIG. 10B, where the WTRU rotates with a certain angle. Due to the relative reference, the angle between the sensing path and the reference changes in two instances.

[0257] In one example, the WTRU may determine the reference points for the per path measurements (e.g., AoA, relative delay measurement, or the like) based on at least one of the following: the same as the reference point associated with expected relative time delay, Line-of- Sight (LoS) and/or Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) indicator, based on configuration by the network, combinations of the same, or the like. Regarding the LoS and/or NLoS indicator, for example, the WTRU may choose one reference if the LoS and/or NLoS indicator (e.g., expected LoS and/or NLoS indicator) associated with the received PRS is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold) and another reference otherwise. For example, the WTRU may use one of the specific reference points for relative delay measurement and/or the absolute AoA reference for AoA measurement if the LoS and/or NLoS indicator is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold). The WTRU may, for example, use common and relative references otherwise.

[0258] In another example, the WTRU may determine to change the reference of the measurements (e.g., after the measurements) if the measurement reference point(s) and the corresponding reference points associated with the expected AoA and/or expected time delay are not the same.

[0259] Reporting AoA with UL RS Resource IDs and Orientation Flag [0260] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may report SRSp resource ID(s) to the network to report AoA for each path. The WTRU may, for example, determine to associate reported SRSp resource ID(s)to a PRS resource ID. For example, the WTRU may associate a path index with each reported SRSp resource ID.

[0261] In another example, the WTRU may report more than one SRSp resource IDs or indexes without path IDs to the network. The WTRU may, for example, determine to associate reported SRSp resource ID(s)to a PRS resource ID.

[0262] In one example, the WTRU may receive a request from the network to report, for indicated PRS resource ID(s), either UL RS resource ID (e.g., SRS resource ID), absolute and/or relative angle of arrival.

[0263] In one example, the WTRU may indicate whether the WTRU rotated from the last time or occasion the WTRU transmitted the measurement report. For example, the WTRU may indicate by a flag (e.g., 1 or 0) whether the WTRU's orientation has changed since the last time the WTRU transmitted the report. The WTRU may, for example, indicate " 1" if the WTRU's orientation changed. The WTRU may, for example, indicate "0" if the WTRU's orientation has not changed since the last time the WTRU sent the measurements report. In another example, if the WTRU did not change orientation, the WTRU may not include the flag. If the WTRU’s orientation changed, the WTRU may, for example, include a flag to indicate to the network that the WTRU’ s orientation changed.

[0264] In another example, the WTRU may include rotation or orientation angle to the network in the report to indicate how much the WTRU’s orientation has changed since the last time or occasion the WTRU transmitted the measurement report.

[0265] WTRU Determines Sensing Path

[0266] FIG. 11 is a diagram 1100 illustrating an example of a WTRU 1130 determining a path for sensing based on a measurement within an AoA range. For example, the path for sensing may be between TRP 1110, an object 1120, and the WTRU 1130, and/or a reference path may be directly between the TRP 1110 and the WTRU 1130. In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU 1130 may determine one or more paths for sensing based on the configured assistance information for sensing and one or more measurements. The WTRU 1130 may, for example, determine the path(s) for sensing based on at least one of the following: the path with RSRPP measurement above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the path with highest RSRPP measurement (e.g., among multiple path measurements of the measured PRS, reference PRS, or the like); the path with the measured AoA above a (e.g., (pre)configured) minimum expected AoA and/or below a maximum expected AoA (e.g., this is illustrated in FIG. 11 where the right-cross-hatched region (labeled “AoA range”) indicates the angles between the (e.g., (pre)configured) minimum and maximum expected AoA); the path with the difference between the measured AoA and the expected AoA below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold) (e.g., expected AoA uncertainty)); the path with the measured relative time delay above a (e.g., (pre)configured) minimum expected relative time and/or below a maximum expected relative time); the path with the measured relative time delay below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold) (e.g., expected relative delay uncertainty); the path associated with the reference path ID (e.g., if configured); the path with the difference between one or more measurement(s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay, or the like) of the PRS and the corresponding measurement(s) associated with the reference path ID below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the path with the difference between the measurements (e.g., AoA, relative time delay, or the like) and the corresponding metrics associated with the configured reference location (e.g., represented in terms of angle and delay duration) is below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the assistance information is, for example, valid (e.g., the current time is within the indicated validity duration, the WTRU 1130 is located within the validity area, the WTRU 1130 has not rotated by more than the validity angle threshold, or the like); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0267] WTRU 1130 Determines Sensing Path from More than One Path

[0268] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU 1130 may determine more than one path for the sensing path associated with measurements from more than one PRS resource(s). The PRS resources may be transmitted at different time and for each transmitted PRS, the relative time delay may be measured with a different references (e.g., common reference, relative reference, etc.) for each PRS. This may create time offsets between measurements due to different transmission time of the PRS resource(s), or different references in the measurement.

[0269] WTRU Normalizes Relative Delay Measurements

[0270] FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating an example of a positioning reference signal (PRS) associated with a sensing path and a reference TA PRS path. For example, the path for sensing may be between TRP 1210, an object 1220, and a WTRU 1230, and/or a reference path may be directly between the TRP 1210 and the WTRU 1230. In certain representative embodiments, in one solution, the WTRU 1230 may determine to normalize the measurements to remove the offset. [0271] In one example, the WTRU 1230 may be configured with a Reference TA PRS ID as a reference PRS for normalizing the relative delay measurements. In another example, the WTRU 1230 may determine the Reference TA PRS ID based on at least one of the following conditions: the PRS ID associated with the same TAG ID as the configured TA value (e.g., TAO) (e.g., indicated to the WTRU 1230 via spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo), TCI-state ID, or the like); the PRS ID with the measured RSRP and/or (e.g., average, maximum, minimum, or the like) RSRPP above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the PRS ID with the highest measured RSRPP path; the PRS ID with the LoS and/or NLoS ID above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the PRS ID containing the (e.g., (pre)configured) reference TA PRS path; the PRS ID with the RSRPP measurement associated with the reference TA PRS path above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the PRS ID with the number of measured path(s) above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0272] In one example, for a given PRS, the WTRU 1230 may normalize the delay measurements by removing a time offset, for example, as follows: (Normalized relative time delay of a PRS) = (Relative time delay for the PRS) - (Offset).

[0273] Here, the offset, in one example, may be specific to a PRS resource.

[0274] If, for example, the relative excess delay is measured with a common delay reference, for a relative delay measurement associated with a PRS resource, the offset may be the difference between the transmit times of the PRS and the reference TA PRS ID.

[0275] For example, as illustrated in FIGs. 13A-13B, in charts 1300 and 1350, respectively, the relative time delay measurements are associated with a common reference time (e.g., first path of the reference TA PRS ID). Here, PRS #1 is the reference TA PRS transmitted at time instance Tx #1. The WTRU may, for example, determine a normalized relative excess delay for PRS #2 with transmit time as Tx #2 with respect to the reference PRS, for example, as follows: (Normalized relative excess delay for PRS #2) = [Relative time delay for PRS #2 - (Tx #1 - Tx #2)].

[0276] If, for example, the relative excess delay is measured with a specific reference, the time offset for a PRS may be the difference in measured relative time delays between a path measured with the reference TA PRS and another path measured with the PRS such that: the difference between the one or more measurements (e.g., Ao A, doppler spread, or the like) associated with the paths is below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the measured RSRPP of the paths is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between the AoD(s) of the measured PRSs associated with the paths is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between beamwidth(s) of the measured PRSs associated with the paths is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); or the like. [0277] FIG. 13A is a chart 1300 illustrating an example of measurement of relative time delay with respect to a common reference time for two positioning reference signals. FIG. 13B is a chart 1350 illustrating an example of normalized relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals. FIG. 14A is a chart 1400 illustrating an example of relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals. FIG. 14B is a chart 1450 illustrating an example of normalized relative time delay with respect to a specific reference time for two positioning reference signals. For example, as illustrated in FIGs. 14A-14B, the WTRU may measure the relative time delays of PRS #1 and PRS #2 with a specific reference (e.g., first corresponding PRS path). The WTRU may, for example, determine the offset for the PRS as the difference of paths of the PRSs with AoA difference below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold). The WTRU may, for example, normalize the relative time delay for each PRS by subtracting the time offset between the PRS and the reference PRS from the relative time delay of the PRS.

[0278] The normalized relative delay may, for example, be one to one mapped to the normalized relative delays. Hence, in one example, the normalized relative delays may be associated with other measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, or the like) corresponding to the relative delays.

[0279] The examples of offset between a reference TA PRS resource and a PRS resource may be at least one of the following: if the relative time delay(s) are measured with the common reference, and the PRS resource(s) (e.g., TA PRS and the PRS is transmitted at the same time) the offset may be 0; if the relative time delay(s) are measured with the common reference, and the PRSs (e.g., TA PRS and the PRS is transmitted at time instances T1 and T2) the offset may be T1 - T2; if the relative time delay(s) are measured with the specific reference, e.g., first received path, and the path associated with the TA (e.g., reference TA path associated with the TAG or SRSp resource or the PRS resource, first arrival path of the TA reference PRS resource, or the like) is measured with both the PRSs, the offset may be 0; if the relative time delay(s) are measured with the specific reference, e.g., first received path, and the WTRU determines the path #2 received at relative time delay T1 of Reference TA PRS and path #5 received at relative time delay of T2 of Sensing PRS are associated (e.g., AoA below threshold), the WTRU may determine the offset as T1-T2; combinations of the same; or the like.

[0280] WTRU Determines PRS Resource(s) for Sensing Path Determination

[0281] In certain representative embodiments, in another solution, the WTRU may consider the measurement associated with PRS resource(s) transmitted at the same time instance. In such case, if the relative delay is measured with a common reference (e.g., ToA of the first received path in time), the offset may be 0. The WTRU may, for example, perform sensing path determination without normalization.

[0282] In another solution, the WTRU may consider the measurements associated with the PRS resource(s) with first arrival path above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold).

[0283] WTRU Associates Measurements with One or More Paths

[0284] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may determine one or more than one path(s) for sensing. In one example, the WTRU may group and/or associate one or more multipath measurements to each sensing path. The WTRU may, for example, determine two set of measurements associated with the same sensing path based on at least one of the following: the measured RSRPP of the multipaths is greater than a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between the normalized relative delays of two measurements is below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between RSRPP values of the first path of two measurements may be smaller than a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0285] The difference between the measured AoA per path may, for example, be smaller than a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold), or the like.

[0286] Each path may, for example, be associated with more than one measurements including RSRPP, AoA, relative delays, normalized relative delays, or the like.

[0287] In one example, the WTRU may allocate path ID(s) to the sensing path. The path ID(s) may be configured by the network or determined by the WTRU.

[0288] In one example, if the WTRU determines more than one path based on the measurements, the WTRU may determine the sensing path based on at least one of the following: the path with measured RSRPP (e.g., average, minimum, maximum if multiple measurements are associated, or the like) is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the path with highest (e.g., average, minimum, maximum RSRPP, or the like); the path with the number of associated PRS(s) above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the path with the number of the associated TRP(s) is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0289] The sensing path may, for example, be associated with multiple measurements where the measurements may correspond to different received PRS resource(s).

[0290] WTRU Reports Paths to Network

[0291] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may be configured by the network to report information and/or measurements with respect to the determined sensing path(s). The WTRU may, for example, report at least one of the following information: path ID associated with sensing path (herein referred to as sensing path ID); sensing PRS resource ID(s) associated with the sensing path ID); PRS resource ID(s) associated with the sensing path ID) (herein referred to as sensing PRS ID); measurement s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay, normalized relative time delay (e.g., with respect to the reference TA PRS resource), or the like) associated with the determined sensing path; reference time (e.g., ToA of the PRS path, measurement window start time, or the like) associated with the measured relative time delay; LoS and/or NLoS ID associated with the PRS of the sensing path(s) (and/or TRP associated with the PRS of the sensing path(s)); RSRP (e.g., average RSRPP) measurement of the PRS of the sensing path(s); indication of whether the reference time is common or separate (e.g., bit indication); reference angle (e.g., Euler angle associated with the WTRU orientation, angle of boresight direction with respect to an absolute reference (e.g., geographical north)) associated with the measured AoA of the sensing path, or the like); PRS ID(s) and/or PRS resource set ID(s) and/or TRP ID(s) and/or PFL ID(s) and/or TAG ID(s) associated with the sensing path; path ID(s) associated with path(s) other than the sensing path; measurement s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay, normalized relative time delay) associated with the paths other than the sensing path; reference time (e.g., ToA of the PRS path, measurement window start time, or the like) associated with the measured relative time delay associated with the paths other than the sensing path; reference TA PRS resource ID; reference TA path ID; WTRU location (e.g., absolute location, relative location between two occasions, or the like); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0292] In one example, the WTRU may report the measurement with (e.g., (pre)configured) granularity. For example, the WTRU may report the measurements the AoA with a granularity of 5 degrees. The WTRU may, for example, report AoA value of 5 degrees, 10 degrees with gap of 5 degrees.

[0293] In another example, the number of samples used to determine and/or report the measurements may be configured by the network. For example, the WTRU may report the measurements every time it collects N samples.

[0294] In one example, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., ACK) from the network. In another example, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., path ID) to consider another path as the sensing path from the network. The WTRU may, for example, receive an indication of the sensing path (e.g., path ID).

[0295] SRSp Configuration for UL Sensing

[0296] TA Value Determination for Sensing

[0297] WTRU Determines TA Value for Sensing [0298] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may determine the TA offset for the SRSp transmission for sensing.

[0299] The WTRU may, for example, determine to perform the TA determination based on at least one of the following conditions: the measured RSRPP (e.g., average across paths, maximum, minimum, or the like) of the PRS (s) and/or PRS resource set(s) (e.g., associated with the sensing path) is below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between the measured RSRPP (e.g., average across paths, maximum, minimum, or the like) between two PRS(s) and/or PRS resource set(s) (e.g., associated with the sensing path) is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between the (e.g., normalized) relative excess delay of the PRS(s) and/or PRS resource ID(s) (e.g., of the sensing path(s)) is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the (e.g., normalized) relative excess delay of a PRS and/or PRS resource set(s) (e.g., measured with reference to the PRS and/or associated with the sensing path, or the like) is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the WTRU receives an indication (e.g., a TA offset value) from the network; combinations of the same; or the like.

[0300] In one example, the WTRU may determine the TA offset value based on the determined sensing path. In one example, the WTRU may determine the TA offset value based on at least one of the following: if the transmission time of the reference TA PRS ID and the sensing PRS ID is different, the WTRU determines the TA offset based on the normalized relative delay difference between the reference TA path and the sensing path; if the transmission time of the reference TA PRS ID and the sensing PRS ID is the same and if the relative delay(s) the PRS ID(s) are measured with a common reference, the WTRU may, for example, determine the TA offset based on the relative time delay difference between the reference TA path and the sensing path; if the reference TA PRS ID and sensing PRS ID are measurement with specific reference and the WTRU determines that the TA path ID is measured (with RSRPP above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold)) with both the PRS ID(s), the WTRU determines the TA offset based on the relative delay difference between the reference TA path and the sensing path; combinations of the same; or the like.

[0301] For example, if the (e.g., normalized) relative delay of the sensing path is T1 and that of the reference TA path (e.g., first path of the reference PRS path ID) is T2, the WTRU may determine the TA value offset as T1 - T2.

[0302] In one example, as the WTRU may determine the TA offset based on the downlink path measurement and the TA value is determined for the UL transmission (e.g., SRSp transmission), the WTRU may determine the TA value based on the two-way offset consideration. For example, if the WTRU determines the timing offset as TAI based on the downlink time measurements, the WTRU may determine that the TA value may be 2 times TAI (e.g., 2TA1) to account for the uplink downlink offset.

[0303] WTRU Reports Path Measurement to Network

[0304] In certain representative embodiments, in another example, the WTRU may be configured by the network to report the determined TA offset. The WTRU may, for example, report at least one of the following: determined TA value offset for the sensing path ID; indicating whether the reported TA value is absolute TA value or relative TA value; reference TA path ID; measurement(s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay (s), ToA of the first path, or the like) associated with the sensing path; reference time (e.g., ToA of the first path of a PRS ID) associated with the sensing path; measurement(s) (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, relative time delay(s), ToA of the first path, or the like) associated with the reference TA PRS; reference time (e.g., ToA of the first path of the reference TA PRS) associated with the TA value; TAG ID associated with the TA value (e.g., TAG ID of the TAO if used as a reference); LoS and/or NLoS ID associated with the reference TA PRS ID (and/or TRP associated with the reference TA PRS ID); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0305] In one example, the WTRU may determine the reporting as an implicit request to perform TA adjustment for the sensing path. In another example, the WTRU may send a request to the network for TA adjustment for the sensing path.

[0306] In another example, the WTRU may receive a request from the network on the content of the measurement report. For example, the WTRU may receive a request to report the absolute or relative TA value. The WTRU may, for example, receive an indication on which path should be used as the sensing path. The WTRU may, for example, receive configuration about the reference to be used to determine the TA value.

[0307] WTRU Determines and Reports Relationship Between Different RSs for Sensing

[0308] In certain representative embodiments, the relationship between the SRSp (or a UL RS) and other RSs (e.g., SRS, PRS, SSB, CSI-RS, or the like) indicated by the network through TCI states or TCI-UL states or spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo) may consist of the associations for communication and/or positioning for direct path association between the WTRU and the TRP(s).

[0309] FIG. 15 is a diagram 1500 illustrating an example of an association between a downlink (DL) reference signal (RS) and an uplink (UL) RS based on AoA measurements for sensing. Signals may be sent between two or more of TRP #1 1510, object 1520, WTRU 1530, and TRP #2 1540. For sensing, the association may, for example, require measurements for sensing paths or paths corresponding to the reflections from objects (e.g., 1520). In one example, the WTRU 1530 may be configured by the network to report the associations for sensing based on measurement.

[0310] In one example, the WTRU 1530 may determine the associations between the PRS resources (e.g., or any other DL RSs) based on the angle or relative delay measurements.

[0311] Associations Based on AoA Measurements

[0312] In certain representative embodiments, in one solution, the WTRU 1530 may determine the association between the RSs based on the association based on AoA measurements. The WTRU 1530 may, for example, determine the associations based on spatial relationship between the DL RS and UL RSs for the sensing paths. For example, the WTRU 1530 may define a sensing path based on two measurements with same AoA or their difference in AoAs is within a configured margin (e.g., ± N degrees). The two AoAs may be defined with respect to the same reference angle. An example is presented in FIG. 15 where the WTRU 1530 receives PRS #1 and PRS #2 associated with the AoA. For example, the PRS #1 and PRS #2 may be associated with more than one PRS resource set ID(s), TRP ID(s), PFL ID(s) and TAG ID(s). Likewise, the WTRU 1530 may determine the association of the sensing path with UL RS such as SRSp or SRS.

[0313] Associations Based on Relative Excess Delay Measurements

[0314] In certain representative embodiments, in another solution, the WTRU may determine the associations based on the relative delay measurements. The WTRU may, for example, associate the paths that may correspond to same TA value offset. In one example, the WTRU may determine groups of measurements with same TA value offset based on at least one of the following: the paths with the (e.g., normalized) measured relative delays below a threshold; the paths with measured RSRPP above a threshold; combinations of the same; or the like.

[0315] Each group may, for example, be associated with the same TA offset value. In one example, the WTRU may determine at least one of the following associations where the associations may be made for a same TA value and may correspond to the same TAG.

[0316] FIG. 16 is a chart 1600 illustrating an example of an association between a DL RS and a UL RS based on normalized relative delay measurements for sensing. As illustrated in FIG. 16, the WTRU determines the association between groups of path measurements that may correspond to the same TA value. In one example, the WTRU may determine to group the RS(s), measurement(s) and the associated TA values in a group with a same ID to indicate that the paths associated with it may correspond to the same TA value offset. [0317] In one example, based on these associations associated with the solution(s), the WTRU may determine a relationship between the RSs. In one example, the relationship may consist of at least one of the following: association between DL RSs (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, PRS, or the like) and UL RS(s); association between the TRP ID(s); association between TAG ID(s); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0318] Regarding the association between DL RSs (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, PRS, or the like) and UL RS(s), for example, the WTRU may determine the association between SRSp resource with PRS ID(s), CSI-RS ID(s), SSB ID(s) based on the spatial relationship based on AoA measurements. For example, the WTRU may determine the associations between SRSp resources with PRS ID(s), CSI-RS ID(s), SSB ID(S) based on relative delay measurements (e.g., associated with same TA value offset). In these examples, the WTRU may also make associations between the PRS resource set ID(s), SRSp resource set ID(s), PFL(s), or the like.

[0319] Regarding the association between the TRP ID(s), for example, the WTRU may determine to associate the TRP(s) based on the spatial relationship based on AoA measurements. For example, the WTRU may determine to associate the TRP(s) based on relative delay measurements (e.g., associated with same TA value offset).

[0320] Regarding the association between TAG ID(s), for example, the WTRU may determine to associate the TAG ID(s) associated with the DL and UL RSs (e.g., where the associations may be determined based on configured TCI states ID(s) or TCI-UL state ID(s) associated with the DL and UL RSs and the TAG IDs, or the like) based on the spatial relationship based on AoA measurements. For example, the WTRU may determine to associate the TAG ID(s) associated with the DL and UL RSs (e.g., where the associations may be determined based on configured TCI states ID(s) or TCI-UL state ID(s) associated with the DL and UL RSs and the TAG IDs, or the like) based on relative delay measurements (e.g., associated with same TA value offset)

[0321] In one example, the WTRU may report the associations and the associated measurements to the network where WTRU may report at least one of the following: associations between SRSp resources and DL and/or UL RSs (e.g., index of the resources, resource set(s), PFL ID(s), or the like); association between TRP ID(s); association between TAG ID(s); type of association (e.g., spatial association, TA value offset association, or the like); measurements associated with the paths associated with the associated RSs (SRSp, DL and/or UL RSs, or the like); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0322] SRSp Configuration for Sensing

[0323] WTRU Receives TA Value Offset for SRSp Configuration from Network [0324] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., acknowledgement, ACK, or the like) from the network to adjust the uplink timing for SRSp for uplink sensing.

[0325] In another example, the WTRU may receive configuration for TA adjustment (e.g., for the sensing path) from the network. In one example, the configuration may be associated with SRSp resource(s) or SRSp resource set(s) configured to the WTRU by the network.

[0326] In one solution, the WTRU may receive the sensing related configuration (e.g., TA value for sensing, beam association information (e.g., TCI state, TCI state ID, spatialrelationinfo, or the like), power control information (e.g., P0, alpha, Pathloss (PL) RS, or the like)) for the sensing path from the network.

[0327] If the WTRU receives the sensing related information with the TCI state, in one example, the WTRU may receive a new TCI state or TCI UL State containing the sensing related configurations. In one example, the new TCI state or TCI UL state may be associated with one or more other TCI states IDs or TCI UL states IDs. In one example, the WTRU may receive an indicator (e.g., 0 or 1, LoS/NLoS indicator, or the like) with the new TCI state ID to indicate whether the configured TCI state is associated with the first path (e.g., indicated by a 1) or sensing path (e.g., indicated by a 0). In one example, the sensing path can be a path other than the first path, such as the second path, third path, and so on. In one example, a LoS or NLoS indicator can be a hard indicator, e.g., 1 for LoS, 0 for NLoS. In another example, LoS or NLoS can be a soft indicator. For example, the LoS indicator, x, can be 0 < x < 1, indicating the likelihood of the associated path, TRP or PRS resource ID to be in line of sight. For example, the higher the LoS indicator, the more likely that the associated path is a line of sight path. If, for example, the LoS indicator is associated with a PRS, the higher the LoS indicator, the more likely that the PRS is transmitted along line of sight. If, for example, the LoS indicator is associated with a TRP, the higher the LoS indicator, the more likely that the there is a line of sight between the TRP and WTRU.

[0328] In another solution, the WTRU may receive the sensing configurations with the TCI state or TCI-UL state associated with the previously configured TCI states or TCI-UL states. In one example, the WTRU may receive configuration related to more than one path (e.g., associated with the first path or the reference TA path and the sensing path or the n-th path) in the TCI state (e.g., first path and the sensing path) with the configured TCI state.

[0329] The WTRU may, for example, receive the TA value, e.g., via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC or LTE positioning protocol (LPP) message, or the like). The configuration may consist of at least one of the following: reference sensing path ID (e.g., sensing path ID); TA value offset (e.g., associated with the sensing path ID); granularity of TA offset (e.g., symbol, slot, subframe, frame, or the like); TA value for sensing path; reference path ID associated with TA value for sensing path (e.g., Path #N, N, or the like); reference PRS ID(s) and/or PRS resource set ID(s) and/or TRP ID(s) and/or PFL ID(s) or the like, which may be associated with the TA value offset; TAG ID associated with the TA value offset; associated TCI State ID(s); SRSp muting pattern (e.g., pattern ID); combinations of the same; or the like.

[0330] Regarding the TA value offset, in one solution, the WTRU may receive an TA value offset (e.g., associated with the sensing path). The WTRU may, for example, determine the this may be an offset to the TAO value configured by the network. The WTRU may, for example, determine that the offset may be a relative value indicated by the network.

[0331] The granularity of the TA offset may, for example, indicate to the WTRU an adjustment to the TA for every symbol, slot, subframe and/or frame.

[0332] Regarding the TA value for the sensing path, in another solution, the WTRU may receive the TA value for sensing which may be an absolute TA value.

[0333] Regarding the TAG ID associated with the TA value offset and/or TA value for sensing path, in one example, the TAG ID may correspond to the TAG ID of the configured TA value (e.g., TAO value).

[0334] In one example, the WTRU may determine if the TA indicated by the network based on the payload (e.g., number of bits, range of TA values, or the like) associated with the configured value. For example, if the number of bits in the payload associated with the configured TA value is below a threshold, the WTRU may determine that the TA is an offset value. For example, the WTRU may receive a 16 bit field for receiving the absolute TA value (e.g., TA value for sensing path) and an 8 bit field for receiving the offset.

[0335] In one example, the WTRU may receive the TA value offset configurations associated with SRSp configuration with the sensing path in the message associating the DL and UL RSs (e.g., TCI State, TCI-UL-State, spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo), or the like) for SRSp configuration.

[0336] In another example, the WTRU may receive the configurations and receive an association to the DL and UL RSs association information (e.g., TCI State, TCI-UL-State, spatial information (e.g., spatialrelationinfo), or the like) for SRSp configuration. For example, the WTRU may receive the ID(s) of the TCI states or TCI UL states with the configuration for TA offset. [0337] In one example, the WTRU may receive the power control configurations with the TA value offset configuration consisting of P0 value and alpha associated with the sensing path.

[0338] In another example, the WTRU may receive an ID (e.g., TCI State ID) associated with the configuration for where the configuration may be associated with SRSp resource(s) or SRSp resource set(s).

[0339] In another example, the WTRU may determine the TA value and/or the determined reference (e g., PRS ID(s), PRS resource set(s), TRP ID(s), PFL(s), TAG ID(s), or the like) associated with the sensing path ID(s) from the measurements for the TA adjustment.

[0340] In another example, the WTRU may receive a request from the network on the content of the measurement report. For example, the WTRU may receive a request to report the absolute or relative TA value. The WTRU may, for example, receive an indication on which path should be used as the sensing path. The WTRU may, for example, receive configuration about the reference to be used to determine the TA value.

[0341] WTRU Determines Transmission Time of SRSp Resources Based on TA Values

[0342] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may be configured by the network to transmit the SRSp. For example, the SRSp may be transmitted based on at least one of the following: TA value offset, TA value for reference sensing path ID, TA value (e.g., TAO), reference sensing path ID, ToA of reference sensing path, reference TA path ID, To A of the reference TA path, reference TA PRS ID, combinations of the same, or the like.

[0343] In one example, the WTRU may receive the TA value offset, TA value, TA value for sensing path and/or TAO offset in terms of symbols, slots, subframes, frames or in terms of any other unit of time. In another example, the WTRU may equivalently receive one or more of the values as integers or real numbers (e.g., N_TA value offset, N_TA for sensing path, N_TA0, and N_TA offset, or the like) associated with a time unit (e.g., Tc which may be defined as the basic unit of time in NR) and the WTRU may determine the TA value offset, TA value, TA value for sensing path and/or TAO offset by multiplying them with the time unit, for example, according to the following: (TA value offset) = (N_TA value offset x Tc).

[0344] In the following examples, an n-th symbol, slot, sub-frame, or frame may refer to the index of the time unit defined from the fixed reference point. In one example, the reference point for all the units may be system frame number zero (SFN0) time configured by the network to the WTRU. For example, an i-th symbol and the j-th symbol may have an offset of (j-i) symbols in between. [0345] In the following examples, the units of all the timing, TA and offset variables may be the same.

[0346] FIG. 17 is a chart 1700 illustrating an example of a timing determination for a TA value offset based on an i-th DL frame. In one example, the WTRU may be configured to transmit the SRSp resource on the i-th UL symbol, slot, subframe or frame, as illustrated in FIG. 17. In one example the granularity of transmission time and/or transmission time adjustment with the timing advance may be configured by the network to the WTRU.

[0347] In certain representative embodiments, in one solution, for the SRSp resource transmission in the i-th symbol, slot, subframe or a frame, the WTRU may start the SRSp transmission T_TA time duration before the start of the corresponding i-th DL symbol, slot, subframe or frame. Here T_TA may be a function of the TAO value and TA value offset, e.g., T_TA = TAO + TA value offset.

[0348] If, for example, T_DL is the time of i-th DL symbol, slot, subframe or frame, the WTRU may determine the transmission time as, for example: (T_UL) = (T_DL) - (T_TA).

[0349] FIG. 18 is a chart 1800 illustrating an example of a timing determination for a TA value offset based on a time of arrival (ToA) of a reference TA path. As illustrated in FIG. 18, the WTRU determines offset by determining the difference between the i-th symbol and/or slot and/or subframe or frame and the k-th symbol and/or slot and/or subframe or frame where the ToA of the reference TA path.

[0350] In another solution, the WTRU may determine the SRSp transmission time based on the measured ToA of the reference TA path. For example, if the WTRU measured the ToA of reference TA path in the k-th symbol and/or slot and/or sub-frame or frame, the WTRU may determine the difference (e.g., represented as time offset in FIG. 18) between the k-th and the i-th symbol and/or slot and/or sub-frame or frame. Here, the difference may be determined in terms of the granularity for TA adjustment (e.g., configured by the network). The WTRU may, for example, then determine the DL time of the i-th symbol and/or slot and/or subframe or frame based on the sum of ToA of the reference TA path and the time offset. The WTRU may, for example, determine the TA offset as the sum of TAO and the TA value offset. The WTRU may, for example, determine the transmission time based on the difference between the determined DL time of the i-th symbol, slot, frame or subframe and the TA offset, e.g., (T_UL) = (ToA of reference TA path) + (time offset) - (TAO) - (TA_value_offset).

[0351] In these examples, the units of all the variables including the ToA, offset i-k and the TA value offset may be the same. Additionally, the i-th and the k-th symbol and/or slot and/or subframe and/or frame may be defined with the same reference point (e.g., SFNO and/or additional symbol and/or slot and/or subframe offset, or the like).

[0352] FIG. 19 is a chart 1900 illustrating an example of a timing determination for a sensing TA value based on a ToA of a sensing TA path. In another solution, the WTRU may determine the SRSp transmission time based on the TA value for sensing path, reference sensing path and ToA of reference sensing path. For example, if the WTRU measured the ToA of reference sensing path in the k-th symbol and/or slot and/or sub-frame or frame, the WTRU may determine the difference (e.g., represented as time offset in FIG. 19) between the k-th and the i-th symbol and/or slot and/or sub-frame or frame. The WTRU may, for example, then determine the DL time of the i-th symbol and/or slot and/or subframe or frame associated with the sensing path based on the sum of ToA of the reference sensing path and the time offset. Hence, the WTRU may determine the SRSp transmission time based on the difference between the determined DL time of the i-th symbol, slot, frame or subframe and the Sensing TA value, e.g., (T_UL) = (ToA of reference sensing path) + (time_offset) - (Sensing TA value).

[0353] In one example, the WTRU may determine the SRSp transmission time based on the TA value for the sensing path and the associated TAG ID. In one example, for the SRSp resource transmission in the i-th UL symbol, slot, subframe or a frame, the UE may start the SRSp transmission T_TA time duration before the start of the corresponding i-th DL symbol, slot, subframe or frame where the DL symbol, slot, subframe or frame corresponds to the k-th path (e.g., sensing path). Here T_TA may be a function of the TA value for sensing.

[0354] The reference time for determining the SRSp transmission time may be the DL symbol/slot/subframe or frame time associated reference signal with same TAG ID as associated with the TA value offset or TA value for sensing or TAO value.

[0355] WTRU Determines to Activate SRSp Muting Patterns

[0356] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may determine to activate the (e.g., (pre)configured) transmission muting pattern for SRSp resources based on at least one of the following conditions: the (e.g., configured) TA value offset is above a (e.g., (pre)configured) TA offset threshold; the (e.g., configured) sensing TA value is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between the sensing TA value and the TAO is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between the minimum and the maximum normalized path delay associated the sensing path is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the number of multipath components associated with the sensing PRS is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the measured RSRPP associated with the sensing path is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the measured doppler shift associated with the sensing path is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the difference between the (e.g., normalized) relative delays between the reference TA path and the sensing path is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the WTRU determines that the SRSp transmission time is within the muting pattern validity time duration; combinations of the same; or the like.

[0357] For example, if the muting validity time is associated with the time window for SRSp transmission, the WTRU may apply the muting pattern only within the SRSp transmission time window

[0358] For example, if the muting validity time is N frames with reference to the SFNO time, the WTRU may apply to the SRSp transmission within the N frames with respect to the reference.

[0359] The WTRU may, for example, receive an indication (e.g., muting pattern ID) from the network,

[0360] In one example, the WTRU may apply the muting pattern to the configured SRSp where the muting pattern is applied to the symbols, slots, subframes or frames (or the like) of the resources based on the configured granularity.

[0361] In one example, the WTRU may transmit the SRSp resources with at least one blank symbol preceding each configured SRSp resource with the muting pattern if the muting pattern is activated and when the WTRU transmits the SRSp resources with a sensing TA value or a TA offset value above a threshold.

[0362] In FIGs. 20A-20B, the advantage of transmission with an SRSp muting pattern is illustrated, for example, with reference to a first scenario and a second scenario. In the first scenario, for example, the timing advance offset TAO value may be used for SRSp transmission time determination and the SRSp may be transmitted without a muting pattern. In this case, the gNB receives the reference TA path (indicated as path at t=0 in FIG. 20A) transmitted SRSp at the Rx boundary and the reference sensing path (indicated as t=T in FIG. 20A) with certain offset. As the SRSp muting pattern is not applied in the first scenario, for the gNB also receives the interference from the SRSp symbol in the previous slot (indicated by left-cross-hatched frame in FIG. 20A).

[0363] In the second scenario, for example, the timing advance offset of TAO + T considering the sensing path may be used for SRSp transmission time determination and the SRSp may be transmitted with a muting pattern. In this case, the gNB receives the reference sensing path (indicated as path at t=T in FIG. 20B) transmitted SRSp as the first path in the Rx boundary of the gNB. The gNB receives the reference TA path (indicated as t=0 in FIG. 20B) with an offset in the previous symbol. As the SRSp muting pattern is applied in the second scenario, the time offset does not cause any interference between the different symbols.

[0364] In one solution, if the WTRU determines that the sensing TA value or a TA offset value is below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold), the WTRU does not transmit the SRSp with the transmission muting pattern.

[0365] In one example, if the WTRU determines that the determined sensing TA value or a TA offset value is below or equal to a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold), the WTRU determines that the configured time window and/or muting pattern is not applicable. Therefore, the WTRU determines to transmit PUSCH or PUCCH that is scheduled during the configured time window(s). If the determined sensing TA value or a TA offset value is above the threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold), the WTRU determines that the configured time window is applicable, and the WTRU cancels the transmission of PUSCH and/or PUCCH scheduled within the window(s). The WTRU may, for example, apply the configured muting pattern to the SRSp.

[0366] In terms of spatial direction, if the determined sensing TA value or a TA offset value is below or equal to a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold), the WTRU may, for example, determine to transmit SRSp that is spatially aligned with the indicated PRS.

[0367] FIG. 20A is a chart 2000 illustrating a first scenario to processing orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) symbols at a gNode-B (gNB). FIG. 20B is a chart 2050 illustrating an example of a second scenario to processing OFDM symbols (e.g., at a gNB).

[0368] WTRU Determines to Spatial Configuration for SRSp

[0369] In certain representative embodiments, in one example, the WTRU may determine the transmit spatial filter for the SRSp resources based on at least one of the following: the WTRU determines the transmit direction (e.g., transmit filter) of the SRSp as the receive filter of the PRS (e.g., DL RS) or a PRS associated with the sensing path; the WTRU determines the transmit direction (e.g., transmit filter) of the SRSp as the receive filter of the PRS associated with the sensing path with no TA path; the WTRU determines the transmit direction (e.g., transmit filter) of the SRSp as the receive filter of the PRS with the paths that arriver earlier than the sensing path with RSRPP (e.g., average, minimum, maximum, or the like) below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the WTRU determines the transmit direction (e.g., transmit filter) of the SRSp as the receive filter of the PRS with RSRPP of the sensing path above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the WTRU determines the transmit direction (e.g., transmit filter) of the SRSp as the receive filter of the PRS with RSRPP (e.g., average, maximum, minimum, or the like) of the paths other than the sensing path below a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold); the WTRU determines the transmit direction (e.g., transmit filter) of the SRSp as the spatial direction of the RS (e.g., CSI-RS ID, SSB ID, SRS ID, or the like) associated with the SRSp for the sensing path; the WTRU may, for example, receive an indication from the network for which PRS (e.g., via PRS resource ID) the receive filter should be aligned with; combinations of the same; or the like.

[0370] In one example, the WTRU may receive an indication from the network for which PRS (e.g., via PRS resource ID) the receive filter should be aligned with. In another example, the WTRU may receive, from the network, an indication of PRS (e.g., PRS resource ID) and path index, indicating to use SRSp that is aligned with the receiver filter used to receive the indicated PRS from the indicated path. In one example, the path index may be the sensing path.

[0371] In one example, the WTRU may determine the SRSp resource index and transmit direction based on the measurement report the WTRU transmitted, in which the WTRU reported AoA in terms of SRSp resource IDs. In another example, the WTRU may determine SRSp resource index and transmit direction based on spatial relationship configuration associating PRS resource index and SRSp resource index. In another example, the WTRU may determine SRSp resource index and transmit direction based on spatial relationship configuration associating PRS resource index, SRSp resource index and path index. Based on configured spatial relationship and PRS resource ID indicated by the network, the WTRU may, for example, determine which SRSp to transmit.

[0372] In one example, for indicated PRS and/or path index, the WTRU may determine, from configured spatial relationship or measurement report transmitted by the WTRU, that there are more than one SRSp resource indexes associated with the PRS and/or path. In such a case, in one example, the WTRU may send a request to the network to indicate which SRSp the WTRU should transmit. In another example, the WTRU may transmit all of associated SRSps, starting with the lowest SRSp resource ID.

[0373] In another example, the WTRU may receive an indication of which SRSp to transmit, according to the indicated SRSp resource index.

[0374] In the examples described herein, "PRS" may be used interchangeably with any downlink reference signals such as "DL-RS", "CRI-RS", "DMRS", "TRS", "SSB", or the like.

[0375] In one example, the WTRU may determine the beamwidth mainlobe of the SRSp resources based on at least one of the following: the difference between the AoA of the sensing path and the AoA of the reference TA path (e.g., measured with the same reference); the difference between the AoA of the sensing path and the AoA of a path with RSRPP above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold) (e.g., measured with the same reference); the difference between the AoA measurements (e.g., measurement with one or more PRSs) associated with a sensing path; the AoA of the sensing path; the difference between the measurements (e.g., RSRPP, AoA, delay, doppler shift, or the like) associated with the sensing path; the doppler shift measurement associated with the sensing path; combinations of the same; or the like.

[0376] In one example, the WTRU may determine a beamwidth (e.g., in terms of degrees, radians, or the like) if at least one of the above conditions is above a threshold (e.g., (pre)configured threshold).

[0377] In one example the WTRU may receive a request to report beam information of the WTRU. The WTRU may, for example, report beamwidth for mainlobe and/or sidelobe.

[0378] WTRU Determines to Transmit Power of SRSp

[0379] In certain representative embodiments, in another example, the WTRU may determine the transmit power for the SRSp configuration based on at least one of the following: the measured RSRPP associated with the sensing path; the transmit power of the sensing PRS; the measured RSRPPs of the path(s) other than the sensing path; the determined transmit filter and/or direction and/or the beamwidth of the SRSp; combinations of the same; or the like.

[0380] For example, the WTRU may determine the path loss as the difference between the transmit power of the sensing PRS and measured RSRPP associated with the sensing path. The WTRU may, for example, be (pre)configured with the parameters for sensing and may determine the transmission power based on the path loss measurement.

[0381] As shown, for example, in FIG. 21, timing advance for UL sensing is provided. A process 2100 is, for example, implemented by a WTRU (e.g., 102, 220, 330, 610, 1010, 1060, 1130, 1230, 1530, or the like). For example, the process 2100 comprises receiving 2110 information indicating an angle of arrival (AoA) range (e.g., FIGs. 6 and 11) for performing measurements for one or more paths. Also, for example, the process 2100 comprises performing 2120 the measurements for the one or more paths within the AoA range. Further, for example, the process 2100 comprises determining 2130, based on the measurements for the one or more paths, a time offset (e.g., FIGs. 14A and 17-19) for a path of interest of the one or more paths. In addition, for example, the process 2100 comprises transmitting 2140 a signal based on the path of interest and using the time offset. [0382] In some embodiments, the process 2100 may further comprise receiving an indication of a transmission muting pattern (e.g., FIGs. 5B-5C). The transmitting the signal using the time offset may, for example, occur according to the transmission muting pattern. Additionally, for example, the transmitting the signal using the time offset may comprise an empty symbol preceding a sounding reference signal (SRS) symbol within a time window. Still further, for example, the process 2100 may further comprise determining a timing advance (TA) value based on the time offset and a TA reference value (e.g., FIGs. 12, 13A, 13B, 14A, 14B, 17, 18, and 19). Even further, for example, the transmitting the signal using the time offset may comprise transmitting the signal using a determined TA value to cause the path of interest to be a first detected path at a base station. Yet further, for example, the time offset may correspond to a relative time offset between a first path of the one or more paths and the path of interest. Further still, for example, the process 2100 may further comprise selecting the path of interest of the one or more paths that has a highest reference signal received power (RSRP) (e.g., FIGs. 8, 9A, 9B, 13A, 13B, 14A, 14B, and 16).

[0383] Also, for example, the process 2100 may further comprise receiving an indication of an offset threshold (e.g., FIG. 14A). Further, for example, the process 2100 may further comprise determining whether the time offset is above the offset threshold. In addition, for example, the process 2100 may comprise, in response to determining the time offset is above the offset threshold, applying a transmission muting pattern to transmission of the signal. Moreover, for example, the transmitting the signal may comprise transmitting a sounding reference signal (SRS) (e.g., FIG. 3, 5A, 5B, 5C, 10B, and 15). Furthermore, for example, the process 2100 may further comprise reporting at least one measurement of the measurements for the one or more paths having an AoA within the AoA range. Additionally, for example, the process 2100 may further comprise reporting at least one measurement of the measurements of the one or more paths that has the highest RSRP.

[0384] Although features and elements are provided above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. No element, act, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly provided as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods or systems.

[0385] The foregoing embodiments are discussed, for simplicity, with regard to the terminology and structure of wireless communication capable devices, (e.g., radio wave emitters and receivers). However, the embodiments discussed are not limited to these systems but may be applied to other systems that use other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves such as acoustic waves.

[0386] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the term "video" or the term "imagery" may mean any of a snapshot, single image and/or multiple images displayed over a time basis. As another example, when referred to herein, the terms "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE", the term "remote" and/or the terms "head mounted display" or its abbreviation "HMD" may mean or include (i) a wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU); (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality of a WTRU; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable device configured with less than all structures and functionality of a WTRU; or (iv) the like. Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any WTRU recited herein, are provided herein with respect to FIGs. 1 A-1D. As another example, various disclosed embodiments herein supra and infra are described as utilizing a head mounted display. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a device other than the head mounted display may be utilized and some or all of the disclosure and various disclosed embodiments can be modified accordingly without undue experimentation. Examples of such other device may include a drone or other device configured to stream information for providing the adapted reality experience.

[0387] In addition, the methods provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0388] Variations of the method, apparatus and system provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. In view of the wide variety of embodiments that can be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are examples only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the following claims. For instance, the embodiments provided herein include handheld devices, which may include or be utilized with any appropriate voltage source, such as a battery or the like, providing any appropriate voltage.

[0389] Moreover, in the embodiments provided above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices that include processors are noted. These devices may include at least one Central Processing Unit ("CPU") and memory. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed," "computer executed" or "CPU executed."

[0390] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the acts and symbolically represented operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.

[0391] The data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (ROM)) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the provided methods. [0392] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and/or any other computing device.

[0393] There is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems. The use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software may become significant) a design choice representing cost versus efficiency tradeoffs. There may be various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein may be affected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and the preferred vehicle may vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware.

[0394] The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples include one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples may be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In an embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subj ect matter described herein may be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type of medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[0395] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and/or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and/or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein may be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system may generally include one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity, control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems.

[0396] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components included within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality may be achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality may be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedia! components. Likewise, any two components so associated may also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated may also be viewed as being "operably couplable" to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.

[0397] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0398] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. As an aid to understanding, the following appended claims and/or the descriptions herein may include usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim including such introduced claim recitation to embodiments including only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"). The same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Further, the terms "any of followed by a listing of a plurality of items and/or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include "any of," "any combination of," "any multiple of," and/or "any combination of multiples of the items and/or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and/or other categories of items. Moreover, as used herein, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero. And the term "multiple", as used herein, is intended to be synonymous with "a plurality".

[0399] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0400] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein may be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," and the like includes the number recited and refers to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.

[0401] Moreover, the claims should not be read as limited to the provided order or elements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the terms "means for" in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112, 6, 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the terms "means for" is not so intended.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed:

1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving information indicating an angle of arrival (AoA) range for performing measurements for one or more paths; performing the measurements for the one or more paths within the AoA range; determining, based on the measurements for the one or more paths, a time offset for a path of interest of the one or more paths; and transmitting a signal based on the path of interest and using the time offset.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving an indication of a transmission muting pattern.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the transmitting the signal using the time offset: occurs according to the transmission muting pattern; and comprises an empty symbol preceding a sounding reference signal (SRS) symbol within a time window.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, further comprising: determining a timing advance (TA) value based on the time offset and a TA reference value, wherein transmitting the signal using the time offset comprises transmitting the signal using a determined TA value to cause the path of interest to be a first detected path at a base station.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the time offset corresponds to a relative time offset between a first path of the one or more paths and the path of interest.

6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, further comprising: selecting the path of interest of the one or more paths that has a highest reference signal received power (RSRP).

7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, further comprising: receiving an indication of an offset threshold; determining whether the time offset is above the offset threshold; and in response to determining the time offset is above the offset threshold, applying a transmission muting pattern to transmission of the signal.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein transmitting the signal comprises transmitting a sounding reference signal (SRS).

9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, further comprising: reporting at least one measurement of the measurements for the one or more paths having an AoA within the AoA range.

10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, further comprising: reporting at least one measurement of the measurements of the one or more paths that has the highest RSRP.

11. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), comprising: a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the WTRU is to: receive information indicating an angle of arrival (AoA) range for performing measurements for one or more paths; perform the measurements for the one or more paths within the AoA range; determine, based on the measurements for the one or more paths, a time offset for a path of interest of the one or more paths; and transmit a signal based on the path of interest and using the time offset.

12. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the WTRU is to: receive an indication of a transmission muting pattern.

13. The WTRU of claim 12, wherein the transmitting the signal using the time offset: occurs according to the transmission muting pattern; and comprises an empty symbol preceding a sounding reference signal (SRS) symbol within a time window.

14. The WTRU of any one of claims 11-13, wherein the WTRU is to: determine a timing advance (TA) value based on the time offset and a TA reference value, wherein transmitting the signal using the time offset comprises transmitting the signal using a determined TA value to cause the path of interest to be a first detected path at a base station.

15. The WTRU of any one of claims 11-14, wherein the time offset corresponds to a relative time offset between a first path of the one or more paths and the path of interest.

16. The WTRU of any one of claims 11-15, wherein the WTRU is to: select the path of interest of the one or more paths that has a highest reference signal received power (RSRP).

17. The WTRU of any one of claims 11-16, wherein the WTRU is to: receive an indication of an offset threshold; determine whether the time offset is above the offset threshold; and in response to determining the time offset is above the offset threshold, apply a transmission muting pattern to transmission of the signal.

18. The WTRU of any one of claims 11-17, wherein transmitting the signal comprises transmitting a sounding reference signal (SRS).

19. The WTRU of any one of claims 11-18, wherein the WTRU is to: report at least one measurement of the measurements for the one or more paths having an AoA within the AoA range.

20. The WTRU of any one of claims 11-19, wherein the WTRU is to: report at least one measurement of the measurements of the one or more paths that has the highest RSRP.