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WO2025241580A1 - Détermination de fréquence pour transmission d2r dans un système iot ambiant - Google Patents

Détermination de fréquence pour transmission d2r dans un système iot ambiant

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Publication number
WO2025241580A1
WO2025241580A1 PCT/CN2025/073712 CN2025073712W WO2025241580A1 WO 2025241580 A1 WO2025241580 A1 WO 2025241580A1 CN 2025073712 W CN2025073712 W CN 2025073712W WO 2025241580 A1 WO2025241580 A1 WO 2025241580A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
frequency
transmission
carrier wave
external carrier
iot
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/CN2025/073712
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Zhennian SUN
Haipeng Lei
Xiaodong Yu
Xin Guo
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lenovo Beijing Ltd
Original Assignee
Lenovo Beijing Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lenovo Beijing Ltd filed Critical Lenovo Beijing Ltd
Priority to PCT/CN2025/073712 priority Critical patent/WO2025241580A1/fr
Publication of WO2025241580A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025241580A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to frequency determination for a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission in an ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) system.
  • D2R device-to-reader
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • a wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology.
  • BSs base stations
  • eNB eNodeB
  • gNB next-generation NodeB
  • Each network communication device such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology.
  • the wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) .
  • time resources e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like
  • frequency resources e.g., subcarriers, carriers
  • the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .
  • 3G third generation
  • 4G fourth generation
  • 5G fifth generation
  • 6G sixth generation
  • a wireless communication system may include an A-IoT device, which has a lower capability in terms of complexity and power consumption.
  • the wireless communication system may also be referred to as an A-IoT system.
  • Multiple topologies for example, Topologies 1 to 4, are supported for the A-IoT device.
  • Topology 1 the A-IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a BS.
  • Topology 2 the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the A-IoT device and a BS.
  • Topology 3 the A-IoT device communicates uidirectionally with a BS and communicates uidirectionally with an assisting node.
  • the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with a UE.
  • some transmission enhancements in the A-IoT system especially, enhancements on frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system considering one or more of the above topologies, are still needed.
  • the present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system. With the apparatuses and methods, it is possible to improve communication performance in the A-IoT system.
  • a first device comprising at least one memory, and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the first device to: perform a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave; and receive a second transmission from the second device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • a method performed by the first device comprises: performing a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave; and receiving a second transmission from the second device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • a processor for wireless communication comprises at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: perform a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave; and receive a second transmission from the second device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • the first transmission may comprise an indication indicating the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the indication may indicate a value of the first frequency of the external carrier wave or an index of the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • a frequency of the first transmission may be used to indicate the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the first frequency of the external carrier wave may be determined based on the frequency of the first transmission and a frequency gap.
  • a third frequency of an external carrier wave before the first transmission may be pre-defined, and the first transmission may indicate a frequency offset of the first frequency of the external carrier wave after the first transmission relative to the third frequency of the external carrier wave before the first transmission.
  • the first transmission may trigger a plurality of transmissions comprising the second transmission, and the first transmission may indicate a plurality of frequencies of a plurality of external carrier waves to determine a plurality of frequencies of the plurality of transmissions.
  • the plurality of transmissions may comprise at least the second transmission and a third transmission, and the first transmission may indicate a frequency offset of a frequency of an external carrier wave associated with a frequency of the third transmission relative to the first frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the second frequency of the second transmission.
  • the first transmission may indicate a plurality of available frequencies of the external carrier wave
  • the second frequency of the second transmission may be based on one frequency from the plurality of available frequencies of the external carrier wave.
  • the first device may comprise one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS)
  • the second device may comprise an A-IoT device.
  • a second device comprising at least one memory, and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the second device to: receive, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave; and perform a second transmission to the first device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • a method performed by the second device comprises: receiving, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave; and performing a second transmission to the first device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • a processor for wireless communication comprises at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: receive, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave; and perform a second transmission to the first device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • the first transmission may comprise an indication indicating the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the indication may indicate a value of the first frequency of the external carrier wave or an index of the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • a frequency of the first transmission may be used to indicate the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include determining the first frequency of the external carrier wave based on the frequency of the first transmission and a frequency gap.
  • a third frequency of an external carrier wave before the first transmission may be pre-defined, and the first transmission may indicate a frequency offset of the first frequency of the external carrier wave after the first transmission relative to the third frequency of the external carrier wave before the first transmission.
  • the first transmission may trigger a plurality of transmissions comprising the second transmission, and the first transmission may indicate a plurality of frequencies of a plurality of external carrier waves to determine a plurality of frequencies of the plurality of transmissions.
  • the plurality of transmissions may comprise at least the second transmission and a third transmission, and the first transmission may indicate a frequency offset of a frequency of an external carrier wave associated with a frequency of the third transmission relative to the first frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the second frequency of the second transmission.
  • the first transmission may indicate a plurality of available frequencies of the external carrier wave, and the first frequency may be selected from the plurality of available frequencies of the external carrier wave.
  • the first device may comprise one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS)
  • the second device may comprise an A-IoT device.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1B illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1F illustrates another example of a wireless communications system associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 3A illustrates an example frequency locking range of an oscillator in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 3B illustrates an example time gap in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure
  • FIGS. 3C to 3E illustrate example frequency calibration illustrations in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device that supports frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor that supports frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIGS. 6 through 7 illustrate flowcharts of methods that support frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • references in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
  • first and second or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
  • the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as 5G new radio (NR) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , and so on.
  • NR 5G new radio
  • LTE long term evolution
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • HSPA High-Speed Packet Access
  • NB-IoT Narrow Band Internet of Things
  • the communications between a UE and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the 4G, 4.5G, the 5G communication protocols, and/or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.
  • any suitable generation communication protocols including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the 4G, 4.5G, the 5G communication protocols, and/or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
  • the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a UE can access the communication network and receive services therefrom.
  • the network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, a
  • the network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a service management function (SMF) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) , a policy control function (PCF) , a user plane function (UPF) or devices with the same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
  • NF network function
  • SMF service management function
  • AMF access and mobility management function
  • PCF policy control function
  • UPF user plane function
  • UE user equipment
  • a UE generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications.
  • a UE may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) .
  • SS subscriber station
  • UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
  • MS mobile station
  • AT access terminal
  • the UE may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable UE, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture UE such as a digital camera, a gaming UE, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless UE, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain
  • the term “A-IoT device” refers to a device without batteries or with limited energy storage capabilities.
  • energy is provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source.
  • the A-IoT device can also be called a zero-power terminal, a near-zero power terminal, a passive IoT device, an ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) device, a tag, etc.
  • AmBC ambient backscatter communication
  • A-IoT has lower complexity and lower power consumption, and is suitable for more application scenarios.
  • D2R transmission refers to a transmission initiated by an A-IoT device and transmitted to a reader (such as a BS, an intermediate node, an assisting node, or a UE) .
  • a reader such as a BS, an intermediate node, an assisting node, or a UE
  • R2D transmission refers to a transmission initiated by a reader and transmitted to an A-IoT device.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as a communication network) 100 that supports frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network.
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20.
  • IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  • Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
  • WiMAX IEEE 802.16
  • IEEE 802.20 The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • the one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100.
  • One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology.
  • a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection.
  • a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
  • a network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112.
  • a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies.
  • a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network.
  • different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102.
  • Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques.
  • data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
  • the one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100.
  • a UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology.
  • the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples.
  • the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.
  • IoT Internet-of-Things
  • IoE Internet-of-Everything
  • MTC machine-type communication
  • a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100.
  • a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
  • the one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1A.
  • a UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1A.
  • a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
  • a UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114.
  • a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link.
  • D2D device-to-device
  • the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink.
  • a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
  • a network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both.
  • a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) .
  • the network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) .
  • the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) .
  • the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) .
  • one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) .
  • An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
  • TRPs transmission-reception points
  • a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) .
  • IAB integrated access backhaul
  • O-RAN open RAN
  • vRAN virtualized RAN
  • C-RAN cloud RAN
  • a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
  • CU central unit
  • DU distributed unit
  • RU radio unit
  • RIC RAN Intelligent Controller
  • RIC e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC)
  • SMO Service Management and Orchestration
  • An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) .
  • One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) .
  • one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
  • VCU virtual CU
  • VDU virtual DU
  • VRU virtual RU
  • Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU.
  • functions e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof
  • a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack.
  • the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) .
  • RRC radio resource control
  • SDAP service data adaption protocol
  • PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
  • the CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, MAC layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
  • L1 e.g., physical (PHY) layer
  • L2 radio link control
  • a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack.
  • the DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) .
  • a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
  • a CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions.
  • a CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u)
  • a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface)
  • FH open fronthaul
  • a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.
  • the core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions.
  • the core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) .
  • EPC evolved packet core
  • 5GC 5G core
  • MME mobility management entity
  • AMF access and mobility management functions
  • S-GW serving gateway
  • PDN gateway Packet Data Network gateway
  • UPF user plane function
  • control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
  • NAS non-access stratum
  • the core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) .
  • the packet data network 108 may include an application server 118.
  • one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118.
  • a UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102.
  • the core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) .
  • the PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) .
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures.
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures.
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure.
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) .
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
  • One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix.
  • a first subcarrier spacing e.g., 15 kHz
  • a normal cyclic prefix e.g. 15 kHz
  • the first numerology associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe.
  • a time interval of a resource may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) .
  • Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration.
  • each frame may include multiple subframes.
  • each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration.
  • each frame may have the same duration.
  • each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
  • a time interval of a resource may be organized according to slots.
  • a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots.
  • the number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100.
  • Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) .
  • the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology.
  • a slot For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols.
  • a slot For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols.
  • an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) .
  • FR1 410 MHz –7.125 GHz
  • FR2 24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz
  • FR3 7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz
  • FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz)
  • FR4a or FR4-1 52.6 GHz –71 GHz
  • FR5 114.25 GHz
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands.
  • FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) .
  • FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
  • FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) .
  • FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) .
  • FIG. 1B illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • an A-IoT device 121 communicates with a BS 122 directly and bi-directionally.
  • the communication between the BS 122 and the A-IoT device 121 includes A-IoT data and/or signalling.
  • This topology includes a possibility of a transmission from the BS 122 to the A-IoT device 121 and a different possibility of a transmission from the A-IoT device 121 to the BS 122.
  • FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • an A-IoT device 131 communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node 132 between the A-IoT device 131 and base station 133.
  • the intermediate node 132 may be a relay node, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc., which is capable of A-IoT.
  • the intermediate node 132 transfers A-IoT data and/or signalling between the BS 133 and the A-IoT device 131.
  • Topology 3 may comprise two topology types, i.e., Topology 3A and Topology 3B.
  • FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 with a topology type of 3B associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • an A-IoT device 141 receives data/signalling from a BS 142 and transmits data/signalling to an assisting node 143.
  • the assisting node 143 may be a relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of A-IoT.
  • the example illustration of FIG. 1D also applies, only with the difference that it has the opposite direction of the A-IoT data/signaling.
  • an A-IoT device 141 transmits data/signalling to a BS 142, and receives data/signalling from an assisting node 143.
  • FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • an A-IoT device 151 communicates bidirectionally with a UE 152.
  • the communication between the UE 152 and the A-IoT device 151 includes A-IoT data and/or signalling.
  • the above communicate devices involved in Topologies 1 to 4 with reference to FIG. 1B to FIG. 1E may be implemented by devices involved in the wireless communications system 100 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1A.
  • the BS 122, the BS 133, or the BS 142 may be implemented by the base station 102 in FIG. 1A.
  • the BS intermediate node 132 (when implemented by a UE) , the assisting node 143 (when implemented by a UE) , or the UE 152 may be implemented by the UE 104 in FIG. 1A.
  • FIG. 1F illustrates another example of a wireless communications system 160 associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the wireless communications system 160 may comprise a first device 161 and a second device 162.
  • the first device 161 and the second device 162 may perform communications.
  • the communication between the first device 161 and the second device 162 may be direct or indirect.
  • the first device 161 and/or the second device 162 may communicate with one or more further devices not shown in FIG. 1F.
  • the first device 161 may comprise the BS 122, and the second device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 121.
  • the first device 161 may comprise the intermediate node 132, and the second device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 131.
  • the first device 161 may comprise the BS 142 or the assisting node 143, and the second device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 141.
  • the first device 161 may comprise the UE 152, and the second device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 151.
  • the communications system 160 may include any suitable number of communication devices and any suitable number of communication links for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • RAN1-led For the Ambient IoT downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) : ⁇ Frame structure, synchronization and timing, random access ⁇ Numerologies, bandwidths, and multiple access ⁇ Waveforms and modulations ⁇ Channel coding ⁇ Downlink channel/signal aspects ⁇ Uplink channel/signal aspects ⁇ Scheduling and timing relationships ⁇ Study necessary characteristics of carrier-wave waveform for a carrier wave provided externally to the Ambient IoT device, including for interference handling at Ambient IoT UL receiver, and at NR basestation. ⁇ For Topology 2, no difference in physical layer design from Topology 1.
  • RAN1 uses the following terminologies: ⁇ Device 1: ⁇ 1 ⁇ W peak power consumption, has energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, neither DL nor UL amplification in the device. The device’s UL transmission is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
  • ⁇ Device 2a ⁇ a few hundred ⁇ W peak power consumption, has energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, both DL and/or UL amplification in the device. The device’s UL transmission is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
  • ⁇ Device 2b ⁇ a few hundred ⁇ W peak power consumption, has energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, both DL and/or UL amplification in the device.
  • SFO initial sampling frequency offset
  • the device ’s UL transmission is generated internally by the device.
  • the UL transmission of device 1 and the UL transmission of device 2a are backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
  • the carrier wave may be provided externally by a carrier wave node.
  • the UL transmission for device 2b may be generated internally by the device 2b.
  • Waveform 1 A single-tone unmodulated sinusoid, also referred to as ‘a single tone’ .
  • ⁇ Waveform 2 Two single tones.
  • waveform 1 there are two types of waveform 1, where one of the two types is waveform 1 without frequency hopping, and the other one of the two types is waveform 1 with frequency hopping (2-hops) .
  • the transmission of the carrier wave e.g., the frequency of the carrier wave
  • device 2b internally generates the carrier wave by itself, and only a single tone carrier wave is allowed/supported by device 2b.
  • frequency division multiple access (FDMA) in the D2R transmission may be achieved by direct modulation of its internally generated carrier wave at the desired frequency.
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • device 1, device 2a, and device 2b may all have the probability to perform a D2R transmission in a random access slot.
  • device 1 and device 2a as the D2R transmission is backscattered based on a carrier wave provided externally and thus the carrier wave is transparent to device 1 and device 2a, device 1 and device 2a may only need to know a set of candidate small frequency shift values (for example, denoted as ⁇ FS 0 , FS 1 , FS 2 , ... ⁇ ) which may be indicated or configured by the reader or even pre-defined. However, for device 2b, only knowing the set of small frequency shifts may not be sufficient.
  • the frequency of the D2R transmission from device 2b may need to be controlled by the reader.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution to resolve the above issue that occurred in the A-IoT communication system.
  • a first device for example, a reader
  • performs a first transmission related to A-IoT communication to a second device for example, an A-IoT device
  • the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave.
  • this solution can enable the second device to determine the second frequency of the second transmission based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave efficiently. In this way, it is possible to improve communication performance in the A-IoT system.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • the processes 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1F. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 2 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. It is to be understood that the process 200 may further include additional blocks not shown and/or omit some shown blocks, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
  • the first device 161 performs (205) a transmission (also referred to as a first transmission) related to A-IoT communication to the second device 162.
  • the first transmission may comprise an R2D transmission triggering a transmission (also referred to as a second transmission, for example, a D2R transmission) from the second device 162 to the first device 161.
  • the first transmission may comprise a transmission different from the R2D transmission triggering the second transmission. More details related to the first transmission will be discussed in detail later.
  • the first transmission may indicate a frequency (also referred to as a first frequency) of an external carrier wave.
  • the external carrier wave may be a carrier wave external to the second device 162, for example, a carrier wave provided by an external carrier wave node for a D2R transmission, for example, for device 1 and device 2a.
  • the second device 162 may determine a frequency (also referred to as a second frequency) for the second transmission based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave. Then, the second device 162 performs (210) the second transmission on the determined second frequency. Accordingly, the first device 161 receives the second transmission from the second device 162 on the second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the second device 162 may comprise device 2b as discussed above.
  • the second device 162 may internally generate a carrier wave by itself for the second transmission.
  • a set of small frequency shift values (for example, denoted as ⁇ FS 0 , FS 1 , FS 2 , ... ⁇ ) may be indicated or configured by the first device 161 or pre-defined.
  • the second device 162 may determine a set of candidate frequencies based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave and the set of small frequency shift values, and then select a frequency from the set of candidate frequencies as the second frequency (i.e., the desired frequency) for its second transmission. For example, this may apply to the inventory use case.
  • the first device 161 may have the knowledge on the first frequency of the external carrier wave transmitted by the external carrier wave node (which may be the first device 161 or another node different from the first device 161) .
  • the first transmission may indicate the first frequency of the external carrier wave in a variety of ways.
  • the first transmission may indicate the first frequency of the external carrier wave explicitly or implicitly, which will be discussed in detail separately.
  • the second device 162 may need to determine the second frequency which is related to both the first frequency of the external carrier wave and the set of small frequency shifts. In this case, the following embodiments may be considered.
  • the first transmission indicates the first frequency of the external carrier wave explicitly.
  • the first transmission may be an R2D transmission triggering the second transmission.
  • the first transmission may comprise an indication indicating the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the second device 162 may determine the second frequency (i.e., the desired frequency) based on the first frequency of the external carrier wave explicitly indicated by the first device 161.
  • the indication may indicate a value of the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • a set of candidate frequencies may be pre-defined or pre-configured or configured by the first device 161, and in this case, the external carrier wave may be from the set of candidate frequencies and the indication may indicate an index of the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the frequency determination approaches may be different.
  • waveform 1 without frequency hopping is used as the external carrier wave
  • the second device 162 to know the second frequency (i.e., the desired frequency) for the second transmission, the following implementations may be considered.
  • the first device 161 may indicate the first frequency of the external carrier wave (for example, denoted as F c ) and a set of small frequency shifts (for example, denoted as ⁇ FS 0 , FS 1 , ... ⁇ ) in the first transmission to the second device 162.
  • the second device 162 may derive a set of candidate frequencies based on the indicated first frequency and the set of small frequency shifts, and then select (for example, randomly select) a frequency from the set of candidate frequencies as the second frequency of the second transmission.
  • the first frequency of the external carrier wave may be fixed or pre-defined.
  • the first frequency of the carrier wave may be fixed/pre-defined as 900MHz.
  • the first device 161 may only need to indicate information related to the set of small frequency shifts to the second device 162.
  • the second device 162 may determine the set of candidate frequencies based on the fixed first frequency of the external carrier wave and the set of small frequency shifts, and then select (for example, randomly select) a frequency from the set of candidate frequencies as the second frequency of the second transmission.
  • waveform 1 with frequency hopping is used as the external carrier wave
  • the desired frequency generated internally by the second device 162 may also be hopped together with the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the following implementations may be considered for the second device 162 to get the second frequency (i.e., the desired frequency) for the second transmission considering different hopping schemes.
  • two R2D transmissions may trigger two D2R transmissions (for example, the second transmission and a fourth transmission each of which corresponds to a hop of the two hops) respectively, where the first transmission triggers the second transmission and the third transmission triggers the fourth transmission.
  • the first transmission may indicate the first frequency of the external carrier wave and the set of small frequency shifts for the second device 162 to determine the second frequency of the second transmission
  • the third transmission may indicate the frequency of the external carrier wave and a set of small frequency shifts for the second device 162 to determine the frequency of the fourth transmission.
  • the data carried in the fourth transmission may be a repetition of the data carried in the second transmission.
  • the fourth transmission may carry data different from the data carried in the second transmission.
  • a third frequency of an external carrier wave before the first transmission may be pre-defined, and the first transmission may indicate a frequency offset of the first frequency of the external carrier wave after the first transmission relative to the third frequency of the external carrier wave before the first transmission.
  • two R2D transmissions may trigger two D2R transmissions (for example, the second transmission and the fourth transmission each of which corresponds to a hop of the two hops) respectively, where the first transmission triggers the second transmission, the third transmission triggers the fourth transmission, and the third transmission and the fourth transmission may occur before the first transmission.
  • the frequency of the external carrier wave of the first hop ie., corresponding to the fourth transmission
  • the frequency of the external carrier wave of the second hop i.e., corresponding to the second transmission
  • the frequency of the external carrier wave of the second hop i.e., corresponding to the second transmission
  • the frequency offset of the frequency of the external carrier wave of the second hop relative to the frequency of the external carrier wave of the first hop may be indicated.
  • the frequency of the external carrier wave of the second hop may be indicated directly.
  • the data carried in the fourth transmission may be a repetition of the data carried in the second transmission.
  • the fourth transmission may carry data different from the data carried in the second transmission.
  • the first transmission may indicate a plurality of frequencies of a plurality of external carrier waves to determine a plurality of frequencies of the plurality of transmissions.
  • the first device 161 may indicate the whole frequency hopping pattern of the external carrier waves associated with the two hops in this R2D transmission, and the frequency hopping may include the frequencies of the external carrier waves associated with the two hops.
  • the first device 161 may indicate two separated frequency values of the external carrier waves associated with the two hops in the first transmission.
  • the plurality of transmissions triggered by the R2D transmission i.e., the first transmission
  • the first transmission comprises at least the second transmission (for example, corresponding to the first hop) and a third transmission (for example, corresponding to the second hop)
  • the first transmission may indicate a frequency offset of a frequency of an external carrier wave associated with a frequency of the third transmission relative to the first frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the second frequency of the second transmission.
  • the first device 161 may indicate the frequency offset of the frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the second hop relative to the frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the first hop in the first transmission.
  • the time durations of the first hop and the second hop may also be indicated by the first device 161 to the second device 162.
  • the external carrier wave may contain two single tones, and in this case, the following implementations may be considered.
  • the first transmission may indicate a plurality of available frequencies of the external carrier wave (i.e., two frequencies of the two single tones) , and in this case, the second frequency of the second transmission may be (that is, be determined) based on one frequency from the plurality of available frequencies of the external carrier wave.
  • the first device 161 may indicate the two frequencies of the two single tones in the first transmission, and the second device 162 may select (for example, randomly select) one of the two frequencies to derive the second frequency of the second transmission.
  • the implementations related to the explicit indication of the first frequency of the external carrier wave and the second frequency determination as discussed above for the case where waveform 1 without frequency hopping is used as the external carrier wave may also apply similarly.
  • the first device 161 may indicate each of the plurality of available frequencies of the external carrier wave in a similar way and the second device 162 may then determine the second frequency based on the selected frequency from the two frequencies of the two single tones.
  • the first transmission may indicate one frequency of the external carrier wave (i.e., one frequency of the two single tones) .
  • the implementations related to the explicit indication of the first frequency of the external carrier wave and the second frequency determination as discussed above for the case where waveform 1 without frequency hopping is used as the external carrier wave may also apply similarly. For the purpose of simplification, the details will be omitted.
  • one frequency of the two single tones may be fixed/pre-defined for the external carrier wave.
  • the second device 162 may derive the second frequency (i.e., the desired frequency) based on this fixed/pre-defined frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the implementations as discussed above for the case where the first frequency of the external carrier wave is fixed or pre-defined may apply. For the purpose of simplification, the details will be omitted.
  • the first transmission indicates the first frequency of the external carrier wave implicitly.
  • a frequency of the first transmission may be used to indicate the first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the second device 162 may derive the second frequency (i.e., the desired frequency) at least based on the frequency of its own oscillator which is controlled by the signal (also referred to as the calibration signal) transmitted by the first device 161 in the first transmission.
  • the calibration signal may be comprised in the R2D transmission triggering the second transmission, and in this case, the first transmission may be the R2D transmission triggering the second transmission.
  • the calibration signal may be comprised in a separate transmission different from the R2D transmission triggering the second transmission, and in this case, the first transmission may be the separate transmission.
  • injection locking may be used to calibrate or control the carrier wave frequency generated by the second device 162.
  • the injection locking may refer to a technique where an external signal is injected into an oscillator of the second device 162 to control its frequency.
  • the first device 161 may transmit a calibration signal to calibrate the carrier frequency of the second device 162.
  • the second device 162 may have an oscillator with a natural frequency, e.g., 900MHz, and the inject locking may lock the frequency of the oscillator with a range.
  • FIG. 3A illustrates an example frequency locking range of the oscillator. As shown in FIG.
  • F oscillator represents the natural frequency of the oscillator of the second device 162, and [- ⁇ f, + ⁇ f] represents the locking range relative to F oscillator .
  • the calibration signal transmitted by the first device 161 may lock the frequency of the oscillator of the second device 162 within [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] .
  • the second frequency (i.e., the desired frequency) for the second transmission may be derived by the second device 162 based on the frequency of its oscillator controlled by the calibration signal transmitted by the first device 161 and a set of small frequency shifts.
  • a restriction on the determination of the first frequency of the external carrier wave may need to be considered.
  • the first frequency of the external carrier wave may be determined based on the frequency of the first transmission and a frequency gap.
  • the first transmission may be on the DL (i.e., frequency division duplex FDD-DL) spectrum or the UL spectrum (i.e., FDD-UL) and the second transmission may be on the UL spectrum.
  • the first transmission may be on the DL spectrum, and CW transmission and the second transmission may be on the UL spectrum.
  • the first frequency of the external carrier wave may be limited to be within [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] as shown in FIG. 3C or F Gap + [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] (if F Gap as shown in FIG. 3B needs to be considered) .
  • the first device 161 may transmit the first transmission carrying the signal for carrier frequency calibration and the frequency of the oscillator of the second device 162 may then be locked at the first frequency (i.e., F c ) of the external carrier wave based on the first transmission.
  • the second device 162 may determine a set of candidate frequencies based on the frequency (i.e., F c ) of its oscillator and a set of small frequency shifts, and select (for example, randomly select) a frequency from the set of candidate frequencies as the second frequency of its second transmission.
  • the frequency of the external carrier wave associated with each hop may be limited within [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] as shown in FIG. 3C or F Gap + [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] (if F Gap as shown in FIG. 3B needs to be considered) .
  • the following implementations may be further considered.
  • the signal for CFO calibration within a corresponding R2D transmission may be used to inform the frequency (for example, the first frequency) of the external carrier wave for a corresponding hop.
  • the implementations related to the first frequency determination implicitly indicated by the frequency of the first transmission and the second frequency determination as discussed above for the case where waveform 1 without frequency hopping is used as the external carrier wave may apply similarly. For the purpose of simplification, the details will be omitted.
  • two R2D transmissions may trigger two D2R transmissions (for example, the second transmission and a fourth transmission each of which corresponds to a hop of the two hops) respectively, where the first transmission triggers the second transmission and the third transmission triggers the fourth transmission.
  • the signal for CFO calibration within the first transmission may be used to inform the first frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the second frequency of the second transmission
  • the signal for CFO calibration within the third transmission may be used to inform the frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the frequency of the fourth transmission.
  • a set of small frequency shifts may then need to be considered by the second device 162 to determine the second frequency of the second transmission and the frequency of the fourth transmission.
  • the data carried in the fourth transmission may be a repetition of the data carried in the second transmission.
  • the fourth transmission may carry data different from the data carried in the second transmission.
  • the signal for CFO calibration within the first transmission may be used to inform the first frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the second frequency of the second transmission, and the first transmission may indicate a frequency offset of a frequency of an external carrier wave associated with a frequency of the third transmission relative to the first frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the second frequency of the second transmission.
  • a set of small frequency shifts may then need to be considered by the second device 162 to determine the second frequency of the second transmission and the frequency of the third transmission.
  • the frequency of the external carrier wave for the first hop may be informed based on the signal for CFO calibration within the R2D transmission, and the R2D transmission may indicate the frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the second hop, for example, a frequency offset of the frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the second hop relative to the frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the first hop.
  • the time durations of the first hop and the second hop may also be indicated by the first device 161 to the second device 162.
  • the frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the first hop may be informed based on the signal for CFO calibration within the R2D transmission and a compact/simple R2D transmission transmitted by the first device 161 between two hops may be used to inform the second device 162 of the frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the second hop.
  • the first transmission may comprise this compact/simple R2D transmission transmitted by the first device 161 between two hops, and this compact/simple R2D transmission may only contain the signal for CFO calibration which may also lock the frequency of the oscillator of the second device 162 based on the first frequency of the external carrier wave associated with the next hop (i.e., the second hop) .
  • the external carrier wave may contain two single tones, and in this case, the following implementations may be considered.
  • the frequencies (for example, denoted as F c1 and F c2 ) of two single tones may be limited within [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] as shown in FIG. 3D or F Gap + [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] (if F Gap as shown in FIG. 3B needs to be considered) .
  • the first device 161 may select one frequency from these two frequencies to lock the frequency of the oscillator of the second device 162 at the selected frequency.
  • the implementations related to the first frequency determination implicitly indicated by the frequency of the first transmission and the second frequency determination as discussed above for the case where waveform 1 without frequency hopping is used as the external carrier wave may apply similarly. For the purpose of simplification, the details will be omitted.
  • At least one frequency of two single tones may be limited within [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] as shown in FIG. 3E or F Gap + [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] (if F Gap as shown in FIG. 3B needs to be considered) .
  • the first device 161 may transmit the signal for CFO calibration within the first transmission to lock the frequency of the oscillator of the second device 162 at the frequency of two single tones which is within [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] as shown in FIG. 3E or F Gap + [F oscillator - ⁇ f, F oscillator + ⁇ f] (if F Gap as shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device 400 that supports frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the device 400 may be an example of a first device 161 or a second device 162 as described herein.
  • the device 400 may support wireless communication with one or more other devices in the A-IoT system.
  • the device 400 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 402, a memory 404, a transceiver 406, and, optionally, an I/O controller 408. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
  • the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein.
  • the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
  • the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) .
  • the hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
  • the processor 402 and the memory 404 coupled with the processor 402 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 402, instructions stored in the memory 404) .
  • the processor 402 may support wireless communication at the device 400 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein.
  • the processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for performing a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave; and a means for receiving a second transmission from the second device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • the processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for receiving, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave; and a means for performing a second transmission to the first device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • the processor 402 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) .
  • the processor 402 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller.
  • a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 402.
  • the processor 402 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 404) to cause the device 400 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
  • the memory 404 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) .
  • the memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 402 cause the device 400 to perform various functions described herein.
  • the code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory.
  • the code may not be directly executable by the processor 402 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein.
  • the memory 404 may include, among other things, a basic I/O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
  • BIOS basic I/O system
  • the I/O controller 408 may manage input and output signals for the device 400.
  • the I/O controller 408 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02.
  • the I/O controller 408 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral.
  • the I/O controller 408 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system.
  • the I/O controller 408 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 402.
  • a user may interact with the device 400 via the I/O controller 408 or via hardware components controlled by the I/O controller 408.
  • the device 400 may include a single antenna 410. However, in some other implementations, the device 400 may have more than one antenna 410 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions.
  • the transceiver 406 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 410, wired, or wireless links as described herein.
  • the transceiver 406 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver.
  • the transceiver 406 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 410 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 410.
  • the transceiver 406 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
  • a transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) .
  • the transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium.
  • the at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) .
  • the transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium.
  • the transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 410 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
  • a receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium.
  • the receive chain may include one or more antennas 410 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium.
  • the receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal.
  • the receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal.
  • the receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor 500 that supports frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the processor 500 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the processor 500 may include a controller 502 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the processor 500 may optionally include at least one memory 504, such as L1/L2/L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 500 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 506.
  • ALUs arithmetic-logic units
  • One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
  • the processor 500 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • a protocol stack e.g., a software stack
  • operations e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading
  • the processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
  • RAM random access memory
  • ROM read-only memory
  • DRAM dynamic RAM
  • SDRAM synchronous dynamic RAM
  • SRAM static RAM
  • FeRAM ferroelectric RAM
  • MRAM magnetic RAM
  • RRAM resistive RAM
  • PCM phase change memory
  • the controller 502 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the controller 502 may operate as a control unit of the processor 500, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 500. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 504 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 504.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 500.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 500.
  • ALUs arithmetic logic units
  • the memory 504 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500) .
  • caches e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc.
  • the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500) .
  • the memory 504 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 500, cause the processor 500 to perform various functions described herein.
  • the code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory.
  • the controller 502 and/or the processor 500 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the processor 500 to perform various functions.
  • the processor 500 and/or the controller 502 may be coupled with or to the memory 504, and the processor 500, the controller 502, and the memory 504 may be configured to perform various functions described herein.
  • the processor 500 may include multiple processors and the memory 504 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
  • the one or more ALUs 506 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the one or more ALUs 506 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) .
  • the one or more ALUs 506 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) .
  • One or more ALUs 506 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data.
  • one or more ALUs 506 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed.
  • One or more ALUs 506 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 506 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 506 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
  • logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 506 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
  • the processor 500 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein.
  • the processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for performing a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave; and a means for receiving a second transmission from the second device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • the processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave; and a means for performing a second transmission to the first device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 that supports frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the operations of the method 600 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein.
  • the operations of the method 600 may be performed by a first device 161 as described herein.
  • the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
  • the method may include performing a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • the operations of 610 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 610 may be performed by a first device 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
  • the method may include receiving a second transmission from the second device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the operations of 620 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 620 may be performed by a first device 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method 700 that supports frequency determination for a D2R transmission in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the operations of the method 700 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein.
  • the operations of the method 700 may be performed by a second device 162 as described herein.
  • the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
  • the method may include receiving, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission indicates a first frequency of an external carrier wave.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • the operations of 710 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 710 may be performed by a second device 162 with reference to FIG. 1F.
  • the method may include performing a second transmission to the first device on a second frequency based on the indicated first frequency of the external carrier wave.
  • the operations of 720 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 720 may be performed by a second device 162 with reference to FIG. 1F.
  • a general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.
  • a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
  • the functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
  • Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.
  • a non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
  • non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
  • an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements.
  • the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable.
  • a list of items indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) .
  • the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on.
  • a “set” may include one or more elements.

Landscapes

  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Divers aspects de la présente divulgation concernent la détermination de fréquence pour une transmission D2R (dispositif à lecteur) dans un système de l'Internet des objets ambiant (A-IoT). Selon un aspect, un premier dispositif (par exemple, un lecteur) effectue une première transmission associée à une communication A-IoT vers un second dispositif (par exemple, un dispositif A-IoT). La première transmission indique une première fréquence d'une onde porteuse externe. De plus, le premier dispositif reçoit une seconde transmission en provenance du second dispositif sur une seconde fréquence basée sur la première fréquence indiquée de l'onde porteuse externe. De cette manière, il est possible d'améliorer les performances de communication dans le système A-IoT.
PCT/CN2025/073712 2025-01-21 2025-01-21 Détermination de fréquence pour transmission d2r dans un système iot ambiant Pending WO2025241580A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

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PCT/CN2025/073712 WO2025241580A1 (fr) 2025-01-21 2025-01-21 Détermination de fréquence pour transmission d2r dans un système iot ambiant

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CN2025/073712 WO2025241580A1 (fr) 2025-01-21 2025-01-21 Détermination de fréquence pour transmission d2r dans un système iot ambiant

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