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WO2025161490A1 - Saut de fréquence dans un système iot - Google Patents

Saut de fréquence dans un système iot

Info

Publication number
WO2025161490A1
WO2025161490A1 PCT/CN2024/124467 CN2024124467W WO2025161490A1 WO 2025161490 A1 WO2025161490 A1 WO 2025161490A1 CN 2024124467 W CN2024124467 W CN 2024124467W WO 2025161490 A1 WO2025161490 A1 WO 2025161490A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
transmission
frequency
hopping
frequency hopping
information
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/CN2024/124467
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Xin Guo
Haipeng Lei
Zhennian SUN
Xiaodong Yu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lenovo Beijing Ltd
Original Assignee
Lenovo Beijing Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lenovo Beijing Ltd filed Critical Lenovo Beijing Ltd
Priority to PCT/CN2024/124467 priority Critical patent/WO2025161490A1/fr
Publication of WO2025161490A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025161490A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
    • H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A) or DMT
    • H04L5/0012—Hopping in multicarrier systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/713—Spread spectrum techniques using frequency hopping
    • H04B1/7143—Arrangements for generation of hop patterns

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to frequency hopping in an ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) system.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • a wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology.
  • BSs base stations
  • eNB eNodeB
  • gNB next-generation NodeB
  • Each network communication device such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology.
  • the wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) .
  • time resources e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like
  • frequency resources e.g., subcarriers, carriers
  • the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .
  • 3G third generation
  • 4G fourth generation
  • 5G fifth generation
  • 6G sixth generation
  • a wireless communication system may include an A-IoT device, which has a lower capability in terms of complexity and power consumption.
  • the wireless communication system may also be referred to as an A-IoT system.
  • Multiple topologies for example, Topologies 1 to 4, are supported for the A-IoT device.
  • Topology 1 the A-IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a BS.
  • Topology 2 the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the A-IoT device and a BS.
  • Topology 3 the A-IoT device communicates uidirectionally with a BS and communicates uidirectionally with an assisting node.
  • the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with a UE.
  • some transmission enhancements in the A-IoT system especially, support of frequency hopping in the A-IoT system considering one or more of the above topologies, are still needed.
  • the present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support frequency hopping in an A-IoT system. With the apparatuses and methods, it is possible to improve communication performance in the A-IoT system.
  • a first device comprising at least one memory, and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the first device to: perform a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled, and receive the second transmission from the second device.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • a method performed by the first device comprises: performing a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled, and receiving the second transmission from the second device.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • a processor for wireless communication comprises at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: perform a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled, and receive the second transmission from the second device.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include determining information on the frequency hopping, wherein the information on the frequency hopping comprises at least one of the following: time-domain information for the frequency hopping, or frequency-domain information for the frequency hopping.
  • the time-domain information may comprise one of the following: a portion of the second transmission, the portion starting with a preamble or a midamble, one or more repetitions of the second transmission, a transmission of a plurality of transmissions comprising the second transmission, a transmission on a physical downlink random access channel (PDRCH) , a plurality of transmissions comprising the second transmission, a plurality of chips, or a plurality of micro-seconds.
  • PDRCH physical downlink random access channel
  • the frequency-domain information for the frequency hopping may be determined based on at least one of the following: a chip length, one or more coefficients, one or more frequency indices, a hopping gap, which is represented by a difference between two coefficient indices, or a hopping gap, which is represented by a difference between two frequency indices.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be indicated in the first transmission.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be carried by one of the following: a preamble of the first transmission, a midamble of the first transmission, a postamble of the first transmission, control information of the first transmission, data of the first transmission, a layer 1 (L1) signaling of the first transmission, or a layer 2 (L2) signaling of the first transmission.
  • the frequency-domain information for the frequency hopping may comprise a plurality of frequency-domain hopping patterns for the frequency hopping.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be determined based on an indication of the information on the frequency hopping comprised in the second transmission.
  • the first device may comprise one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS)
  • the second device may comprise an A-IoT device.
  • a second device comprising at least one memory, and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the second device to: receive, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled, and perform the second transmission to the first device.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • a method performed by the second device comprises: receiving, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled, and performing the second transmission to the first device.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • a processor for wireless communication comprises at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: receive, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled, and perform the second transmission to the first device.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include determining information on the frequency hopping, wherein the information on the frequency hopping may comprise at least one of the following: time-domain information for the frequency hopping, or frequency-domain information for the frequency hopping.
  • the time-domain information may comprise one of the following: a portion of the second transmission, the portion starting with a preamble or a midamble, one or more repetitions of the second transmission, a transmission of a plurality of transmissions comprising the second transmission, a transmission on a physical downlink random access channel (PDRCH) , a plurality of transmissions comprising the second transmission, a plurality of chips, or a plurality of micro-seconds.
  • PDRCH physical downlink random access channel
  • the frequency-domain information for the frequency hopping may be determined based on at least one of the following: a chip length, one or more coefficients, one or more frequency indices, a hopping gap, which is represented by a difference between two coefficient indices, or a hopping gap, which is represented by a difference between two frequency indices.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be indicated in the first transmission.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be carried by one of the following: a preamble of the first transmission, a midamble of the first transmission, a postamble of the first transmission, control information of the first transmission, data of the first transmission, a layer 1 (L1) signaling of the first transmission, or a layer 2 (L2) signaling of the first transmission.
  • some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include one of the following: selecting a frequency-domain hopping pattern from the plurality of frequency-domain hopping patterns randomly, or selecting a frequency-domain hopping pattern from the plurality of frequency-domain hopping patterns based on an identifier of the second device.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be predefined, and the second transmission may comprise an indication of the information on the frequency hopping.
  • the first device may comprise one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS)
  • the second device may comprise an A-IoT device.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports frequency hopping in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1B illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1F illustrates another example of a wireless communications system associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 1G illustrates example transmission durations using different frequencies associated with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an example frequency-domain hopping pattern in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device that supports frequency hopping in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor that supports frequency hopping in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure
  • FIGS. 6 through 7 illustrate flowcharts of methods that support frequency hopping in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • references in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
  • first and second or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
  • the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as 5G new radio (NR) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , and so on.
  • NR 5G new radio
  • LTE long term evolution
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • HSPA High-Speed Packet Access
  • NB-IoT Narrow Band Internet of Things
  • the communications between a UE and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the 4G, 4.5G, the 5G communication protocols, and/or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.
  • any suitable generation communication protocols including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the 4G, 4.5G, the 5G communication protocols, and/or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
  • the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a UE can access the communication network and receive services therefrom.
  • the network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, a
  • the network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a service management function (SMF) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) , a policy control function (PCF) , a user plane function (UPF) or devices with the same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
  • NF network function
  • SMF service management function
  • AMF access and mobility management function
  • PCF policy control function
  • UPF user plane function
  • UE user equipment
  • a UE generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications.
  • a UE may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) .
  • SS subscriber station
  • UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
  • MS mobile station
  • AT access terminal
  • the UE may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable UE, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture UE such as a digital camera, a gaming UE, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless UE, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain
  • the term “A-IoT device” refers to a device without batteries or with limited energy storage capabilities.
  • energy is provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source.
  • the A-IoT device can also be called a zero-power terminal, a near-zero power terminal, a passive IoT device, an ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) device, a tag, etc.
  • AmBC ambient backscatter communication
  • A-IoT has lower complexity and lower power consumption, and is suitable for more application scenarios.
  • D2R transmission refers to a transmission initiated by an A-IoT device and transmitted to a reader (such as a BS, an intermediate node, an assisting node, or a UE) .
  • R2D transmission refers to a transmission initiated by a reader and transmitted to an A-IoT device.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as a communication network) 100 that supports frequency hopping in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network.
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20.
  • IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  • Wi-Fi Wi-Fi
  • WiMAX IEEE 802.16
  • IEEE 802.20 The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • the one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100.
  • One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology.
  • a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection.
  • a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
  • a network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112.
  • a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies.
  • a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network.
  • different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102.
  • Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques.
  • data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
  • the one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100.
  • a UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology.
  • the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples.
  • the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.
  • IoT Internet-of-Things
  • IoE Internet-of-Everything
  • MTC machine-type communication
  • a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100.
  • a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
  • the one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1A.
  • a UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1A.
  • a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
  • a UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114.
  • a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link.
  • D2D device-to-device
  • the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink.
  • a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
  • a network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both.
  • a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) .
  • the network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) .
  • the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) .
  • the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) .
  • one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) .
  • An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
  • TRPs transmission-reception points
  • a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) .
  • IAB integrated access backhaul
  • O-RAN open RAN
  • vRAN virtualized RAN
  • C-RAN cloud RAN
  • a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
  • CU central unit
  • DU distributed unit
  • RU radio unit
  • RIC RAN Intelligent Controller
  • RIC e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC)
  • SMO Service Management and Orchestration
  • An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) .
  • One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) .
  • one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
  • VCU virtual CU
  • VDU virtual DU
  • VRU virtual RU
  • Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU.
  • functions e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof
  • a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack.
  • the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) .
  • RRC radio resource control
  • SDAP service data adaption protocol
  • PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
  • the CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, MAC layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
  • L1 e.g., physical (PHY) layer
  • L2 radio link control
  • a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack.
  • the DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) .
  • a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
  • a CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions.
  • a CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u)
  • a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface)
  • FH open fronthaul
  • a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.
  • the core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions.
  • the core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) .
  • EPC evolved packet core
  • 5GC 5G core
  • MME mobility management entity
  • AMF access and mobility management functions
  • S-GW serving gateway
  • PDN gateway Packet Data Network gateway
  • UPF user plane function
  • control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
  • NAS non-access stratum
  • the core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) .
  • the packet data network 108 may include an application server 118.
  • one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118.
  • a UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102.
  • the core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) .
  • the PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) .
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures.
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures.
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure.
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) .
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
  • One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix.
  • a first subcarrier spacing e.g., 15 kHz
  • a normal cyclic prefix e.g. 15 kHz
  • the first numerology associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe.
  • a time interval of a resource may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) .
  • Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration.
  • each frame may include multiple subframes.
  • each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration.
  • each frame may have the same duration.
  • each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
  • a time interval of a resource may be organized according to slots.
  • a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots.
  • the number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100.
  • Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) .
  • the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology.
  • a slot For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols.
  • a slot For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols.
  • an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc.
  • the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) .
  • FR1 410 MHz –7.125 GHz
  • FR2 24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz
  • FR3 7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz
  • FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz)
  • FR4a or FR4-1 52.6 GHz –71 GHz
  • FR5 114.25 GHz
  • the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands.
  • FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) .
  • FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
  • FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) .
  • FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) .
  • FIG. 1B illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • an A-IoT device 121 communicates with a BS 122 directly and bi-directionally.
  • the communication between the BS 122 and the A-IoT device 121 includes A-IoT data and/or signalling.
  • This topology includes a possibility of a transmission from the BS 122 to the A-IoT device 121 and a different possibility of a transmission from the A-IoT device 121 to the BS 122.
  • FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • an A-IoT device 131 communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node 132 between the A-IoT device 131 and base station 133.
  • the intermediate node 132 may be a relay node, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc., which is capable of A-IoT.
  • the intermediate node 132 transfers A-IoT data and/or signalling between the BS 133 and the A-IoT device 131.
  • Topology 3 may comprise two topology types, i.e., Topology 3A and Topology 3B.
  • FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 with a topology type of 3B associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • an A-IoT device 141 receives data/signalling from a BS 142 and transmits data/signalling to an assisting node 143.
  • the assisting node 143 may be a relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of A-IoT.
  • the example illustration of FIG. 1D also applies, only with the difference that it has the opposite direction of the A-IoT data/signaling.
  • an A-IoT device 141 transmits data/signalling to a BS 142, and receives data/signalling from an assisting node 143.
  • FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • an A-IoT device 151 communicates bidirectionally with a UE 152.
  • the communication between the UE 152 and the A-IoT device 151 includes A-IoT data and/or signalling.
  • the above communicate devices involved in Topologies 1 to 4 with reference to FIG. 1B to FIG. 1E may be implemented by devices involved in the wireless communications system 100 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1A.
  • the BS 122, the BS 133, or the BS 142 may be implemented by the base station 102 in FIG. 1A.
  • the BS intermediate node 132 (when implemented by a UE) , the assisting node 143 (when implemented by a UE) , or the UE 152 may be implemented by the UE 104 in FIG. 1A.
  • FIG. 1F illustrates another example of a wireless communications system 160 associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the wireless communications system 160 may comprise a first device 161 and a second device 162.
  • the first device 161 may perform communications with the second device 162.
  • the communication between the first device 161 and the second device 162 may be direct or indirect.
  • the first device 161 and/or the second device 162 may communicate with one or more further devices not shown in FIG. 1F.
  • the communications system 160 may include any suitable number of communication devices and any suitable number of communication links for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • frequency hopping is applied in a synchronized system where a fixed time unit and a frequency offset may be used to indicate a hopping pattern for the frequency hopping.
  • Frequency hopping can achieve many benefits. For example, considering a resource allocation where a frequency location does not change throughout a transmission, data for a user may be corrupted completely if some impairment happens at the specific frequency region where the data is carried. To solve this issue, frequency hopping is introduced starting from LTE. For example, a split resource allocation is introduced to each resource-block pair such that the two resource blocks of the resource-block pair are transmitted with a certain frequency gap in between, which is called slot-based frequency. The motivation behind frequency hopping is to achieve frequency diversity.
  • the frequency hopping for the D2R transmission may be understood as a split resource allocation for the transmission from an A-IoT device to a reader such that two adjacent transmissions are transmitted with a frequency domain gap in between.
  • the following new features of the D2R transmission require a different frequency hopping mechanism for the D2R transmission compared to the LTE/NR system.
  • the transmission durations using different frequencies may be different.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution to resolve the above issue that occurred in the A-IoT communication system.
  • a first device for example, a reader
  • performs a first transmission related to A-IoT communication to a second device for example, an A-IoT device
  • the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled.
  • this solution can support the frequency hopping for the second transmission efficiently. In this way, it is possible to improve communication performance in the A-IoT system with frequency diversity.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • the processes 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1F. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 2 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. It is to be understood that the process 200 may further include additional blocks not shown and/or omit some shown blocks, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
  • information on the frequency hopping may need to be determined.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may comprise at least one of time-domain information for the frequency hopping, or frequency-domain information for the frequency hopping.
  • the time-domain information for the frequency hopping may comprise time-domain granularity of the frequency hopping.
  • the time-domain granularity may comprise a portion of the second transmission, such as a portion starting with a preamble or a midamble, where the preamble or the midamble may help to perform timing/frequency synchronization.
  • the time-domain granularity may comprise one or more repetitions of the second transmission.
  • the time-domain granularity may comprise a transmission of a plurality of transmissions (i.e., a plurality of D2R transmissions) comprising the second transmission.
  • the time-domain granularity may be one D2R transmission which may or may not support repetition.
  • the time-domain granularity may comprise a transmission on a physical downlink random access channel (PDRCH) .
  • PDRCH physical downlink random access channel
  • the time-domain granularity may comprise a plurality of transmissions (i.e., multiple different D2R transmissions, for example, to the first device 161 or to different readers) comprising the second transmission.
  • the time-domain granularity may comprise a plurality of chips.
  • the time-domain granularity may comprise a plurality of micro-seconds. It is to be understood that the time-domain information for the frequency hopping may comprise any other kinds of information to facilitate the frequency hopping, and the scope of the present disclosure will not be limited in this regard.
  • the frequency-domain information for the frequency hopping may comprise a hopping pattern of the frequency hopping, also referred to as a frequency-domain hopping pattern.
  • the frequency-domain information for the frequency hopping may comprise any other kinds of information to facilitate the frequency hopping, and the scope of the present disclosure will not be limited in this regard.
  • the frequency-domain information for the frequency hopping may be determined based on at least one of the following: the chip length, one or more coefficients, one or more frequency indices, a hopping gap which is represented by a difference between two coefficient indices, or a hopping gap which is represented by a difference between two frequency indices.
  • Some example embodiments may be given as follows to discuss the determination of the frequency-domain hopping pattern in detail, considering one or more of the above parameters.
  • the frequency domain hopping pattern may be determined according to how the frequency for the second transmission is determined or calculated.
  • line coding for example Manchester encoding, FM0 encoding, Miller encoding, and so on
  • the frequency for the second transmission may be determined based on a chip length (also referred to as chip duration) .
  • the duration of each chip may be indicated in the first transmission by the first device 161 and may be obtained by the second device 162 through a measurement.
  • the chip length may be carried in a preamble of the first transmission.
  • the frequency-domain hopping pattern may be determined based on the chip length and one or more coefficients corresponding to one or more available frequencies for the second transmission.
  • the frequency-domain hopping pattern may be determined based on at least one of the following: a chip length (also referred to as baseline chip length) for determining a baseline frequency for the frequency-domain hopping pattern (where the baseline frequency may be used to calculate a frequency within a hopping range) , a coefficient for determining a starting frequency of the frequency-domain hopping pattern, a plurality of coefficients for determining the hopping range (also referred to as a hopping pattern range) of the frequency-domain hopping pattern (i.e., for determining a set of candidate frequencies for the frequency hopping) , or a hopping gap of the frequency-domain hopping pattern (i.
  • the hopping gap may be represented by a difference (i.e., a location gap within the hopping range, or a number gap within the hopping range) between two coefficient indices, and in this case, the hopping gap determination approach may be referred to as a coefficient-based hopping gap determination approach.
  • the frequency hopping may be performed within the hopping range in a wrap-around way.
  • the coefficient may be Ki, i ⁇ [0.. 3] .
  • the starting frequency may be calculated by: Ki*BLF, and thus a sequence of coefficients ⁇ K0, K1, K2, K3 ⁇ may define the hopping range with a sequence of frequencies ⁇ K0*BLF, K1*BLF, K2*BLF, K3*BLF ⁇ .
  • the starting frequency is K0*BLF (for example, indicated by K0) and the gap is 2, and thus the frequency hopping may be performed in a sequence of ⁇ K0*BLF, K2*BLF*BLF, K0*BLF, K2*BLF, ... ⁇ .
  • the starting frequency is K1*BLF (for example, indicated by K1) and the gap is 3
  • the frequency hopping may be performed in a sequence of ⁇ K1*BLF, K0*BLF, K3*BLF, K2*BLF, K1*BLF, K0*BLF, ... ⁇ .
  • the time-domain granularity for the hopping pattern as illustrated in FIG. 3 may be based on the repetition of the second transmission.
  • the second transmission may comprise at least 4 repetition transmissions, i.e., a first repetition transmission (denoted as Tx1) on frequency K0*BLF, a second repetition transmission (denoted as Tx2) on frequency K2*BLF, a third repetition transmission (denoted as Tx3) on frequency K0*BLF, and a fourth repetition transmission (denoted as Tx4) on frequency K2*BLF.
  • the payload size for each repetition transmission may be the same and thus the time durations of different repetition transmissions may be different according to the different frequencies used.
  • the duration for Tx2 on frequency K2*BLF may be shorter than the duration for Tx1 on frequency K0*BLF.
  • a time gap may be introduced between the two adjacent repetition transmissions. For example, if the min/max time gap between two adjacent repetition transmissions is determined according to a frequency, the min/max time gap between two adjacent repetition transmissions may be determined according to the frequency used for the latter one of these two adjacent repetition transmissions. The min/max time gap between two adjacent transmissions when other time-domain granularity described above may be determined likewise, and for the purpose of simplification, the details will be omitted.
  • the frequency-domain hopping pattern may be determined based on one or more frequency indices (also referred to as frequency identifiers) corresponding to one or more available frequencies for the second transmission.
  • a frequency index may be used to identify a frequency for the second transmission, and may be represented in binary.
  • an example expression of the frequency index may be digital BLF (DBLF) , where BLF is the frequency for the second transmission.
  • DBLF digital BLF
  • the DBLF with a value of “101 2 ” may correspond to “427 ⁇ BLF ⁇ 640” .
  • the DBLF with a value of “100 2 ” may correspond to “107 ⁇ BLF ⁇ 160” .
  • the frequency-domain hopping pattern may be determined based on at least one of the following: a frequency index of a starting frequency of the frequency-domain hopping pattern, a plurality of frequency indexes for a hopping range of the frequency-domain hopping pattern (where the plurality of frequency indexes for the hopping range may be used to indicate a sequence of frequencies within which the frequency hopping is performed) , or a hopping gap of the frequency-domain hopping pattern.
  • the frequency index based starting frequency may be used to indicate the starting frequency within the hopping pattern.
  • the frequency index of the starting frequency may be “001 2 ” , “101 2 ” , or “100 2 ” .
  • an example expression of the bandwidth may be a sequence of DBLFs.
  • the hopping may be performed within the hopping range in a wrap-around way.
  • a sequence of DBLF ⁇ 001 2 , 101 2 , 110 2 ⁇ may correspond to a frequency-domain hopping range of BLFs ⁇ 640kHz, 427 ⁇ BLF ⁇ 640, 107 ⁇ BLF ⁇ 160 ⁇ .
  • the frequency index based hopping gap may be used to indicate the hopping gap between two adjacent transmissions.
  • the hopping gap may be represented by a difference (i.e., a location gap within the hopping range, or a hopping number gap within the hopping range) between two frequency indices.
  • the starting frequency may be indicated by 001 2 and the gap may be 2, and in this case, the frequency hopping may be performed in a sequence of ⁇ 001 2 , 110 2 , 101 2 , 001 2 , ... ⁇ .
  • the frequency-domain hopping pattern may be determined based on a frequency index and one or more coefficients corresponding to one or more available frequencies for the second transmission.
  • the frequency-domain hopping pattern may be determined based on at least one of the following: a frequency index for determining a baseline frequency for the frequency-domain hopping pattern, a coefficient for determining a starting frequency of the frequency-domain hopping pattern, a plurality of coefficients for determining a hopping range of the frequency-domain hopping pattern, or a hopping gap of the frequency-domain hopping pattern (i.e, a hopping gap between two adjacent transmissions) .
  • the frequency index may be a DBLF
  • the corresponding baseline frequency may be defined by F (DBLF)
  • F () denotes that the baseline frequency may be a function of DBLF.
  • the coefficient may be Ki, i ⁇ [0.. 3] .
  • the starting frequency may be calculated by: Ki*F (DBLF) , and thus a sequence of coefficients ⁇ K0, K1, K2, K3 ⁇ may define a hopping range with a sequence of frequencies ⁇ K0*F (DBLF) , K1*F (DBLF) , K2*F (DBLF) , K3*F (DBLF) ⁇ .
  • the hopping may be performed within the hopping range in a wrap-around way.
  • the hopping gap may be represented by a difference (i.e., a location gap within the hopping range, or a hopping number gap within the hopping range) between two coefficient indices.
  • the frequency hopping may be performed in a sequence of ⁇ K1*F (DBLF) , K0*F (DBLF) , K3*F (DBLF) , K2*F (DBLF) , K1*F (DBLF) , K0*F (DBLF) , ... ⁇ .
  • the information on the frequency hopping may need to be aligned between the second device 162 and the first device 161, to facilitate the transmitting and receiving of the second transmission.
  • the first device 161 and the second device 162 may determine the information on the frequency hopping for the second transmission in the manner described above.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be indicated based on an explicit hopping indication, for example, considering the scenarios where resource allocation for the second transmission (for example, resource allocation for a message 3 (Msg3) transmission in random access, or resource allocation for a D2R data transmission) is fully controlled by the first device 161.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be indicated in the first transmission by the first device 161.
  • the first transmission may comprise the full information on the frequency hopping. In this case, all information related to the frequency hopping (such as a time-domain granularity or a frequency-domain hopping pattern) for the second transmission may be indicated in the first transmission.
  • the first transmission may indicate an information index of the information on the frequency hopping.
  • all information related to the frequency hopping (such as a time-domain granularity or a frequency-domain hopping pattern) for the second transmission may be pre-defined, such that the information index based indication approach may decrease signaling overhead.
  • the information index may comprise a time-domain granularity identifier (ID) and/or a frequency-domain hopping pattern ID, or a combined ID to indicate both time-domain granularity and a frequency-domain hopping pattern together.
  • the indication of the information on the frequency hopping may be transmitted in a variety of ways.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be carried by at least one of a preamble of the first transmission, a midamble of the first transmission, a postamble of the first transmission, control information of the first transmission, or data of the first transmission.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be carried by at least one of an L1 signaling of the first transmission, or an L2 signaling of the first transmission.
  • the first device 161 may indicate a plurality of frequency-domain hopping patterns in the first transmission, for example, each of which may be indicated with a hopping pattern ID.
  • the second device 162 may determine which frequency-domain hopping pattern to use in multiple ways. For example, the second device 162 may select a frequency-domain hopping pattern from the plurality of frequency-domain hopping patterns randomly. As another example, the second device 162 may select a frequency-domain hopping pattern from the plurality of frequency-domain hopping patterns based on an identifier of the second device 162.
  • the information on the frequency hopping may be predefined, for example, considering the scenarios where a resource for the second transmission (for example, a resource for a message 1 (Msg1) transmission in random access) is selected by the second device 162.
  • the second device 162 may determine the information on the frequency hopping (for example, time-domain granularity and/or a frequency-domain hopping pattern) based on the specification.
  • the second device 162 may select a frequency-domain hopping pattern from the plurality of frequency-domain hopping patterns, for example, randomly or based on an identifier of the second device 162, and then perform the second transmission based on the determined frequency-domain hopping pattern.
  • the second device 120 may indicate the information on the frequency hopping (for example, the determined time-domain granularity and/or the determined frequency-domain hopping pattern ID) in the second transmission, to facilitate the receiving of the second transmission for the first device 161.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device 400 that supports frequency hopping in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the device 400 may be an example of a first device 161 or a second device 162 as described herein.
  • the device 400 may support wireless communication with one or more other devices in the A-IoT system.
  • the device 400 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 402, a memory 404, a transceiver 406, and, optionally, an I/O controller 408. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
  • the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein.
  • the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
  • the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) .
  • the hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
  • the processor 402 and the memory 404 coupled with the processor 402 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 402, instructions stored in the memory 404) .
  • the processor 402 may support wireless communication at the device 400 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein.
  • the processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for performing a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled; and a means for receiving the second transmission from the second device.
  • the processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for receiving, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled; and a means for performing the second transmission to the first device
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • the processor 402 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) .
  • the processor 402 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller.
  • a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 402.
  • the processor 402 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 404) to cause the device 400 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
  • the memory 404 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) .
  • the memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 402 cause the device 400 to perform various functions described herein.
  • the code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory.
  • the code may not be directly executable by the processor 402 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein.
  • the memory 404 may include, among other things, a basic I/O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
  • BIOS basic I/O system
  • the I/O controller 408 may manage input and output signals for the device 400.
  • the I/O controller 408 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02.
  • the I/O controller 408 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral.
  • the I/O controller 408 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system.
  • the I/O controller 408 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 402.
  • a user may interact with the device 400 via the I/O controller 408 or via hardware components controlled by the I/O controller 408.
  • the device 400 may include a single antenna 410. However, in some other implementations, the device 400 may have more than one antenna 410 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions.
  • the transceiver 406 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 410, wired, or wireless links as described herein.
  • the transceiver 406 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver.
  • the transceiver 406 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 410 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 410.
  • the transceiver 406 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
  • a transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) .
  • the transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium.
  • the at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) .
  • the transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium.
  • the transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 410 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
  • a receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium.
  • the receive chain may include one or more antennas 410 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium.
  • the receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal.
  • the receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal.
  • the receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor 500 that supports frequency hopping in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the processor 500 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the processor 500 may include a controller 502 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the processor 500 may optionally include at least one memory 504, such as L1/L2/L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 500 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 506.
  • ALUs arithmetic-logic units
  • One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
  • the processor 500 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • a protocol stack e.g., a software stack
  • operations e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading
  • the processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
  • RAM random access memory
  • ROM read-only memory
  • DRAM dynamic RAM
  • SDRAM synchronous dynamic RAM
  • SRAM static RAM
  • FeRAM ferroelectric RAM
  • MRAM magnetic RAM
  • RRAM resistive RAM
  • PCM phase change memory
  • the controller 502 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the controller 502 may operate as a control unit of the processor 500, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 500. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 504 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 504.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 500.
  • the controller 502 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 500.
  • ALUs arithmetic logic units
  • the memory 504 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500) .
  • caches e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc.
  • the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500) .
  • the memory 504 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 500, cause the processor 500 to perform various functions described herein.
  • the code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory.
  • the controller 502 and/or the processor 500 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the processor 500 to perform various functions.
  • the processor 500 and/or the controller 502 may be coupled with or to the memory 504, and the processor 500, the controller 502, and the memory 504 may be configured to perform various functions described herein.
  • the processor 500 may include multiple processors and the memory 504 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
  • the one or more ALUs 506 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein.
  • the one or more ALUs 506 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) .
  • the one or more ALUs 506 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) .
  • One or more ALUs 506 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data.
  • one or more ALUs 506 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed.
  • One or more ALUs 506 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 506 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 506 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
  • logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 506 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
  • the processor 500 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein.
  • the processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for performing a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled; and a means for receiving the second transmission from the second device.
  • the processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled; and a means for performing the second transmission to the first device.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 that supports frequency hopping in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the operations of the method 600 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein.
  • the operations of the method 600 may be performed by a first device 161 as described herein.
  • the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
  • the method may include performing a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication to a second device, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • the operations of 610 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 610 may be performed by a first device 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
  • the method may include receiving the second transmission from the second device.
  • the operations of 620 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 620 may be performed by a first device 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method 700 that supports frequency hopping in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
  • the operations of the method 700 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein.
  • the operations of the method 700 may be performed by a second device 162 as described herein.
  • the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
  • the method may include receiving, from a first device, a first transmission related to ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) communication, wherein the first transmission comprises an indication indicating that frequency hopping for a second transmission is enabled.
  • A-IoT ambient Internet of things
  • the operations of 710 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 710 may be performed by a second device 162 with reference to FIG. 1F.
  • the method may include performing the second transmission to the first device.
  • the operations of 720 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 720 may be performed by a second device 162 with reference to FIG. 1F.
  • a general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.
  • a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
  • the functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
  • Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.
  • a non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
  • non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
  • an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements.
  • the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable.
  • a list of items indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) .
  • the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
  • a “set” may include one or more elements.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Divers aspects de la présente divulgation concernent la technique du saut de fréquence dans un système de l'Internet des objets ambiant (A-IoT). Selon un aspect, un premier dispositif (par exemple, un lecteur) effectue une première transmission associée à une communication A-IoT vers un second dispositif (par exemple, un dispositif A-IoT). La première transmission comprend une indication indiquant que le saut de fréquence est activé pour une seconde transmission. De plus, le premier dispositif reçoit la seconde transmission depuis le second dispositif. De cette manière, il est possible d'améliorer les performances de communication dans le système A-IoT.
PCT/CN2024/124467 2024-10-12 2024-10-12 Saut de fréquence dans un système iot Pending WO2025161490A1 (fr)

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