WO2025019317A1 - Dynamic determination of beam reporting parameters based on implicit or explicit determination - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods and devices are disclosed for dynamic mode switching between beam indication and beam pair indication and UL TCI activation based on explicit indication from a gNB (e.g., scheduling DCI). A WTRU receives DCI indicating a beam indication mode, a DL Tx TCI state, a DL Rx TCI state and a scheduled PDSCH. If the beam indication mode indicates a DL Tx beam pair mode, the WTRU receives the scheduled PDSCH by only using the DL Rx TCI state and activates a first set of UL TCI states associated with the indicated DL Rx TCI state. The WTRU receives a PDCCH scheduling a PUSCH and an UL TCI state. If the activated beam indication mode is the DL Tx beam pair indication mode, the UL TCI state is indicated for the activated first set of UL TCI states. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Description

DYNAMIC DETERMINATION OF BEAM REPORTING PARAMETERS BASED ON IMPLICIT OR EXPLICIT DETERMINATION

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/526,825, filed July 14, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] New Radio (NR) introduced radio access technology (RAT) in frequency range 2 (FR2), where FR2 denotes the frequency range of 24.25 - 52.6 GHz One of key challenge of FR2 is higher propagation loss. Since propagation loss increases as carrier frequency increases, FR2 experiences the higher propagation loss. In order to overcome the higher propagation loss, efficient usage of highly directional beamformed transmissions and receptions is desirable.

[0003] Beamforming gain can be achieved by adding or subtracting one signal from another signal. Since more beamforming gain can be achieve as more signals are added or subtracted, utilization of large number of antenna elements are helpful for the highly directional beamformed transmission. Controlling signal addition or signal subtraction can be done by controlling phases of respective antenna elements.

[0004] Traditionally, a mobile device such as user equipment (UE), alternatively referred to a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), decides its own reception beam based on transmission control indicator (TCI) states provided by gNB indication. However, for artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) based beam prediction, a concept of beam pair prediction and indication has been proposed. The beam pair prediction estimates not only qualities of gNB Tx beams but also qualities of a pair of a gNB Tx beam and a WTRU Rx beam. As the beam pair prediction considers both Tx beams and Rx beams, performance of the beam pair prediction is expected to be higher than the beam prediction for DL Tx beams alone. However, beam pair prediction may be less reliable in some cases such as WTRU rotation and maximum permissible exposure (MPE). Methods and systems are needed for determining how to decide a beam management mode in a WTRU, i.e., between a Tx beam mode and a beam pair mode for beam indication, beam failure recovery and/or beam reporting.

SUMMARY

[0005] Aspects of the disclosed embodiments may use dynamic determination of beam reporting parameters based on one or more implicit or explicit determinations In one example of implicit determination, the WTRU receives a configuration of CSI reporting including one or more RS resources and corresponding thresholds for one or more of PE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement. The WTRU measures the one or more RS resources and indicates to the gNB, the value of one or more of measured MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement (e.g., as a part of CSI reporting). Alternatively, the WTRU determines a CSI reporting mode based on the measurement and indicates a determined mode to a gNB.

[0006] Next, the WTRU receives a signal for the confirmation of WTRU reporting and/or indicates CSI reporting parameters, e.g , if one or more of the indicated MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement is larger than the corresponding thresholds. If one or more of the indicated MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement is smaller than the corresponding thresholds, the WTRU activates CSI reporting mode for Tx beam pair indication mode after a CSI reporting mode application time from the WTRU indication or following the gNB confirmation. The CSI reporting mode for Tx beam pair indication includes best Tx beam IDs, best Rx beam IDs (or beam pair IDs) and corresponding L1-RSRPs. The CSI reporting mode for Tx beam indication includes best Tx beam IDs and corresponding L1-RSRPs. The WTRU reports CSI based on the determined CSI mode. [0007] In an example of explicit determination, the WTRU receives a configuration of CSI reporting including one or more RS resources, corresponding thresholds for one or more of PE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement and a set of CSI parameters for indicating beam reporting parameters. The WTRU measures the one or more RS resources and reports CSI If one or more of the measured MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement is smaller than the corresponding thresholds, the WTRU indicates a CSI reporting mode for Tx beam pair indication mode. If one or more of the measured MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement is larger than the corresponding thresholds, the WTRU indicates a CSI reporting mode for Tx beam indication mode. In certain examples, two part CSI reporting may be utilized where a first part indicates the CSI reporting mode (or Tx beam indication mode) and one or more best Tx beams and corresponding L1-RSRP values. If the CSI reporting mode is for Tx beam pair indication mode, the WTRU transmits a second part where the WTRU indicates one or more best Rx beams for each best Tx beam. If the CSI reporting mode is for Tx beam indication mode, the WTRU may not transmit the second part. Additional aspects features and/or advantages may become apparent from the detailed description of embodiments which follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals in the figures indicate like elements, and wherein:

[0009] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

[0010] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[0011] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment; [0012] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[0013] FIG. 2 is a block diagram representing an example of Hybrid beamforming;

[0014] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing impact of beams for WTRU measurement/positioning and rotation of a WTRU;

[0015] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of dynamic determination of beam reporting parameters based on an implicit determination according to an embodiment; and

[0016] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of dynamic determination of beam reporting parameters based on an explicit determination according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), singlecarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word discrete Fourier transform Spread OFDM (ZT-UW-DFT-S- OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0018] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104, a core network (CN) 106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though itwill be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a station (STA), may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE. [0019] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a NodeB, an eNode B (eNB), a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a next generation NodeB, such as a gNode B (gNB), a new radio (NR) NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

[0020] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, and the like. The base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0021] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0022] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink (UL) Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0023] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro). [0024] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 116 using NR.

[0025] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g , an eNB and a gNB).

[0026] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e , Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like. [0027] The base station 114b in FIG 1A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106.

[0028] The RAN 104 may be in communication with the CN 106, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 and/or the CN 106 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology. [0029] The CN 106 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT.

[0030] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1 A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellularbased radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0031] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0032] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1 B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0033] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals. [0034] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116. [0035] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11 , for example.

[0036] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0037] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li- ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0038] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment

[0039] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors. The sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, a humidity sensor and the like.

[0040] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and DL (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e g., for transmission) or the DL (e g., for reception)).

[0041] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the ON 106.

[0042] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0043] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0044] The ON 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the ON 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0045] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA

[0046] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0047] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0048] The ON 106 may facilitate communications with other networks For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. [0049] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0050] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0051] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to- peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad-hoc” mode of communication.

[0052] When using the 802.11 ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in 802.11 systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0053] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0054] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two noncontiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0055] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n, and 802.11ac. 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine- Type Communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g , only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0056] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802 11 n, 802.11ac, 802.11 af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11 ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, all available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the available frequency bands remains idle.

[0057] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0058] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0059] The RAN 104 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).

[0060] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing a varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time). [0061] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non- standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0062] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, DC, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0063] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0064] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 104 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of non-access stratum (NAS) signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and the like The AMF 182a, 182b may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi. [0065] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 106 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 106 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing DL data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0066] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 104 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering DL packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0067] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local DN 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0068] In view of FIGs. 1A-1 D, and the corresponding description of FIGs. 1A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.

[0069] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications. [0070] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.

[0071] In Rel-15, New Radio (NR) has introduced radio access technology (RAT) in frequency range 2 (FR2), where FR2 denotes the frequency range of 24.25 - 52.6 GHz One of key challenge of FR2 is higher propagation loss. Since propagation loss increases as carrier frequency increases, FR2 experiences the higher propagation loss. In order to overcome the higher propagation loss, efficient usage of highly directional beamformed transmission and reception is desirable.

[0072] Beamforming gain can be achieved by adding or subtracting one signal from another signal. Since more beamforming gain can be achieve as more signals are added or subtracted, utilization of large number of antenna elements are essential for the highly directional beamformed transmission. Controlling signal addition or signal subtraction can be done by controlling phases of antenna elements.

[0073] Beamforming methods can be categorized into three types (i.e., analog beamforming, digital beamforming and hybrid beamforming) based on the phase controlling types. While the digital beamforming controls a phase of a signal by applying digital precoder, the analog beamforming controls the phase of the signal through phase shifters. Generally, the digital beamforming provides good flexibility (e.g., applying different phases for different frequency resource blocks), but requires more complex implementation. In contrast to the digital beamforming, the analog beamforming provides relatively simple implementation, but has limitations (e.g., same analog beam for entire frequency resources). Given the situation, hybrid beamforming is a good architecture to achieve large beamforming gain with reasonable implementation complexity. The hybrid beamforming provides enough flexibility with reasonable implementation complexity by combining the analog beamforming and the digital beamforming.

[0074] Referring to FIG. 2, an example of a hybrid beamforming architecture 200 is shown. Hybrid beamforming architecture 200 may include a digital beamforming circuit 210 and an analog beamforming circuit 220. Since width of a beam, i e., beam width, decreases as beamforming gain increases, the beam can only cover a limited area. Therefore, the base station and the WTRU need to utilize multiple beams to cover the entire cell. For example, broadcast signals such as synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) can be transmitted along all directions (e.g., via beam sweeping) to cover the entire cell. For unicast transmission between the base station and the WTRU, procedures to optimize the beam direction to the WTRU are provided through beam management. The beam management includes selection and maintenance of the beam direction for unicast transmission (including control channel and data channel) between the base station and the WTRU [0075] Beam management procedures can be categorized into beam determination, beam measurement and reporting, beam switching, beam indication, and beam recovery. In beam determination, the base station and the WTRU find a beam direction to ensure a reasonably stable radio link quality for the unicast control and data channel transmission. Once a link is established, the WTRU measures the link quality of multiple transmission (TX) and reception (RX) beam pairs and reports the measurement results to the base station.

[0076] Additionally, WTRU mobility, orientation, and channel blockage can alter the radio link quality of TX and RX beam pairs. When the quality of the current beam pair degrades, the base station and the WTRU can switch to another beam pair with better radio link quality. To accomplish this, the base station and WTRU can monitor the quality of the current beam pair along with some other beam pairs and perform switching when necessary. When the base station assigns a TX beam to the WTRU, via DL control signaling, the beam indication procedure is used. Beam recovery entails a recovery procedure when a link between the base station and the WTRU can no longer be maintained.

[0077] Traditionally, a WTRU decides its own reception beam based on indicated TCI states from the base station, e g., gNB. However, for AI/ML based beam prediction, a concept of beam pair prediction and indication was proposed. The beam pair prediction estimates not only qualities of gNB Tx beams but also qualities of a pair of a gNB Tx beam and a WTRU Rx beam. As the beam pair prediction considers both Tx beams and Rx beams, performance of the beam pair prediction is expected to be higher than the beam prediction. However, beam prediction may be more reliable in some cases such as WTRU rotation, WTRU movement and/or maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits set by regulatory authorities, which limit the amount of electromagnetic radiation of which radio frequency signals may safely impact humans.

[0078] Referring to FIG. 3, an example network environment 300 illustrates beamforming effects related to WTRU rotation. As shown base station determine measurements or predictions to transmit a beam, i.e., DL Tx beam 312, based on a WTRU being in a first position 320. Similarly, the WTRU in the first position 320 may use a determined/predicted DL Rx beam 322 to receive DL Tx beam 314. However, when WTRU is rotated and/or moved to second position 325 during actual use, DL Tx beam 312 from gNB 310 and the WTRU DL Rx beam 322 may no longer correspond (this is shown graphically in FIG. 3 by respective DL Tx beam 314 and DL Rx beam 327 not corresponding). Embodiments disclosed herein may address how a WTRU decides a beam management mode between a Tx beam mode and a beam pair mode for beam indication, beam failure recovery and/or beam reporting.

[0079] Common terminology for various embodiments will now be described. Hereinafter, ‘a’ and ‘an’ and similar phrases are to be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one ’ Similarly, any term which ends with the suffix ‘(s)’ may be interpreted as 'one or more’ and ‘at least one.’ The term ‘may’ can be interpreted as ‘may, for example.’ A symbol 7’ (e.g., forward slash) may be used herein to represent ‘and/or,’ where for example, ‘A/B’ may imply 'A and/or B’. [0080] Artificial intelligence (Al) may be broadly defined as the behavior exhibited by machines. Such behavior may e.g., mimic cognitive functions to sense, reason, adapt and act.

[0081] Machine learning (ML) may refer to a type of algorithms that solve a problem based on learning through experience (‘data’), without explicitly being programmed (‘configuring set of rules’). Machine learning can be considered as a subset of Al. Different machine learning paradigms may be envisioned based on the nature of data or feedback available to the learning algorithm. In an example, a supervised learning approach may involve learning a function that maps input to an output based on labeled training examples, wherein each training example may be a pair including an input and the corresponding output In another example, an unsupervised learning approach may involve detecting patterns in the data with no pre-existing labels. In another example, a reinforcement learning approach may involve performing a sequence of actions in an environment to maximize a cumulative reward. In some solutions, it is possible to apply machine learning algorithms using a combination or interpolation of the above-mentioned example approaches. For example, a semi-supervised learning approach may use a combination of a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training. In this regard semi-supervised learning falls between unsupervised learning (with no labeled training data) and supervised learning (with only labeled training data). As used herein, AI/ML may mean one or more categories of Al.

[0082] Deep learning refers to class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks (specifically deep neural networks (DNNs)) which are loosely inspired from biological systems. The DNNs are a special class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain wherein the input is linearly transformed and passed-through a non-linear activation function multiple times. DNNs typically include multiple layers where each layer includes a linear transformation and a given non-linear activation functions. The DNNs can be trained using the training data via a back-propagation algorithm. Recently, DNNs have shown state-of-the-art performance in a variety of domains, e.g., speech, vision, natural language, etc., and for various machine learning settings such as supervised, un-supervised, and semi-supervised. The term AIML based methods/processing may refer to realization of behaviors and/or conformance to requirements by learning based on data, without explicit configuration of a sequence of steps of actions. Such methods may enable learning complex behaviors which might be difficult to specify and/or implement when using legacy methods.

[0083] Definition of Beam. A WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term “beam” may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter. The WTRU may transmit (Tx) a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for receiving (Rx) a reference signal (RS) (such as channel state information (CSI)-RS) or a synchronization signal (SS) block. The WTRU transmission may be referred to as “target”, and the received RS or SS block may be referred to as “reference” or “source.” In such cases, the WTRU may be said to transmit the target physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to such RS or SS block.

[0084] The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for transmitting a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions may be referred to as “target” and “reference” (or “source”), respectively. In such case, the WTRU may be said to transmit the first (target) physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to the second (reference) physical channel or signal.

[0085] A spatial relation may be implicit, configured by radio resource control (RRC) or signaled by a medium access layer (MAC) control element (CE) or in downlink control information (DCI). For example, a WTRU may implicitly transmit a PUSCH and demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) of the PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as a sounding reference signal (SRS) indicated by a SRS resource indicator (SRI) indicated in DCI or configured by RRC In another example, a spatial relation may be configured by RRC for a SRI or signaled by a MAC CE for a PUCCH. Such spatial relation may also be referred to as a “beam indication.”

[0086] The WTRU may receive a first (target) downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second (reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, such association may exist between a physical channel such as PDCCH or PDSCH and its respective DM-RS. At least when the first and second signals are reference signals, such association may exist when the WTRU is configured with a quasi-colocation (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports. Such association may be configured as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. In an example, a WTRU may be indicated an association between a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) or synchronization signal block (SSB) and a DM-RS by an index to a set of TCI states configured by RRC and/or signaled by MAC CE. Such indication may also be referred to as a “beam indication.”

[0087] Hereafter, a transmission and reception point (TRP) may be interchangeably used with one or more of transmission point (TP), reception point (RP), radio remote head (RRH), distributed antenna (DA), base station (BS), a sector (of a BS), and a cell (e.g., a geographical cell area served by a BS), but still consistent with the embodiments herein. Hereafter, a Multi-TRP may be interchangeably used with one or more of MTRP, M-TRP, and multiple TRPs, but still consistent with the disclosed embodiments.

[0088] In various embodiments, a WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components, where CSI components may correspond to at least a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel used for reception at the WTRU (such as a panel identity or group identity), measurements such as Layer 1 reference signal received power (L1-RSRP), L1 signal interference to noise ratio (L1-SINR) taken from a SSB or CSI-RS (e.g. cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-lndex-RSRP, ssb-lndex-SINR), and other channel state information such as at least rank indicator (Rl), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), Layer Index (LI), and/or the like.

[0089] In example embodiments, a WTRU may receive a synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block. The SS/PBCH block (SSB) may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The WTRU may monitor, receive, or attempt to decode a SSB during initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, cell switching, and so forth.

[0090] In certain embodiments, a WTRU may measure and report the channel state information (CSI), wherein the CSI for each connection mode may include or be configured with one or more of following:

[0091] CSI Report Configuration, including one or more of the following:

-CSI report quantity, e.g., Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Rank Indicator (Rl), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI), etc.

-CSI report type, e.g., aperiodic, semi persistent, periodic.

-CSI report codebook configuration, e g., Type I, Type II, Type II port selection, etc.

-CSI report frequency.

[0092] CSI-RS Resource Set, including one or more of the following CSI Resource settings: -Non-zero-power (NZP)-CSI-RS Resource for channel measurement.

-NZP-CSI-RS Resource for interference measurement.

-CSI-lnterference Measurement (IM) Resource for interference measurement.

[0093] NZP CSI-RS Resources, including one or more of the following:

-NZP CSI-RS Resource ID.

-Periodicity and offset.

-QCL Info and TCI -state.

-Resource mapping, e.g., number of ports, density, code division multiplexing (CDM) type, etc.

[0094] A WTRU may indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more reference signals (RSs). The WTRU may monitor, receive, and measure one or more parameters based on the respective reference signals. For example, one or more of the following non-limiting example parameters that may be included in reference signal(s) measurements (other parameters may also be included):

[0095] Secondary synchronization reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g , demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) or secondary synchronization signal (SSS)). It may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) that carry the respective synchronization signal. In measuring the RSRP, power scaling for the reference signals may be required. In case a SS-RSRP is used for L1-RSRP, the measurement may be accomplished based on CSI reference signals in addition to the synchronization signals.

[0096] CSI-RSRP may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) that carry the respective CSI-RS. The CSI-RSRP measurement may be configured within measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS occasions.

[0097] SS signal-to-noise and interference ration (SS-SINR) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS in PBCH or SSS). It may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective synchronization signal divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In case SS-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be accomplished based on resources configured by higher layers.

[0098] CSI-SINR may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RS divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In case CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be accomplished based on resources configured by higher layers. Otherwise, the noise and interference power may be measured based on the resources that carry the respective CSI-RS.

[0099] Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) may be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols and bandwidth. The power contribution may be received from different resources (e.g., co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[0100] Cross-Layer Interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI) may be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols of the configured time and frequency resources. The power contribution may be received from different resources (e.g., cross-layer interference, cochannel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[0101] Sounding reference signals RSRP (SRS-RSRP) may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) that carry the respective SRS.

[0102] Secondary synchronization signal reference signal received quality (SS-RSRQ) may be measured based on measurements on the reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) and received signal strength indicator (RSSI). In an example, the SS-RSRQ may be calculated as the ratio of NxSS-RSRP / NR carrier RSSI, where N may be determined based on the number of resource blocks that are in the corresponding NR carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. As such, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator may be over the same set of resource blocks.

[0103] CSI reference signal received quality (CSI-RSRQ) may be measured based on measurements on the CSI reference signal received power (CSI-RSRP) and received signal strength indicator (RSSI). In an example, the SS-RSRQ may be calculated as the ratio of NxCSI-RSRP / CSI-RSSI, where N may be determined based on the number of resource blocks that are in the corresponding CSI-RSSI measurement bandwidth. As such, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator may be over the same set of resource blocks.

[0104] Beam/CSI Report Configurations. A CSI report configuration (e.g , CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a single bandwidth part (BWP) (e.g., indicated by BWP-ld) , wherein one or more of the following parameters are configured:

-CSI-RS resources and/or CSI-RS resource sets for channel and interference measurement;

-CSI-RS report configuration type including the periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic; -CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reports;

-CSI-RS transmission slot offset for periodic, semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports;

-CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports;

-Time restrictions for channel and interference measurements;

-Report frequency band configuration (wideband/subband CQI, PMI, and so forth);

-Thresholds and modes of calculations for the reporting quantities (CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, Rl, etc.);

-Codebook configuration;

-Group based beam reporting;

-CQI table;

-Subband size;

-Non-PMI port indication; and/or

-Port Index.

[0105] CSI-RS Resource Configuration. A CSI-RS Resource Set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) may include one or more of CSI-RS resources (e.g , NZP-CSI-RS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig), wherein a WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following in a CSI-RS Resource: (i) CSI-RS periodicity and slot offset for periodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS resources; (ii) CSI-RS resource mapping to define the number of CSI-RS ports, density, code division multiplexing (CDM)-type, OFDM symbol, and subcarrier occupancy; (iii) the bandwidth part (BWP) to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; (iv) the reference to the TCI-State including the QCL source RS(s) and the corresponding QCL type(s).

[0106] RS resource set Configuration. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource sets where a RS resource set configuration may include one or more of: a RS resource set ID, one or more RS resources for the RS resource set, a Repetition (i.e., on or off), aperiodic triggering offset (e.g., one of 0-6 slots), and tracking reference signal (TRS) info (e.g., true or not).

[0107] RS resource Configuration. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources, where a RS resource configuration may include one or more of: RS resource ID, resource mapping (e.g., REs in a physical resource block (PRB)), power control offset (e.g., one value of -8, .... 15), power control offset with SS (e g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB), scrambling ID, periodicity and offset and QCL information (e.g., based on a TCI state).

[0108] Property of a grant or assignment. In the following, a property of a grant or assignment may include of at least one of the following:

-A frequency allocation;

-An aspect of time allocation, such as a duration;

-A priority;

-A modulation and coding scheme;

-A transport block size;

-A number of spatial layers; -A number of transport blocks;

-A TCI state, CRI or SRI;

-A number of repetitions;

-Whether the repetition scheme is Type A or Type B;

-Whether the grant is a configured grant type 1, type 2 or a dynamic grant;

-Whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi-persistent scheduling (configured) assignment;

-A configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index;

-A periodicity of a configured grant or assignment;

-A channel access priority class (CAPC); and/or

-Any parameter provided in a DCI, by MAC or by RRC for the scheduling the grant or assignment.

[0109] In the following, an indication by DCI may consist of at least one of: (i) an explicit indication by a DCI field or by radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) used to mask or scramble the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the DCI; or (ii) an implicit indication by a property such as DCI format, DCI size, CORESET or search space, Aggregation Level, first resource element of the received DCI (e.g., index of first Control Channel Element (CCE)), where the mapping between the property and the value may be signaled by RRC or MAC. Receiving or monitoring for a DCI with, or using, a RNTI may mean that the CRC of the DCI is masked or scrambled with the RNTI.

[0110] Hereafter, the following terms may be used and still be consistent with the disclosed embodiments. A signal may be interchangeably used with one or more of: sounding reference signal (SRS), channel state information - reference signal (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signal (DM-RS), phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS), and/or synchronization signal block (SSB). A channel may be interchangeably used with one or more of: physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), and/or physical random access channel (PRACH). A signal, channel, and message (e g., as in DL or UL signal, channel, and/or message) may be used interchangeably. Similarly, RS may be interchangeably used with one or more of RS resource, RS resource set, RS port and RS port group RS may also be interchangeably used with one or more of SSB, CSI-RS, SRS, and DM-RS, tracking reference signal (TRS), positioning reference signal (PRS), and/or PTRS. A time instance, slot, symbol, and subframe may be used interchangeably. The terms SSB, SS/PBCH block, PSS, SSS, PBCH, and master information block (MIB) may be used interchangeably.

[0111] The disclosed solutions for beam resources prediction may be used for beam resources belonging to a single or multiple cells as well as single or multiple TRPs. CSI reporting may be interchangeably used with CSI measurement, beam reporting and beam measurement. Furthermore, RS resource set may be interchangeably used with a beam group, but still consistent with the disclosed embodiments. [0112] The quasi-colocation (QCL) types may take one of the following values:Type A: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread}; Type B: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}; Type C: {Doppler shift, average delay}; and Type D: {Spatial Rx parameter}.

[0113] Configuration of beam pairs. In various embodiments, a WTRU may be configured/indicated with: (i) an association between a first type of TCI states; and/or (ii) a TCI state including a first QCL type. For example, in the association between a first type of TCI states (e.g., including QCL Type D and/or DL Tx beam ID) and a second type of TCI states (e.g., including another QCL Type and/or DL Rx beam ID), the WTRU may receive a set of first type TCI states (e.g., with one or more of QCL Type A/B/C configuration and QCL Type D configuration) and a set of second type TCI states (e.g., with one or more of QCL Type A/B/C, QCL Type D and/or other QCL Type (e.g., QCL Type E)). In an example of the TCI state including a first QCL type (e g., QCL Type D and/or DL Tx beam ID) and/or a second QCL type (e.g., including another QCL Type and/or DL Rx beam ID), the WTRU may be configured with one or more TCI states and each TCI state may be configured with the first QCL type and/or the second QCL type. The WTRU may determine a QCL type between the first QCL type and the second QCL type to determine a spatial Rx relation for receiving one or more DL channels and/or signals. Hereafter, DL Rx beam ID may be interchangeably used with DL beam pair ID, but still consistent with the disclosure.

[0114] Embodiments for dynamic determination of beam reporting parameters are now described. According to a first embodiment, dynamic determination of beam reporting parameters may be based on an implicit determination. According to a second embodiment, dynamic determination of beam reporting parameters may be based on an explicit determination.

[0115] As a background, a WTRU may receive one or more CSI report configurations (e.g., CS/- ReportConfig). A CSI report configuration may include a CSI report quantity that may indicate the CSI parameters that may be required to be measured, estimated, derived, and/or reported. In an example, the CSI report quantity could be one or more of the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Rank Indicator (Rl), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI), Signal-to-Noise and Interference Ratio (SINR), Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), and the like.

[0116] The CSI report configuration may be associated with one or more CSI resource settings (e.g., CSI- ResourceConfig) for channel and/or interference measurement. A resource setting may include a list of CSI Resource Sets, where the list may include references to one or more CSI-RS resource sets and/or SS/PBCH block (SSB) sets.

[0117] Referring to FIG. 4, a method 400 of dynamic determination of beam reporting parameters based on an implicit determination is shown The WTRU receives 405 a configuration of CSI reporting including one or more RS resources and corresponding thresholds for one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement. [0118] The WTRU receives and measures RS(s) 410 associated with the one or more configured RS resources and indicates to the gNB, the value of one or more of measured MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement (e.g., as a part of CSI reporting). Alternatively, the WTRU determines a CSI reporting mode based on the measurement(s) and indicates the determined CSI reporting mode to a gNB.

[0119] Next, the WTRU receives 415 a signal for the confirmation of WTRU reporting and/or indicates CSI reporting parameters e.g., if one or more of the indicated MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement is larger than the corresponding thresholds.

[0120] If 420, the indicated MPE, WTRU rotation and/or WTRU movement are smaller than the corresponding thresholds, the WTRU activates 425 a CSI reporting mode for Tx beam pair indication mode after a CSI reporting mode application time from the WTRU indication or the gNB confirmation. Otherwise, the WTRU uses 430 the CSI reporting mode for Tx beam indication mode. In one example, the CSI reporting mode forTx beam pair indication includes best Tx beam IDs, best Rx beam IDs (or beam pair IDs) and corresponding L1-RSRPs. In one example, the CSI reporting mode for Tx beam indication includes best Tx beam IDs and corresponding L1-RSRPs. Lastly, the WTRU reports 435 CSI based on the determined CSI reporting mode.

[0121] In example embodiments, the WTRU may perform measurements on received RS(s) associated with the one or more configured CSI-RS resources and derive one or more CSI parameters. For example, during the beam selection, the WTRU may measure and derive received power and report (e g., RSRP) for one or more beam resources (e.g., up to the four highest RSRP) In another example, the WTRU may determine a CRI (e.g., based on a priority such as CQI, RSRP, and so forth) from the supported and/or configured set of CRI values and report CRI along with one or more CSI parameters for the determined CRI. As such, the WTRU may measure and derive one or more CSI parameters for the determined CRI, conditioned on the reported CRI.

[0122] According to one solution, a WTRU may determine, or be configured, to report one or more of the measured parameters or alternatively to select a (e.g., CSI) reporting mode and report the selected mode (e.g., to a gNB). The WTRU may determine to report one or more of measured parameters, for example, measured Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE), WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, and so forth. The WTRU may determine, or be configured, to report all measured parameters or to report only the parameters that are higher or lower than the corresponding configured thresholds.

[0123] In some embodiments, the WTRU may be (pre)configured or receive configurations (e g., via DCI, MAC-CE, RRC) on one or more threshold values corresponding to one or more measured parameters. For example, the WTRU may be configured or receive one or more thresholds for MPE, where the WTRU may determine if the measured MPE (e g., in a direction) is higher or lower than the corresponding thresholds or if the measured MPE is within an acceptable or unacceptable range. The WTRU may be configured or receive one or more thresholds for WTRU rotation, where the WTRU may determine if the measured WTRU rotation is higher or lower than the corresponding threshold or if the measured WTRU rotation is within an acceptable or unacceptable range. The WTRU may be configured or receive one or more thresholds for WTRU movement, where the WTRU may determine if the measured WTRU movement (e.g., in a beam direction) is higher or lower than the corresponding thresholds or if the measured WTRU movement is within an acceptable or unacceptable range, and so forth.

[0124] In an example, the WTRU may select, determine and/or be configured, to report CSI by multiple parts. As such, the WTRU may determine the priority of reporting the measured parameters, wherein the WTRU may determine which CSI reporting part may be used for reporting the measured parameters. For example, the WTRU may determine that at least a measured parameter (e.g., MPE, WTRU rotation, and/or WTRU movement) is higher than a first threshold (e.g., implying severe affects and requiring prompt actions from gNB and/or side, e.g., severe MPE, large rotation, and/or fast mobility, respectively), where the WTRU may determine a first level of priority (e.g., higher priority) for reporting the measured parameter(s). In one example, the WTRU may determine that the measured parameter (e g., MPE, WTRU rotation, and/or WTRU movement) is lower than the first threshold and higher than a second threshold, where the WTRU may determine a second level of priority (e.g., lower priority) for reporting the measured parameter(s), and so forth. The WTRU may determine to report the measured parameter in the CSI reporting part that corresponds to the determined priority level (e.g., part 1 , part 2, etc. of CSI reporting).

[0125] Alternatively, the WTRU may determine, or be configured, to select and/or determine the CSI reporting mode and report the selected mode. As such, the WTRU may select a CSI reporting mode, for example, based on the measured parameters, received configurations, and/or configured thresholds. The WTRU may report the selected CSI reporting mode, for example, as part of the CSI report. In an example, the WTRU may indicate the selected CSI reporting mode via an explicit indication (e.g., via UCI, MAC-CE, RRC). In another example, the WTRU may indicate the selected CSI reporting mode via an implicit indication (e.g., via the parameters indicated in the CSI reporting, as described below).

[0126] CSI reporting modes. In one embodiment, a WTRU may determine the CSI reporting mode to be based on a first or a second reporting mode. The WTRU may determine the CSI reporting mode based on one or more measured parameters, configured thresholds (e.g , via RRC, MAC-CE, DCI), and so forth. In an example, the WTRU may determine the first CSI reporting mode based on one or more of Tx beam pair indication, Rx beam indication and UL RS resource indication, whereas the second reporting mode may be based on Tx beam pair indication and/or Tx beam indication.

[0127] In an example, the WTRU may determine that the CSI reporting mode based on measured MPE, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, and so forth. For example, in case one or more of the measured parameters (e g., MPE, WTRU rotation and/or WTRU movement) are lower than the corresponding thresholds, the WTRU may determine to activate the first CSI reporting mode (e.g., Tx beam pair indication). In another example, in case one or more of the measured parameters (e.g., MPE, WTRU rotation and/or WTRU movement) are higher than the corresponding thresholds, the WTRU may determine to activate the second CSI reporting mode (e.g., Tx beam indication). [0128] Parameters indicated in the CSI reporting modes. In various embodiments, a WTRU may determine the parameters and information data indicated in the CSI report based on the selected and/or determined CSI reporting mode. The WTRU may report one or more parameters and/or indication in case the first CSI reporting mode is selected.

[0129] In an example, the WTRU may report CSI for the first mode of CSI reporting that is based on Tx beam pair indication, where the first mode of CSI reporting may include one or more of the following:

[0130] -Measured values for determining a CSI reporting mode (e.g., MPE, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement and etc.). For example, the WTRU may report the measured MPE, WTRU rotation and/or WTRU movement based on the one or more RSs (e.g., CSI-RS and/or SSB). The WTRU may determine a CSI reporting mode based on the reported measured values for determining a CSI reporting mode. In one example, the WTRU may report parameters for the first mode (e.g., Tx beam pair indication) if: (i) the measured WTRU rotation is less than a corresponding threshold; (ii) the measured WTRU movement is less than a corresponding threshold; and/or (iii) the measured MPE less than a corresponding threshold. The determined CSI reporting mode may apply to the current CSI reporting or after a CSI reporting mode application time (e.g., after CSI application time from the WTRU reporting and/or the gNB activation/confirmation).

[0131] -Best Tx beam indication. For example, the WTRU may report the determined and/or selected best Tx beam via the corresponding CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), TCI-state ID (e.g , for DL Tx), Tx beam index, etc.

[0132] -Best Rx beam indication. For example, the WTRU may report the determined and/or selected best Rx beam via the corresponding CRI, TCI-state (e.g , for DL Rx), Rx beam index, etc.

[0133] -Best Tx-Rx beam pair indication. For example, the WTRU may report the determined and/or selected best Tx and Rx beam pair via the corresponding beam pair index, or alternatively via the corresponding Tx-Rx CRI, TCI-state (e.g., for both DL Tx and Rx), beam index, etc.

[0134] -Measured quality (e g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, channel quality indicator (CQI), block error rate (BLER) (including hypothetical BLER), etc ). For example, the WTRU may report the measured received power (e g., L1-RSRP), for example for the reported best Tx beam, best Rx beam, and/or best Tx-Rx beam pair.

[0135] In another example, the WTRU may report CSI for the second mode of CSI reporting that is based on Tx beam indication (e.g., legacy), where the second mode of CSI reporting may include one or more of the following:

[0136] -Measured values for determining a CSI reporting mode (e.g., MPE, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, etc.). For example, the WTRU may report the measured MPE, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement based on the one or more RSs (e.g., CSI-RS and/or SSB). The WTRU may determine a CSI reporting mode based on the reported measured values for determining a CSI reporting mode. In certain embodiments, the WTRU may report parameters for the second mode if: (i) the measured WTRU rotation is greater a corresponding threshold; (ii) the measured WTRU movement is greater a corresponding threshold; and/or (iii) the measured MPE is greater than a corresponding threshold. The determined CSI reporting mode may apply to the current CSI reporting or after a CSI reporting mode application time (e.g., after CSI application time from the WTRU reporting and/or the gNB activation/confirmation).

[0137] -Best Tx beam indication. For example, the WTRU may report the determined and/or selected best Tx beam via a corresponding CRI, TCI-state, beam index, etc.

[0138] -Measured quality (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, BLER (including hypothetical BLER), and etc.). For example, the WTRU may report the measured received power (e.g., L1-RSRP), for example for the reported best Tx beam.

[0139] Embodiments with gNB activation/confirmation are disclosed. In one solution, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., from gNB) indicating the confirmation, activation, and/or enabling of the selected and reported CSI reporting mode. In one example, the WTRU may receive the indication via a flag indication, where a first value (e.g., value=zero) may indicate the confirmation, activation, enabling, etc. and a second value (e.g., value=one) may indicate non-confirmation, deactivation, disabling, etc.

[0140] In an example, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., from gNB) to activate and/or enable the first or second mode of CSI reporting mode in case the reported parameters (e.g , MPE, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, etc.) are lower or higher than corresponding thresholds, respectively. In another example, the WTRU may receive an indication of confirmation (e.g., from gNB) that may confirm using the selected and reported first or second CSI reporting mode if the reported parameters (e.g., MPE, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, etc.) are lower or higher than corresponding thresholds, respectively.

[0141 ] In a case the WTRU receives an indication (e.g., from gNB) indicating the activation, enabling, and/or confirmation to apply the selected and reported first CSI reporting mode, the WTRU may apply the first CSI reporting mode for sending the CSI reports after the CSI reporting mode application time from the WTRU indication or the gNB confirmation.

[0142] In another example, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., from gNB) to deactivate and/or disable the first mode of CSI reporting mode in case the reported parameters (e.g., MPE, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, etc.) are higher than corresponding thresholds In another example, the WTRU may receive an indication of non-confirmation (e.g., from gNB) that may indicate not confirming the use of the selected and reported first CSI reporting mode if the reported parameters (e.g., MPE, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, etc.) are higher than corresponding thresholds

[0143] In a case the WTRU receives an indication (e.g., from gNB) indicating the deactivation, disabling, and/or non-confirmation of the use of selected and reported first CSI reporting mode, the WTRU may select to apply the second CSI reporting mode for sending the CSI reports after a CSI reporting mode application time from the WTRU indication or the gNB confirmation.

[0144] Embodiments for dynamic determination of beam reporting parameters based on explicit determination will now be described. Referring to FIG. 5, a method 500 of determining beam reporting parameters using an explicit determination is shown. The WTRU receives 505 a configuration of CSI reporting including one or more RS resources, corresponding thresholds for one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement and a set of CSI parameters for indicating beam reporting parameters

[0145] The WTRU measures 510 received RS(s) associated with the one or more configured RS resources and reports CSI. If 515, the measured MPE, WTRU rotation and/or WTRU movement are smaller than the corresponding thresholds, the WTRU indicates 520 a CSI reporting mode for Tx beam pair indication mode to the gNB. If 515, one or more of the measured MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement are larger than the corresponding thresholds, the WTRU indicates 525 a CSI reporting mode for Tx beam indication mode to the gNB

[0146] In embodiments utilizing two-part CSI reporting, a first part CSI may indicate the CSI reporting mode (or beam indication mode) and one or more best Tx beams and corresponding L1-RSRP values. If the CSI reporting mode is for Tx beam pair indication mode 520, the WTRU transmits a second part CSI including one or more best Rx beams for each best Tx beam indicated in the first part CSI. If the CSI reporting mode is for Tx beam indication mode 525, the WTRU may not transmit the second part.

[0147] In one example embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration including one or more: parameters for reporting, thresholds, RS resources, UL resources for CSI reporting and CORESETs and/or search spaces for receiving one or more PDCCHs.

[0148] In configuring one or more parameters for reporting, the WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more parameters for determining a mode for beam indication mode. The one or more parameters may be one or more of CRI, SS/PBCH block resource indicator (SSBRI), Rl, LI, PMI, CQI, L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, L1- RSRQ, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE and others. In configuration of one or more thresholds, each threshold may be associated with one or more parameters, where the one or more parameters may be predefined or indicated for each threshold (e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC CE and DCI). For example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more of a first threshold for WTRU rotation, a second threshold for WTRU movement, a third threshold for MPE and others. For configuration of one or more RS resources, the WTRU may receive a configuration of the one or more RS resources (or resource sets) for CSI reporting.

[0149] As an example of a configuration of one or more UL resources for CSI reporting, the WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more UL resources for both CSI reporting modes. In another example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of two or more UL resources where each UL resource is dedicated for one CSI reporting mode. Each UL resource may be associated with each CSI reporting mode. For example, an UL resource may be associated with a first CSI reporting mode (e.g., CSI reporting mode for a DL Tx beam pair mode) and a second UL resource may be associated with a second CSI reporting mode (e.g., CSI reporting mode for a DL Tx beam mode). The one or more UL resources may be one or more resources for PRACH, PUCCH, PUSCH, SRS, UL PT-RS, UL DMRS and others. [0150] In an example configuration, the WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more CORESETs and/or search spaces for receiving one or more PDCCHs. In one example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more dedicated CORESETs and/or search spaces for receiving one or more PDCCHs to confirm the WTRU beam mode indication. In another example, the WTRU may receive a configuration of two or more dedicated CORESETs and/or search spaces. Each CORESET/search space may be associated with each CSI reporting mode. For example, a first CORESET/search space may be associated with a first CSI reporting mode (e.g., CSI reporting for a DL Tx beam pair mode) and a second CORESET/search space may be associated with a second beam indication mode (e.g., CSI reporting for a DL Tx beam mode). Each CORESET/search space may be associated with a gNB response. For example, a first CORESET/search space may be associated with an ACK (e.g., using an indicated CSI reporting mode by the WTRU) and a second CORESET/search space may be associated with a NACK (e.g., not using the indicated CSI reporting mode by the WTRU and/or no change of the CSI reporting mode (i.e., the WTRU should maintain the current CSI reporting mode)).

[0151] In one example solution, a WTRU may receive (e.g., via DCI, MAC-CE and or RRC) a configuration of one or more RSs (e g., CSI-RS/SSB/beam failure recovery (BFR)-RS) resources and thresholds/tolerances/ranges for one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and/or WTRU movement/mobility. The WTRU may determine one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation/orientation angle from gNB and WTRU movement/relative position from gNB based on the measurements of one or more of the RSs. The WTRU may determine/select and/or indicate a CSI reporting mode as a first type of CSI/beam indication/reporting (e.g., beam pair indication, e g., Tx/Tx-Rx beam pair indication) based on the measurements. For example, one or more of the following conditions may be used: (i) the WTRU’s measured MPE is less than or equal to a MPE threshold or falls within the configured tolerance/range; (ii) the WTRU’s rotation or WTRU’s orientation angle from the gNB is less than or equal to a rotation/angle threshold and/or falls within the configured range/tolerance; and/or (iii) the WTRU’s movement or WTRU’s relative position from gNB is less than or equal to a position/mobi I ity threshold and/or falls within the configured range/tolerance.

[0152] According to one embodiment, the WTRU may determine/select and/or indicate its CSI reporting mode as a second type of CSI reporting/indication (e.g., beam indication, i.e., Tx or Rx beam indication) based the measurements. By way of example, one or more of the following conditions may be used: (i) the WTRU’s measured MPE is greater than a threshold or falls outside the configured tolerance/range; (ii) the WTRU’s rotation or WTRU’s orientation angle from gNB is greater than a rotation/angle threshold and/or falls outside the configured range/tolerance; (iii) the WTRU’s movement or WTRU’s relative position from gNB is greater than a position/mobility threshold and/or falls outside the configured range/tolerance.

[0153] In one example solution, the determined CSI reporting mode may apply to the current CSI reporting or after a CSI reporting mode application time (e.g., after a CSI application time from the WTRU reporting and/or the gNB activation/confirmation). Based on the determined mode for CSI reporting, the WTRU may report CSI in one report or in a multi-part report as mention previously [0154] In an example embodiment for the WTRU reporting CSI reporting parameters in a single report for a CSI reporting mode for the first type of CSI reporting/indication (e.g., Tx/Tx-Rx beam pair indication), the WTRU may report one or more of the following based on the reporting configuration parameters (e.g., parameters indicating beam/CSI reporting parameters inside CSI-RepoitConfig) for CSI reporting/beam indication:

[0155] (1) One or more of Tx beams (e.g., highest L1-RSRP Tx beams) via indicating CRIs of the RS(s) associated with the beams, TCI-states and/or beam IDs;

[0156] (2) One or more of the Rx beams (e.g., highest L1-RSRP Rx beam for one or more reported/indicated Tx beam) via TCI-states and/or beam IDs;

[0157] (3) One or more of the Tx-Rx beam pairs (e.g., highest L1-RSRP beam pairs, e.g., highest L1-

RSRP beam pairs formed using reported Tx beams) via indicating CRIs of the RS(s) associated with the beams, Tx beam IDs, Rx beam IDs, beam pair IDs and/or TCI-states; and/or

[0158] (4) One or more of beam/CSI parameters associated with reported beams/RSs and/or beam pairs

(e g., L1-RSRP, PMI, CQI, Rl, SINR etc.).

[0159] In another example embodiment, the WTRU may report CSI reporting parameters in a multi-part report for CSI reporting mode for the first type of CSI reporting/indication (e.g., Tx/Tx-Rx beam pair indication). For example, the WTRU may report one or more of the following based on the reporting configuration parameters (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig for CSI reporting/beam indication in a first part: (i) one or more of Tx beams (e.g., highest L1-RSRP Tx beams) via indicating CRIs of RS associated with the beams, TCI-states and/or beam IDs and/or (ii) one or more of configured to report beam/CSI parameters associated with reported beams/RSs and/or beam pairs (e.g., L1-RSRP, PMI, CQI, Rl, SINR etc.). In one example, only wideband information (e.g., Rl, LI, wideband PMI) may be reported in the first part of the CSI report.

[0160] In a second part, the WTRU may report one or more of the following based on the reporting configuration parameters (e g., CSS-ReportConfig) for CSI reporting/beam indication: (i) one or more of the Rx beams (e.g., highest L1-RSRP Rx beam for one or more reported/indicated Tx beams in the first part) via TCI- states and/or beam IDs; (ii) one or more of the Tx-Rx beam pairs (e.g., highest L1-RSRP beam pairs, e.g., highest L1-RSRP beam pairs formed using reported Tx beams) via indicating CRIs of the RS(s) associated with the beams, Tx beam IDs, Rx beam IDs, beam pair IDs and/or TCI-states; and/or (iii) one or more of beam/CSI parameters associated with reported beams/RSs and/or beam pairs (e.g., L1-RSRP, PMI, CQI, Rl, SINR etc ).

[0161] In one example solution, the WTRU may report CSI reporting parameters in a single report for CSI reporting mode for the second type of CSI reporting/indication (e.g., Tx beam indication). The WTRU may report one or more of the following based on the reporting configuration parameters (e.g., parameters indicating beam/CSI reporting parameters inside CSI-ReportConfig) for CSI reporting/beam indication: (1) the WTRU may report only CSI reporting parameters associated with the second type CSI reporting/indication; or (2) the WTRU may report CSI reporting parameters associated with the both CSI reporting modes. In a solution where the WTRU may report only CSI reporting parameters associated with the second type CSI reporti ng/ind ication, one or more of the following may be reported: (i) one or more of Tx beams (e.g., highest L1-RSRP Tx beams) via indicating CRIs of the RS(s) associated with the beams, TCI-states and/or beam IDs; (ii) one or more of configured to report; beam/CSI parameters associated with reported beams/RSs and/or beam pairs (e.g., L1- RSRP, PMI, CQI, Rl, SINR etc ); and/or (iii) reporting only CSI reporting parameters associated with the second type CSI reporting/indication may be used if the first type CSI reporting is transmitted in a single part CSI report. [0162] In the case the WTRU may report CSI reporting parameters associated with the both CSI reporting modes, for example, one or more of the following may be reported: (i) one or more of Tx beams (e.g., highest L1-RSRP Tx beams) via indicating CRIs of the RSs associated with the beams, TCI-states and/or beam IDs; (ii) one or more of the Rx beams (e.g., highest L1-RSRP Rx beam for one or more reported/indicated Tx beams) via TCI-states and/or beam IDs (in this case, the WTRU may indicate specific bits (predefined (e.g., zero padded) or configured ) or random bits); (iii) one or more of the Tx-Rx beam pairs (e.g., highest L1-RSRP beam pairs, e.g., highest L1-RSRP beam pairs formed using reported Tx beams) via indicating CRIs of the RSs associated with the beams, Tx beam IDs, Rx beam IDs, beam pair IDs and/or TCI-states (in this case, the WTRU may indicate specific bits (predefined (e.g., zero padded) or configured ) or random bits); (iv) and/or one or more of beam/CSI parameters associated with reported beams/RSs and/or beam pairs (e.g , L1-RSRP, PMI, CQI, Rl, SINR, etc.).

[0163] Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magnetooptical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

CLAIMS What is Claimed:

1. A method for a wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving, from a base station, a configuration of channel state information (CSI) reporting including one or more reference signal (RS) resources and corresponding thresholds for one or more of maximum permissible exposure (M PE), WTRU rotation and WTRU movement, and a set of CSI parameters for indicating beam reporting parameters; measuring one or more received RS(s) associated with the configured one or more RS resources, wherein on a first condition that a measured MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement are less than or equal to the corresponding configured thresholds, the WTRU determines a CSI reporting mode for transmit (Tx) beam pair indication mode, and wherein on a second condition that one or more of the measured MPE, WTRU rotation or WTRU movement are greater than corresponding configured thresholds, the WTRU determines the CSI reporting mode for Tx beam indication mode; and reporting, to the base station, the determined CSI reporting mode using the configured set of CSI parameters for indicating beam reporting parameters.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein on occurrence of the first condition, the WTRU uses two-part CSI reporting, including a first part indicating the Tx beam pair indication mode, one or more determined best Tx beams and corresponding layer 1 (L1 preference signal received power (RSRP) values and a second part indicating one or more determined best receive (Rx) beams for each determined best Tx beam.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein on occurrence of the second condition, the WTRU uses only a first part in CSI reporting indicating the Tx beam indication mode, one or more determined best Tx beams and corresponding layer 1 (L1 preference signal received power (RSRP) values.

4. The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the configured corresponding thresholds for the one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement comprise a range of thresholds for each of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement, and wherein the range of thresholds are associated with corresponding priorities of CSI reporting.

5. The method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the one or more determined best Tx or Rx beams are reported using one or more of a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a transmission configuration indicator (TCI)-state ID or a beam index value.

6. A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a transceiver and a processor communicatively coupled to the transceiver, the transceiver and processor configured to: receive, from a base station, a configuration of channel state information (CSI) reporting including one or more reference signal (RS) resources and corresponding thresholds for one or more of maximum permissible exposure (MPE), WTRU rotation and WTRU movement, and a set of CSI parameters for indicating beam reporting parameters; measure one or more received RS(s) associated with the configured one or more RS resources, wherein on a first condition a measured MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement are less than or equal to the corresponding configured thresholds, the WTRU determines a CSI reporting mode for transmit (Tx) beam pair indication mode, and wherein on a second condition one or more of the measured MPE, WTRU rotation or WTRU movement are greater than corresponding configured thresholds, the WTRU determines the CSI reporting mode for Tx beam indication mode; and report, to the base station, the determined CSI reporting mode using the configured set of CSI parameters for indicating beam reporting parameters.

7. The WTRU of claim 6, wherein on occurrence of the first condition, the WTRU uses two-part CSI reporting, including a first part indicating the Tx beam pair indication mode, one or more determined best Tx beams and corresponding layer 1 (Ll)-reference signal received power (RSRP) values and a second part indicating one or more determined best receive (Rx) beams for each determined best Tx beam.

8. The WTRU of claim 6, wherein on occurrence of the second condition, the WTRU uses only a first part in CSI reporting indicating the Tx beam indication mode, one or more determined best Tx beams and corresponding layer 1 (L1 (-reference signal received power (RSRP) values.

9. The WTRU of any of claims 6 to 8, wherein the configured corresponding thresholds for one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement comprise a range of thresholds for each of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement, and wherein the range of thresholds are associated with a corresponding priority of CSI reporting.

10. The WTRU of claim 7 or 8, wherein the one or more determined best Tx beams or Rx beams are reported using one or more of a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a transmission configuration indicator (TCI)-state ID or beam index value

11. A method for a wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving, from a base station, a configuration of channel state information (CSI) reporting including one or more reference signal (RS) resources and corresponding thresholds for measuring one or more of maximum permissible exposure (MPE), WTRU rotation and WTRU movement; measuring one or more received RS(s) associated with the configured one or more RS resources to determine one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement; reporting, to the base station, information relating to the determined one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement; receiving, from the base station, confirmation of the reported information; and activating a CSI reporting mode between a Tx beam pair indication mode or Tx beam indication mode based on the received confirmation.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the information relating to the determined one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement comprises respective measured values and wherein the confirmation of reported information comprises an indication of the CSI reporting mode to activate based on the respective measured values.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the information relating to the determined one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement comprises indication of the CSI reporting mode determined by the WTRU, as the Tx beam pair indication mode when the determined values of the one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement are less than or equal to configured corresponding thresholds, or as the Tx beam indication mode when the determined values of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement are greater than corresponding configured thresholds.

14. The method of any of claims 11 to 13, wherein the activated CSI reporting mode is the TX beam pair indication mode and CSI reporting includes one or more determined best transmit (Tx) beam IDs, one or more determined best receive (Rx) beams for each determined best Tx beam and corresponding layer 1 (L1)- reference signal received power (RSRP) values.

15. The method of any of claims 11 to 13, wherein the activated CSI reporting mode is the TX beam indication mode and CSI reporting includes one or more determined best transmit (Tx) beam IDs and corresponding layer 1 (Ll)-reference signal received power (RSRP) values.

16. A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a transceiver and a processor communicatively coupled to the transceiver, the transceiver and processor configured to: receive, from a base station, a configuration of channel state information (CSI) reporting including one or more reference signal (RS) resources and corresponding thresholds for measuring one or more of maximum permissible exposure (MPE), WTRU rotation and WTRU movement; measure one or more received RS(s) associated with the configured one or more RS resources to determine one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement; report, to the base station, information relating to the determined one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement; receive, from the base station, confirmation of the reported information; and activate a CSI reporting mode between a Tx beam pair indication mode or Tx beam indication mode based on the received confirmation.

17. The WTRU of claim 16, wherein the information relating to the determined one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement comprises respective measured values and wherein the confirmation of reported information comprises an indication of the CSI reporting mode to activate based on the respective measured values.

18. The WTRU of claim 16, wherein the information relating to the determined one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement comprises indication of the CSI reporting mode determined by the WTRU, as the Tx beam pair indication mode when the determined values of the one or more of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement are less than or equal to configured corresponding thresholds, or as the Tx beam indication mode when the determined values of MPE, WTRU rotation and WTRU movement are greater than corresponding configured thresholds.

19. The WTRU of any of claims 16 to 18, wherein the activated CSI reporting mode is the TX beam pair indication mode and CSI reporting includes one or more determined best transmit (Tx) beam IDs and one or more determined best receive (Rx) beams for each determined best Tx beam and corresponding layer 1 (L1 )- reference signal received power (RSRP) values.

20. The WTRU of any of claims 16 to 18, wherein the activated CSI reporting mode is the TX beam indication mode and CSI reporting includes one or more determined best transmit (Tx) beam IDs and corresponding layer 1 (Ll)-reference signal received power (RSRP) values.