WO2025207896A1 - Methods for switching beam indication mode for ai/ml based beam management - Google Patents

Abstract

A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information indicating a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state indication mode, a second TCI state indication mode, an artificial intelligence machine learning (AI/ML) model location, and/or one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or a second TCI type. The WTRU may determine to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode for downlink and uplink. The WTRU may communicate on the downlink or the uplink using a TCI state of the one or more TCI states based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode. The WTRU may determine a channel state information (CSI) reporting mode based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode and the AI/ML model location. The WTRU may send a CSI report according to the determined CSI reporting mode.

Description

METHODS FOR SWITCHING BEAM INDICATION MODE FOR AI/ML BASED BEAM MANAGEMENT

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application No. 63/571 ,562 filed on March 29, 2024, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Beam management includes a downlink (DL) transmit (Tx) beam prediction for both wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)-sided model and NW-sided model. A spatial-domain DL Tx beam prediction for Set A of beams based on measurement results of Set B of beams (e.g., “BM-Case1”). A temporal DL Tx beam prediction for Set A of beams based on the historic measurement results of Set B of beams (e.g., “BM-Case2”). Necessary signalli ng/mechanism(s) may be specified to facilitate LCM operations specific to the Beam Management use cases, if any. Method(s) may be enabled to ensure consistency between training and inference regarding NW-side additional conditions (if identified) for inference at the WTRU. [0003] In traditional beam management procedures, one or more (e.g., all the) beams in a cell were transmitted and measured to identify a best beam and receive channels and signals. However, in AI/ML based DL Tx beam prediction, RSs for selected (e.g., only selected beams) may be transmitted and AI/ML model estimates qualities of other beams based on measurements of the selected beams.

SUMMARY

[0004] Methods and apparatuses may be provided for application of a default transmission configuration indication (TCI) state indication mode based on TCI states within a reference signal (RS) resource set with a first type RSs. Methods and apparatuses may be provided for determination of TCI state indication mode based on wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) measurements, key performance indicators (KPIs) and gNB indication. Methods and apparatuses may be provided for application of a default TCI state with a TCI state based on a measured RS within a RS resource set including both measured RSs and estimated RSs. Methods and apparatuses may be provided for application of different WTRU reporting parameters based on the TCI state indication mode and position of an artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) model. [0005] A WTRU may receive configuration information indicating a TCI state indication mode, a second TCI state indication mode, an AI/ML model location, and/or one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or a second TCI type. The WTRU may determine to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode for downlink and uplink. The WTRU may communicate on the downlink or the uplink using a TCI state of the one or more TCI states based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode. The WTRU may determine a channel state information (CSI) reporting mode based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode and the AI/ML model location. The WTRU may send a CSI report according to the determined CSI reporting mode.

[0006] The first TCI state indication mode may be an AI/ML based TCI state indication mode and the second TCI state indication mode may be a non-AI/ML based TCI state indication mode. The determination to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode may be based on one or more of an explicit indication received from a network node, one or more WTRU parameters, or a mode for alignment of beam indication. The determination to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode may be based on one or more of a measured beam prediction accuracy being less than a first preconfigured threshold, a measured beam quality being less than a second preconfigured threshold, a difference between the measured beam quality and a predicted beam quality, a measured WTRU rotation being greater than a third preconfigured threshold, a measured WTRU movement being greater than a fourth preconfigured threshold, or a measured maximum permitted exposure (MPE) being greater than a fifth preconfigured threshold.

[0007] The TCI state may be a first TCI state of the one or more TCI states. The WTRU may receive a downlink shared channel using a second TCI state of the one or more TCI states before determining to enable the first or second TCI state indication mode. Being configured to communicate on the downlink or the uplink using the TCI state may include being configured to monitor control resource sets (CORESETs) or search spaces to detect a physical downlink control channel using the TCI state, receive a physical downlink shared channel using the TCI state; and/or send an uplink channel using the TCI state. The CSI reporting mode may include a periodic CSI reporting mode or a semi-static CSI reporting mode. Based on a determination to enable the first TCI state indication mode, the CSI report may indicate up to 4 resource indicators with corresponding reference signal received powers (RSRPs). Based on a determination to enable the second TCI state indication mode and based on the AI/ML model location being at the WTRU, the CSI report may indicate up to 4 resource indicators or logical beam identifiers (IDs) with corresponding RSRPs. Based on a determination to enable the second TCI State indication mode and based on the AI/ML model location being at the network, the CSI report may indicate RSRPs from a first RS resource set without beam indication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0008] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0009] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0010] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.

[0011] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0012] FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an example determination of a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state indication mode, TCI state, and channel state information (CSI) reporting mode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0014] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/113, a CN 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and/or a “STA”, may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g, a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a WTRU. Further, any description herein that is described with reference to a UE may be equally applicable to a WTRU (or vice versa). For example, a WTRU may be configured to perform any of the processes or procedures described herein as being performed by a UE (or vice versa).

[0015] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the I nternet 110, and/or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

[0016] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e, one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions. [0017] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0018] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0019] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0020] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0021] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., a eNB and a gNB).

[0022] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like. [0023] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.

[0024] The RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0025] The CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit- switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.

[0026] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0027] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0028] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0029] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0030] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0031] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11 , for example.

[0032] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0033] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0034] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable locationdetermination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0035] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.

[0036] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0037] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0038] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0039] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0040] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0041] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.

[0042] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter- eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0043] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0044] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.

[0045] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g, temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0046] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0047] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to- peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11 e DLS or an 802.11 z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (I BSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the I BSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad- hoc” mode of communication.

[0048] When using the 802.11 ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g, 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g, every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g, only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS. [0049] High Throughput (HT) ST As may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0050] Very High Throughput (VHT) ST As may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0051] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11 n, and 802.11ac. 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine- Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0052] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11 ac, 802.11af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all ST As in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all ST As in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11 ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remain idle and may be available.

[0053] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0054] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0055] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).

[0056] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time). [0057] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0058] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E- UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0059] The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0060] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and/or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi. [0061] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0062] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet- switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0063] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0064] In view of Figures 1 A-1 D, and the corresponding description of Figures 1 A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-ab, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.

[0065] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may perform testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0066] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.

[0067] Dynamic indication of AI/ML based beam indication may be enabled.

[0068] During the discussion of AI/ML beam management, potential performance degradation from application of AI/ML beam management was discussed including the following cases.

[0069] AI/ML model generalization. Generally, AI/ML model without generalization (e.g., Trained data for AI/ML model is different with inference data of AI/ML model) have some performance degradation than AI/ML model with generalization (e.g., same data for training and inference) in most of the cases/evaluations. In some cases, AI/ML model without generalization shows better performance than non- Al baseline while AI/ML shows comparable or worse performance than non-AI baseline in some other cases.

[0070] Measurement errors. Measurement errors degrade the beam prediction performance with AI/ML, while measurement errors also degrade the performance with non-AI baseline.

[0071] Due to incorrect selection of Rx beam. For DL Tx beam prediction, with the measurements from quasi-optimal Rx beam, some performance degradation (e.g., 2% to up to 12% Top-1 beam prediction accuracy loss based on most of results) is observed comparing to with measurements from best Rx beam. If the measurements are from random Rx beam, large performance degradation is observed.

[0072] Due to inappropriately selected beam patterns. Compared with a fixed beam pattern, in case of with a beam pattern changed among pre-configured patterns, some performance degradation (e.g., no more than or about 10% Top-1 beam prediction accuracy loss based on most of results) is observed. In case of with a randomly changed beam pattern, large degradation (e.g., 20%~50% Top-1 beam prediction accuracy loss based on most of results) is observed.

[0073] As shown herein, use of AI/ML based beam management does not always guarantee performance benefits and carefully applied by assessing various aspects including generalization, measurement errors, selection of Rx beam and applicable beam patterns.

[0074] The beam indication mechanism may be semi-static (e.g., selecting one mechanism between RRC and DCI based RRC configuration). Therefore, a dynamic change of indication mechanism may not be possible. As the existing mechanism is solely based on measurements, there is no need to change the indication mechanism dynamically. However, in AI/ML based beam management, dynamic change is needed considering the status of AI/ML model based beam prediction.

[0075] A WTRU may dynamically switch between AI/ML model based beam indication and non-AI/ML model based beam indication based on one or more measured metrics (e.g., WTRU rotation, without generalization, high WTRU speed and etc.).

[0076] Methods for determining a TCI state indication mode (e.g., based on measured beams only or estimated/measured beams), a TCI state, and/or a CSI reporting mode (e.g., for 4 or more measured or estimated beams) may be provided based on one or more measured metrics (e.g., WTRU rotation, WTRU speed, etc.) and/or an indicated TCI state.

[0077] FIG. 2 depicts an example determination 200 of a TCI state indication mode, TCI state, and CSI reporting mode. At 202, a WTRU may receive a configuration (e.g., configuration information) including one or more of: a first and second TCI state indication mode, AI/ML model location, CSI reporting type (e.g., RSRP reporting for inference or best beam indication), alignment of DL and UL TCI state indication mode (e.g., same indication mode or different), one or more (e.g., a set of) thresholds (e.g., for beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE), a first RS resource set (configured with one or more first type of RS resource), a second RS resource set (configured with one or more second type of RS resource or logical beam ID), one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or second TCI type. For example, the configuration information may indicate a first TCI indication mode, a second TCI indication mode, the AI/ML model location, and/or the one or more TCI states. Each second type RS resource of logical beam ID may be associated with one or more first type RS resource (e.g., for QCL measurements). A TCI state of a first TCI type may be configured with a first RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. A TCI state of a second TCI type may be configured with a logical beam ID or a second RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. A first TCI type may be associated with a first TCI state indication mode and a second TCI type may be associated with a second TCI state indication mode.

[0078] The WTRU may receive a TCI state indication (e.g., via DCI with/without scheduling PDSCH or MAC CE). The WTRU may apply the indicated first TCI state to receive a corresponding PDSCH.

[0079] At 204, the WTRU may determine to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode for the downlink and/or the uplink. For example, the WTRU may determine (e.g., determine to enable) a TCI state indication mode for DL and/or UL based on one or more of the following. The WTRU may determine to enable a TCI state indication mode for DL and/or UL based on a gNB explicit indication (e.g., one or more of DCI, MAC CE, transmitted CORESET/SearchSpace and etc.). The WTRU may determine to enable a TCI state indication mode for DL and/or UL based on WTRU reporting, potentially with corresponding gNB confirmation (e.g., beam prediction accuracy, beam quality of indicated first TCI state (e.g., for QCL Type-D), measurement error, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE and etc.). The WTRU may determine to enable a TCI state indication mode for DL and/or UL based on the mode for alignment of beam indication for DL and UL. If configured to be aligned, the WTRU may determine to enable a TCI state indication mode for both DL and UL. If configured to be separate, the WTRU may determine to enable a TCI state indication mode for DL and UL, separately.

[0080] The WTRU may apply a second TCI state based on the determined TCI state indication mode. If the first TCI state is not of a TCI type associated with the determined TCI state indication mode, the WTRU may determine a second (e.g., default) TCI state (e.g., lowest TCI state ID among the TCI states of a TCI type associated with the determined TCI state indication mode). If the first TCI state is of the type associated with the determined TCI indication mode, the WTRU may determine that the second TCI state is the same as the first TCI state.

[0081] At 206, the WTRU may communicate on the downlink or the uplink using a TCI state of the one or more TCI states based on the enabled TCI state indication mode. For example, the WTRU may receive or transmit a transmission (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH) using the second TCI state. For example, the WTRU may monitor one or more CORESETs and/or SearchSpaces and may detect a PDCCH by using the second TCI state. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive a PDSCH by using the second TCI state. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may transmit a PUCCH and/or a PUSCH by using the second TCI state.

[0082] At 208, the WTRU may determine a CSI reporting mode based on one or more of the following. The WTRU may determine a CSI reporting mode based on a periodic/semi-static CSI report or based on configurations. The WTRU may determine a CSI reporting mode based on an enabled and/or determined TCI state indication mode. The WTRU may determine a CSI reporting mode based on if the first TCI state indication mode is determined and/or enabled, for example, the WTRU may report up to 4 CRIs/SSBRIs with corresponding RSRPs. The WTRU may determine a CSI reporting mode based on if the second TCI state indication mode is determined and/or enabled and WTRU side AI/ML, the WTRU may report up to 4 CRIs/SSBRIs or logical beam IDs with corresponding RSRPs. The WTRU may determine a CSI reporting mode based on if the second TCI state indication mode is determined and gNB side AI/ML, the WTRU may report RSRPs from the first RS resource set without beam indication.

[0083] At 210, the WTRU may send a CSI report according to the determined CSI reporting mode.

[0084] The proposed solutions described herein may enable dynamic change of beam indication mechanism between non-AI/ML and AI/ML based on measurements and/or KPIs. In non-AI/ML based beam indication, TCI states (e.g., only TCI states) associated with measured beams may be activated so there is no coverage loss from additional DCI payload due to activated TCI states from not measured beams. In addition, dynamic adaptation of CSI reporting mode based on the determined beam indication mode may be supported and no additional RRC reconfiguration of periodic CSI reports and/or MAC CE activation/deactivation of semi-static CSI reports are not needed.

[0085] Configuration of AI/ML beam management may be provided. A WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more of the following. The WTRU may receive a configuration of AI/ML model location (e.g., one of gNB side or WTRU side). For example, the WTRU may receive an indication of whether an AI/ML model (e.g., for beam prediction) is located at the gNB side or the WTRU side. Based on the configuration, the WTRU may determine a type of CSI reporting. For example, if gNB side is configured, the WTRU may support CSI reporting with a first set of CSI parameters. If WTRU side is configured, the WTRU may support CSI reporting with a second set of CSI parameters. Instead of AI/ML model location, CSI reporting type (e.g., type X or Y) or a set of CSI reporting parameters (e.g., Set X or Set Y) may be used (e.g., to implicitly indicate the location of AI/ML model).

[0086] The WTRU may receive a configuration of a mode for alignment of TCI state indication mode for DL and UL. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication on whether a same TCI state indication mode is used or not. Based on the indication, the WTRU may determine a mode of operation for DL and UL jointly or separately. For example, if the mode for alignment is configured, the WTRU may determine a mode of operation for DL and UL jointly. If the mode of alignment is not configured, the WTRU may determine a mode of operation for DL and UL, separately (e.g, a first mode for DL and a second mode for UL). The mode may be implicitly indicated. For example, if joint TCI state is used for both DL and UL, the mode for alignment may be used. If separate TCI state for DL and UL is used, then the mode for alignment may not be used.

[0087] The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more thresholds associated with beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE, and etc. For example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more thresholds. The one or more thresholds may be one or more of thresholds on beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, maximum permitted exposure (MPE), and etc. The WTRU may be configured with two or more thresholds for each type of threshold.

[0088] The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more RS resources associated with the one or more thresholds. In examples, the WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources associated with the configured one or more thresholds. For example, a first RS resource set (e.g., RS resource set for Set B) may be configured with one or more first type RS resources (e.g., Set B beams). Each RS resource of the one or more first type RS resources may be configured with one or more of the following: a reference RS for QCL Type-A/B/C, a reference RS for QCL Type-D, a resource mapping (e.g., REs in a PRB), a power control offset (e.g., one value of -8, ..., 15), a power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 Db), a scrambling ID, or a periodicity and offset.

[0089] For example, the WTRU may be configured with a second RS resource set (e.g., RS resource set for Set A). The second RS resource set may be configured with one or more second type RS resources and/or logical beam IDs (e.g. Set A beams which are not included in Set A). For example, each resource of the one or more second type RS resources may be configured with one or more of the following: a reference RS for QCL Type A, a logical beam ID for QCL Type D, and/or Reference RSs (e.g, for neighboring beams) for a new QCL Type (e.g, QCL Type E). For the second type RS resource, the WTRU may ignore or may not be configured with one or more of Resource mapping (e.g, REs in a PRB), Power control offset (e.g, one value of -8, .. , 15), Power control offset with SS (e.g, -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB), Scrambling ID, periodicity, and/or offset. The one or more reference RSs for each second type RS resource and/or logical beam ID may be one or more RSs from the one or more first type RS resources (e.g, for QCL parameter estimation). [0090] The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more CORESETs/search spaces associated with a TCI state application mode. In examples, the WTRU may be configured with one or more CORESETs/search spaces associated with the TCI state application mode. For example, each CORESET/search space may be associated with a mode of operation (e.g., a first CORESET/search space with a first mode of operation and a second CORESET/search space with a second mode of operation). Based on the association, the WTRU may receive an indication of a mode of operation (e.g., from a gNB). [0091] The WTRU may receive a configuration of one or more TCI states. In examples, the WTRU may be configured with one or more TCI states. Each TCI of the one or more TCI states may be one of a first type TCI state or a second type TCI state. An indication of a TCI state type may be based on one or more of the following: a TCI state type configuration, configured types of QCL reference RSs, or an RS configuration of QCL reference RSs. For example, if the first type RS resource is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state may be a first type TCI state. If the second type RS resource is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state may be a second type TCI state. For example, if a RS resource is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state may be a first type TCI state. If a logical beam ID is configured as a QCL Type-D reference RS, the TCI state may be a second type TCI state. For example, if a QCL reference RS of the TCI state is configured with a set of RS configurations (e.g., Resource mapping (e.g., REs in a PRB), Power control offset (e.g., one value of -8, ..., 15), Power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB), Scrambling ID, periodicity, and/or offset, then the TCI state may be a first type TCI state. If a QCL reference RS of the TCI state is not configured with the set of RS configurations, the TCI state may be a second type TCI state.

[0092] Application of a non-AI/ML TCI state indication mode may be provided. A WTRU may receive a configuration including a list of up to M TCI state configurations. The list may be configured via higher layer parameters (e.g., PDSCH-Config). The number of TCI States included in the list may be up to a configured maximum number of TCI states (e.g., maxNumberConfiguredTCIstatesPerCC = 128).

[0093] The configuration of a TCI state may include information on the serving cell identity, a bandwidth part identity, and/or a TCI state identity. The TCI state may include information on configuration of a quasi co-location (QCL) relation between one or more of reference signals (RS) and/or channels. For example, TCI States may be configured for providing reference signals for the QCL relations for DM-RS of PDSCH, DM-RS of PDCCH, CSI-RS port(s) of a CSI-RS resource, positioning reference signal (PRS), tracking reference signal (TRS), uplink spatial relation for PUSCH and/or PUCCH resource transmissions, and so forth. The WTRU may be configured with one or more QCL types for the reference signals that are linked to the configured TCI States. TCI state and QCL relation may be used interchangeably herein.

[0094] The WTRU may receive a command (e.g., MAC-CE) for activation/deactivation of one or more (e.g, up to eight TCI States) TCI States/pairs of TCI states. For example, the activation command may be used to map one or more TCI States to the codepoints of the DCI field 'Transmission Configuration Indication’ for one or a set of DL or UL CCs/BWPs. Based on the received activated/deactivated TCI states, the WTRU may receive an indication for applying one of the TCI states. For example, the WTRU may receive the indication via DCI field 'Transmission Configuration Indication' (e.g., DC1 1_1 , 1 _2, 0_1 , or 0_2), wherein DCI may be with or without DL or UL (e.g., PDSCH/PUSCH) scheduling. In an example, the WTRU may receive the TCI state configurations for a first TCI type.

[0095] In examples, a WTRU may support a first TCI state indication mode (e.g., non-AI/ML based TCI state indication) and a second TCI state indication mode (e.g., AI/ML based TCI state indication). The WTRU may determine a mode of operation between the first TCI state indication mode and the second TCI state indication mode. The TCI state indication mode may be based on gNB indication and/or WTRU determination.

[0096] In examples, the WTRU may apply a default TCI state indication mode (e.g., if the WTRU does not receive an indication of TCI state indication mode (e.g., from A gNB) and/or if the WTRU does not acquire measurements to determine a TCI state indication mode). The default TCI state indication mode may be determined based on a predefined mode and/or a preconfigured mode (e.g., configured/indicated via RRC and/or MAC CE). The default TCI state indication mode may be the first TCI state indication mode. [0097] In examples, the WTRU may receive an activation message of one or more TCI states (e.g., via RRC and/or MAC CE) for a first TCI state indication mode and a second TCI state indication mode. The activation of TCI states may be based on one or more of the following: one or more TCI state indication modes or one or more TCI states.

[0098] In examples, the activation message may indicate one or more TCI state indication modes for TCI state activation. For example, if the activation message indicates the first TCI state indication mode, the WTRU may activate indicated TCI states in the activation message for the first TCI state indication mode. If the activation message indicates the second TCI state indication mode, the WTRU may activate indicated TCI states in the activation message for the second TCI state indication mode.

[0099] In examples, the activation message may indicate one or more TCI states for TCI state activation. In an example, the activation message may indicate one or more TCI states for each TCI state indication mode. In another example, the activation message may indicate one or more TCI states for both TCI state indication modes. If one or more TCI states are indicated for both TCI state indication modes, the WTRU may determine TCI states to be activated based on one or more of the following: an RS resource set, an RS type, or a TCI state type.

[0100] For example, a first set of TCI states wherein each TCI state includes a reference RS of the first RS resource set may be used for the first TCI state indication mode and a second set of TCI states wherein each TCI state includes a reference RS of the first RS resource set or the second RS resource set may be used for the second TCI state indication mode. For example, a first set of TCI states wherein each TCI state includes a first type reference RS may be used for the first TCI state indication mode and a second set of TCI states wherein each TCI state includes a first type reference RS and/or a second type reference RS may be used for the second TCI state indication mode. For example, a first set of TCI states wherein each TCI state is a first type TCI state may be used for the first TCI state indication mode and a second set of TCI states wherein each TCI state is a first type TCI state and/or a second type TCI state may be used for the second TCI state indication mode.

[0101] In examples, a WTRU may apply a first TCI state indication mode, where the first TCI state indication mode may be indicated based on one or more indication types. For example, the WTRU may apply the first TCI state indication mode based on a (pre)configured (e.g., default) beam indication mode. In an example, the WTRU may apply the first TCI state indication mode for a first RS resource set. In another example, the WTRU may apply the first TCI state indication mode for the first RS resource set for transmission and/or reception of one or more signals and/or channels, for example PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH and PUSCH. For example, the first TCI state indication mode may be indicated based on one or more indication types. One or more of the following may apply. The first TCI state indication mode may be indicated based on one or more activated TCI states. For example, a WTRU may be configured, indicated, and/or determine the first TCI state indication mode based on one or more activated first type TCI states. In an example, the WTRU may receive an indication of a TCI state among the activated first type TCI states out of the (e.g., all the) activated TCI states. In an example, the WTRU may receive the indication via a DCI, where the size of DCI field may be different and/or padding bits may be used for having the same payload size.

[0102] The first TCI state indication mode may be indicated based on one or more dedicated activated TCI states. For example, a WTRU may be configured, indicated, and/or determine the first TCI state indication mode based on a configured and/or indicated dedicated activated TCI state. In an example, the WTRU may receive an activation signaling, indication, and/or message, indicating a set and/or mode for TCI state activation.

[0103] In an example, the WTRU may receive one or more TCI state indications, for example via DCI with or without scheduling PDSCH or MAC CE. As such, the WTRU may receive the corresponding scheduled, indicated, and/or configured PDSCH based on the indicated TCI states.

[0104] Determination of a beam indication mode may be provided. In a solution, the WTRU may determine a mode of TCI state indication between a first mode e.g., non-AI/ML based indication mode) and a second mode (e.g., AI/ML based indication mode). The WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on one or more of the following.

[0105] The WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on a gNB determination and indication. In examples, the WTRU may receive an indication of a mode of operation e.g., via one or more of DCI, MAC CE and RRC (e.g., from a gNB). For example, 0 may indicate the first mode of operation and 1 may indicate the second mode of operation. Additionally or alternatively, the indication may be based on a reception of a signal (e.g., one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH or DL RS) in an associated DL resource. For example, if the WTRU receives the signal in a first resource, the WTRU may determine the first mode of operation. If the WTRU receives the signal in a second resource, the WTRU may determine the second mode of operation. The associated DL resource may be one or more of CORESET/SearchSpace, RS resource, symbol, slot, subframe, RB, RBG, subband and etc. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may indicate a confirmation on the gNB indication. For example, the WTRU may transmit an indication of a confirmation e.g., via one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, MAC CE and RRC. In another example, the WTRU may transmit a confirmation by transmitting an UL signal (e.g., one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH or UL RS) in an associated UL resource. The associated UL resource may be one or more of PUCCH resource, PRACH resource, RS resource, symbol, slot, subframe, RB, RBG, subband and etc.

[0106] The WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on a WTRU determination. In examples, the WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on measurements and determined qualities. For example, the WTRU may determine a first TCI state indication mode (e.g., non-AI/ML based TCI state indication) if the determined qualities satisfy conditions. For example, the conditions may be one or more of the following: if the measured beam prediction accuracy < a configured/indicated threshold; if the measured beam quality (e.g., DMRS in PDSCH, CSI-RS/SSB associated with an indicated TCI state for one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH and etc.) < a configured/indicated threshold; if the measured beam quality (e.g., DMRS in PDSCH, CSI-RS/SSB associated with an indicated TCI state for one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH and etc.) - the predicted beam quality with a same TCI state of the measured beam quality > a configured/indicated threshold (e.g., Absolute value may be used for the difference between the measured beam quality and the predicted beam quality); if the measured WTRU rotation > a configured/indicated threshold, if the measured WTRU movement > a configured/indicated threshold, or if the measured MPE > a configured/indicated threshold. Otherwise, the WTRU may determine a second TCI state indication mode (e.g., AI/ML based TCI state indication). [0107] The WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on a WTRU indication. Based on the determined mode of operation, the WTRU may indicate the mode of operation (e.g., to a gNB). In examples, the WTRU may indicate a preferred mode of operation e.g., via one or more PUCCH, PUSCH, MAC CE and RRC. For example, a value of 0 may indicate the first mode of operation and a value of 1 may indicate the second mode of operation. Additionally or alternatively, the indication may be based on a transmission of a signal (e.g., one or more of PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH or UL RS) in an associated UL resource. For example, if the WTRU transmits the signal in a first resource, the WTRU may indicate the first mode of operation. If the WTRU transmits the signal in a second resource, the WTRU may indicate the second mode of operation. The associated UL resource may be one or more of PUCCH resource, PRACH resource, RS resource, symbol, slot, subframe, RB, RBG, subband and etc. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive a confirmation on the WTRU indication (e.g., from a gNB). For example, the WTRU may receive an indication of a confirmation e.g., via one or more of DCI, MAC CE and RRC. In another example, the WTRU may receive a confirmation by receiving a DL signal (e.g., one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH or DL RS) in an associated DL resource. The associated DL resource may be one or more of CORESET/SearchSpace, RS resource, symbol, slot, subframe, RB, RBG, subband and etc.

[0108] The WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on a beam alignment. For example, the WTRU may determine the TCI indication mode for UL and DL based on the beam alignment in DL and UL. In examples, in case the WTRU determines, is configured and/or indicated that there is beam alignment for UL and DL, the WTRU may determine the TCI indication mode for both UL and DL. Additionally or alternatively, in case the WTRU determines, is configured and/or indicated that beam alignment does not exist for UL and DL, the WTRU may determine the TCI indication mode separately for UL and DL.

[0109] In examples, the WTRU may apply the determined mode of TCI state indication after application time. For example, one or more of the following methods of application time may be used. Application time from gNB/WTRU indication may be used. For example, the determined mode of TCI state indication may be applied after application time from start/end of the gNB/WTRU indication on mode of TCI state indication.

[0110] Application time from gNB/WTRU confirmation may be used. For example, the determined mode of TCI state indication may be applied after application time from start/end of the gNB/WTRU confirmation on WTRU/gNB indication for TCI state indication mode.

[0111] In examples, the WTRU may apply a default mode of operation. For example, before a first determination of a mode of TCI state indication (e.g., due to one or more of lack of measurement, not receiving gNB indication/confirmation, not indicating WTRU determination and lack of application time), the WTRU may apply the default mode of operation. For example, the default mode of operation may be the first mode of operation (e.g., non-AI/ML based TCI state indication mode).

[0112] Application of TCI states in a predicted beam indication mode may be provided. A default TCI state may be determined for a newly determined beam indication mode. In examples, a WTRU may determine a determine/select a default TCI state. For example, based on the condition that the WTRU may not be indicated with a TCI state for a newly determined beam indication mode, the WTRU may apply the default TCI state or continue applying the currently applied TCI state for the newly determined beam indication mode. The default TCI state may be determined based on one or more of the following.

[0113] The default TCI state may be determined based on a gNB configuration/indication. For example, the WTRU may be pre-configured/indicated a (e.g., via RRC and/or MAC-CE) with a default TCI state for the first TCI state indication mode (e.g., a first type of TCI state) and/or for the second TCI state indication mode (e.g., a first or second type of TCI state).

[0114] The default TCI state may be determined based on a type of TCI states (possibly with corresponding TCI state IDs) and/or corresponding QCL Type-D RS (possibly with corresponding RS IDs and/or logical beam IDs). For example, the WTRU may select a default TCI state from the first type of TCI states. For example, the WTRU may select a first type of TCI state associated with the lowest or highest TCI state ID among the configured/activated first type TCI states as a default TCI state. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may select a default TCI state as a second type of TCI state configured with a first type RS resource associated with a lowest or highest RS ID. For example, the WTRU may select a default TCI state from the second type of TCI states. For example, the WTRU may select a second type of TCI state associated with the lowest or highest TCI state ID among the configured/activated second type TCI states as a default TCI state. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may select the default TCI state as a second type of TCI state associated with the lowest or highest TCI state ID that may be configured with a logical beam ID as a QCL TypeD reference. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may select a default TCI state as a second type of TCI state associated to the lowest or highest TCI state ID that may be configured with a second type RS resource as a QCL-TypeD reference. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may select a default TCI state as a second type of TCI state configured with a second type RS resource associated with a lowest or highest logical beam ID.

[0115] The default TCI state may be determined based on an activated/applied TCI state. Based on the condition that the currently applied TCI state may be included in the activated TCI state of the determined beam indication mode, the WTRU may apply the applied (i.e., currently applied) TCI state for the newly determined beam indication mode. Based on the condition that the currently applied TCI state may not be included in the activated TCI state of the newly determined beam indication mode, the WTRU may apply the default TCI state. For example, the first type of TCI state associated with the lowest TCI state ID. Additionally or alternatively, based on the condition that the newly determined beam/TCI indication mode may be of the first type, the WTRU may apply the default TCI state associated to the first type of TCI states/first TCI state indication mode. Additionally or alternatively, based on the condition that the newly determined beam/TCI indication mode may be of the second type, the WTRU may apply the default TCI state associated with the second TCI state indication mode. Additionally or alternatively, based on the condition that the newly determined beam/TCI indication mode may be of the second type, the WTRU may apply the default TCI state associated to the second type of TCI states.

[0116] A TCI state may be applied for the second TCI state indication mode. Based on the condition that the WTRU determines the second TCI state indication mode (e.g., predicted beam indication mode) (e.g., with the first RS resource set (e.g., Set B) and the second RS resource set (e.g., Set A)), the WTRU may follow one or more of the following procedures for second TCI state indication. The WTRU may apply the second TCI state indication mode based on one or more of (e.g., all) the activated TCI states. The WTRU may apply the second TCI state indication mode based on dedicated activated TCI states for the second TCI state indication mode. In examples, the WTRU may be pre-configured (e.g., via RRC) with the TCI states associated with the second TCI state indication mode. The WTRU may apply the second TCI state indication based on a subset of activated TCI states (e.g., subset of activated TCI states associated with the second TCI state indication mode).

[0117] Based on the determined TCI state indication mode, the WTRU may apply an indicated TCI state for one or more of PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH and PUSCH. For example, the WTRU may monitor CORESETs/SearchSpaces and detects PDCCH by using the indicated TCI state. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may receive PDSCH by using the indicated TCI state. For example, the WTRU may transmit PUCCH and/or PUSCH by using the indicated TCI state.

[0118] A CSI reporting mode may be updated. Based on the determined TCI state indication mode and the AI/ML position, the WTRU may determine a CSI reporting mode based on the one or more of the following. The determination can be limited to periodic/semi-static CSI report er based on configurations. If the first TCI state indication mode is determined, the WTRU reports up to 4 CRI s/SSBRIs with corresponding RSRPs. If the second TCI state indication mode is determined and WTRU side AI/ML, the WTRU reports up to 4 CRIs/SSBRIs or logical beam IDs with corresponding RSRPs. If the second TCI state indication mode is determined and gNB side AI/ML, the WTRU reports RSRPs from the first RS resource set without beam indication.

[0119] In examples, the WTRU may determine a CS l-reporti ng mode based on the determined TCI state indication mode and/or AIML location (e.g., AIML inference location at WTRU-side or at g NB-side) in one or more of the following ways. In examples, the WTRU may use/switch/apply a CSI-reporting mode (e.g., dynamically) to the periodic/semi-periodic CSI-report. For example, the WTRU may not use/switch/apply a CSI-reporting mode (e.g., dynamically) to the aperiodic CSI-report based on the determined TCI state indication mode and/or AI/ML location. In examples, the WTRU may use a CSI- reporting mode based on the received configuration (e.g., based on the CSI-ReportConfig configuring the WTRU to report qualities of RSs associated to a Set B e.g., based on the CSI-ReportConfig configuring the WTRU to report predicted outputs (e.g., predicted beams of Set A and/or corresponding predicted beam qualities). Based on the condition that the first TCI state indication mode may be determined, the WTRU may report a first set of CSI parameters (e.g., up to 4 CRIs/SSBRIs with corresponding RS/beam qualities (e.g., RSRPs, RSSI, CQI, SINR, Rl, PMI)). Based on the condition that the second TCI state indication mode may be determined and the location of AIML inference/training is at WTRU-side, the WTRU may report a second set of CSI parameters. For example, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU may report up to 4 CRIs/SSBRIs and/or logical beam IDs with corresponding RS/beam qualities (e.g., RSRPs, RSSI, CQI, SINR, Rl, PMI etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may send a corresponding indication with CRI/SSBRI/logical beam ID, indicating a first type (e.g., measured) or a second type of RS beam quality (e.g., predicted). The WTRU may report CRI/SSBRI and/or logical beam ID of a first RS/beam (e.g., Top-1 predicted beam out of both the first RS resource set and the second RS resource set) and the corresponding RS/beam quality of the first RS/beam. Additionally, the WTRU may report up to 3 CRIs/SSBRIs of RSs/beams (e.g., RSs associated to the first RS resource set) and the corresponding RS/beam qualities. Based on the condition that the second TCI state indication mode may be determined and the location of AIML inference/training is at gNB-side, the WTRU may report a third set of CSI parameters. For example, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU may report beam/RS qualities of the RSs associated with the first RS resource set. For example, the WTRU may report beam/RS qualities without an indication of an RS resource (e.g., CRI/SSBRI) and/or logical beam ID. The WTRU may report beam/RS qualities of the RSs associated with the first RS resource set in the order of RS resources within the first RS resource set.

[0120] Dynamic application of TCI state indication mode may be provided. Methods are provided for determining a TCI state indication mode (e.g., based on measured beams only or estimated/measured beams), a TCI state, and/or a CSI reporting mode (e.g., for 4 or more measured or estimated beams) based on one or more measured metrics (e.g., WTRU rotation, WTRU speed, etc.) and/or an indicated TCI state.

[0121] A WTRU may receive a configuration including (e.g., configuration information indicating) one or more of: a first and second TCI state indication mode, AI/ML model location, CSI reporting type (e.g., RSRP reporting for inference or best beam indication), alignment of DL and UL TCI state indication mode (e.g., same indication mode or different), a set of thresholds (e.g., for beam prediction accuracy, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE), a first RS resource set (configured with one or more first type of RS resource), a second RS resource set (configured with one or more second type of RS resource or logical beam ID), or one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or second TCI type. Each second type RS resource of logical beam ID may be associated with one or more first type RS resource (e.g., for QCL measurements). A TCI state of a first TCI type may be configured with a first RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. A TCI state of a second TCI type may be configured with a logical beam ID or a second RS resource type as a QCL Type-D reference. A first TCI type may be associated with a first TCI state indication mode and a second TCI type is associated with a second TCI state indication mode.

[0122] The WTRU may receive a TCI state indication (e.g., via DCI with/without scheduling PDSCH or MAC CE) and may apply the indicated first TCI state to receive a corresponding PDSCH. The WTRU may determine (e.g., determine to enable) a TCI state indication mode for DL and UL based on one or more of the following. For example, the WTRU may determine to enable a first TCI state indication mode or a second TCI state indication mode for the DL and UL. The WTRU may determine a TCI state indication mode for DL and UL based on a gNB explicit indication (e.g., one or more of DCI, MAC CE, transmitted CORESET/SearchSpace and etc.). The WTRU may determine a TCI state indication mode for DL and UL based on WTRLI reporting, for example, potentially with corresponding gNB confirmation (e.g., beam prediction accuracy, beam quality of indicated first TCI state (e.g., for QCL Type-D), measurement error, WTRU rotation, WTRU movement, MPE and etc.). The WTRU may determine a TCI state indication mode for DL and UL based on the mode for alignment of beam indication for DL and UL. If configured to be aligned, the WTRU may determine a TCI state indication mode for both DL and UL. If configured to be separate, the WTRU may determine a TCI state indication mode for DL and UL, separately.

[0123] The WTRU may apply a second TCI state based on the determined TCI state indication mode. If the first TCI state is not of a TCI type associated with the determined TCI state indication mode, the WTRU may determine a second (e.g., default) TCI state (e.g., lowest TCI state ID among the TCI states of a TCI type associated with the determined TCI state indication mode). If the first TCI state is of the type associated with the determined TCI indication mode, the WTRU may determine that the second TCI state is the same as the first TCI state.

[0124] The WTRU may receive or transmit a transmission (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH) using the second TCI state. For example, the WTRU may communicate on the downlink and/or the uplink using a TCI state (e.g., the first TCI state or the second TCI state) of the one or more TCI states based on the enabled TCI state indication mode. The WTRU may monitor CORESETs/SearchSpaces and detects PDCCH by using the second TCI state. The WTRU may receive a PDSCH by using the second TCI state. The WTRU may transmit a PUCCH and/or a PUSCH by using the second TCI state.

[0125] Based on the determined TCI state indication mode and the AI/ML location, the WTRU may determine a CSI reporting mode based on the one or more of the following. The determination may be limited to periodic/semi-static CSI report or based on configurations. If the first TCI state indication mode is determined, the WTRU may report up to 4 CRIs/SSBRIs with corresponding RSRPs. If the second TCI state indication mode is determined and WTRU side AI/ML, the WTRU may report up to 4 CRIs/SSBRIs or logical beam IDs with corresponding RSRPs. If the second TCI state indication mode is determined and gNB side AI/ML, the WTRU may report RSRPs from the first RS resource set without beam indication. For example, the WTRU may send a CSI report according to the determined CSI reporting mode.

[0126] The proposed solutions described herein may enable dynamic change of beam indication mechanism between non-AI/ML and AI/ML based on measurements and KPIs. In non-AI/ML based beam indication, TCI states (e.g., only TCI states) associated with measured beams are activated so there’s no coverage loss from additional DCI payload due to activated TCI states from not measured beams. In addition, dynamic adaptation of CSI reporting mode based on the determined beam indication mode is supported and no additional RRC reconfiguration of periodic CSI reports and/or MAC CE activation/deactivation of semi-static CSI reports are not needed.

[0127] Abbreviations and Acronyms

ACK Acknowledgement

BLER Block Error Rate

BWP Bandwidth Part

CAP Channel Access Priority

CAPC Channel access priority class

CCA Clear Channel Assessment

CCE Control Channel Element

CE Control Element

CG Configured grant or cell group

CP Cyclic Prefix

CP-OFDM Conventional OFDM (relying on cyclic prefix)

CQI Channel Quality Indicator

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

CSI Channel State Information

CW Contention Window

CWS Contention Window Size

CO Channel Occupancy

DAI Downlink Assignment Index

DCI Downlink Control Information

DFI Downlink feedback information

DG Dynamic grant

DL Downlink

DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal

DRB Data Radio Bearer eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access

FeLAA Further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access

HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

LAA License Assisted Access LBT Listen-Before-Talk

LTE Long Term Evolution e.g. from 3GPP LTE R8 and up

NACK Negative ACK

MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

NR New Radio

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing

PHY Physical Layer

PID Process ID

PO Paging Occasion

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

RA Random Access (or procedure)

RACH Random Access Channel

RAR Random Access Response

RCU Radio access network Central Unit

RF Radio Front end

RLF Radio Link Failure

RLM Radio Link Monitoring

RNTI Radio Network Identifier

RO RACH occasion

RRC Radio Resource Control

RRM Radio Resource Management

RS Reference Signal

RSRP Reference Signal Received Power

RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator

SDU Service Data Unit

SRS Sounding Reference Signal

SS Synchronization Signal

SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal

SWG Switching Gap (in a self-contained subframe) SPS Semi-persistent scheduling

SUL Supplemental Uplink

TB Transport Block

TBS T ransport Block Size

TRP Transmission I Reception Point

TSC Time-sensitive communications

TSN Time-sensitive networking

UL Uplink

URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications

WBWP Wide Bandwidth Part

WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks and related technologies (IEEE 8O2.xx domain)

Claims

CLAIMS:

1 . A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a processor configured to: receive configuration information indicating a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state indication mode, a second TCI state indication mode, an artificial intelligence machine learning (AI/ML) model location, and one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or a second TCI type; determine to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode for downlink and uplink; communicate on the downlink or the uplink using a TCI state of the one or more TCI states based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode; determine a channel state information (CSI) reporting mode based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode and the AI/ML model location; and send a CSI report according to the determined CSI reporting mode.

2. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the first TCI state indication mode is an AI/ML based TCI state indication mode and the second TCI state indication mode is a non-AI/ML based TCI state indication mode.

3. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the determination to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode is based on one or more of an explicit indication received from a network node, one or more WTRU parameters, or a mode for alignment of beam indication.

4. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the determination to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode is based on one or more of a measured beam prediction accuracy being less than a first preconfigured threshold, a measured beam quality being less than a second preconfigured threshold, a difference between the measured beam quality and a predicted beam quality, a measured WTRU rotation being greater than a third preconfigured threshold, a measured WTRU movement being greater than a fourth preconfigured threshold, or a measured maximum permitted exposure (MPE) being greater than a fifth preconfigured threshold.

5. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the TCI state is a first TCI state of the one or more TCI states, and wherein the processor is further configured to: receive a downlink shared channel using a second TCI state of the one or more TCI states before determining to enable the first or second TCI state indication mode.

6. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein being configured to communicate on the downlink or the uplink using the TCI state comprises the processor being configured to one or more of: monitor control resource sets (CORESETs) or search spaces to detect a physical downlink control channel using the TCI state; receive a physical downlink shared channel using the TCI state; or send an uplink channel using the TCI state.

7. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the CSI reporting mode comprises a periodic CSI reporting mode or a semi-static CSI reporting mode.

8. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein, based on a determination to enable the first TCI state indication mode, the CSI report indicates up to 4 resource indicators with corresponding reference signal received powers (RSRPs).

9. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein, based on a determination to enable the second TCI state indication mode and based on the AI/ML model location being at the WTRU, the CSI report indicates up to 4 resource indicators or logical beam identifiers (IDs) with corresponding reference signal received powers (RSRPs).

10. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein, based on a determination to enable the second TCI State indication mode and based on the AI/ML model location being at the network, the CSI report indicates reference signal received powers (RSRPs) from a first reference signal (RS) resource set without beam indication.

11. A method performed by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving configuration information indicating a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state indication mode, a second TCI state indication mode, an artificial intelligence machine learning (AI/ML) model location, and one or more TCI states of a first TCI type or a second TCI type; determining to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode for downlink and uplink; communicating on the downlink or the uplink using a TCI state of the one or more TCI states based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode; determining a channel state information (CSI) reporting mode based on the enabled first or second TCI state indication mode and the AI/ML model location; and sending a CSI report according to the determined CSI reporting mode.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first TCI state indication mode is an AI/ML based TCI state indication mode and the second TCI state indication mode is a non-AI/ML based TCI state indication mode.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the determination to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode is based on one or more of an explicit indication received from a network node, one or more WTRU parameters, or a mode for alignment of beam indication.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the determination to enable the first TCI state indication mode or the second TCI state indication mode is based on one or more of a measured beam prediction accuracy being less than a first preconfigured threshold, a measured beam quality being less than a second preconfigured threshold, a difference between the measured beam quality and a predicted beam quality, a measured WTRU rotation being greater than a third preconfigured threshold, a measured WTRU movement being greater than a fourth preconfigured threshold, or a measured maximum permitted exposure (MPE) being greater than a fifth preconfigured threshold.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the TCI state is a first TCI state of the one or more TCI states, the method further comprising: receiving a downlink shared channel using a second TCI state of the one or more TCI states before determining to enable the first or second TCI state indication mode.

16. The method of claim 11, wherein communicating on the downlink or the uplink using the TCI state comprises one or more of: monitoring control resource sets (CORESETs) or search spaces to detect a physical downlink control channel using the TCI state; receiving a physical downlink shared channel using the TCI state; or sending an uplink channel using the TCI state.

17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the CSI reporting mode comprises a periodic CSI reporting mode or a semi-static CSI reporting mode.

18. The method of claim 11, wherein, based on a determination to enable the first TCI state indication mode, the CSI report indicates up to 4 resource indicators with corresponding reference signal received powers (RSRPs).

19. The method of claim 11, wherein, based on a determination to enable the second TCI state indication mode and based on the AI/ML model location being at the WTRU, the CSI report indicates up to 4 resource indicators or logical beam identifiers (IDs) with corresponding reference signal received powers (RSRPs).

20. The method of claim 11, wherein, based on a determination to enable the second TCI State indication mode and based on the AI/ML model location being at the network, the CSI report indicates reference signal received powers (RSRPs) from a first reference signal (RS) resource set without beam indication.