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WO2018002068A1 - Agent de frittage pour composition réfractaire à particules sèches - Google Patents

Agent de frittage pour composition réfractaire à particules sèches Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018002068A1
WO2018002068A1 PCT/EP2017/065883 EP2017065883W WO2018002068A1 WO 2018002068 A1 WO2018002068 A1 WO 2018002068A1 EP 2017065883 W EP2017065883 W EP 2017065883W WO 2018002068 A1 WO2018002068 A1 WO 2018002068A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sintering agent
refractory
dry particulate
dry
aggregates
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2017/065883
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English (en)
Inventor
Romain TECHER
Romain SOUDIER
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Calderys France SAS
Original Assignee
Calderys France SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Calderys France SAS filed Critical Calderys France SAS
Priority to JP2018569099A priority Critical patent/JP7136704B2/ja
Priority to KR1020197002966A priority patent/KR102403083B1/ko
Priority to CN201780037968.3A priority patent/CN109689592A/zh
Priority to EP17737505.2A priority patent/EP3478644B8/fr
Priority to BR112018076352-7A priority patent/BR112018076352B1/pt
Priority to US16/312,322 priority patent/US11608300B2/en
Publication of WO2018002068A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018002068A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of refractory materials.
  • the present invention concerns a sintering agent for dry particulate refractory composition, with said agent resulting from the combination of at least one mineral compound containing feldspar and at least one phosphate presenting a loss on ignition (at 900°C) of less than 20%.
  • the invention also relates to dry particulate refractory compositions comprising refractory particles (or aggregates) and said sintering agent.
  • Such compositions are, in particular, used for the fabrication of furnace lining, for example induction furnaces/crucibles, for the melting of metals in particular.
  • the invention relates to consolidated products obtained from a dry par- ticulate refractory composition according to the invention and to the process for fabricating such products.
  • the dry particulate refractory compositions also referred to as dry mix or dry vibrating mixes (DV ), generally consist of refractory particles (also called aggregates) and a sintering agent.
  • the aggregates consisting of one or more minerals, generally represent the most important part of the product in quantity.
  • the sintering agent constitutes the essential means of ensuring the cohesion of all the constituents in the refractory products.
  • the sintering agent is also referred to as a heat-activated agent.
  • Alt- hough present in refractory compositions in a relatively weak content compared with the quantity of aggregates, the sintering agent has a substantial effect upon the properties and final performance of the refractory filling.
  • Such compositions are implemented "dry", namely, without adding water or liquid binder, or with a very reduced quantity of water or liquid binder (for example, less than 3%).
  • dry mix powder traditionally results from compacting at ambient temperature, with the consolidation resulting from subsequent sintering ther- mal processing.
  • the thermal consolidation processing temperature also referred to as sintering temperature, is generally between the sintering agent melting temperature and that of the refractory particles. However, the sintering may in certain cases take place at a temperature less than the melting temperature of the sintering agent and the aggregates - for example, in the formation of a eutectic mix.
  • the sintering agent generally changes from the solid state to a vis- cous liquid state, allowing the grains to coalesce.
  • CMR Carcinogenic, Mutagenic and Reprotoxic
  • boric acid (CAS 10043-35-3, 11113- 50-1 )
  • boron trioxide (CAS 1303-86-2)
  • anhydrous disodium tetraborate (CAS 1330-43- 412179-04-3, 1303-96-4)
  • tetraboron heptoxide and disodium hydrate (CAS 12267-73- 1 ) and other hyd rated forms of these substances.
  • One aim of t e present invention is to offer a sintering agent for particulate refractory composition that does not include compounds containing boron and that despite this can maintain the properties and final performance of the refractory materials.
  • One aim of the present invention is therefore to offer an alternative to the use of compounds containing boron as sintering agents for dry particulate refractory compositions.
  • Such dry refractory compositions used to line furnaces for melting metals, must in particular present effective resistance to infiltration by the melted metal and to infiltration by liquid slag (metal oxide mixtures).
  • the present invention concerns a sintering agent for dry particulate refractory composition comprising at least 70 wt.-% of refractory aggregates, with said sintering agent comprising:
  • This sintering agent may also include alkaline silicate.
  • said sintering agent does not include boric acid, boron trioxide, anhydrous disodium tetraborate, tetraboron heptox- ide and disodium hydrate or any other hydrated forms of these substances.
  • the invention also concerns a dry particulate refractory composition
  • a dry particulate refractory composition comprising:
  • refractory aggregates are aluminium oxide, silica, silica-alumina or a mixture of these.
  • the invention also concerns the use of the dry particulate refractory composition according to the invention for the refractory filling, in particular the refractory lining for induction furnaces.
  • the invention also concerns the refractory lining of induction furnaces likely to be obtained from the dry particulate refractory composition according to the invention, or according to the abovementioned use.
  • the present invention concerns a sintering agent for dry particulate refractory composition comprising at least 70 wt.-% of refractory aggregates, with said sintering agent comprising:
  • the sintering agent is particularly suitable for a dry particulate refractory composition comprising at least 70 wt.-% of refractory aggregates, for example at least 80 wt-%, at least 90 wt.-% or at least 95 wt.-% of refractory aggregates. These percentages are expressed compared with the total weight of the dry refractory composition.
  • This sintering agent consists of at least two components, namely, an organic component comprising at least one phosphate group, and one mineral component containing feldspar. The respective percentages of these two minimum components are expressed compared with the total weight of the sintering agent.
  • Phosphate compound with a loss on ignition (at 900°C) of less than 20% means a compound that is chemical in nature that includes at least one phosphate group and presents a loss on ignition (or “Loss of mass on heating”) measured at 900°C, of less than 20%.
  • the loss on ignition is determined in air or in an oxidising atmosphere, by calcination of the sample at a temperature of 900°C ⁇ 25°C.
  • the loss on ignition therefore represents a difference in mass, or more precisely the mass before calcination mO mi- nus the mass after calcination ml
  • loss on ignition (%) 100 (m0 - m1 ) / m0.
  • the sintering agent includes at least one phosphate compound having a loss on ignition (at 900°C) of less than 18 %, for example at 15 wt-%.
  • said phosphate compound is an alkaline phosphate and in particular includes at least one of the following chemical compounds ( aPOs H2PO4, K2HPO4, K3PO4 or a mixture of these compounds.
  • the sintering agent according to the present invention also uses a mineral containing feldspar.
  • the term "mineral containing feldspar” also means “feldspar” or "feldspathoid”.
  • Feldspar is a mineral with a double silicate base, aluminium, potassium, sodium or calcium. Feldspar is from the group of tectosilicates. There are numerous feldspars, of which the main ones are orthoclase, albite and anorthite.
  • feldspar in this context means minerals such as plagioclases (for example albite, oligoclase, an- desine, labradorite, bonite and anorthite), orthoclases and other feldspars of potassium containing sanidine, microline and anorhoclase, petalites, feldspars containing barium such as hyalophane and celsian and other similar minerals that are found in granites, diorites, granodiorites, leptynrtes, albitites, feldspathic sand and other similar materials.
  • plagioclases for example albite, oligoclase, an- desine, labradorite, bonite and anorthite
  • orthoclases and other feldspars of potassium containing sanidine, microline and anorhoclase petalites
  • feldspars containing barium such as hyalophane and celsian and other similar minerals that are found in granites, diorites, gran
  • Standard containing feldspar also means “feldspathoid”.
  • the feldspathoids are a group of minerals that resemble feldspars but that have a different structure and typically a much lower level of silica. Reference may be made in particular to minerals such as noseane, analcime, cancrinite, leucite, nepheline (for example, nepheline syenite), sodalite (for example, hauyne) and plagiocalses, orthoclases, petalites, hyal- ophanes and other similar materials such as lazurite produced in granites, diorites, granodiorites, leptynites, albitites, feldspathic sand and other similar materials.
  • said mineral containing feldspar comprises or mainly consists of feldspar. In some methods of embodiments of the invention, said mineral containing feldspar comprises or mainly consists of a feldspathoid mineral. In some embodiments, said mineral containing feldspar comprises or consists mainly of a mixture of feldspar and a feldspathoid mineral. In one embodiment, the feldspar containing a filler material is an albitic mineral, that is, a feeder material comprising albrte, for example, a Turkish albitic mineral, for example, an albite deposit in the city Milas in the Mugla region of Turkey.
  • the feldspar containing the feeder ma- terial is an albite deposit containing albite, one or more Fe-bearing minerals and one or more Ti-bearing minerals, for example, an albite deposit containing albite, biotite, rutile and/or sphene, and one or more quartz, muscovite and apatite, for example, a deposit containing albite, biotite, rutile, quartz, muscovite, sphene and apatite.
  • a combination of the two elements namely a phos- phate compound with loss on ignition (at 900°C) of less than 20% and a mineral containing feldspar, offered an alternative to the use of compounds containing boron as a sintering agent for dry particulate refractory composition.
  • Such dry particulate refractory compositions used to line furnaces used for the melting of metals, present effective resistance to infiltration by melted metal as shown in the examples given below.
  • the sintering agent according to the invention is such that it allows the start of the sintering phase at a low temperature, for example about 700°C.
  • the sintering agent according to the invention presents the advantage of comprising a mixture of different agents and thus presenting a sintering temperature over a wide temperature range, for example between 500°C and 950°C in the case of a system of silica type aggregates as a sintering agent. This constitutes an advantage particularly compared with the use of compounds containing a boron atom whose sintering temperature is fixed and defined by the eutectic temperature of the SiO EkC - system.
  • the presence of the sintered layer has the advantage of leading to the impermeability of the metal being melted in the contact zone (increased thickness of the sintering).
  • the presence of a powdery/crumbly layer stops any piercing of the metal being melted and, as a result, preserves the installation as it is.
  • the presence of a powdery layer also allows participation in the flexibility of the refractory lining, namely the capacity to resist without cracking any geomet- deal deformation in the course of use, which preserves the durability of the installation.
  • the surface to be in contact with the metal being melted has effective mechanical resistance, preserving the structure from any shocks in loading the furnace.
  • the use of the sintering agent according to the invention which consists in a combination of a sintering agent with a chemical composition containing at least one phosphate group with a mineral sintering agent containing feldspar provides all of the advantages referred to above in consolidating the refractory material and thereby ensuring the sustainability of the refractory material over time.
  • the sintering agent comprises:
  • the sintering agent also comprises from 1 to 50 wt.-% of at least one alkaline silicate, for example from 2 to 40 wt.-% or from 3 to 30 wt.-%.
  • the alkaline silicate is chosen from the group consisting of sodium silicate, potassium silicate, lithium silicate and a mixture of these compounds.
  • the sintering agent according to the invention comprises or mainly consists of: - 1 to 98 wt.-% of at least one phosphate compound with loss on ignition (at 900°C) of less than 20%, for example from 10 to 48 wt.-%,
  • a least one alkaline silicate for example from 2 to 40 wt-%.
  • the sintering agent does not include any compound comprising a boron atom.
  • the sintering agent does not include boric acid, boron trioxide, anhydrous disodium tetraborate, tetraboron heptoxide nor disodium hydrate or any other hyd rated forms of these substances.
  • One advantage of the present invention is to offer a sintering agent for particulate refractory composition that does not comprise compounds containing boron in accordance with the REACH regulations and that, despite this, allows the properties and final performance of the refractory materials to be maintained.
  • the present invention concerns a dry particulate refractory composition.
  • This composition is in particular of a dry mix or dry vibrating mix.
  • Such compositions are used as refractory linings in various industrial applications, such as ladles for moulding and/or receiving metals.
  • Such compositions are commonly installed inside metallurgic pockets, then mechanically compacted, for example by using a mechanical vibrating too!.
  • the compacted composition is then sufficiently stable to form an intermediate lining, sometimes called green lining or lining after compacting, which is then sintered during the use of the foundry ladle, for example by the introduction of steel or molten iron at a high temperature of the order of 1 ,500°C or more.
  • the sintering of the refractory lining may therefore take place during the operation to put the foundry ladle into service.
  • dry particulate refractory compositions are called dry particulate refractory compositions.
  • dry must be understood as having a level of humidity of less than 1 wt.-%, for example less than 0.5 wt.-%, which for the dry particulate refractory composition, without the addition of the sintering agent, is determined by a loss on ignition after drying at 110°C.
  • the present invention concerns a dry particulate refractory composition consisting of:
  • - at least 70 wt.-% of refractory aggregates for example at least 80 wt-%, at least 90 wt-% or at least 95 wt-%, - at least 0.5 wt-% of sintering agent according to the present invention, for example at least 1 wt-% or at least 1.5 wt.-%,
  • the dry particulate refractory composition contains at least 70 t.-% of refractory aggregates (also referred to as refractory particles), based on the total dry weight of the dry refractory composition.
  • refractory aggregates means any mineral material apart from the sintering agent irrespective of its size.
  • aggregate also means fine particles, in particular of a size of less than 100 microns (in some cases considered as being a part of the mould).
  • the dry particulate refractory composition contains 70 wt.-% to 99.5 wt-%, for example, 75 wt.-% to 99 wt.-%, or 80 wt-% to 98 wt-% of aggregate.
  • the dry particulate refractory composition contains about 75 wt-%, about 80 wt-%, about 85 wt-% or about 90 wt-% of aggregate.
  • the dry particulate refractory compositions once put in place in the receptacle a d compacted, must present a high degree of compactness. This means that the granulometric distribution of the refractory particles must be optimised in order to have a good ratio between large, fine and ultra-fine particles, whilst avoiding any slow or ineffective compacting over time.
  • the refractory aggregates prefferably be alumina, silica, silica-alumina or a mixture of these. Where they are alumina in type (for example, tabular alumina, calcinated alumina, white or brown corundum, bauxite, reactive alumina, semi-reactive alumina), the refractory aggregates contain 52 wt-% to 99 wt-% of AI2O3, for example 60 wt-% to 99 wt-% or 70 wt-% to 99 wt-%.
  • the refrac- tory aggregates contain a minimum of 90 wt-% of S1O2, for example a minimum of 95 wt-% of S1O2 or a minimum of 96 wt-% or 97 wt-%.
  • the refractory aggregates contain 5 to 70 wt-% of AI2O3, for example 10 to 60 wt-%, and they contain 40 to 75 wt-% of Si0 2 .
  • the dry particulate refractory composition includes refractory aggregates chosen from the group consisting of zirconia, zircon, magnesite, olivine, chromium oxide or chromium ore, spinel, silicon carbide, quartzite, quartz, vitreous silica, brown corundum, white corundum, tabular alumina, calcinated alumina, reactive or semi-reactive alumina, bauxite, sintered or electro-cast sinter, and calcinated chamotte having a rate of alumina of between 30 and 75 mass-%, andalusite, cyanite, sillimanite or a mixture of these aggregates.
  • refractory aggregates chosen from the group consisting of zirconia, zircon, magnesite, olivine, chromium oxide or chromium ore, spinel, silicon carbide, quartzite, quartz, vitreous silica, brown corundum, white corundum, tabular a
  • the dry particulate refractory composition includes refractory aggregates of quartz, quartzite, vitreous silica or a mixture of these. Quartz is distinguished from quartzite by the size of the elementary crystallites, resulting from the geological method of formation. Vitreous silica is obtained by fusing quartz or quartzite.
  • the choice of aggregates is generally based on a combination of technical characteristics, including mineral composition, chemical composition, density, granulometric distribution and form.
  • Refractory aggregates may contain, consist mainly of or consist of particles whose granulometric distribution is of a size of between 0.5 pm to 45 mm or 0.5 pm to 40 mm, determined by the quantity of material conserved on a sieve of suitable size and is expressed as a percentage of the total initial dry mass of the material.
  • the aggregate contains, consists mainly of or consists of;
  • the aggregate contains, consists mainly of or consists of:
  • the aggregate contains, consists mainly of or consists of:
  • the aggregate contains, consists mainly of or consists of:
  • the aggregate particles may be in various forms, in particular spheroid or angular.
  • the form of the aggregates has an effect upon the granular stacking and therefore the dry vibrated density of the product put in place.
  • the granulomere distribution of the particles is equal to at least 78%, preferably 80% to 82%, of the theoretical density of the starting aggregate mixture with 100% compactness (zero inter-particulate porosity).
  • the term 'Vibrated density is known to professionals and they know how to measure this parameter. As an indication, it is measured by putting in place a dry mix in a rigid cylindrical mould presenting an internal volume of 1 dm 3 , then determining the mass of the dry material after compaction under a pressure of 4 kPa, by vibration on a vibrating table at an amplitude of 0.8mm, a frequency of 50 Hz and for a period of 90 seconds.
  • the dry particulate refractory composition according to the present invention contains at least 0.5 wt-% of sintering agent according to the invention, based on the total dry weight of the dry refractory composition.
  • the dry particulate refractory composition contains at least 1 wt-% or at least 1.5 wt.-% of sintering agent.
  • the dry particulate refractory composition according to the present invention contains 1 wt.-% to 30 wt.-%, for example, 1.5 wt.-% to 25 wt.-%, or 2 wt-% to 20 wt-% of sintering agent.
  • the dry particulate refractory composition contains about 1 wt-%, about 1.5 wt.-%, about 2 wt-% or about 5 wt.-% of sintering agent.
  • the dry refractory composition may also include one or more additives, in particular one or more of the following additives: anti-dust agent, anti-moisture lubricating agent and/or temporary binding agent.
  • the dry refractory composition according to the invention includes:
  • the dry refractory composition may contain one or more anti-dust agents. These may in particular include the following compounds: fuel oil, hydrocarbons, mineral oil, for example rapeseed oil.
  • the dry refractory composition may contain one or more lubricating agents.
  • metallic stearates such as aluminium stearate, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate and zinc stearate, lamp black, graphite or a mixture of these compounds.
  • the dry refractory composition may contain one or more anti-moisture agents. These may include the following in particular: These include the following compounds in particular: silicon, barium sulphate, calcium fluoride, lamp black, graphite, coke or a mixture of these compounds.
  • the dry refractory composition may contain a temporary binding agent, aimed at ensuring the cohesion of the particulate mixture after heating at a temperature of bet een 1 ?0°C and 500°C.
  • the temporary binder may be obtained at heat, for exam- pie by means of heat-hardening resins. Alternatively, this temporary binding may be obtained after heating at the temperature for melting the binding agent, then cooling by means of thermoplastic resins, for example.
  • the temporary binding that is, the cohesion of the particulate mixture at temperatures lower than the sintering start temperature, may be useful for guaranteeing the mechanical resistance of the refractory lining before the development of mechanical resistances resulting from the sintering.
  • the mechanical properties developed by the temporary binding agent may be advantageous in the withdrawal of the working range of the installation or on loading liquid or solid metals, in order to avoid damaging the refractory lining that has not yet been sintered.
  • the dry particulate refractory composition according to the invention is characterised by a flow facilitating installation and placement.
  • the dry refractory composition according to the invention is prepared by a mixture of raw materials for a time period of several minutes, Applications
  • the present invention also concerns the use of the dry particulate refractory composition according to the invention in order to form a refractory lining (or refractory coating) by installation in a receptacle.
  • receptacle means an induction furnace, for example a crucible-style furnace, a cement kiln, a furnace for developing and smelting aluminium or its alloys, a furnace for converting or smelting steel and cast iron, ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, an induction furnace or a channel furnace.
  • the dry particulate refractory composition according to the invention is used for refractory lining, in particular the refractory lining of crucible induction furnaces, the inductors of holding furnaces and the tanks of holding furnaces or casting furnaces found in the smelting industry for ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
  • Such dry refractory compositions, used to line furnaces used for melting metals must in particular present effective resistance to infiltration and wear by the melted metal. They must also allow a thick, crumbly safety layer on the cool face of the furnace.
  • the invention concerns a refractory lining that may be obtained from the dry particulate refractory composition of the invention, or according to the abovementioned use.
  • the present invention also relates to consolidated products obtained from a dry particulate refractory composition according to the invention and from the processes used to manufacture such products.
  • the process for manufacturing a sintered product according to the invention includes the following stages:
  • This process may be used for manufacturing the side wall and bottom of a crucible induction furnace.
  • the side wall and the bottom of such a crucible constitute the coating or lining of the furnace.
  • the use of the sintering agent according to the invention improves the resistance to heat shock and as a result improves the life of the refractory product.
  • the dry particulate refractory composition according to the invention is compacted by vibration.
  • the compaction may be carried out according to the progress of the transfer of the composition to the receptacle to be lined.
  • An increase in the temperature then allows the sintering agent to be activated, that is, it allows the sintering agent particles to melt or to react with the refractory particles to ensure the cohesion of the refractory particles.
  • the consolidating thermal treatment, or sintering is preferably carried out at a temperature greater than the temperature in use.
  • the resistance to infiltration and wear and the thickness of the crumbly safety layer on the back surface of the refractory coating are assessed by carrying out a corrosion test in an induction crucible furnace according to the method described below.
  • the various raw materials and the sintering agent are introduced into a mixer and mixed dry for 5 minutes at a speed of 44 revolutions per minute.
  • the dry mixes are then poured into suitable moulds for fabricating the voussoirs of a height of about 20cm. Then a compaction stage is carried out for a period of 1 minute 30 seconds on a vibrating bench (amplitude 0.5mm).
  • the voussoirs prepared are used as test pieces for the refractory coating of the induction crucible furnace.
  • the materials undergo a filtering stage according to the heat cy- cle defined below; the provision of the calories required for sintering the refractory coating is carried out using the liquid iron at a high temperature present in the crucible, as follows:
  • the sintering stage is followed by at least three successive meltings of an iron slag mix according to the same thermal cycle defined above.
  • the voussoirs of the various compositions are then dismantled and cut to obtain two equal sections. Characterisation of the dry mixes obtained
  • the crumbly safety layer on the cool face of the furnace is taken into account to assess the performance of the refractory material.
  • This crumbly layer is necessary in order to stop infiltrations of liquid metal and to facilitate the dismantling of the furnace. It is classified according to the following three criteria: non-existent, fine or thick.
  • the examples of the dry particulate refractory compositions include two essen- tial constituents, namely aggregates and a sintering agent whose respective quantities are expressed as a weighted percentage. So, for example, Example A1 consists of 97.5% of quartz and quartette aggregates (Table 1 ) and 2.5% of sintering agent whose nature and quantity are also given (Table 4).
  • Table 4 Examples A1 and A2 are according to the invention. Examples Comp A1 and Comp A2 are outside the invention. The tests presented in this table are carried out in the same test,
  • composition of the A2 dry mix presents mechanical resistance that is greater than composition A1 , which gives it an additional advantage as a refractory coating for the parts outside the tank of the induction furnaces.
  • Example B is according to the inven tion.
  • Example Comp B is outside the in- vention.
  • Example Comp F1 is outside the invention.

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Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte à un agent de frittage pour des compositions réfractaires à particules sèches, et à des compositions réfractaires à particules sèches. L'invention concerne également l'utilisation de compositions réfractaires à particules sèches.
PCT/EP2017/065883 2016-06-30 2017-06-27 Agent de frittage pour composition réfractaire à particules sèches Ceased WO2018002068A1 (fr)

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JP2018569099A JP7136704B2 (ja) 2016-06-30 2017-06-27 乾燥粒子耐火組成物用の焼結助剤
KR1020197002966A KR102403083B1 (ko) 2016-06-30 2017-06-27 건식 미립자 내화성 조성물을 위한 소결제
CN201780037968.3A CN109689592A (zh) 2016-06-30 2017-06-27 干颗粒耐火组合物用烧结剂
EP17737505.2A EP3478644B8 (fr) 2016-06-30 2017-06-27 Agent de frittage pour composition particulaire sèche
BR112018076352-7A BR112018076352B1 (pt) 2016-06-30 2017-06-27 Composição refratária particulada seca, seu uso, agente de sinterização, e revestimento refratário de fornos
US16/312,322 US11608300B2 (en) 2016-06-30 2017-06-27 Sintering agent for dry particulate refractory composition

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FR3053327A1 (fr) 2018-01-05
KR20190029624A (ko) 2019-03-20
CN109689592A (zh) 2019-04-26
US20190218148A1 (en) 2019-07-18
KR102403083B1 (ko) 2022-05-26
US11608300B2 (en) 2023-03-21
JP2019527184A (ja) 2019-09-26
EP3478644B8 (fr) 2021-10-13

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