WO2013089252A1 - ヘルパーt細胞誘導性ポリペプチドの改変 - Google Patents
ヘルパーt細胞誘導性ポリペプチドの改変 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013089252A1 WO2013089252A1 PCT/JP2012/082573 JP2012082573W WO2013089252A1 WO 2013089252 A1 WO2013089252 A1 WO 2013089252A1 JP 2012082573 W JP2012082573 W JP 2012082573W WO 2013089252 A1 WO2013089252 A1 WO 2013089252A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a variant of a helper T cell (Th) -inducible polypeptide, an antitumor agent containing the variant, and the like.
- Th helper T cell
- CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes play a major role as effectors that kill tumor cells.
- Th helper T
- Th1 type Th cells are essential for efficient anti-tumor immunity activity induction.
- APCs antigen-presenting cells
- NPC 5 antigen-presenting cells
- Non-patent Documents 8 and 9 Anti-apoptotic effect on CTLs and APCs (Non-patent Documents 8 and 9) ), Functions to help proliferation of memory CD8 T cells and maintenance and expansion of the peripheral pool (Non-Patent Documents 10 and 11), induction of CTL infiltration into tumor tissues (Non-Patent Documents 12 and 13), and the like are known.
- Non-Patent Document 14 Particularly in anti-tumor immunity, since the target antigen is a tumor antigen that naturally occurs in the body of the subject, the immune system regards the tumor antigen as its own component and usually does not easily cause an aggressive response.
- T cells that recognize and react strongly with self-antigens die before they become immature, and remain as self-antigens.
- T cells that react moderately or weakly are also in a functionally suppressed state.
- Treg is induced by inadvertently administering a tumor antigen, and it is highly possible to suppress the immune response against the tumor.
- the inventor used a non-tumor antigen pertussis vaccine as an adjuvant to HLA class I binding tumor antigen polypeptide that induces CTL as a third party antigen, Bordetella pertussis.
- Patent Document 1 It has succeeded in inducing anti-tumor immunity by a method of inducing Th cells against the tumor cells and causing them to grow tumor antigen-specific CTLs. Particularly, since the pertussis whole cell vaccine is used in the method, Th1-type Th cells having high CTL-inducing activity can be efficiently induced. However, as for the induction of tumor antigen-specific Th1 cells, there is a problem of regulatory T cells as described above, and there is no reliable induction method at present.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a variant of a tumor antigen-specific Th-inducible polypeptide and to provide an antitumor agent using the same.
- the conventional immunization method that induces CTLs by immunizing with MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) class I-binding peptide does not provide sufficient antitumor activity.
- MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex
- the inventor has realized that even if CTLs are present, it is a major problem that they do not fully penetrate the tumor tissue. Therefore, we studied the mechanism of tumor-specific T cells invading tumor tissue. When solid tumors degenerate in vivo, not only CTL but also Th cell infiltration was commonly observed in tumor tissues. I noticed that This point is common to past reports. Usually, T cells (Th and CTL) ride on blood and travel around the entire body, so they are blocked by vascular endothelial cells and are not in direct contact with tumor tissue.
- the inventor captures tumor-specific Th cells in tumor tissue by capturing apoptotic tumor cells in the vicinity of vascular endothelial cells and presenting a tumor antigen-derived polypeptide on MHC class II of the vascular endothelial cells. I found out for the first time. Furthermore, the expression of chemokines I-TAC, IP-10, and Mig is induced in vascular endothelial cells by IFN- ⁇ secreted by Th that has invaded the tumor tissue. It was observed that CTLs that highly express CXCR-3, which is a receptor for sex chemokines, were promoted to infiltrate tumors, and as a result, solid tumors degenerated.
- the tumor-specific Th cells are Th1-type Th. From this discovery, it has become obvious that the development of a method for efficiently inducing tumor antigen-specific Th cells is a key technology for developing an immunization method for degenerating solid tumors. Therefore, in this case, attention has been focused on adding a modification that imparts digestion resistance to enzymes that degrade these polypeptides to MHC class II-binding polypeptides that induce Th. As a result, the Th induction efficiency can be increased several hundred times as described later.
- Th induction efficiency can be dramatically increased by adding the modification to the polypeptide according to the recognition efficiency of the MHC class II-binding polypeptide of the Th cell.
- the present invention [1] A variant of an isolated polypeptide that is derived from a tumor-specific antigen and binds to an MHC class II molecule; [2] The variant according to [1], wherein the modification is addition of several amino acids to the C-terminal side and / or the N-terminal side of the isolated polypeptide; [3] The amino acid added to the C-terminal side of the isolated polypeptide is represented by the following formula (I): X1-X2-X3-X4 (I) (Where (1) X1 represents biotinylated Lys, X2 represents several amino acids or single bonds, X3 represents one amino acid or single bond, and X4 represents one amino acid or carboxyl group (provided that X3 is Pro) X4 represents one amino acid) (2) X1 represents one amino acid or single bond excluding biotinylated Lys, X2 represents several amino acids or single bonds, X3 represents Pro, X4 represents one amino acid, or (3) X1 represents biotin
- a composition comprising an isolated polypeptide that binds to an MHC class I molecule and an adjuvant; [18] Use of the variant according to any one of [1] to [10] or the isolated polypeptide according to [11] for producing an antitumor agent; [19] The subject-derived antigen-presenting cell population and the variant according to any one of [1] to [10] are cultured, and the subject confirms the binding between the antigen-presenting cell population and the variant.
- a method for examining whether or not an MHC class II molecule binds to an isolated polypeptide contained in the body [20] An antigen-presenting cell that expresses a specific MHC class II molecule and an arbitrary peptide modified at the N-terminus and / or C-terminus are cultured, and the binding of the antigen-presenting cell to the peptide is confirmed. A method for examining whether or not the peptide can bind to a cell; Etc.
- tumor-specific antigens can be presented on MHC class II molecules of antigen-presenting cells significantly more efficiently than before, and more efficiently.
- Tumor antigen-specific Th cells can be induced.
- tumor antigen-specific Th cells can be infiltrated into the tumor tissue.
- the CTL can infiltrate the tumor tissue and kill the tumor cells.
- the upper row is a graph showing the number of infiltrating solid tumors (EL4 tumor and E.G7 (EL4 expressing OVA gene) tumor) with PKH-labeled DO11.10.
- the lower row shows the number of PKH positive cells in the spleen.
- KO is an MHC class II (IA ⁇ b ) KO mouse;
- KO ⁇ F1 is a mouse in which the bone marrow of an MHC class II KO mouse is transplanted into a CBF1 mouse;
- F1 ⁇ KO is an opposite bone marrow chimeric mouse .
- EL4 is an EL4 tumor transplanted in each immunized mouse; EG7 is an EG7 tumor transplanted into the same mouse; OVA-I is a CTL-inducing peptide; OVA-II is a Th-inducing peptide; ⁇ is a third party Antigen peptide is shown.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the number of PKH-labeled OT-1 cells infiltrating into a G7-OVA (EG7) tumor.
- CXCR3 - is CXCR3 gene deficient CTL; IFN- ⁇ - shows the IFN-gamma gene-deficient Th cells.
- FIG. 6 shows growth of DO11.10 cells with each biotinylated or non-biotinylated OVII variant. It is a figure which shows the digestive tolerance of each modified variant of OVII with respect to serum peptidase. a. -D. Mouse serum as serum, e. Then, human serum as serum, f. Then, the MCC peptide was used in place of the OVII peptide in the core peptide portion.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the ratio of IFN- ⁇ positive Th cells by in vivo immunization using a modified WA36. It is a figure which shows the in vitro induction activity of W332 reactive Th cell in the human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) which has HLA-DR15 using the modification of W332. Intracellular IFN ⁇ staining and CD4 staining were performed and analyzed by a flow cytometer, and the ratio of intracellular IFN ⁇ positive cells in CD4 positive cells is shown.
- B It is a graph which shows the average value of the growth curve of the tumor which each five mice
- C A graph showing a tumor growth curve of FBL3 erythroleukemia cells inoculated into CBF1 mice immunized only with an adjuvant pertussis whole cell vaccine (Bordetella pertussis whole cell vaccine: Wc).
- D is a graph showing the growth curve of FBL3 tumor in mice immunized with W332 peptide that induces Wc and WT1 tumor antigen-specific Th cells.
- E is a graph showing the growth curve of FBL3 tumor in mice immunized with Db126 peptide that induces CTL recognizing Wc and WT1 tumor antigens.
- F FBL3 tumor growth curve in mice immunized with both Wc, W332 and Db126.
- Figure 3 shows a binding competition test of the binding activity of peptides to MHC class II molecules on live antigen presenting cells. It is a figure which shows the binding competition test of the peptide binding activity to the HLA-DR4 molecule
- the present inventor has recognized for the first time that tumor-specific Th cells migrate to tumor tissue by recognizing tumor-specific antigen-derived polypeptides presented on MHC class II molecules of vascular endothelial cells.
- the antigen-presenting cells APCs
- the APCs take up and digest the tumor-specific antigen protein under physiological conditions. It needs to be presented to cellular HLA class II molecules. It is also possible to bypass this digestion step and add the synthetic peptide directly to the APC to present it to the HLA class II molecule.
- the present invention provides an isolated polypeptide (hereinafter referred to as a polypeptide that is derived from a tumor-specific antigen and binds to an MHC class II molecule).
- a modified form (which may be referred to as an antigenic peptide of the present invention) (sometimes referred to as a modified form of the present invention).
- the peptide or protein has the N-terminus (amino terminus) at the left end and the C-terminus (carboxyl terminus) at the right end according to the convention of peptide designation.
- tumor refers to solid malignant tumors such as digestive organ cancer including kidney cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, brain tumor, head and neck tumor, and sarcoma. Or a leukemia or a hematological malignancy is mentioned, Among these, the tumor which expresses a tumor specific antigen is mentioned preferably. These tumors may be staged tumors.
- a tumor-specific antigen is not only expressed in normal tissue or normal cells, but is expressed not only in an antigen that is expressed in tumor tissue or tumor cells, but also in the normal expression level in tumor tissue or tumor cells. An antigen that is significantly higher than the expression level of the tissue or normal cells may also be included.
- tumor-specific antigens examples include proteins (peptides) having an activity of inducing immune responses such as antibody production and cellular immunity. Among them, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are used. Tumor-specific antigens that allow the processed and fragmented polypeptides to be recognized by MHC class II molecules are more preferred to induce stimulating T cells (Th1 cells).
- An isolated polypeptide derived from a tumor-specific antigen and that binds to an MHC class II molecule is about 7-20 amino acids long, more preferably about 9-17 amino acids long, more preferably 9-15 amino acids long A long one is used.
- tumor-specific antigens that are recognized by the MHC class II molecule after being processed include WT1 (Wilms' tumor-1), PSA (prostate specific antigen), MAGE-3, CEA, survivin, and tyrosinase.
- WT1 is preferred.
- another tumor-specific antigen recognized by the MHC class II molecule may be a protein derived from a virus that causes the tumor by infecting mammals including humans.
- antigens include proteins derived from virus groups that are strongly associated with the development of malignant tumors, such as those derived from virus groups that are strongly associated with the development of malignant tumors such as hepatitis C virus and EB virus.
- the polypeptide specific to a tumor-specific antigen may be a full-length protein, but may be a partial peptide as long as it has immunogenicity as an antigen.
- a tumor-specific antigen specifically, in the case of WT1, those described in WO00 / 06602, WO00 / 26249, WO2006 / 030770 and the like can be preferably used. More specifically, examples of the polypeptide derived from the WT1 antigen include W332 (KRYFKLSHLQMHSRKH; SEQ ID NO: 1), WA36 (PVLDFAPPGASAYGS; SEQ ID NO: 2) and the like.
- PSA 221-240 (GVLQGITSWGSEPCALPERP; SEQ ID NO: 3), MAGE-3 derived polypeptide 243-258 (KKLLTQHFVQENLYLEY; SEQ ID NO: 4), CEA derived polypeptide 321-333 (LWWVNNQSLPVSP; SEQ ID NO: 5), 653-667 (YACFVSNLATGRNNS; SEQ ID NO: 6), 97-111 (TLGEFLKLDRERAKN; SEQ ID NO: 7) as a survivin-derived polypeptide, 175-185 (EIWRDIDFAHE; sequence as a Tyrosinase-derived polypeptide) No.
- hepatitis C virus peptide a sequence number described in WO 2005/105993 etc. 184 amino acids number 789-797 (ALYGVWPLL; SEQ ID NO: 9) and amino acid number 111-130 (DPRRRSRNLGKVIDTFTCGL; SEQ ID NO: 10), amino acid numbers 161-180 (SVNYATGNLPGCSFSIFLLA; SEQ ID NO: 11) may be used preferably.
- LMP-1 159-175 YLQQNWWTLLVDLLWLL; SEQ ID NO: 12
- SEQ ID NO: 12 can be preferably used as the EB virus peptide.
- the variant of the present invention is an MHC class II molecular binding modified so that it is not degraded or hardly degraded by a protein (peptide) degrading enzyme when the antigen peptide of the present invention is administered in vivo or added in vitro.
- Sex isolated polypeptide examples include angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV; CD26), aminopeptidase N (CD13), aminopeptidase P and the like.
- ACE has the activity of releasing a dipeptide from the C-terminus of the peptide chain, but cannot release a dipeptide consisting of Pro-X.
- DPPIV has an activity of releasing a dipeptide (X-Pro) containing a proline residue from a peptide having a proline residue second from the N-terminus of the peptide chain.
- CD13 has the activity of releasing amino acids from the N-terminus of the peptide chain, but cannot cleave X-Pro.
- Aminopeptidase P has an activity of releasing amino acids from the N-terminus of the peptide chain and also cleaves X-Pro.
- the modification applied to the antigenic peptide of the present invention is that the modified substance is resistant to proteolytic (peptide) degrading enzymes and is presented as an antigen by an MHC class II molecule.
- the complex of the antigen peptide of the invention is recognized by the TCR of the Th cell, there is no particular limitation.
- deletion of several amino acids from the antigen peptide of the present invention several to the antigen peptide of the present invention
- Addition of several amino acids to the antigenic peptide of the present invention substitution of several amino acids of the antigenic peptide of the present invention with other amino acids, or combinations thereof
- substitution of several amino acids of the antigenic peptide of the present invention with other amino acids, or combinations thereof.
- the term “several” means one or more (about 1 to 30, preferably about 1 to 10, more preferably several (1 to 5)) amino acids.
- the amino acids to be added, inserted or substituted include 20 kinds of natural amino acids (Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Arg, Lys, Glu, Gln, Asp, Asn, Cys, Met, His, Pro, Phe, Tyr, Thr, Ser, Trp) or modified or unnatural amino acids (eg, biotinylated amino acids (eg, biotinylated Lys (Lys Lys) in which biotin is covalently bonded to the ⁇ -amino group, N ⁇ -biotinylated amino acid, acetylated amino acid (amino acid in which the N-terminal amino group is acetylated), 2-aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid , ⁇ -Ala, 2-aminobutyric acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, 6-aminocaproic acid, 2-a
- ⁇ -amino acids for example, ⁇ -Ala
- ⁇ -amino acids may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic, but are hydrophilic amino acids.
- the hydrophobic amino acid means Ile, Leu, Val, Ala, Phe, Pro, Met, Trp, Tyr and Gly
- the basic amino acid means Arg, Lys and His, and is acidic.
- the amino acid means Asp and Glu
- the hydrophilic neutral amino acid means Asn, Gln, Ser, Thr and Cys.
- the ⁇ -amino acid may be L-form or D-form, and both may be mixed, but is preferably L-form, and when an amino acid is added to an antigenic peptide
- the position of addition is not particularly limited as long as it is resistant to degradation by a peptide degrading enzyme and is presented as an antigen by an MHC class II molecule, but is usually N-terminal and / or C of the antigenic peptide of the present invention. It is a terminal.
- the several amino acids (peptides) to be added may be linear peptides or branched (dendrimer type) peptides.
- a branched chain is formed by linking the amino group to a carboxyl group of another amino acid or peptide. can do.
- the modified product of the present invention contains an amino acid having a carboxyl group in the side chain such as Glu or Asp
- a branched chain is formed by binding the carboxyl group to an amino group of another amino acid or peptide. can do.
- Cys a branched chain can also be formed through a disulfide bond with another Cys or a peptide containing the same.
- the amino acid that may be added to the C-terminal side of the antigenic peptide of the present invention is as described above, but preferably the following formula (I): X1-X2-X3-X4 (I) (Where (1) X1 represents biotinylated Lys, X2 represents several amino acids or single bonds, X3 represents one amino acid or single bond, and X4 represents one amino acid or carboxyl group (provided that X3 is Pro) X4 represents one amino acid) (2) X1 represents one amino acid or single bond excluding biotinylated Lys, X2 represents several amino acids or single bonds, X3 represents Pro, X4 represents one amino acid, or (3) X1 represents biotin 1 amino acid or single bond excluding lysylated Lys, X2 is several amino acids or single bonds, X3 is one amino acid or single bond excluding Pro, and X4 is ⁇ -Ala) Is an amino acid sequence represented by Note that in this specification, Xn is a single bond
- X1 is biosylated Lys
- X2 is a single bond
- X3 is Pro
- X4 is ⁇ -Ala.
- the amino acid sequence is biosylated Lys-Pro- ⁇ -Expressed as the amino acid sequence of Ala.
- the amino acid that may be added to the C-terminal side of the antigenic peptide of the present invention is represented by the formula (I): (1) X1 is biosylated Lys, X2 is one amino acid or single bond, X3 is one amino acid or single bond, X4 is one amino acid or carboxyl group (provided that when X3 is Pro, X4 Is one amino acid), or (2) X1 is a single bond, X2 is a single bond, X3 is Pro, X4 is one amino acid, Is an amino acid sequence represented by
- the amino acid that may be added to the C-terminal side of the antigenic peptide of the present invention is represented by the formula (I):
- X1 is biosylated Lys
- X2 is a single bond
- X3 is a single bond
- X4 is a Gly or carboxyl group
- X1 is a single bond
- X2 is a single bond
- X3 is Pro
- X4 is Ala or ⁇ -Ala
- X1 is biosylated Lys
- X2 is a single bond
- X3 Pro
- X4 is ⁇ -Ala
- the amino acid sequence represented by etc. is mentioned.
- the amino acid that may be added to the C-terminal side of the antigenic peptide of the present invention is, in formula (I), X1 is biosylated Lys, X2 is a single bond, X3 is Pro, and X4 is ⁇ -Ala. Is an amino acid sequence represented by
- the amino acid that may be added to the N-terminal side of the antigenic peptide of the present invention is as described above, but preferably the following formula (II): Y1-Y2-Y3 (II) (Where (1) Y1 is Pro, Y2 is several amino acids or single bonds, Y3 is one amino acid or single bond, or (2) Y1 is one amino acid or amino group excluding Pro, Y2 is several Amino acid or single bond, Y3 represents biosylated Lys) (Except for the amino acid sequence in which the second amino acid from the N-terminal is Pro).
- Yn being a single bond is the same as the case where Xn is a single bond.
- the amino acid that may be added to the N-terminal side of the antigenic peptide of the present invention is represented by the formula (II): (1) Y1 is Pro, Y2 is one amino acid or single bond, Y3 is one amino acid or single bond, or (2) Y1 is one amino acid or amino group excluding Pro, Y2 is one amino acid Or single bond, Y3 is biosylated Lys (Except for the amino acid sequence in which the second amino acid from the N-terminal is Pro).
- the amino acid that may be added to the N-terminal side of the antigenic peptide of the present invention is represented by the formula (II): Y1 is Pro, Y2 is Ser, Y3 is a single bond, Y1 is an amino group, Y2 is Ser, Y3 is biosylated Lys, or Y1 is Pro, Y2 is Ser, Y3 is biotinylated Lys Is an amino acid sequence represented by Most preferably, the amino acid that may be added to the N-terminal side of the antigen peptide of the present invention is an amino acid sequence represented by Formula (II), wherein Y1 is Pro, Y2 is Ser, and Y3 is biosylated Lys. is there.
- variant of the present invention is obtained by adding the above amino acid sequence to the N-terminus and / or C-terminus of the antigen peptide (W332, WA36) derived from the WT1 antigen, for example. It is what Specifically, an isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38 or SEQ ID NO: 40 is exemplified as a variant of the present invention.
- the C-terminus may be any of a carboxyl group (—COOH), a carboxylate (—COO ⁇ ), an amide (—CONH 2 ), or an ester (—COOR).
- R in the ester for example, a C 1-6 alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl; for example, a C 3-8 cycloalkyl group such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl; C 6-12 aryl groups such as ⁇ -naphthyl; phenyl-C 1-2 alkyl groups such as benzyl and phenethyl; C 7- such as ⁇ -naphthyl-C 1-2 alkyl groups such as ⁇ -naphthylmethyl; 14 aralkyl group; pivaloyloxymethyl group and the like are used.
- the modified substance of the present invention has a carboxyl group (or a carboxylate) other than the C-terminus
- a protein in which the carboxyl group is amidated or esterified is also included in the protein of the present invention.
- the ester in this case, for example, the above-mentioned C-terminal ester or the like is used.
- the amino group of the N-terminal amino acid residue eg, methionine residue
- has a protecting group eg, C 1-6 alkanoyl such as C 1-6 alkanoyl such as formyl group, acetyl group).
- a group protected by an acyl group, biotinylation, etc., an N-terminal glutamine residue produced by cleavage in vivo is pyroglutamine oxidized
- a substituent on the side chain of an amino acid in the molecule for example, ⁇ OH, —SH, amino group, imidazole group, indole group, guanidino group, etc.
- suitable protecting groups for example, C 1-6 acyl groups such as C 1-6 alkanoyl groups such as formyl group, acetyl group, etc.
- protected polypeptides or complex polypeptides such as so-called glycopeptides to which sugar chains are bound.
- the modified form of the present invention may be a free form or a salt form.
- the salt of the modified substance of the present invention include physiologically acceptable salts with acids or bases, and physiologically acceptable acid addition salts are particularly preferable.
- Such salts include, for example, salts with inorganic acids (eg hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid) or organic acids (eg acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid). Acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid) and the like.
- inorganic acids eg hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid
- organic acids eg acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid.
- the variant of the present invention can be produced according to a known peptide synthesis method.
- the peptide synthesis method may be, for example, either a solid phase synthesis method or a liquid phase synthesis method.
- the intended modified form can be produced by removing the protecting group.
- the condensation and the removal of the protecting group are carried out according to a method known per se, for example, the methods described in the following (i) to (v).
- the thus obtained variant can be purified and isolated by a known purification method.
- the purification method include solvent extraction, distillation, column chromatography, liquid chromatography, recrystallization, and combinations thereof.
- the modified form obtained by the above method is a free form
- the free form can be converted into an appropriate salt by a known method or a method analogous thereto, and conversely, the modified form is obtained as a salt.
- the salt can be converted to a free form or other salt by a known method or a method analogous thereto.
- resins for protein synthesis can be used.
- resins include chloromethyl resin, hydroxymethyl resin, benzhydrylamine resin, aminomethyl resin, 4-benzyloxybenzyl alcohol resin, 4-methylbenzhydrylamine resin, PAM resin, 4-hydroxymethylmethyl.
- an amino acid in which the ⁇ -amino group and the side chain functional group are appropriately protected is condensed on the resin in accordance with the sequence of the target modification according to various known condensation methods.
- the modified product of the present invention is cut out from the resin, and at the same time, various protecting groups are removed to obtain the desired modified product of the present invention.
- carbodiimides are particularly preferable.
- carbodiimides include DCC, N, N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide, N-ethyl-N ′-(3-dimethylaminoprolyl) carbodiimide, and the like.
- a protected amino acid is directly added to the resin together with a racemization inhibitor (for example, HOBt, HOBt), or the protected amino acid is activated in advance as a symmetric acid anhydride, HOBt ester or HOBt ester. Can then be added to the resin.
- a racemization inhibitor for example, HOBt, HOBt
- the solvent used for the activation of the protected amino acid and the condensation with the resin can be appropriately selected from solvents known to be usable for the protein condensation reaction.
- acid amides such as N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and chloroform, alcohols such as trifluoroethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.
- Examples include sulfoxides, amines such as pyridine, ethers such as dioxane and tetrahydrofuran, nitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile, esters such as methyl acetate and ethyl acetate, and appropriate mixtures thereof.
- the reaction temperature is appropriately selected from a range that is known to be usable for protein bond forming reactions, and is usually selected appropriately from a range of about ⁇ 20 ° C. to 50 ° C.
- the activated amino acid derivative is usually used in an excess of 1.5 to 4 times.
- the unreacted amino acid can be acetylated using acetic anhydride or acetylimidazole.
- the protection of the functional group that should not be involved in the reaction of the raw material, the protecting group, the removal of the protecting group, the activation of the functional group involved in the reaction, etc. can be appropriately selected from known groups or known means.
- the protecting group for the amino group of the raw material include Z, Boc, tertiary pentyloxycarbonyl, isobornyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, Cl—Z, Br—Z, adamantyloxycarbonyl, and trifluoroacetyl. Phthaloyl, formyl, 2-nitrophenylsulfenyl, diphenylphosphinothioyl, Fmoc, and the like.
- the carboxyl group may be, for example, alkyl esterified (eg, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl ester such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, tertiary butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 2-adamantyl).
- alkyl esterified eg, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl ester such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, tertiary butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 2-adamantyl.
- Aralkyl esterification eg, benzyl ester, 4-nitrobenzyl ester, 4-methoxybenzyl ester, 4-chlorobenzyl ester, benzhydryl esterification
- phenacyl esterification eg, benzyloxycarbonyl hydrazide, tertiary butoxy It can be protected by carbonyl hydrazation, trityl hydrazation or the like.
- the hydroxyl group of serine can be protected, for example, by esterification or etherification.
- groups suitable for esterification include groups derived from carbonic acid such as lower alkanoyl groups such as acetyl groups, aroyl groups such as benzoyl groups, benzyloxycarbonyl groups, and ethoxycarbonyl groups.
- groups suitable for etherification include benzyl group, tetrahydropyranyl group, t-butyl group and the like.
- protecting group for the phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine include Bzl, Cl 2 -Bzl, 2-nitrobenzyl, Br-Z, tertiary butyl and the like.
- imidazole protecting group for histidine for example, Tos, 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonyl, DNP, benzyloxymethyl, Bum, Boc, Trt, Fmoc and the like are used.
- Examples of the method for removing (eliminating) the protecting group include catalytic reduction in a hydrogen stream in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd-black or Pd-carbon, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoro.
- a catalyst such as Pd-black or Pd-carbon, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoro.
- Acid treatment with romethanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid or a mixture thereof, base treatment with diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, piperidine, piperazine, etc., reduction with sodium in liquid ammonia, and the like are also used.
- the elimination reaction by the acid treatment is generally performed at a temperature of about ⁇ 20 ° C. to 40 ° C.
- Examples of the activated carboxyl group of the raw material include the corresponding acid anhydride, azide, active ester [alcohol (eg, pentachlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, And esters thereof with cyanomethyl alcohol, paranitrophenol, HONB, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxyphthalimide, and HOBt).
- active ester alcohol (eg, pentachlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, And esters thereof with cyanomethyl alcohol, paranitrophenol, HONB, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxyphthalimide, and HOBt).
- alcohol eg, pentachlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, And esters thereof with cyanomethyl alcohol, paranitrophenol, HONB, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxyphthalimide, and HOBt.
- a modified amide for example, first, the ⁇ -carboxyl group of the carboxy-terminal amino acid is protected by amidation, and then the peptide (protein) chain is extended to the desired chain length on the amino group side. Thereafter, a protein or the like from which only the protecting group of the ⁇ -amino group at the N-terminal of the peptide chain was removed and a protein or the like from which only the protecting group of the carboxyl group at the C-terminal was removed were prepared. In a mixed solvent. The details of the condensation reaction are the same as described above. After purifying the protected variant obtained by condensation, all the protecting groups can be removed by the above method to obtain the desired variant.
- This variant can be purified using various known purification means, and the main fraction can be lyophilized to obtain the desired variant amide.
- the ⁇ -carboxyl group of the carboxy terminal amino acid is condensed with a desired alcohol to form an amino acid ester, and then the desired modified ester is obtained in the same manner as the modified amide. You can get a body.
- the variant thus obtained has MHC class II molecular binding properties according to the method described in Examples below, but other known methods can also be used.
- the variant of the present invention is resistant to degradation by a protein (peptide) degrading enzyme, and can efficiently present the variant (or antigen peptide) to antigen-presenting cells. Accordingly, the present invention also provides an anti-tumor agent comprising an isolated variant of a polypeptide (a variant of the present invention) that is derived from a tumor-specific antigen and binds to an MHC class II molecule.
- the tumor to be treated with the antitumor agent of the present invention is a tumor that expresses the antigenic peptide of the present invention contained in the antitumor agent.
- a tumor include kidney cancer, Examples include lung cancer, digestive organ cancer including esophageal cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, brain tumor, head and neck tumor, sarcoma and other solid malignant tumors or leukemia and hematological malignancies.
- the animals to which the antitumor agent of the present invention is applied are mammals having an immune mechanism, that is, mammals other than humans and humans.
- mammals other than humans include monkeys, cows, horses, pigs, sheep, rabbits. Dogs, cats, mice, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. Among these, humans are preferably applied.
- the antitumor agent containing the modified substance of the present invention has low toxicity, and is orally or transmucosally (instillation, spraying to the nasal mucosa) as a solution or as a pharmaceutical composition of an appropriate dosage form. , Aerosol inhalation, etc.), transdermally, or parenterally (eg, intravascular administration, subcutaneous administration, intradermal administration, etc.).
- the pharmaceutical composition used for administration may contain the modified substance of the present invention and a pharmacologically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, surfactant and the like.
- Such pharmaceutical compositions are provided as dosage forms suitable for oral, transmucosal, transdermal, or parenteral administration. Moreover, in order to provide release property, you may adsorb
- injections are dosage forms such as intravenous injections, subcutaneous injections, intradermal injections, intramuscular injections, infusions, and the like. May be included.
- Such an injection can be prepared according to a known method.
- the modified product of the present invention can be prepared by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying in a sterile aqueous liquid or oily liquid usually used for injection.
- an aqueous solution for injection for example, an isotonic solution containing physiological saline, glucose and other adjuvants, and the like are used, and suitable solubilizers such as alcohol (eg, ethanol), polyalcohol (eg, Propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), nonionic surfactants (eg, polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) additive of hydrogenated castor oil)) and the like may be used in combination.
- alcohol eg, ethanol
- polyalcohol eg, Propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol
- nonionic surfactants eg, polysorbate 80, HCO-50 (polyoxyethylene (50 mol) additive of hydrogenated castor oil)
- oily liquid for example, sesame oil, soybean oil and the like are used, and benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol and the like may be used in combination as a solubilizing agent.
- the prepared injection solution is preferably filled in a suitable
- compositions for oral administration include solid or liquid dosage forms, specifically tablets (including dragees and film-coated tablets), pills, granules, powders, capsules (including soft capsules), syrups Agents, emulsions, suspensions and the like.
- Such a composition is produced by a known method and may contain a carrier, a diluent or an excipient usually used in the pharmaceutical field.
- a carrier and excipient for tablets for example, lactose, starch, sucrose, and magnesium stearate are used.
- the above parenteral or oral pharmaceutical composition is conveniently prepared in a dosage unit form suitable for the dose of the active ingredient.
- Examples of the dosage form of such a dosage unit include tablets, pills, capsules, injections (ampoules), and suppositories.
- As the content of the modified substance it is preferable that usually 1 to 3 mg of the modified substance is contained per dosage unit dosage form.
- the antitumor agent containing the modified form of the present invention varies depending on the administration subject, the target cancer type, symptoms, administration route, etc.
- the modified form of the present invention is used as a single dose.
- about 0.001 mg to 10 g is conveniently administered by intravenous injection about 1 to 5 times a day, preferably about 1 to 3 times a day.
- an equivalent amount can be administered. If symptoms are particularly severe, the dose may be increased according to the symptoms.
- the antitumor agent of the present invention may contain other active ingredients as long as an undesirable interaction is not caused by blending with the variant of the present invention.
- the antitumor agent of the present invention includes other drugs such as alkylating agents (eg, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, etc.), antimetabolites (eg, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, etc.), anticancer antibiotics (eg, For example, mitomycin, adriamycin, etc.), plant-derived anticancer agents (eg, vincristine, vindesine, taxol, etc.), cisplatin, carboplatin, etopoxide, irinotecan and the like.
- the antitumor agent of the present invention and the above agent may be administered to the patient at the same time or at different times.
- the antitumor agent of the present invention may further contain an isolated polypeptide that is derived from a tumor-specific antigen and binds to MHC class I molecules.
- an MHC class I molecule-binding polypeptide derived from a tumor-specific antigen not only Th cells but also CTLs can be induced simultaneously.
- the MHC class I molecule-binding tumor-specific antigen may be a tumor-specific antigen in which a polypeptide that has been processed and fragmented is recognized by the MHC class I molecule.
- HER-2 / neu for example, HER-2 / neu, MART-1, NY-ESO-1, Gp-100, MUC-1, p53, prostate specific antigen (PSA), hTERT, WT1, survivin, CEA, MAGE-3, malignant
- PSA prostate specific antigen
- hTERT hTERT1
- WT1 survivin
- CEA MAGE-3
- malignant examples include proteins derived from a group of viruses that are strongly associated with tumor development.
- a specific antigen derived from the same tumor as the antigenic peptide of the present invention is preferable, and examples thereof include WT1.
- the tumor-specific antigen-derived polypeptide may be a full-length protein, but may be a partial peptide as long as it has immunogenicity as an antigen.
- polypeptide derived from the WT1 antigen include W10 (ALLPAVPSL; SEQ ID NO: 13), W302 (RVPGVAPTL; SEQ ID NO: 14), and W292 (GVFGIQDV; SEQ ID NO: 15).
- the amino acid sequence length of the isolated polypeptide derived from the tumor-specific antigen of the present invention and binding to the MHC class I molecule is not particularly limited as long as it is an amino acid length capable of presenting the antigen by the MHC class I molecule. Usually about 8 to about 11 amino acids, preferably about 9 amino acids.
- an isolated polypeptide that is derived from a tumor-specific antigen and binds to an MHC class I molecule is a variant that has been modified so that it is not subject to degradation by a peptidase as in the variant of the present invention. It may be.
- the mode of modification may be the same as that of the above-described variant of the present invention, and the synthesis / separation of the variant may also be performed according to the synthesis method / separation method described in the above-described variant of the present invention. it can.
- the antitumor agent of the present invention may further contain an adjuvant.
- Adjuvants include pertussis vaccine, tuberculosis cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS), unmethylated deoxyCpG, imiquimod, poly-IC, LPS, peptidoglycan, Toll-like receptor ligand, Flt3, ⁇ Gal-Cer, mineral oil, vegetable oil, Examples include alum, aluminum compound, bentonite, silica, muramyl dipeptide derivative, thymosin, interleukin and the like.
- Pertussis vaccine includes whole cell pertussis vaccine containing cell wall fragments of Bordetella pertussis treated with formaldehyde or heat treatment, components semi-purified or purified from Bordetella pertussis (eg, pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, etc.) And a cell-free pertussis vaccine.
- a method for preparing a pertussis vaccine a known method can be used without limitation.
- a pertussis vaccine may use a commercial item, for example, can be obtained from BIOFARMA (Indonesia) etc.
- the variant of the present invention can be used for testing whether the antigen-presenting cells of a subject express an MHC class II molecule that can bind to the antigen peptide of the present invention contained in the variant. .
- the present invention also cultivates a subject-derived antigen-presenting cell population and a variant of the present invention, and confirms the binding between the antigen-presenting cell population and the variant, wherein the subject binds to the antigenic peptide of the present invention.
- a method is provided for testing whether a molecule has II.
- the subjects for whom the inspection method of the present invention is carried out include tumor patients to be treated with the above-described antitumor agents, or those who are judged to be suspected of such tumors.
- the antigen-presenting cell population used in the test method of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is collected from the subject.
- Examples of such an antigen-presenting cell population include body fluids such as whole blood, lymph fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, or fractions thereof. Blood, lymph, and the like are particularly preferable from the viewpoints that they can be collected quickly and easily and are less invasive to the subject.
- These antigen-presenting cell populations are most preferably fresh living cells, but may be lightly fixed with 0.1-1% paraformaldehyde or the like.
- cells that express MHC class II molecules of different genotypes or cell populations that do not express MHC class II molecules can be used as a control.
- the variant of the present invention and the antigen-presenting cell population are, for example, brought into contact with each other, cultured for several hours to overnight, removed free peptides, and then bound to biotin peptides bound to MHC class II molecules on the cell surface. Furthermore, it can be confirmed whether it couple
- the present invention also cultures an antigen-presenting cell expressing a specific MHC class II molecule and any peptide modified at the N-terminus and / or C-terminus, and confirms the binding between the antigen-presenting cell and the peptide.
- a method for examining whether or not the peptide can bind to the antigen-presenting cell is provided.
- the antigen-presenting cell expresses a specific MHC class II molecule, it may be collected from mammals (preferably human) or may be established. These antigen-presenting cells are most preferably fresh living cells, but may be lightly fixed with 0.1-1% paraformaldehyde or the like.
- peptide As an arbitrary peptide, one having a length of about 7-20 amino acids, more preferably about 9-17 amino acids, and still more preferably about 9-15 amino acids is used.
- the peptide is modified at the N-terminus and / or C-terminus, and the above-described modifications are applied as such modifications.
- the amino acid that may be added to the C-terminal side of the peptide is preferably the following formula (I): X1-X2-X3-X4 (I) (Where (1) X1 represents biotinylated Lys, X2 represents several amino acids or single bonds, X3 represents one amino acid or single bond, and X4 represents one amino acid or carboxyl group (provided that X3 is Pro) X4 represents one amino acid) (2) X1 represents one amino acid or single bond excluding biotinylated Lys, X2 represents several amino acids or single bonds, X3 represents Pro, X4 represents one amino acid, or (3) X1 represents biotin 1 amino acid or single bond excluding lysylated Lys, X2 is several amino acids or single bonds, X3 is one amino acid or single bond excluding Pro, and X4 is ⁇ -Ala) Is an amino acid sequence represented by
- the amino acid that may be added to the C-terminal side of the peptide is represented by the formula (I): (1) X1 is biosylated Lys, X2 is one amino acid or single bond, X3 is one amino acid or single bond, X4 is one amino acid or carboxyl group (provided that when X3 is Pro, X4 Is one amino acid), or (2) X1 is a single bond, X2 is a single bond, X3 is Pro, X4 is one amino acid, Is an amino acid sequence represented by
- the amino acid that may be added to the C-terminal side of the peptide is represented by the formula (I): X1 is biosylated Lys, X2 is a single bond, X3 is a single bond, X4 is a Gly or carboxyl group, X1 is a single bond, X2 is a single bond, X3 is Pro, X4 is Ala or ⁇ -Ala, or X1 is biosylated Lys, X2 is a single bond, X3 is Pro, and X4 is ⁇ -Ala
- the amino acid sequence represented by etc. is mentioned.
- the amino acid that may be added to the C-terminal side of the peptide is represented by X1 is biosylated Lys, X2 is a single bond, X3 is Pro, and X4 is represented by ⁇ -Ala. Amino acid sequence.
- the amino acid that may be added to the N-terminal side of the peptide is as described above, but preferably the following formula (II): Y1-Y2-Y3 (II) (Where (1) Y1 is Pro, Y2 is several amino acids or single bonds, Y3 is one amino acid or single bond, or (2) Y1 is one amino acid or amino group excluding Pro, Y2 is several Amino acid or single bond, Y3 represents biosylated Lys) (Except for the amino acid sequence in which the second amino acid from the N-terminal is Pro).
- the amino acid that may be added to the N-terminal side of the peptide is represented by the formula (II): (1) Y1 is Pro, Y2 is one amino acid or single bond, Y3 is one amino acid or single bond, or (2) Y1 is one amino acid or amino group excluding Pro, Y2 is one amino acid Or single bond, Y3 is biosylated Lys (Except for the amino acid sequence in which the second amino acid from the N-terminal is Pro).
- the amino acid that may be added to the N-terminal side of the peptide is represented by the formula (II): Y1 is Pro, Y2 is Ser, Y3 is a single bond, Y1 is an amino group, Y2 is Ser, Y3 is biosylated Lys, or Y1 is Pro, Y2 is Ser, Y3 is biotinylated Lys Is an amino acid sequence represented by Most preferably, the amino acid that may be added to the N-terminal side of the peptide is an amino acid sequence represented by Formula (II), wherein Y1 is Pro, Y2 is Ser, and Y3 is biotinylated Lys.
- Formula (II) Formula (II)
- the method for contacting the antigen-presenting cell with any peptide having the modification or the culture method may be the method described in the above-described test method. That is, by adding the modification of the present invention to any peptide and imparting resistance to digestive enzymes and biotin modification as an indicator peptide, it is bound to an antigen-presenting cell, and, for example, a fluorescently labeled streptavidin is bound to the indicator peptide. Can be quantitatively measured. Furthermore, by adding a modified peptide without biotin modification with digestion resistance to this binding measurement system and competitively inhibiting the binding of the indicator peptide, the modified peptide of any amino acid sequence has the binding activity to MHC class II molecules. Comparative quantification is possible.
- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
- cDNA complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- A adenine T: thymine
- G guanine
- C cytosine RNA: ribonucleic acid
- mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
- dATP deoxyadenosine triphosphate
- dTTP deoxythymidine triphosphate
- dGTP deoxyguanosine tri
- Phosphate dCTP deoxycytidine triphosphate ATP: adenosine triphosphate
- EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
- Gly glycine Ala: alanine Val: valine Leu: leucine
- Ile isoleucine
- Ser threonine
- CyrM threonine : Methionine
- Glu Glutamic acid
- DO11.10 cells which are CD4 T cell clones, were derived from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice (DO11.10 tg) (Murphy, K. et al., Science 250: 1720-1723, 1990). DO11.10 cells were radiation treated BALB / c-derived spleen cells incubated with 0.75 ⁇ M OVAII peptide (ISQAVHAAHAEINEAGR) in 10% FCS DMEM containing 2% rat ConA supernatant (RCS) once a week.
- CH1 cells were purchased from ATCC and maintained in 10% FCS-Iscove's MDM (IMDM).
- IMDM FCS-Iscove's MDM
- CH1-IA d and CH1-IA b cells were prepared by retrotransduction using pMX (assigned from Dr. Kitamura) as an expression vector. These were all inserted in IA ⁇ and IA ⁇ chain cDNAs in tandem in this order, with the IRES sequence in between.
- F-2 ⁇ (F2) cells were purchased from BioResource Center (Tsukuba City) as a UV-transformed cell line derived from CBF1 mice.
- F2-IA d cells were established in the same manner as the above-described CH1-IA d cells.
- OVII ISQAVHAAHAEINEA; SEQ ID NO: 17
- IA d binding epitope OVAII 323-339
- IQAVHAAHAEINEAGR SEQ ID NO: 16
- ovalbumin Shimmonevitz, R. et al., J Immun 7: 13. 2074, 1984
- MCC (NERADLIAYLKQATK; SEQ ID NO: 42) is the 89th to 103rd amino acid sequence of the IA k- binding cytochrome C peptide (Bus, S. et al, Science 235: 1353-1358, 1987). Manual synthesis by the Fmoc method and purification to a purity of 95% or higher by reverse phase HPLC using a C18 column. Peptide concentrations were determined by MicroBCA assay (Pierce, Rockford, IL) using BSA as a standard. Biotinylated peptides were synthesized using Fmoc-Lys (Biot) -OH. The synthesized peptides are shown in Table 1.
- EL4 cells were first opsonized with RGD peptide. The cytoplasm was then loaded with 5 mg / ml OVA protein by osmotic loading. After thorough washing, 2 ⁇ 10 6 EL4 cells were added to a confluent culture of 24-well plates of F2-IA d cells (previously cultured for 2 days in the presence of 500 U / ml rmIFN- ⁇ ). As a control, EL4 and EG7 loaded with mock PBS were RGD modified in the same manner and used. EL4 other target cells, in addition to F2-IA d, was the cell mixture was cultured for 24 hours.
- F2-IA d cells were directly loaded with OVAII peptide
- the cells were pulsed with peptide for 2 hours at the end of the culture. After removing floating cells and dead cell debris, the surface of the adhered F2-IA d cells was thoroughly washed.
- 100 ⁇ M chloroquine was added 30 minutes before the addition of EL4, EL4 loaded with OVA, or 0.25 mg / ml OVA protein.
- F2-IA d cells were cultured for 3 days in the continuous presence of chloroquine.
- F2-IA d cells presented the target antigen polypeptide on the cell surface was determined by monitoring the expression of CD69 in DO11.10 cells.
- Antigen-presented F2-IA d cells and DO11.10 cells were mixed, centrifuged, and brought into contact with each other, and then stained with biotin-labeled anti-CD69 mAb (H1.2F3, BD Biosciences) after 6 and 24 hours.
- the expression of CD69 in DO11.10 cells positively stained with FITC-labeled KJ1.26, an anti-clonotypic TCR mAb was detected by flow cytometry.
- F2-IA d cells were cultured to confluence on the inserts of Transwell plates (BD Labware, Billerica, CA). The last 3 days of culture were cultured in the presence of 500 U / ml rmIFN- ⁇ . Also, F2-IA d cells were pulsed with various concentrations of OVAII peptide for the last 2 hours of culture. After culturing, F2-IA d cells were washed and isolated from DO11.10 transgenic spleen cells by negative selection (Dynamic mouse CD4 negative isolation kit (Invitrogen)) so that CD4 + cells had a purity of 95% or more. This was added 4 ⁇ 10 6 per hole.
- CH1-IA d or CH1-IA b cells were suspended in 2% BSA IMDM to 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml. 100 ⁇ l of this cell suspension was added to 100 ⁇ l of serially diluted peptides in IMDM without serum. After incubating at 37 ° C. for 2, 6, or 16 hours, the cells were washed and stained with FITC-streptavidin. The amount of peptide bound to the cells was measured by flow cytometry.
- Example 1 Infiltration of tumor-specific Th cells into tumors planted in bone marrow chimeric mice CBF1 mice irradiated with 10 Gy of ⁇ -rays, IA ⁇ b KO mice irradiated with 9.5 Gy or bone marrow chimeras From the day before 1.5 ⁇ 10 7 bone marrow transplants to mice (bone marrow chimeric mice transplanted with IA ⁇ b KO bone marrow into CBF1 mice, bone marrow chimeric mice transplanted with CBF1 mouse bone marrow into IA ⁇ b KO mice) Up to 14 days after transplantation, 1.5% oxytetracycline (DENKA Seiken) was added to drinking water.
- DENKA Seiken oxytetracycline
- Th transfer experiments were performed at least 28 days after bone marrow transplantation.
- the complete replacement of donor-derived bone marrow-derived cells is that peripheral blood mononuclear cells are transformed into anti-L d mAb (30-5-7S), anti-K b mAb (Y3), anti-IA d mAb (39 -10-8) and anti-IA b mAb (25.9-3).
- the tumor was removed and a 5 ⁇ m-thick section was prepared.
- the number of PKH positive cells was counted using one sample for every three consecutive sections (FIG. 1). The number of PKH positive cells seen in 20 fields of a 400 ⁇ fluorescence microscope was counted for 10 slices and accumulated.
- Example 2 Verification of Antigen Presentation by Vascular Endothelial Cells
- polyendothelial cells EC: endothelial cells
- EC endothelial cells
- apoptotic tumor cells decompose cytoplasmic antigens in the tumor cells and are degradation products thereof. It was verified whether peptides could be bound to MHC class II molecules and presented.
- the extent of antigen presentation by F2-IA d cells was examined by monitoring the expression of CD69, an early activation marker on reactive DO11.10 cells. As shown in FIG. 2, endothelial cells pulsed with OVAII peptide were able to stimulate DO11.10 cells.
- F2-IA d cells were incubated with opsonized EL4 or EG7, approximately 30% of the cells took up apoptotic tumor cells. However, opsonized EG7 did not induce CD69 expression in DO11.10 cells even after several trials. This seemed in part because the concentration of OVA protein in EG7 cells may be low.
- the purity of DO11.10 cells isolated from spleen cells by negative selection used in this Example was 85% or more positive for KJ1.26 (a mAb specific for DO11.10 clonotypic TCR), and all medium CD4 Over 95% of the cells were KJ1.26 positive.
- Example 3 Effect on antigen presentation by inhibiting antigen presentation of the extrinsic pathway of endothelial cells Since the tumor antigen of the incorporated tumor cells is presented by MHC class II molecules, it is mediated via the extrinsic pathway. Since antigen processing was expected to occur, the inventors examined whether antigen presentation was sensitive to chloroquine, an inhibitor of antigen presentation via endosomes. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, when F2-IA d cells were treated with chloroquine, the presentation of OVA protein known to be presented by the extrinsic pathway was reduced. The antigen presentation of EL4 loaded with OVA was also sensitive to chloroquine. Thus, antigen presentation by F2-IA d of OVA protein present in the cell of EL4 was suggested that primarily through extrinsic pathway.
- Example 4 Examination of whether vascular endothelial cells induce migration of Th cells The inventor made the migration activity of DO11.10 CD4 T cells to pass through the endothelial cell layer by causing the endothelial cells to present an antigen. It was verified whether it could be guided.
- F2-IA d cells Prior to contact with DO11.10 cells, F2-IA d cells were previously seeded on the transwells of the plate and pulsed with OVAII peptide. As shown in FIG. 5, when the pulsed OVAII peptide concentration was high, DO11.10 cells strongly adhered to F2-IA d cells, were activated in situ, and migrated through the F2-IA d cell layer. I didn't do it.
- Example 5 Infiltration test of Th cells under endothelial cells isolated from solid tumors EL4-EGFP or EG7-EGFP cells were inoculated into CBF1 mice. Growing solid tumors were harvested and digested with 2.5 mg / ml collagenase D (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) in 20% FCS HBSS (GIBCO, Carlsbad, Calif.) For 3 hours. CD45 positive cells were removed twice with Dynabeads M-280 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) Coated with anti-CD45 mouse antibody 30-F11 (Biolegend, San Diego, Calif.). Single cell suspensions were cultured on collagen Type I coated base dishes (AGC Techno Glass Co.
- DiI-labeled acetylated LDL (Invitrogen) was added at 20 ⁇ g / ml, and the endothelial cells were endocytosed at 37 ° C. for 4-5 hours. After washing with acetylated LDL, cells were stained with biotinylated 30-F11 and Alexa 647 labeled streptavidin (Molecular Probes, Carlsbad, Calif.). Endothelial cells take up DiI labeled LDL and appear stained red.
- Endothelial cells that have taken up tumor cells have tumor cell remnants that emit green fluorescence of EGFP in the cells and can be identified as cells that do not stain magenta (CD45 positive cells) (black arrows). . Endothelial cells that have not taken up tumor cells are indicated by white arrows.
- DO11.10 cells were added and fluorescent images were taken every 15 seconds at 37 ° C. for 1 hour at 37 ° C. using a confocal laser microscope FV1000D IX81 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The movement was observed. A microscopic image is shown in FIG. In addition, FIG. 7 shows the number of DO11.10 cells submerged under the endothelial cells.
- Example 6 Comparison of anti-tumor activity by in vivo tumor antigen polypeptide immunization
- the inventor CTL only 2.
- CTL and third party antigen-specific Th cells The immunization protocol for inducing CTL and tumor-specific Th cells was compared.
- antigen-presenting cells LPS blasts of spleen cells were used, and each peptide was added singly or mixed and bound, and injected once a week three times a week.
- tumor induction could be controlled only to a limited extent only by induction of tumor antigen-specific CTL by OVA-I peptide.
- ⁇ -specific Th cells are induced using ⁇ peptide, which is a third-party antigen, together with CTL
- tumor growth was delayed compared with CTL induction alone, Died.
- OVA-I a surrogate tumor antigen, together with OVA-I, tumors could be better controlled. In some mice the tumor disappeared completely.
- Example 7 Evaluation of Promotion of Invasion of Tumor in Tumor of CTL ELF or EG7 were planted on the left and right backs of CBF1 mice in the same manner as in Example 1, and PKH-labeled OT-1 (OVA peptide 257-264 was K b on day 7 ).
- CTL cytotoxic T cells
- mice injected with 1 ⁇ 10 6 DO11.10 intravenously significant OT-1 infiltration into EG7 was observed (FIG. 9).
- mice transfected with 2 ⁇ 10 7 DO11.10 non-specific infiltration into EL4 increased and specific infiltration into EG7 tended to decrease.
- IFN- ⁇ gene-deficient DO11.10 was transferred, DO11.10-dependent increase in intratumoral infiltration of OT-1 was not observed.
- CXCR3 gene-deficient OT-1 was transferred, the number of tumor infiltrates decreased, and even when DO11.10 was transferred, there was almost no increase.
- VSV8 which is a CD8-positive CTL clone that has different antigen specificity and recognizes the VSV8 peptide in a Kb- restricted manner
- VSV8 which is a CD8-positive CTL clone that has different antigen specificity and recognizes the VSV8 peptide in a Kb- restricted manner
- DO11.10 The effect of promoting the invasion of CTL into EG7 by HT was found to be less than that of OT-1.
- Example 8 Th or CTL or the left and right back of study CBF1 mice antitumor effect by adoptive of both, planted 4x10 6 pieces of EL4 and 3x10 6 cells of EG7 tumor diameter after 6 days 5- When it reached 7 mm, adoptive transfer of DO11.10 or OT-1 was started. 1 ⁇ 10 6 DO11.10 were first intravenously injected and OT-1 was intravenously injected 2 ⁇ 10 6 the next day. Tumor diameter was measured every 2 days. Thereafter, adoptive transfer of DO11.10 and OT-1 was repeated every 5 days (FIG. 10).
- Example 9 Design of modified peptide using OVA epitope peptide From the above Examples 1 to 8, the inventors secreted IFN- ⁇ by Th that invaded the tumor tissue and received IFN- ⁇ dependency. It was thought that CTL that highly expresses CXCR-3, which is a chemokine receptor, was promoted to infiltrate the tumor, and as a result, the solid tumor was degenerated. Based on such a mechanism, the inventor increases the Th induction efficiency by adding a modification that imparts digestion resistance to a degrading enzyme to an MHC class II-binding polypeptide that induces Th, and efficiently activates antitumor immunity.
- CXCR-3 which is a chemokine receptor
- OVII ovalbumin
- DO11.10 CD4 T cells IA d -binding ovalbumin (OVA) peptide recognized by DO11.10 CD4 T cells.
- OVII 323-337) is a peptide containing an epitope obtained by removing 2 amino acids from the original OVAII peptide (323-339). Considering the ease of synthesis, OVII was used as a wild-type peptide.
- Angiotensin I converting enzyme ACE has been reported to be the major serum protease involved in the processing of precursor peptides of MHC class I binding peptides (Sherman, L. et al., J Exp Med 175).
- ACE is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase
- the inventor added an amino acid to the C-terminus of OVII, in particular to inhibit degradation by the ACE enzyme.
- Peptides with Pro second from the C-terminus were designed (Table 1).
- aminopeptidases having cleavage specificity for N-terminal Pro have not been identified among the enzymes of mammals (Vanhof, G. et al., FASEB J 9: 736-744, 1995).
- Pro-Ser dipeptide was added to the N-terminus (Table 1). Since Ser is water-soluble and has a small side chain, it was assumed that there is little possibility of physically hindering antigen recognition by Th, and was put in as a spacer. Two proline-specific aminopeptidases, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and aminopeptidase P, expressed on immune cells have been reported to degrade using N-terminal X-Pro as a substrate (Vanhof, G. et. al., FASEB J 9: 736-744, 1995; Yu, D. et al., FEBS J 277: 1126-1144, 2010).
- Sensitization activity of each modified peptide was measured as an indicator of growth curves of DO11.10 cells recognizing OVA epitope I-A d -restricted.
- the sensitizing activity of the peptide (POVII) having Pro introduced at the N-terminus increased by about 5-fold compared to OVII.
- Peptides modified at the C-terminus resulted in a greater increase in sensitizing activity.
- ACE-resistant OVIIPA showed almost 100-fold sensitizing activity compared to OVII.
- Peptides modified C-terminally with ⁇ -Ala were similar to OVIIPA, but only slightly less active.
- N-terminal acetylation (ac-OVII) had little effect on sensitizing activity.
- Example 10 Examination of peptide modification using ACE inhibitors Because only the C-terminal domain of ACE was reported to be sensitive to thermal inactivation of enzyme activity (Voronov, S. et al., FEBS). Lett 522: 77-82, 2002), the inventor conducted an inhibition test using captopril, which has a strong specific inhibitory effect on both the N-terminal domain and the C-terminal domain of ACE (Dalkas, G. et al. et al., J Pept Sci 16: 91-97, 2009). As shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, the addition of 2.5 mM captopril improved the sensitizing activity of OVII to a level close to that of the C-terminal protected OVIIPA peptide.
- ACE was originally produced as a membrane-bound extracellular enzyme CD143 and has been reported to be released by proteolytic enzymes. Endothelial cells strongly express ACE, but other cells are also known to partially express ACE (Coates, D. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 35: 769-773, 2003). The inventor predicted that some antigen-presenting cells (APCs) expressed ACE on the cell surface. Among immune cells, human dendritic cells have been reported to express ACE (Lapteva, N. et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 296: 194-200, 2002), but against antigen presentation. Whether or not there is any involvement has not been reported yet. It has also been reported that monocytes and lymphocytes express only negligible ACE (Danilov, S. et al., Exp Hematol 31: 1301-1309, 2003).
- Example 11 Examination of peptide modification in serum-free medium
- the Th-inducing activity of peptides was tested in serum-free AIM-V medium. Since DO11.10 spleen cells tend to be brittle and adhere to the wall in the AIM-V medium, the cells hardly encounter each other, and as a result, the cell growth becomes dull and uneven. Therefore, in this example, more stable data was obtained using 3 times more DO11.10 cells per well.
- removal of protease in serum shifted the titration curve of OVII and overlapped with POVII having a modification only at the N-terminus. However, other variant peptides still showed high induction activity.
- Example 12 High Sensitization Activity of Biotinylated OVII Peptide
- the inventors introduced biotinylated Lys (K bio ) inside the N-terminus and / or C-terminus of the peptide for labeling purposes.
- this biotinylated peptide showed high sensitizing activity and induced significant proliferation of Th cells.
- the inventor designed various biotinylated peptides (Table 1) and further studied. Since biotinylated peptides generally tended to have low solubility, the design was based on OVII + in which Arg was added to the C-terminus of OVII.
- the sensitizing activity was increased 100 times. Furthermore, addition of Pro- ⁇ -Ala to the C terminus had no effect. On the other hand, when Pro was added to the N-terminus, the activity was further increased 5-fold. The change in activity due to biotinylation was also observed when DO11.10 cells were cultured under serum-free conditions (FIG. 16).
- PbOVIIbP ⁇ showed the highest activity with modifications of K bio on both ends, Pro on the N-terminal side and Pro- ⁇ -Ala on the C-terminal side. Since K bio provides additional activity in addition to the N-terminal Pro of PbOVIIbP ⁇ , K bio may have contributed to increased sensitizing activity for reasons other than protease resistance.
- PbOVIIbP ⁇ showed a 5-fold higher activity than POVIIP ⁇ (FIG. 16).
- the inventor also verified whether or not the sensitizing activity of the biotinylated OVII peptide is due to the effect of lysine.
- KOVII + or KOVII + K to which lysine was added respectively at the N-terminus or both ends of OVII + had no difference in sensitizing activity as compared with OVII +.
- Example 13 Peptide digestion resistance to serum peptidase From the results of the examination of the previous examples, it is highly possible that the modification imparts peptidase resistance to the peptide. Therefore, the inventor examined the digestive resistance of peptides in 10% fresh mouse serum in vitro. The remaining amount of undigested peptide was quantified by HPLC. As shown in FIG. 21, 40% of OVII was digested within 2 hours, and no undigested peptide remained after 6 hours. It was found that when ⁇ -Ala (OVII ⁇ ) at the C-terminus or Pro (OVIIPA) second from the C-terminus was introduced, about half of the peptide that would have been digested within 4 hours alone was protected from digestion.
- OVII ⁇ OVII ⁇
- OVIIPA Pro
- the C-terminal K bio was generally more effective in protecting against peptidases.
- the digestive resistance of the modified product having both N-terminal and C-terminal biotinylation, and the modified product combined with the above-mentioned N-terminal Pro and C-terminal Pro- ⁇ -Ala was additionally increased.
- the degree of preservation of epitope in serum is almost the same between POVIIP ⁇ and PbOVIIbP ⁇ with K bio added thereto, the Th-inducing activity in FIG. 16 and the Th-inducing activity in serum-free medium are the same. In either case, the reason why PbOVIIbP ⁇ is about 5 times higher is unknown.
- Example 14 Effect of Peptidase Inhibitor on Peptide Digestion
- the inventor examined the effect of peptidase inhibitor on peptide digestion in order to find out what peptidase in serum was.
- captopril a specific inhibitor of ACE
- the reason why the inhibitory activity was partial at a low concentration was considered that the C-terminal active site of ACE was more sensitive to ACE than the N-terminal active site.
- Example 15 Effect of inhibitors on ACE activity of antigen-presenting cells CH1-IA d cells were suspended in PBS and incubated in advance at 37 ° C for 20 minutes in the presence of 2.5 mM o-phenanthroline or captopril. 10 ⁇ M Abz-FRK (Dnp) P—OH (Sigma, St. Louis) was added and incubated at 37 ° C. for the indicated times. The reaction was stopped by placing on ice and centrifuged, and the fluorescence in the supernatant was measured at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm and a measurement wavelength of 420 nm (FIG. 25).
- Dnp Abz-FRK
- P—OH Sigma, St. Louis
- captopril which is a specific inhibitor of ACE
- o-phenanthroline which is an inhibitor of metallopeptidase to which ACE belongs. I understood.
- Example 16 Effect of peptide modification in in vivo immunization
- the inventors examined the Th-inducing activity of the modified peptide in in vivo immunization. As shown in FIG. 26, it was found that peptidase-resistant POVIIP ⁇ efficiently activates DO11.10 Th cells by in vivo immunization compared to OVII. PbOVIIbP ⁇ in which K bio was added to POVIIP ⁇ more efficiently induced activation. Furthermore, even when immunized with the WT1-derived WA36 peptide, which is a natural tumor antigen, it was extremely difficult to induce Th cells with WA36 alone. However, using a biotinylated terminal-modified peptide, although weak, It was found that Th cells can be induced (FIG. 27).
- Example 17 Tumor Antigen Peptide Inducing Activity from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
- Human-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) having HLA-DR15 were treated with W332 peptide or PbW332bP ⁇ peptide in DMEM medium containing 10% AB serum. Stimulated at each concentration. 20 U / ml recombinant human IL-2 and 0.1 ⁇ g / ml phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were added to the medium.
- PHA phytohemagglutinin
- each peptide at the above concentrations was added again, the cells were stimulated for 4 hours, brefeldin A was added and further cultured for 1 hour, and then intracellular IFN ⁇ staining and CD4 staining were performed. Analyzed with The ratio of intracellular IFN ⁇ positive cells in CD4 positive cells is shown (FIG. 28).
- Example 18 In vivo anti-tumor activity when immunized with MHC class I peptide and MHC class II peptide in tumor-bearing mice
- the inventors identified Th cells that recognize Wilms' Tumor 1 (WT1), a natural tumor antigen.
- WT1 Wilms' Tumor 1
- In vivo anti-tumor activity by induction was examined. Care must be taken to induce Th cells against natural tumor antigens. This is because, as a result of inducing Th cells against a natural tumor antigen, there is a possibility of inducing regulatory T cells (Treg: regulatory T cells) that may attenuate the antitumor activity.
- Treg regulatory T cells
- the amino acid sequence of W332 also has the same sequence in the corresponding mouse WT1 tumor antigen.
- the IA gene which is one of the mouse MHC class II genes, is known to be an ortholog of the human HLA-DR gene. Therefore, binding experiments were attempted in consideration of the possibility that W332 also binds to mouse IA molecules if they are peptides that commonly bind to multiple human MHC class II molecules. After adding PbW332bP ⁇ to CH1-IA d cells and culturing for 5 hours, FITC-streptavidin was added for staining, and analysis was performed by flow cytometry.
- PbW332bP ⁇ a biotinylated W332 peptide
- CH1-DR4 cells expressing HLA-DR molecules FIG. 29A
- mice were immunized with PbW332bP ⁇ peptide as a Th-inducing peptide and Db126 peptide as a CTL-inducing peptide.
- FBL3 erythroleukemia cells that naturally express WT1 tumor antigen were used as a tumor to be inoculated into mice.
- FBL3 is a cell line that has become tumorized because it has been infected with Friend leukemia virus, and is likely to express viral antigens.
- Example 19 Development of quantitative measurement method for binding ability to MHC class II molecule
- a method for measuring the binding activity of an MHC class II molecule-binding peptide there is a method in which an unlabeled peptide is added to an MHC class II molecule on a living cell to compete for the binding of a biotinylated indicator peptide to the MHC class II molecule.
- the unlabeled peptide is rapidly digested due to the peptidase activity of living antigen-presenting cells, but the biotinylated indicator peptide is difficult to digest, and the binding cannot be measured by a competition test.
- Example 20 Quantitative measurement method for peptide binding ability to HLA-DR4 molecule, which is a human MHC class II molecule
- a method for measuring peptide binding activity to live antigen-presenting cellular MHC class II molecule Is possible not only for the mouse MHC class II molecule I-Ad molecule shown in Example 19, but also for the human MHC class II molecule, the MHC class II molecule.
- a device was added so that the binding activity of a peptide could be measured by incubation for 4 hours by adding p-chlorophenol (PCP).
- PCP p-chlorophenol
- CH1-DRB1 * 04 05 cells (CH1-DR4 cells) were suspended in 20% FCS IMDM (Iscove's minimum essential medium) at 2 ⁇ 10 6 / ml, and 50 ⁇ l (1 ⁇ 10 6 ) was added to 1 hole of a 96-well U plate. 5 / hole).
- FCS IMDM Iscove's minimum essential medium
- biotinylated index peptide bTR174 PSK bio REFKLSKVWRDQK bio P ⁇ A: SEQ ID NO: 41
- IMDM containing 8 mM PCP are put in 50 ⁇ l per well
- CH1 -DR4 cells were placed in 50 ⁇ l (1 ⁇ 10 5 / well) and incubated at 37 ° C. for 4 hours. Free peptides were removed by centrifugation, stained with FITC-streptavidin, and measured with a flow cytometer.
- tumor-specific antigens can be presented on MHC class II molecules of antigen-presenting cells significantly more efficiently than before. And can induce tumor antigen-specific Th cells more efficiently.
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Abstract
Description
[1]腫瘍特異的抗原に由来し、MHCクラスII分子に結合する、単離されたポリペプチドの改変体;
[2]該改変が、該単離されたポリペプチドのC末端側および/またはN末端側への数個のアミノ酸の付加である、[1]に記載の改変体;
[3]該単離されたポリペプチドのC末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、下式(I):
X1-X2-X3-X4 (I)
(式中、
(1)X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4は1個のアミノ酸またはカルボキシル基を示す(但し、X3がProの場合、X4は1個のアミノ酸を示す)、
(2)X1はビオチン化されたLysを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3はPro、X4は1個のアミノ酸を示す、または
(3)X1はビオチン化されたLysを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3はProを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4はβ-Alaを示す)
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である、[2]に記載の改変体;
[4]該単離されたポリペプチドのC末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、該式(I)において、
(1)X1がビオチン化されたLys、X2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4は1個のアミノ酸またはカルボキシル基(但し、X3がProの場合、X4は1個のアミノ酸)、または
(2)X1は単結合、X2は単結合、X3がPro、X4は1個のアミノ酸、
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である、[3]に記載の改変体;
[5]該単離されたポリペプチドのC末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、該式(I)において、
X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3は単結合、X4はGlyまたはカルボキシル基、
X1は単結合、X2は単結合、X3はPro、X4はAlaまたはβ-Ala、または
X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3はPro、X4はβ-Ala
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である、[4]に記載の改変体;
[6]該単離されたポリペプチドのN末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、下式(II):
Y1-Y2-Y3 (II)
(式中、
(1)Y1はPro、Y2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合を示す、または
(2)Y1はProを除く1個のアミノ酸またはアミノ基、Y2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3はビオチン化されたLysを示す)
によって表されるアミノ酸配列(但し、N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がProであるアミノ酸配列は除く)である、[2]-[5]のいずれか1項に記載の改変体;
[7]該単離されたポリペプチドのN末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、該式(II)において、
(1)Y1はPro、Y2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、または
(2)Y1はProを除く1個のアミノ酸またはアミノ基、Y2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3はビオチン化されたLys
によって表されるアミノ酸配列(但し、N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がProであるアミノ酸配列は除く)である、[6]に記載の改変体;
[8]該単離されたポリペプチドのN末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、該式(II)において、
Y1はPro、Y2はSer、Y3は単結合、
Y1はアミノ基、Y2はSer、Y3はビオチン化されたLys、または、
Y1はPro、Y2はSer、Y3はビオチン化されたLys
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である、[7]に記載の改変体;
[9]該単離されたポリペプチドが、WT1、PSA、MAGE-3、survivin、CEA、tyrosinase、C型肝炎ウイルスまたはEBウイルスに由来し、MHCクラスII分子に結合するアミノ酸配列を含む、[1]-[8]のいずれか1項に記載の改変体;
[10]該単離されたポリペプチドが、WT1に由来し、MHCクラスII分子に結合するアミノ酸配列を含む、[9]に記載の改変体;
[11]配列番号:37、配列番号:38または配列番号:40によって示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、単離されたポリペプチド;
[12][1]-[10]のいずれか1項に記載の改変体または[11]に記載の単離されたポリペプチドを含む、抗腫瘍剤;
[13]更に腫瘍特異的抗原に由来し、MHCクラスI分子に結合する、単離されたポリペプチドを含む、[12]に記載の抗腫瘍剤;
[14]更にアジュバントを含む、[12]または[13]に記載の抗腫瘍剤;
[15]アジュバントが百日咳ワクチンであることを特徴とする、[14]に記載の抗腫瘍剤;
[16][12]-[15]のいずれか1項に記載の抗腫瘍剤を患者に有効量投与することを含む、腫瘍の治療方法;
[17]腫瘍の治療に使用するための、[1]-[10]のいずれか1項に記載の改変体または[11]に記載の単離されたポリペプチド、腫瘍特異的抗原に由来しMHCクラスI分子に結合する単離されたポリペプチドおよびアジュバントを含む組成物;
[18]抗腫瘍剤を製造するための[1]-[10]のいずれか1項に記載の改変体または[11]に記載の単離されたポリペプチドの使用;
[19]被験者由来の抗原提示細胞集団と[1]-[10]のいずれか1項に記載の改変体を培養し、抗原提示細胞集団と該改変体の結合を確認する、被験者が該改変体に含まれる単離されたポリペプチドに結合するMHCクラスII分子を持つか否かを検査する方法;
[20]特定のMHCクラスII分子を発現する抗原提示細胞とN末端および/またはC末端が改変された任意のペプチドを培養し、該抗原提示細胞と該ペプチドの結合を確認する、該抗原提示細胞に該ペプチドが結合しうるか否かを検査する方法;
などを提供する。
なお、本明細書におけるペプチドまたはタンパク質は、ペプチド標記の慣例に従って左端がN末端(アミノ末端)、右端がC末端(カルボキシル末端)である。
本発明の抗原ペプチドへ数個のアミノ酸を付加、挿入または置換する場合、付加、挿入または置換されるアミノ酸としては、20種類の天然アミノ酸(Gly、Ala、Leu、Ile、Val、Arg、Lys、Glu、Gln、Asp、Asn、Cys、Met、His、Pro、Phe、Tyr、Thr、Ser、Trp)あるいは修飾もしくは非天然アミノ酸(例えば、ビオチン化されたアミノ酸(例えば、ビオチン化されたLys(Lysのεアミノ基にビオチンを共有結合させたLys)、Nα-ビオチン化アミノ酸、アセチル化されたアミノ酸(N末端アミノ基をアセチル化させたアミノ酸)、2-アミノアジピン酸、3-アミノアジピン酸、β-Ala、2-アミノ酪酸、4-アミノ酪酸、6-アミノカプロン酸、2-アミノヘプタン酸、2,3-ジアミノプロピオン酸、N-エチルグリシン、N-エチルアスパラギン、ヒドロキシリジン、ノルバリン、ノルロイシン、オルニチン等)であってよい。また、天然に存在する20種のα-アミノ酸のほか、β-アミノ酸(例えば、β-Ala)、γ-アミノ酸などをも含んでよい。また、これらのアミノ酸は、疎水性であっても親水性であってもよいが、親水性アミノ酸である方が好ましい。ここで疎水性アミノ酸とは、Ile、Leu、Val、Ala、Phe、Pro、Met、Trp、Tyr及びGlyを意味し、塩基性アミノ酸とは、Arg、Lys及びHisを意味し、酸性アミノ酸とは、Asp、Gluを意味し、親水性中性アミノ酸とは、Asn、Gln、Ser、Thr及びCysを意味する。これらのアミノ酸のうち、α―アミノ酸はL体であってもD体であってもよく、両者が混在していてもよいが、好ましくはL体である。また、抗原ペプチドにアミノ酸が付加される場合、その付加される位置は、ペプチド分解酵素による分解耐性であり、MHCクラスII分子によって抗原提示されるものである限り特に制限はないが、通常、本発明の抗原ペプチドのN末端および/またはC末端である。
また、付加される数個のアミノ酸(ペプチド)は直鎖ペプチドであっても分枝鎖(デンドリマー型)ペプチドであってもよい。例えば、本発明の改変体がArgやLysなどの側鎖にアミノ基を有するアミノ酸を含有する場合、該アミノ基と他のアミノ酸もしくはペプチドのカルボキシル基とを結合させることにより、分枝鎖を形成することができる。また、本発明の改変体がGluやAspなどの側鎖にカルボキシル基を有するアミノ酸を含有する場合、該カルボキシル基と他のアミノ酸もしくはペプチドのアミノ基とを結合させることにより、分枝鎖を形成することができる。さらに、本発明の改変体がCysを含有する場合には、他のCysもしくはそれを含むペプチドとのジスルフィド結合を介して分枝鎖を形成することもできる。
X1-X2-X3-X4 (I)
(式中、
(1)X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4は1個のアミノ酸またはカルボキシル基を示す(但し、X3がProの場合、X4は1個のアミノ酸を示す)、
(2)X1はビオチン化されたLysを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3はPro、X4は1個のアミノ酸を示す、または
(3)X1はビオチン化されたLysを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3はProを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4はβ-Alaを示す)
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である。
なお、本明細書においてXnが単結合であるとは、実質的にXnにアミノ酸が存在せず、X(n-1)のアミノ酸の不斉炭素原子に結合したカルボキシル基とX(n+1)のアミノ酸の不斉炭素原子に結合したアミノ基がペプチド結合による単結合によって連結されていることをいう。従って、例えば、式(I)において、X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3はProおよびX4はβ-Alaであるとは、そのアミノ酸配列はビオチン化されたLys-Pro-β-Alaのアミノ酸配列として表現される。
(1)X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4は1個のアミノ酸またはカルボキシル基(但し、X3がProの場合、X4は1個のアミノ酸)、または
(2)X1は単結合、X2は単結合、X3がPro、X4は1個のアミノ酸、
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である。
X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3は単結合、X4はGlyまたはカルボキシル基、
X1は単結合、X2は単結合、X3はPro、X4はAlaまたはβ-Ala、または
X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3はPro、X4はβ-Ala
によって表されるアミノ酸配列などが挙げられる。
最も好ましくは、本発明の抗原ペプチドのC末端側に付加されてもよいアミノ酸は、式(I)において、X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3はPro、X4はβ-Alaによって表されるアミノ酸配列である。
Y1-Y2-Y3 (II)
(式中、
(1)Y1はPro、Y2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合を示す、または
(2)Y1はProを除く1個のアミノ酸またはアミノ基、Y2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3はビオチン化されたLysを示す)
によって表されるアミノ酸配列(但し、N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がProであるアミノ酸配列は除く)である。
なお、本明細書においてYnが単結合であるとは、上記のXnが単結合である場合と同様である。
(1)Y1はPro、Y2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、または
(2)Y1はProを除く1個のアミノ酸またはアミノ基、Y2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3はビオチン化されたLys
によって表されるアミノ酸配列(但し、N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がProであるアミノ酸配列は除く)である。
Y1はPro、Y2はSer、Y3は単結合、
Y1はアミノ基、Y2はSer、Y3はビオチン化されたLys、または、
Y1はPro、Y2はSer、Y3はビオチン化されたLys
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である。
最も好ましくは、本発明の抗原ペプチドのN末端側に付加されてもよいアミノ酸は、式(II)において、Y1はPro、Y2はSer、Y3はビオチン化されたLysによって表されるアミノ酸配列である。
ここでエステルにおけるRとしては、例えば、メチル、エチル、n-プロピル、イソプロピル、n-ブチルなどのC1-6アルキル基;例えば、シクロペンチル、シクロヘキシルなどのC3-8シクロアルキル基;例えば、フェニル、α-ナフチルなどのC6-12アリール基;例えば、ベンジル、フェネチルなどのフェニル-C1-2アルキル基;α-ナフチルメチルなどのα-ナフチル-C1-2アルキル基などのC7-14アラルキル基;ピバロイルオキシメチル基などが用いられる。
本発明の改変体がC末端以外にカルボキシル基(またはカルボキシレート)を有している場合、カルボキシル基がアミド化またはエステル化されているものも本発明のタンパク質に含まれる。この場合のエステルとしては、例えば上記したC末端のエステルなどが用いられる。
さらに、本発明の改変体には、N末端のアミノ酸残基(例、メチオニン残基)のアミノ基が保護基(例えば、ホルミル基、アセチル基などのC1-6アルカノイルなどのC1-6アシル基、またはビオチン化など)で保護されているもの、生体内で切断されて生成するN末端のグルタミン残基がピログルタミン酸化したもの、分子内のアミノ酸の側鎖上の置換基(例えば-OH、-SH、アミノ基、イミダゾール基、インドール基、グアニジノ基など)が適当な保護基(例えば、ホルミル基、アセチル基などのC1-6アルカノイル基などのC1-6アシル基など)で保護されているもの、あるいは糖鎖が結合したいわゆる糖ペプチドなどの複合ポリペプチドなども含まれる。
ペプチド合成法は、例えば、固相合成法、液相合成法のいずれであってもよい。本発明の改変体を構成し得る部分ペプチドもしくはアミノ酸と残余部分とを縮合し、生成物が保護基を有する場合は保護基を脱離することにより目的とする改変体を製造することができる。
ここで、縮合や保護基の脱離は、自体公知の方法、例えば、以下の(i)~(v)に記載された方法に従って行われる。
(i)M. Bodanszky および M.A. Ondetti、ペプチド・シンセシス (Peptide Synthesis), Interscience Publishers, New York (1966年)
(ii)SchroederおよびLuebke、ザ・ペプチド(The Peptide), Academic Press, New York (1965年)
(iii)泉屋信夫他、ペプチド合成の基礎と実験、 丸善(株) (1975年)
(iv)矢島治明 および榊原俊平、生化学実験講座 1、 タンパク質の化学IV、 205、(1977年)
(v)矢島治明監修、続医薬品の開発、第14巻、ペプチド合成、広川書店
上記方法で得られる改変体が遊離体である場合には、該遊離体を公知の方法あるいはそれに準じる方法によって適当な塩に変換することができるし、逆に改変体が塩として得られた場合には、該塩を公知の方法あるいはそれに準じる方法によって遊離体または他の塩に変換することができる。
原料のアミノ基の保護基としては、例えば、Z、Boc、ターシャリーペンチルオキシカルボニル、イソボルニルオキシカルボニル、4-メトキシベンジルオキシカルボニル、Cl-Z、Br-Z、アダマンチルオキシカルボニル、トリフルオロアセチル、フタロイル、ホルミル、2-ニトロフェニルスルフェニル、ジフェニルホスフィノチオイル、Fmocなどが用いられる。
カルボキシル基は、例えば、アルキルエステル化(例えば、メチル、エチル、プロピル、ブチル、ターシャリーブチル、シクロペンチル、シクロヘキシル、シクロヘプチル、シクロオクチル、2-アダマンチルなどの直鎖状、分枝状もしくは環状アルキルエステル化)、アラルキルエステル化(例えば、ベンジルエステル、4-ニトロベンジルエステル、4-メトキシベンジルエステル、4-クロロベンジルエステル、ベンズヒドリルエステル化)、フェナシルエステル化、ベンジルオキシカルボニルヒドラジド化、ターシャリーブトキシカルボニルヒドラジド化、トリチルヒドラジド化などによって保護することができる。
セリンの水酸基は、例えば、エステル化またはエーテル化によって保護することができる。このエステル化に適する基としては、例えば、アセチル基などの低級アルカノイル基、ベンゾイル基などのアロイル基、ベンジルオキシカルボニル基、エトキシカルボニル基などの炭酸から誘導される基などが用いられる。また、エーテル化に適する基としては、例えば、ベンジル基、テトラヒドロピラニル基、t-ブチル基などである。
チロシンのフェノール性水酸基の保護基としては、例えば、Bzl、Cl2-Bzl、2-ニトロベンジル、Br-Z、ターシャリーブチルなどが用いられる。
ヒスチジンのイミダゾールの保護基としては、例えば、Tos、4-メトキシ-2,3,6-トリメチルベンゼンスルホニル、DNP、ベンジルオキシメチル、Bum、Boc、Trt、Fmocなどが用いられる。
改変体のエステル体を得るには、例えば、カルボキシ末端アミノ酸のα-カルボキシル基を所望のアルコール類と縮合しアミノ酸エステルとした後、改変体のアミド体と同様にして、所望の改変体のエステル体を得ることができる。
投与に用いられる医薬組成物としては、本発明の改変体と薬理学的に許容され得る担体、希釈剤もしくは賦形剤、界面活性剤などを含むものであっても良い。このような医薬組成物は、経口的、経粘膜的、経皮的、または非経口的投与に適する剤形として提供される。また、除放性を付与するために、基材に吸着あるいは包埋してもよい。
(式中、
(1)X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4は1個のアミノ酸またはカルボキシル基を示す(但し、X3がProの場合、X4は1個のアミノ酸を示す)、
(2)X1はビオチン化されたLysを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3はPro、X4は1個のアミノ酸を示す、または
(3)X1はビオチン化されたLysを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3はProを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4はβ-Alaを示す)
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である。
(1)X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4は1個のアミノ酸またはカルボキシル基(但し、X3がProの場合、X4は1個のアミノ酸)、または
(2)X1は単結合、X2は単結合、X3がPro、X4は1個のアミノ酸、
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である。
X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3は単結合、X4はGlyまたはカルボキシル基、
X1は単結合、X2は単結合、X3はPro、X4はAlaまたはβ-Ala、または
X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3はPro、X4はβ-Ala
によって表されるアミノ酸配列などが挙げられる。
最も好ましくは、該ペプチドのC末端側に付加されてもよいアミノ酸は、式(I)において、X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3はPro、X4はβ-Alaによって表されるアミノ酸配列である。
Y1-Y2-Y3 (II)
(式中、
(1)Y1はPro、Y2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合を示す、または
(2)Y1はProを除く1個のアミノ酸またはアミノ基、Y2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3はビオチン化されたLysを示す)
によって表されるアミノ酸配列(但し、N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がProであるアミノ酸配列は除く)である。
(1)Y1はPro、Y2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、または
(2)Y1はProを除く1個のアミノ酸またはアミノ基、Y2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3はビオチン化されたLys
によって表されるアミノ酸配列(但し、N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がProであるアミノ酸配列は除く)である。
Y1はPro、Y2はSer、Y3は単結合、
Y1はアミノ基、Y2はSer、Y3はビオチン化されたLys、または、
Y1はPro、Y2はSer、Y3はビオチン化されたLys
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である。
最も好ましくは、該ペプチドのN末端側に付加されてもよいアミノ酸は、式(II)において、Y1はPro、Y2はSer、Y3はビオチン化されたLysによって表されるアミノ酸配列である。
DNA :デオキシリボ核酸
cDNA :相補的デオキシリボ核酸
A :アデニン
T :チミン
G :グアニン
C :シトシン
RNA :リボ核酸
mRNA :メッセンジャーリボ核酸
dATP :デオキシアデノシン三リン酸
dTTP :デオキシチミジン三リン酸
dGTP :デオキシグアノシン三リン酸
dCTP :デオキシシチジン三リン酸
ATP :アデノシン三リン酸
EDTA :エチレンジアミン四酢酸
SDS :ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム
Gly :グリシン
Ala :アラニン
Val :バリン
Leu :ロイシン
Ile :イソロイシン
Ser :セリン
Thr :スレオニン
Cys :システイン
Met :メチオニン
Glu :グルタミン酸
Asp :アスパラギン酸
Lys :リジン
Arg :アルギニン
His :ヒスチジン
Phe :フェニルアラニン
Tyr :チロシン
Trp :トリプトファン
Pro :プロリン
Asn :アスパラギン
Gln :グルタミン
pGlu :ピログルタミン酸
Sec :セレノシステイン(selenocysteine)
β-Ala :β-アラニン
腫瘍細胞としてEL4およびEL4にOVA遺伝子を導入してOVAタンパク質を発現するようになったE.G7-OVA(EG7)をH.N.Eisen博士より譲渡された。CD4 T細胞クローンであるDO11.10細胞はDO11.10 TCRトランスジェニックマウス(DO11.10tg)由来のものを用いた(Murphy,K.et al.,Science 250:1720-1723,1990)。DO11.10細胞は、2%ラットConA上清(RCS)を含む10% FCS DMEM中で、0.75μM OVAIIペプチド(ISQAVHAAHAEINEAGR)とインキュベートしたBALB/c由来脾臓細胞を放射線処理したもので週一回刺激をして、培養した。また、I-Ak拘束性にMCCペプチドを認識する、AND TCRtgをNakano博士より譲渡された。CH1細胞はATCCより購入し、10%FCS-Iscove’s MDM(IMDM)中で維持した。CH1-IAdおよびCH1-IAb細胞は、発現ベクターとしてpMX(Kitamura博士より譲渡)を用いて、レトロトランスダクションによって調製した。これらはいずれも、I-AβおよびI-Aα鎖のcDNAに、この順番でタンデムに並び、その間にIRES配列が入るように挿入した。F-2♀(F2)細胞は、CBF1マウス由来のUV形質転換細胞株としてバイオリソースセンター(つくば市)より購入した。また、F2-IAd細胞は上記のCH1-IAd細胞と同様の手法で樹立した。
(ペプチド)
OVII(ISQAVHAAHAEINEA;配列番号:17)は、ovalbumin由来の既報のI-Ad結合性エピトープOVAII 323-339(ISQAVHAAHAEINEAGR;配列番号:16)(Shimonkevitz,R.et al.,J Immunol 133:2067-2074,1984)から、323-337番目のアミノ酸配列を抜き出したペプチドである。MCC(NERADLIAYLKQATK;配列番号:42)は、I-Ak結合性蛾cytochrome Cペプチドの89-103番目のアミノ酸配列である(Buus,S.et al,Science 235:1353-1358,1987)。Fmoc法で手動合成し、C18カラム用いた逆相HPLCによって95%以上の純度に精製した。ペプチド濃度は、BSAを標準として用いてMicroBCAアッセイ(Pierce,Rockford,IL)によって決定した。ビオチン化ペプチドは、Fmoc-Lys(Biot)-OHを用いて合成した。合成したペプチドを表1に示す。
EL4細胞は最初にRGDペプチドでオプソニン化した。次に、浸透圧負荷によって5mg/mlのOVAタンパク質を細胞質に負荷した。充分に洗浄した後、24wellプレートのF2-IAd細胞(500U/mlのrmIFN-γの存在下、予め2日間培養した)のコンフルエント培養液に2×106のEL4細胞を加えた。コントロールとして、PBSをmock負荷したEL4およびEG7を同様の方法でRGD修飾し、用いた。EL4その他の標的細胞を、F2-IAdに加え、この細胞混合液を24時間培養した。F2-IAd細胞を直接OVAIIペプチドで負荷したコントロールwellについては、培養の最後に2時間、細胞をペプチドでパルスした。浮遊細胞と死細胞の残骸を除去後、接着したF2-IAd細胞の表面充分に洗浄した。また、クロロキンを用いた抗原提示阻害実験では、EL4、OVAで負荷したEL4または0.25mg/mlOVAタンパク質を加える30分前に100μMクロロキンを加えた。さらにクロロキンの持続的存在下でF2-IAd細胞を3日間培養した。
(抗原提示マーカーの検出)
F2-IAd細胞が該細胞表面上に標的抗原ポリペプチドを抗原提示したか否かは、DO11.10細胞のCD69の発現をモニターすることで判定した。抗原提示したF2-IAd細胞とDO11.10細胞を混ぜて遠心し、細胞同士を接触させたのち、6時間および24時間後に、ビオチン標識抗CD69 mAb(H1.2F3,BD Biosciences)で染色し、フローサイトメトリーによってDO11.10細胞(抗clonotypic TCR mAbであるKJ1.26をFITC標識したもので陽性に染色される)のCD69の発現を検出した。
(細胞遊走試験)
F2-IAd細胞を、Transwellプレート(BD Labware,Billerica,CA)のインサート上でコンフルエントになるまで培養した。培養の最後3日間は500U/mlのrmIFN-γの存在下で培養した。また、培養の最後2時間は、種々の濃度のOVAIIペプチドでF2-IAd細胞をパルスした。培養後、F2-IAd細胞を洗浄し、DO11.10トランスジェニック脾臓細胞からネガティブセレクション(Dynal mouse CD4 negative isolation kit(Invitrogen))により、CD4+細胞が純度95%以上になるように単離し、これを、1穴あたり、4×106個加えた。37℃でインキュベートし、6時間後までにチャンバーの下に遊走したDO11.10の数を数えた。
(ペプチド結合アッセイ)
CH1-IAdまたはCH1-IAb細胞を2x106cells/mlになるように2%BSA IMDM中に懸濁した。この細胞懸濁液100μlを、血清を含まないIMDM中で連続的に希釈したペプチド100μlに加えた。37℃で2時間、6時間あるいは16時間インキュベートし、細胞を洗浄後、FITC-ストレプトアビジンで染色した。細胞に結合したペプチドの量をフローサイトメトリーで計測した。
(CD4 T細胞の増殖)
2%RCSを含有する10%FCS-DMEM中で段階希釈をして濃度傾斜をつけた各OVII改変ペプチドと共に、96穴Uプレートに、1穴あたり1x105個のDO11.10tgまたはANDtg由来の脾臓細胞を入れてインキュベートし、該脾臓細胞の増殖を測定した。37℃で72時間インキュベートし、3H-thymidineを添加し、シンチレーションカウントのため24時間後に細胞を回収した。特に記載をした実験では、FCSは56℃で30分間の熱不活化を行った。特に記載をした実験では、カプトプリルを培地中に添加した。いくつかの実験では、AIM-V(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)培地を用いた。それらの実験では、3x105個のDO11.10の脾臓細胞/wellを各OVII改変ペプチドで刺激した。
(ペプチドの分解)
10%の新鮮マウス血清または新鮮ヒト血清を含むTBS中でペプチドを消化した。37℃で示された時間インキュベート後、多様な血清タンパク質を沈殿して除くため、1%トリフルオロ酸を添加した。短い遠心分離の後、可溶性画分を、C18分析用カラムを用いた逆相HPLCで分析した。HPLC毎にロードしたペプチドの総量の振れを補正するため、内部コントロールとして血清に含まれる非蛋白性の220nmの波長で吸収されるピークを使った。未消化ペプチドのピーク面積をChromatopac C-R8A(Shimadzu Corp.,Kyoto,Japan)で定量的にモニターし、残存ペプチド量を計算した。
(ACE活性の測定)
細胞表面のACEの活性をSabatini,R.et al.,Anal Biochem 363:255-262,2007に記載の方法を改変して測定した。
(Th細胞誘導性ペプチドを用いたin vivo免疫)
CBF1マウスを、Thエピトープペプチドとしてλリプレッサーペプチド(LEDARRLKAIYEKKK;配列番号:39)またはOVAIIペプチドのいずれかとCTL誘導性ペプチドであるKb-結合性OVA-Iペプチドでパルスした脾細胞のLPSブラストで免疫した。1つの脾臓由来のLPSブラストをペプチドでパルスしたものを、2匹のマウスに腹腔内注射して免疫した。3回目の免疫の翌日に、9×106個のEL4細胞および1.2×107個のEG7細胞をマウスの背面皮膚に対になるように皮内移植した。腫瘍サイズを一日おきに計測した。免疫は腫瘍移植から2週間後にもう一度行った。
(改変ペプチドを用いたin vivo免疫)
PBSに溶解したペプチドと1x107個の熱不活化百日咳全菌体ワクチンを直前に混合し、足蹠に皮下注射してBALB/cマウスを免疫した。翌日(24時間後)、膝窩および鼠径リンパ節を摘出し、CD69+(H1.2F3,BD Pharmingen)陽性DO11.10(a clonotypic anti-TCR mAb KJ1.26+)細胞をフローサイトメトリーで計測した。
10Gyのγ線照射をしたCBF1マウスあるいは、9.5Gyの照射をしたI-Aβ bKOマウスまたは、骨髄キメラマウス(I-Aβ bKO骨髄をCBF1マウスに移植した骨髄キメラマウス、CBF1マウス骨髄をI-Aβ bKOマウスに移植した骨髄キメラマウス)に、1.5x107個の骨髄移植の前日から移植後14日まで、1.5%oxytetracycline(DENKA生研)を飲み水に加えた。Th移入実験は、骨髄移植から、少なくとも28日以降に行った。完全にドナー由来の骨髄由来細胞に置き代わっていることは、末梢血単核細胞を抗Ld mAb(30-5-7S)、抗Kb mAb(Y3)、抗I-Ad mAb(39-10-8)および、抗I-Ab mAb(25.9-3)で染色して確認した。PKH標識DO11.10は、腫瘍細胞(4x106個のEL4、および3x106個のEG7)を、それぞれ1匹のCBF1マウスの背部の、左右の皮内に植えて6日目に腫瘍径が5-7mm程度になった頃に、2x107個移入した。2日後に腫瘍を摘出し、5μm厚さの切片を作製した。細胞の重複計数を防ぐため、連続切片の3枚ごとに1枚を標本にしてPKH陽性細胞の数を数えた(図1)。400倍の蛍光顕微鏡の20視野に見えたPKH陽性細胞の数を、10スライスについて数え、積算した。
発明者は、アポトーシスした腫瘍細胞を取り込んだ血管内皮細胞(EC:endothelial cell)が、腫瘍細胞中の細胞質抗原を分解し、その分解産物であるポリペプチドをMHCクラスII分子に結合させ、提示することが出来るか否かを検証した。F2-IAd細胞による抗原提示の程度は、反応性DO11.10細胞上の早期活性化マーカーであるCD69の発現をモニターすることにより調べた。図2に示すように、OVAIIペプチドをパルスした内皮細胞はDO11.10細胞を刺激することができた。F2-IAd細胞をオプソニン化EL4またはEG7と共にインキュベートした場合、約30%の細胞がアポトーシス腫瘍細胞を取り込んだ。しかし、オプソニン化EG7は数回の試行を繰り返しても、DO11.10細胞中のCD69の発現を誘導しなかった。このことは一部には、EG7細胞中のOVAタンパク質の濃度が低い可能性があると思われた。0.1μMのOVAIIでパルスしたF2-IAd細胞は、OVAを負荷したEL4(OVA-loaded EL4)を取り込んだ場合と同程度に、DO11.10細胞にCD69の発現を誘導した。F2-IAd細胞のごく一部の細胞のみがOVAを負荷したEL4を取り込んだが、DO11.10細胞のCD69発現誘導するに充分な抗原提示があった。本実施例に使った、脾臓細胞からネガティブセレクションで単離したDO11.10細胞の純度は、85%以上がKJ1.26(DO11.10のclonotypic TCRに特異的mAb)陽性であり、中全CD4細胞中では95%以上がKJ1.26陽性であった。
取り込まれた腫瘍細胞が持つ腫瘍抗原は、MHCクラスII分子によって抗原提示されることから、外因経路を介した抗原プロセシングが起こっていると予想されたため、発明者はエンドソーム経由の抗原提示の阻害剤であるクロロキンに抗原提示が感受性であるか否かを検証した。図3、4に示す通り、F2-IAd細胞をクロロキンで処理した場合、外因経路で提示されることが知られているOVAタンパク質の提示は低下した。OVAを負荷したEL4の抗原提示もまた、クロロキンに対して感受性であった。従って、EL4の細胞内に存在するOVAタンパク質のF2-IAdによる抗原提示は、主に外因経路を介していると示唆された。
発明者は、内皮細胞に抗原提示させることによってDO11.10 CD4 T細胞に内皮細胞層を貫いて通過する遊走活性を誘導できるか否かを検証した。DO11.10細胞との接触前に、予めF2-IAd細胞をプレートのtranswell上に播種し、OVAIIペプチドでパルスした。図5に示したように、パルスしたOVAIIペプチド濃度が高かった場合、DO11.10細胞はF2-IAd細胞に強く接着し、その場で活性化され、F2-IAd細胞層を貫いて遊走することはしなかった。パルスしたOVAIIペプチド濃度が低かった(0.1μM以下)場合、DO11.10細胞は活発に遊走し、F2-IAd細胞層を通過した。また、該範囲の低濃度のOVAIIペプチドでは、CD69の発現誘導はほとんど確認できなかった。先に調べたOVAを負荷したEL4を取り込んだ内皮細胞による抗原提示により、いくらかCD69の発現誘導が起こっており(図2)、それに匹敵するCD69の発現誘導は、0.1μMのOVAIIペプチドでパルスした内皮細胞による抗原提示で起こっているため、おそらく、OVAを負荷したEL4を取り込んだ内皮細胞では、0.1μMのOVAIIペプチドでパルスした内皮細胞に匹敵する密度で抗原が提示されていることが推測される。その程度の密度で抗原を提示した内皮細胞を認識してDO11.10が高い遊走活性を示すことから、OVAを負荷したEL4を取り込んだ内皮細胞でも、同程度にDO11.10の遊走活性が誘導されると推定される。
EL4-EGFPまたはEG7-EGFP細胞をCBF1マウスに接種した。成長した固形腫瘍を採取し、20%FCS HBSS(GIBCO,Carlsbad,CA)に溶かした2.5mg/mlコラゲナーゼD(Roche Diagnostics,Indianapolis,IN)で37℃、3時間、消化した。抗CD45マウス抗体30-F11(Biolegend,SanDiego,CA)でコートしたDynabeads M-280(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)で、CD45陽性細胞の除去を2回行った。コラーゲンTypeIコートベースディッシュ(AGC Techno Glass Co.Ltd.,Chiba,Japan)上で単一細胞懸濁液を培養し、付着した細胞を顕微鏡観察に用いた。DiI標識アセチル化LDL(Invitrogen)を20μg/mlで添加し、37℃で4-5時間、内皮細胞にエンドサイトーシスさせた。アセチル化LDL洗浄後、細胞をビオチン化30-F11およびAlexa 647標識ストレプトアビジン(Molecular Probes,Carlsbad,CA)で染色した。内皮細胞は、DiI標識LDLを取り込み、赤色に染まって見える。内皮細胞のうち、腫瘍細胞を取り込んだものは、細胞内にEGFPの緑の蛍光を発する腫瘍細胞の残骸を有し、マゼンタ色(CD45陽性細胞)に染まらない細胞として同定できる(黒の矢印)。腫瘍細胞を取り込んでいない内皮細胞は、白い矢印で示した。DO11.10細胞を添加し、共焦点レーザー顕微鏡FV1000D IX81(Olympus,Tokyo,Japan)を用いて、37℃で1時間、15秒ごとに蛍光像を撮影することによって、DO11.10細胞のin vivo移動を観察した。顕微鏡像を図6に示す。また、内皮細胞の下に潜り込んだDO11.10細胞数を図7に示す。
発明者は、in vivoにおける腫瘍特異的Th細胞誘導の抗腫瘍効果を検証すべく、1.CTLのみ、2.CTLと第三者抗原特異的Th細胞、3.CTLと腫瘍特異的Th細胞を誘導する免疫プロトコルを比較した。抗原提示細胞としては、脾臓細胞のLPSブラストを用い、それぞれのペプチドを単独あるいは混合して加えて結合させたものを毎週1回、3回腹腔注射した。3回目の免疫の日に、背中の対側に、9x106個のEL4および1.2x107個のEG7腫瘍を植え、4日目から腫瘍径を測定した。図8に示す通り、OVA-Iペプチドによる腫瘍抗原特異的CTLの誘導のみでは限られた程度までしか腫瘍のコントロールが出来なかった。また、CTLと共に、第三者抗原であるλペプチドを用いてλ特異的Th細胞を誘導する免疫法では、CTL単独誘導に比べ、腫瘍増殖を遅らせることはできたが、最終的にはマウスは死亡した。一方、OVA-Iと共に、代理腫瘍抗原であるOVAIIペプチドでマウスを免疫した場合は、よりよく腫瘍をコントロールすることができた。一部のマウスでは腫瘍が完全に消失した。
CBF1マウスの左右の背部にEL4またはEG7を実施例1と同様に植え、7日目にPKH標識したOT-1(OVAペプチド257-264がKbに結合したものを認識するTCRを発現するトランスジェニックマウスからクローニングしたCD8陽性細胞傷害性T細胞(CTL))を2x107個、単独あるいはDO11.10と共に静脈注射をし、その2日目に腫瘍を摘出した。凍結標本を作り、5μm厚の切片中のPKH陽性細胞数を計測した。DAPIで核染色を加えた。計数の重複を防ぐため、連続した3枚のうち1枚を標本にした。DO11.10を1x106個静脈注射したマウスでは、EG7への顕著なOT-1の浸潤が観察された(図9)。DO11.10を2x107個移入したマウスでは、EL4への非特異的浸潤が増え、EG7内への特異的浸潤はかえって減少する傾向があった。IFN-γ遺伝子欠損DO11.10を移入した場合には、DO11.10依存性のOT-1の腫瘍内浸潤の増加が見られなくなった。一方、CXCR3遺伝子欠損OT-1を移入すると、腫瘍内浸潤数が減少し、DO11.10を移入してもほとんど増加しなかった。また、抗原特異性が異なり、VSV8ペプチドをKb拘束性に認識するCD8陽性CTLクローンであるVSV8を移入した場合には、EL4とEG7腫瘍への浸潤数の違いはなかったが、DO11.10によるCTLのEG7への浸潤の促進効果が、OT-1の場合より程度は少なかったが、みられた。
CBF1マウスの背部の左右に、4x106個のEL4および3x106個のEG7腫瘍を植え、6日後に直径が5-7mmになった頃に、DO11.10あるいはOT-1の養子移入を開始した。1x106個のDO11.10をまず静脈注射し、OT-1はその翌日に2x106個静脈注射した。2日ごとに腫瘍径を測定した。以降、それぞれ5日おきにDO11.10とOT-1の養子移入を繰り返した(図10)。
発明者は、上記実施例1~8から、腫瘍組織に侵入したThがIFN-γを分泌し、それを受けて、IFN-γ依存性ケモカインのレセプターであるCXCR-3を高発現するCTLの腫瘍内浸潤が促され、その結果、固形腫瘍が縮退すると考えた。発明者は、かかるメカニズムに基づいて、Thを誘導するMHCクラスII結合性ポリペプチドに、分解酵素に対する消化耐性を付与する修飾を加えることでTh誘導効率を高め、抗腫瘍免疫を効率的に活性化する戦略を考案した。
発明者は、DO11.10 CD4 T細胞によって認識されるI-Ad結合性ovalbumin(OVA)ペプチドを基本にして、プロテアーゼに対して耐性となるようなN末端またはC末端の修飾について検討した。OVII(323-337)は、元々のOVAIIペプチド(323-339)から2アミノ酸を取り除いたエピトープを含むペプチドである。合成の容易さを勘案し、野生型ペプチドとしてOVIIを用いた。アンギオテンシンI変換酵素(ACE)は、MHCクラスI結合性ペプチドの前駆体ペプチドのプロセシングに関わる、血清中の主要プロテアーゼであることが報告されている(Sherman,L.et al.,J Exp Med 175:1221-1226,1992;Kozlowski,S.et al.,J Exp Med 175:1417-1422,1992)。ACEはジペプチジルカルボキシペプチダーゼであるため(Bersanetti,P.et al.,Biochemistry 43:15729-15736,2004)、発明者はOVIIのC末端にアミノ酸を付加、特にACE酵素による分解を阻害するためにC末端から2番目にProを有するペプチドを設計した(表1)。また、N末端Proに対する切断特異性を持つようなアミノペプチダーゼは哺乳類が持つ酵素の中には同定されていないことから(Vanhoof,G.et al.,FASEB J 9:736-744,1995)、N末端にPro-Serジペプチドを付加した(表1)。Serは水溶性であり、また側鎖が小さめであることから、Thによる抗原認識を物理的に妨げる可能性が少ないと推測してspacerとして入れた。プロリン特異的アミノペプチダーゼとして、免疫細胞上に発現されるジペプチジルペプチダーゼIVおよびアミノペプチダーゼPの2種類は、N末端のX-Proを基質として分解することが報告されている(Vanhoof,G.et al.,FASEB J 9:736-744,1995;Yu,D.et al.,FEBS J 277:1126-1144,2010)。各改変ペプチドの感作活性はI-Ad拘束性にOVAエピトープを認識するDO11.10細胞の増殖カーブを指標として測定した。
図11に示す通り、N末端にProを導入したペプチド(POVII)は、OVIIよりも感作活性が約5倍増加した。C末端を修飾したペプチドはより大きな感作活性の増大をもたらした。ACE耐性のOVIIPAは、OVIIに比してほぼ100倍の感作活性を示した。β-AlaによってC末端修飾したペプチドは、OVIIPAと類似するが、若干低い活性を示した程度であった。また、N末端のアセチル化(ac-OVII)は感作活性にほとんど影響を与えなかった。N末端およびC末端の両方を修飾しても、さらに感作活性を高めることはできなかった。これら修飾の効果が血清中のぺプチダーゼに対する耐性によるものか否かを検討するためFCSの熱不活化をしたが、滴定曲線には全く影響が見られなかった(図12、13)。
酵素活性の熱不活化に対して、ACEのC末端ドメインのみが感受性であることが報告されていたため(Voronov,S.et al.,FEBS Lett 522:77-82,2002)、発明者はACEのN末端ドメインおよびC末端ドメインの両ドメインに対して強力な特異的阻害効果があるカプトプリルを用いて阻害試験を行った(Dalkas,G.et al.,J Pept Sci 16:91-97,2009)。図14、15に示す通り、2.5mMのカプトプリルの添加によって、OVIIの感作活性はC末端保護されたOVIIPAペプチドに近い水準にまで改善された。DO11.10細胞は5mMカプトプリル存在下では生存できなかったため、高濃度のカプトプリルについては試験を行わなかった。ACEは元々膜結合性の細胞外酵素CD143として産生され、タンパク分解酵素によって遊離されることが報告されている。内皮細胞は強くACEを発現しているが、その他の細胞も一部ACEを発現していることが知られている(Coates,D.Int J Biochem Cell Biol 35:769-773,2003)ことから、発明者は、抗原提示細胞(APC)の中にも細胞表面にACEを発現している細胞があると予想した。免疫細胞のうち、ヒト樹状細胞はACEを発現していることが報告されてはいるものの(Lapteva,N.et al.,Biochem Biophys Res Commun 296:194-200,2002)、抗原提示に対してなんらかの関与があるか否かは未だ報告されてはいない。また、単球やリンパ球は無視できるほどのACEしか発現していないことが報告されている(Danilov,S.et al.,Exp Hematol 31:1301-1309,2003)。
血清のプロテアーゼ活性を排除するため、無血清AIM-V培地中でペプチドのTh誘導活性を試した。DO11.10脾臓細胞は、AIM-V培地中では脆く壁に付着する傾向があったため、細胞同士の出会いが起こりにくく、結果として細胞増殖が鈍く不均一となった。そこで、本実施例では、well当たり3倍数のDO11.10細胞を用いて、より安定したデータを得た。図16に示す通り、血清中のプロテアーゼの除去によって、OVIIの滴定曲線がシフトし、N末端にのみ修飾を持つPOVIIと重なった。しかし、他の改変体ペプチドは依然高い誘導活性を示した。このことは、血清中のプロテアーゼ(おそらくACE)はペプチドの提示にある程度の影響があるが、修飾ペプチドの活性の大部分は抗原提示細胞(APC)またはTh細胞に直接依存していることを示唆している。また、ビオチン化バリアントPbOVIIbPβは最も高い活性を示した。ビオチン化ペプチドは以降の実施例においてさらに検討した。
本実施例において、発明者は標識目的で、ペプチドのN末端および/またはC末端の内側にビオチン化Lys(Kbio)を導入した。予想外にも、このビオチン化ペプチドは高い感作活性を示し、Th細胞の著明な増殖を誘導した。この理由を探るため、発明者は種々のビオチン化ペプチドを設計し(表1)、さらに検討を行った。ビオチン化ペプチドは、一般に溶解性が低い傾向にあったため、OVIIのC末端にArgを加えたOVII+を基本にデザインを行った。Argの付加は、I-Ad分子への結合活性には影響しなかった(図17)。図18、19に示す通り、ビオチン化ペプチドは、末端にProまたはβ-Alaが存在するか否かに関わらず、非常に高い活性を示し、Kbioそれ自体に感作活性を高める効果があることがわかった。N末端から2番目のアミノ酸の位置にKbioを導入するだけで、感作活性は3倍高まった(bOVII+)。C末端側へのKbioの導入(bOVII+b)はより大きな効果を持ち、C末端から2番目のProおよび/またはC末端のβ-Alaで修飾したペプチド(OVIIβ、OVIIPA、図11)と比して、感作活性を100倍高めた。さらにC末端にPro-β-Alaを付加しても効果はなかった。一方、N末端にProを付加するとさらに5倍活性が高まった。ビオチン化による上記のような活性の変化は、DO11.10細胞を無血清条件下で培養した場合においても見られた(図16)。PbOVIIbPβは、両端にKbio、N末端側にProおよびC末端側にPro-β-Alaの修飾を有し、最も高い活性を示した。Kbioは、PbOVIIbPβのN末端Proに加えて付加的な活性を与えているため、Kbioはプロテアーゼ耐性以外の理由で感作活性の増大に貢献した可能性もある。AIM-V無血清培地においても、PbOVIIbPβはPOVIIPβより5倍高い活性を示した(図16)。
また、発明者は、ビオチン化OVIIペプチドの感作活性はリジンの効果によるものか否かについても併せて検証を行った。その結果、OVII+のN末端または両末端それぞれリジンを付加したKOVII+またはKOVII+Kは共に、OVII+と比較すると感作活性に差がなかった。一方、ビオチン化リジンをOVII+のN末端に付加したbOVII+、両末端に付加したbOVII+bはそれぞれKOVII+およびKOVII+Kに対して、前者で2倍程度、後者で10倍程度、DO11.10 Th細胞の増殖を誘導する活性が高かった(図20)。
これまでの実施例の検討結果から、修飾がペプチドにぺプチダーゼ耐性を与えている可能性が高い。そこで発明者は、in vitroで10%の新鮮マウス血清中でのペプチドの消化耐性を調べた。未消化ペプチドの残存量は、HPLCで定量した。図21に示す通り、OVIIの40%が2時間以内に消化され、6時間後には、未消化ペプチドは残っていなかった。C末端にβ-Ala(OVIIβ)もしくはC末端から2番目にPro(OVIIPA)を導入すると、単独でも4時間以内に消化されるはずのペプチドの約半分が消化から守られることがわかった。その両方を容れたPro-β-AlaをC末端にすると(OVIIPβ)、保護効果がさらに高まり、16時間後の残存ペプチド量が増した。N末端のacetyl化(ac-OVII)は、上記C末端側のPro-Xもしくはβ-Alaの単独修飾より、保護効果が大きかった。N末端をProにすると、非常に強い酵素耐性がみられ(POVII)、ほぼ70%が16時間後においても消化を受けずに残っていた。N末端Proの消化保護効果は、C末端をPro-β-Alaにするより強力で、このN、C末端修飾を両方とももつペプチドでは、さらに相加的な保護効果が観察された(POVIIPβ)。この結果は、図11に示すThの増殖誘導活性と、やや食い違うようにみえる。例えば、ac-OVIIは、OVIIPAやOVIIPβより消化耐性が高かったが、Th誘導活性はOVIIと差がなかった。ところが、OVIIPAやOVIIPβの消化実験では、それぞれ主要な分解産物のピークが現れることがわかった。これらのピークを質量分析により解析したところ、いずれもN末端のIleが欠け、epitopeは温存しているペプチドであることがわかった。これらのピークと未消化のピークを合わせた残存epitopeの量を図21aに点線で示す。これらのC末端保護ペプチドにTh増殖誘導活性が高かった理由がこれで説明できる。POVIIは、血清中での消化耐性は高かったが、Th増殖試験では活性が低かった。N末端を保護したac-OVII、POVIIのどちらもTh増殖誘導活性が低く、C末端保護の方が著明なTh増殖誘導活性を持つ理由のひとつとして、DO11.10が主としてC末端側のepitopeを認識しているT細胞であることがあげられるかもしれない(Robertson,J.et al.,J Immunol 164:4706-4712,2000)。これらの結果は、血清中のぺプチダーゼ活性がThへの抗原提示効率に影響する一方、血清以外、おそらくは抗原提示細胞に付随するぺプチダーゼ活性が、ペプチドの抗原提示に大きく影響することを示唆している。
発明者は次に、ビオチン化ペプチドの消化耐性を調べた。同様にマウス血清中でインキュベートすると、図21bに示すように、C末端側にKbioを加えた改変体は、消化耐性を持つことがわかった。N末端側にのみKbioをもつbOVII+では、一見消化耐性がまったくないように見えたが、前述の解析同様、主要な分解産物が長く存在するため、そのピークを質量分析により解析した結果、両端から1個または2個のアミノ酸が削られたものの、コアepitopeは完全に残った分解産物であることがわかった。すべてのビオチン化ペプチドに共通にみられたのは、ビオチンを1個失った産物であった。この産物は、イオントラップ質量分析により、少なくともPbOVII+bPβでは、ほとんどすべてN末端側のビオチンが失われたものであった。その他、bOVII+ではC末端のArgが欠けたもの、bOVIIbPβとOVII+bGではN末端のSerが欠けたもの、bOVII+bでは、C末端のRKbioが欠けた産物が主に観察された。これらの主要分解産物のピークを未消化ペプチドのピークと合算すると、epitopeの残存量は図21c、dの点線のようであった。これらepitopeの残存量は、図18、19のTh誘導活性によく対応する。ペプチドの分解においては、一般にC末端のKbioの方がよりぺプチダーゼに対する保護効果が強かった。また、N末端、C末端のビオチン化を両方とも持つ改変体、さらに前記のN末端ProおよびC末端Pro-β-Alaと組み合わせたデザインの改変体では、相加的に消化耐性が高まった。ただし、血清中でのepitopeの保存の程度は、POVIIPβとこれにKbioを加えたPbOVIIbPβでほとんど変わらないにもかかわらず、図16のTh誘導活性および、無血清培地中でのTh誘導活性が、いずれもPbOVIIbPβの方が5倍程度高い理由はわかっていない。APCに付随するぺプチダーゼによる影響か、消化耐性以外の活性による抗原提示の効率化の可能性が残される。
同様の結果はヒト血清でも得られた(図21e)。また、コアペプチドをMCCに変えたペプチドでも、同様の保護効果がみられた(図21f)。
上記実施例を受けて、発明者は、血清中のぺプチダーゼが何かを探るため、ぺプチダーゼ阻害剤のペプチド消化に対する効果を調べた。マウス血清を用いたOVIIペプチドの消化実験にACEの特異的阻害剤であるカプトプリルを加えると、図22のように、濃度依存性にペプチドの消化が抑えられた。低濃度で阻害活性が部分的である理由として、ACEのC末端の活性部位の方がN末端の活性部位よりACEに対する感受性が高いことが考えられた。(Dalkas,G.et al.,J Pept Sci 16:91-97,2009)さらに、ACEや血清中のアミノペプチダーゼが属するメタロペプチダーゼに対する阻害剤であるo-フェナントロリンを加えたところ、濃度依存性にペプチダーゼ活性がほとんど完全に阻害された(図23)。次に、M1ファミリーのアミノペプチダーゼに対する選択的阻害剤であるベスタチンを加えたところ、濃度依存性に約半分程度のぺプチダーゼ活性が抑制された(図24)。このことから、血清中のぺプチダーゼ活性は、アミノペプチダーゼとACEによるものであることが明らかとなった。
CH1-IAd細胞をPBSに懸濁し、あらかじめ2.5mMのo-フェナントロリンまたはカプトプリルの存在下で37℃20分インキュベートをした後、10μMのAbz-FRK(Dnp)P-OH(Sigma、St.Louis)を加えて指定の時間、37℃でインキュベートした。氷上に乗せて反応を止めて遠心し、上清中の蛍光を、励起波長320nm、測定波長420nmで計測した(図25)。この結果、生きた細胞に会合したペプチド分解酵素活性が確認され、さらにその活性は、ACEの特異的阻害剤であるカプトプリルおよびACEが属するメタロペプチダーゼの阻害剤であるo-フェナントロリンにより阻害されることがわかった。
発明者はin vivo免疫における修飾ペプチドのTh誘導活性を検討した。図26に示す通り、ぺプチダーゼ耐性のPOVIIPβは、in vivo免疫でOVIIに比べて効率よくDO11.10 Th細胞の活性化を起こすことがわかった。POVIIPβにKbioを加えたPbOVIIbPβは、さらに効率よく活性化を誘導した。さらに、自然な腫瘍抗原であるWT1由来のWA36ペプチドで免疫した場合も、WA36単独では極めてTh細胞の誘導が困難であったが、ビオチン化末端修飾ペプチドを使えば、弱いながらも、腫瘍抗原に対するTh細胞を誘導できることがわかった(図27)。
10%AB血清含有DMEM培地中で、HLA-DR15を有するヒト由来の末梢血単核細胞(PBMCs)をW332ペプチドまたはPbW332bPβペプチドの各濃度で刺激した。培地中には20U/ml組み換えヒトIL-2および0.1μg/mlフィトヘマグルチニン(PHA)を添加した。1週間後、同じ人のPBMCsに同様にペプチドを加えて、ペプチドを結合させた抗原提示細胞を用いて、上記の細胞に2度目の抗原刺激を行った。その4日後に、再度上記の各濃度のそれぞれのペプチドを加えて、細胞を4時間刺激培養し、brefeldin Aを加えてさらに1時間培養した後、細胞内IFNγ染色とCD4染色を行いフローサイトメーターで解析した。CD4陽性細胞中の細胞内IFNγ陽性細胞の割合を示す(図28)。
発明者は、自然な腫瘍抗原であるWilms’ Tumor 1(WT1)を認識するTh細胞を誘導することによるin vivo抗腫瘍活性を調べた。自然な腫瘍抗原に対するTh細胞を誘導することには慎重を期する必要がある。自然な腫瘍抗原に対するTh細胞を誘導する結果、抗腫瘍活性をかえって減弱させる可能性のある制御性T細胞(Treg:regulatory T cell)を誘導する可能性もあるからである。そこで、本実施例では、免疫賦活活性の高い、百日咳全菌体ワクチン(Bordetella pertussis whole cell vaccine:Wc)を加えて免疫し、Th1細胞の誘導を促す工夫をした。
これまでに、マウスのMHCクラスII分子に結合するWT1由来のペプチドは同定されていない。そこで発明者は、それを探索することからはじめた。ヒトのWT1腫瘍抗原由来のW332ペプチドは、HLA-DRB1*04:05分子結合性で、ヒトのTh細胞を誘導することが知られている。その後、W332は、ヒトのHLA-DRB1*15:01,HLA-DRB1*15:02,HLA-DPB1*09:01にも共通に結合することが報告された。また、W332のアミノ酸配列は、対応するマウスWT1腫瘍抗原においても同一の配列を持つ。マウスのMHCクラスII遺伝子のひとつであるI-A遺伝子は、ヒトのHLA-DR遺伝子のオルソログであることがわかっている。そこで、ヒトの複数のMHCクラスII分子に共通に結合するペプチドであれば、W332がマウスのI-A分子にも結合する可能性を考えて、結合実験を試みた。CH1-IAd細胞にPbW332bPβを加えて5時間培養した後、FITC-streptavidinを加えて染色をし、フローサイトメトリーにて解析をした。ビオチン化したW332ペプチドであるPbW332bPβは、HLA-DR分子を発現するCH1-DR4細胞に結合することがわかった(図29A)。
そこで、マウスを用いた免疫実験は、PbW332bPβペプチドをTh誘導性ペプチドとして、Db126ペプチドをCTL誘導性ペプチドとしてマウスに免疫することとした。マウスに接種する腫瘍としては、WT1腫瘍抗原を自然に高発現するFBL3赤白血病細胞を用いた。FBL3は、Friend leukemia virusに感染されたために腫瘍化した細胞株であり、ウイルス抗原も発現する可能性が高い。実際、2x107個のFBL3細胞をマウスの廃部に皮内注射すると、固形腫瘍として成長したが、いったん腫瘍径が大きく成長した後、自然に縮小する傾向がみられた。しかし、興味深いことに、縮小はするが、完全に拒絶されることはなく、腫瘍接種後1ヶ月以上にわたり、小さな固形腫瘍が残存する。やがて、その腫瘍が急速に成長することも長期観察例では見られることがあった。
あらかじめ、CBF1マウスの背中の上下左右4箇所に、50nmolesのDb126ペプチド単独、あるいは、Db126ペプチドと、50nmolesのW332ペプチドを皮下注射して免疫した。対照のPBS接種群を含むすべての免疫群に、アジュバントとして、5x107個のBordetella pertussis全菌体ワクチンを加えた。マウスは、毎週一回、3回免疫をした後、背中に2x107個のFBL3細胞を皮下注射した。
W332とDb126ペプチドを用いて免疫をすると、Db126ペプチド単独免疫よりも、強い抗腫瘍活性が見られた。興味深いことに、W332とDb126ペプチドを両方免疫したマウスの群では、Wcのみ、または、Db126、あるいはW332単独免疫群では長期にわたって残存する腫瘍が、縮小する傾向にあることがわかる(図29B-F)。このことから、腫瘍特異的Th細胞をCTLとともに誘導することで、より効果的なin vivo抗腫瘍活性が得られることが示唆された。
MHCクラスII分子結合性ペプチドの結合活性を測定する方法として、生きた細胞上のMHCクラスII分子に、非標識ペプチドを加えてビオチン化指標ペプチドのMHCクラスII分子への結合を競合させる方法があるが、この方法では生きた抗原提示細胞が有するpeptidase活性により、非標識ペプチドは速やかに消化されるが、ビオチン化指標ペプチドは消化されにくいせいで、結合が競合試験で測定できない。そこで発明者は、競合させる非標識ペプチドの末端にpeptidase耐性を付与するような修飾を加えることにより、競合試験が可能にならないか、調べた。CH1-IAd細胞にビオチン化指標である5μMのPbOVIIbPβと連続希釈したPOVIIPβペプチドをそれぞれ加えて一晩インキュベーションした後、細胞をPE-streptavidinを加えて染色し、フローサイトメーターにより計測した。その結果、加えたPOVIIPβペプチドの濃度依存性に、ビオチン化指標ペプチドの結合が低下していることが確認できた(図30A)。また、PE-streptavidinの平均蛍光強度(MFI)をグラフ化すると、30μMの濃度で半阻害が起こった(図30B)。
本実施例では、生きた抗原提示細胞状のMHCクラスII分子へのペプチド結合活性を測定する方法は、実施例19で示した、マウスMHCクラスII分子であるI-Ad分子について可能であるばかりではなく、ヒトのMHCクラスII分子であるMHCクラスII分子にてついても、同様の測定が可能であることを示す。また、本実施例では、p-chlorophenol(PCP)を加えることにより、4時間のインキュベーションでペプチドの結合活性が測定できるよう工夫を加えた。
CH1-DRB1*04:05細胞(CH1-DR4細胞)を2x106/mlになるように20%FCS IMDM(Iscove’s minimum essential medium)に懸濁し、96穴Uプレートの1穴に50μl(1x105/穴)ずつ入れるように調製した。次に、20μMのbiotin化指標ペプチドであるbTR174(PSKbioREFKLSKVWRDQKbioPβA:配列番号41)を、1穴あたり100μlいれ、さらに8mM PCPを含むIMDMを1穴あたり50μl入れ、最後に、CH1-DR4細胞を50μl(1x105/穴)入れて37℃で4時間インキュベーションした。遊離のペプチドを遠心により除いたのち、FITC-streptavidinで染色し、フローサイトメーターで測定した。PCPの濃度依存性に、内在性にもとよりHLA-DR4分子に結合していたペプチドをbiotin標識bTR174ペプチドが置換し、結合したbiotin標識bTR174ペプチドの量を定量的に測定できることがわかった(図31)。この実験系に、非標識ペプチドの末端にpeptidase耐性配列を加えたものを競合ペプチドとして加えることにより、非標識ペプチドの結合活性を定量測定することが可能になった。
本出願は、日本で出願された特願2011-273922(出願日:平成23年12月14日)を基礎としており、その内容はすべて本明細書に包含されるものとする。
Claims (20)
- 腫瘍特異的抗原に由来し、MHCクラスII分子に結合する、単離されたポリペプチドの改変体。
- 該改変が、該単離されたポリペプチドのC末端側および/またはN末端側への数個のアミノ酸の付加である、請求項1に記載の改変体。
- 該単離されたポリペプチドのC末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、下式(I):
X1-X2-X3-X4 (I)
(式中、
(1)X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4は1個のアミノ酸またはカルボキシル基を示す(但し、X3がProの場合、X4は1個のアミノ酸を示す)、
(2)X1はビオチン化されたLysを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3はPro、X4は1個のアミノ酸を示す、または
(3)X1はビオチン化されたLysを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3はProを除く1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4はβ-Alaを示す)
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である、請求項2に記載の改変体。 - 該単離されたポリペプチドのC末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、該式(I)において、
(1)X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、X4は1個のアミノ酸またはカルボキシル基(但し、X3がProの場合、X4は1個のアミノ酸)、または
(2)X1は単結合、X2は単結合、X3がPro、X4は1個のアミノ酸、
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である、請求項3に記載の改変体。 - 該単離されたポリペプチドのC末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、該式(I)において、
X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3は単結合、X4はGlyまたはカルボキシル基、
X1は単結合、X2は単結合、X3はPro、X4はAlaまたはβ-Ala、または
X1はビオチン化されたLys、X2は単結合、X3はPro、X4はβ-Ala
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である、請求項4に記載の改変体。 - 該単離されたポリペプチドのN末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、下式(II):
Y1-Y2-Y3 (II)
(式中、
(1)Y1はPro、Y2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合を示す、または
(2)Y1はProを除く1個のアミノ酸またはアミノ基、Y2は数個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3はビオチン化されたLysを示す)
によって表されるアミノ酸配列(但し、N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がProであるアミノ酸配列は除く)である、請求項2-5のいずれか1項に記載の改変体。 - 該単離されたポリペプチドのN末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、該式(II)において、
(1)Y1はPro、Y2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、または
(2)Y1はProを除く1個のアミノ酸またはアミノ基、Y2は1個のアミノ酸または単結合、Y3はビオチン化されたLys
によって表されるアミノ酸配列(但し、N末端から2番目のアミノ酸がProであるアミノ酸配列は除く)である、請求項6に記載の改変体。 - 該単離されたポリペプチドのN末端側に付加されるアミノ酸が、該式(II)において、
Y1はPro、Y2はSer、Y3は単結合、
Y1はアミノ基、Y2はSer、Y3はビオチン化されたLys、または、
Y1はPro、Y2はSer、Y3はビオチン化されたLys
によって表されるアミノ酸配列である、請求項7に記載の改変体。 - 該単離されたポリペプチドが、WT1、PSA、MAGE-3、survivin、CEA、tyrosinase、C型肝炎ウイルスまたはEBウイルスに由来し、MHCクラスII分子に結合するアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項1-8のいずれか1項に記載の改変体。
- 該単離されたポリペプチドが、WT1に由来し、MHCクラスII分子に結合するアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項9に記載の改変体。
- 配列番号:37、配列番号:38または配列番号:40によって示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、単離されたポリペプチド。
- 請求項1-10のいずれか1項に記載の改変体または請求項11に記載の単離されたポリペプチドを含む、抗腫瘍剤。
- 更に腫瘍特異的抗原に由来し、MHCクラスI分子に結合する、単離されたポリペプチドを含む、請求項12に記載の抗腫瘍剤。
- 更にアジュバントを含む、請求項12または13に記載の抗腫瘍剤。
- アジュバントが百日咳ワクチンであることを特徴とする、請求項14に記載の抗腫瘍剤。
- 請求項12-15のいずれか1項に記載の抗腫瘍剤を患者に有効量投与することを含む、腫瘍の治療方法。
- 腫瘍の治療に使用するための、請求項1-10のいずれか1項に記載の改変体または請求項11に記載の単離されたポリペプチド、腫瘍特異的抗原に由来しMHCクラスI分子に結合する単離されたポリペプチドおよびアジュバントを含む組成物。
- 抗腫瘍剤を製造するための請求項1-10のいずれか1項に記載の改変体または請求項11に記載の単離されたポリペプチドの使用。
- 被験者由来の抗原提示細胞集団と請求項1-10のいずれか1項に記載の改変体を培養し、抗原提示細胞集団と該改変体の結合を確認する、被験者が該改変体に含まれる単離されたポリペプチドに結合するMHCクラスII分子を持つか否かを検査する方法。
- 特定のMHCクラスII分子を発現する抗原提示細胞とN末端および/またはC末端が改変された任意のペプチドを培養し、該抗原提示細胞と該ペプチドの結合を確認する、該抗原提示細胞に該ペプチドが結合しうるか否かを検査する方法。
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| EP12858631.0A EP2792745B1 (en) | 2011-12-14 | 2012-12-14 | Modification of helper t cell-inducing polypeptide |
| US14/364,428 US20140341939A1 (en) | 2011-12-14 | 2012-12-14 | Modification of helper t cell-inducing polypeptide |
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| AU2013207669C1 (en) | 2012-01-13 | 2018-05-31 | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | Immunogenic WT-1 peptides and methods of use thereof |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20170196957A1 (en) * | 2016-01-08 | 2017-07-13 | Oregon Health & Science University | Recombinant t cell receptor ligand compositions and methods for treatment of prostate cancer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20140341939A1 (en) | 2014-11-20 |
| EP2792745B1 (en) | 2017-11-15 |
| CN104136609B (zh) | 2016-12-07 |
| CN104136609A (zh) | 2014-11-05 |
| EP2792745A4 (en) | 2015-08-05 |
| JP6218175B2 (ja) | 2017-10-25 |
| JPWO2013089252A1 (ja) | 2015-04-27 |
| EP2792745A1 (en) | 2014-10-22 |
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