WO2013054795A1 - ハイブリッド蓄電池、これを用いた走行車輌及び電力貯蔵設備、走行車輌を用いたスマートグリッド走行車輌システム、並びに電力貯蔵設備を用いた電力供給ネットワークシステム - Google Patents
ハイブリッド蓄電池、これを用いた走行車輌及び電力貯蔵設備、走行車輌を用いたスマートグリッド走行車輌システム、並びに電力貯蔵設備を用いた電力供給ネットワークシステム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013054795A1 WO2013054795A1 PCT/JP2012/076149 JP2012076149W WO2013054795A1 WO 2013054795 A1 WO2013054795 A1 WO 2013054795A1 JP 2012076149 W JP2012076149 W JP 2012076149W WO 2013054795 A1 WO2013054795 A1 WO 2013054795A1
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- storage battery
- lithium ion
- battery
- voltage
- hybrid
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- B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hybrid storage battery in which a plurality of virtual batteries formed by connecting an organic solution storage battery such as a lithium ion storage battery and an aqueous solution storage battery such as a lead storage battery in parallel, a traveling vehicle using the same, and a power storage facility
- the present invention relates to a smart grid traveling vehicle system using these traveling vehicles and power storage facilities, and a power supply network system using the power storage facilities.
- an aqueous solution storage battery such as a lead storage battery having a low unit price per energy is very heavy, and an organic solution storage battery such as a lithium ion storage battery having a high energy density and a light weight is very expensive.
- Organic solution storage batteries such as lithium ion storage batteries are less resistant to overcharge and overdischarge than aqueous solution storage batteries such as lead storage batteries, and the electrolyte is a combustible material. Due to the danger of explosion, unlike lithium-ion batteries such as lead-acid batteries, protection circuits and protection switches for protecting organic solution batteries such as lithium-ion batteries from overcharge and / or over-discharge are usually lithium-ion batteries.
- Patent Document 1 a lithium ion storage battery is mainly used as an assembled battery.
- a single battery of lithium ion storage batteries is connected in series as it is to form an assembled battery, a single battery is provided for each single battery.
- a protection circuit overdischarge prevention circuit and / or overcharge prevention circuit
- the capacity variation of a single battery or battery group is provided. Is reduced and kept within an allowable range.
- the protection circuit and the protection switch referred to here measure the voltage and temperature of the battery and the current flowing through the battery.
- a protection circuit or protection switch that protects a battery by disconnecting the battery from a charge / discharge circuit when exposed to temperature or overcurrent.
- Such protection circuits and protection switches are conventionally unnecessary for lead-acid batteries, but as described above, they are essential for lithium-ion batteries because of the dangers of overcharge and overdischarge.
- the specifications (rated) voltage and specifications (rated) current may be
- the specifications of the protection circuit and protection switch need to be compatible with large currents and voltages, which necessitates measures such as heat, resistance, and arc, making them extremely expensive. ing.
- an 18-cell (single cell) lead storage battery connected in series and a 10-11 cell lithium-ion storage battery connected in series are connected in parallel to provide a 42V power supply system for a traveling vehicle.
- Current value (X) flowing in a lead storage battery that cannot accept a large current when charging by braking such as deceleration of a traveling vehicle, and a current value (Y) flowing in a lithium ion storage battery that can accept a large current By setting the ratio (X / Y) to 0.05 to 1.00, the energy at the time of braking of a traveling vehicle such as an automobile can be efficiently used as regenerative energy.
- Patent Document 3 a lead-acid battery in which a plurality of cells (single cells) are connected in series and a lithium ion storage battery in which a plurality of cells (single cells) are connected in series are connected in parallel to provide a power source for a traveling vehicle.
- Configure the system measure the voltage of each cell of the lithium ion storage battery or charge the temperature of the lithium ion storage battery when charging by braking such as deceleration of the traveling vehicle, and set the measurement voltage value or measurement temperature to the preset upper limit If the value is exceeded, it is judged as abnormal and a lithium ion storage battery is prevented from falling into an abnormal state by providing a safety circuit that cuts off charging / discharging of the lithium ion storage battery. It is said that the sex can be secured.
- the assembled battery disclosed in Patent Document 1 reduces the capacity variation of a series-connected lithium-ion battery cell or a battery group in which the cells are connected in parallel.
- an expensive protection circuit overdischarge prevention circuit and / or overcharge prevention circuit
- Patent Document 1 never assumes that this assembled battery is used as a power source for driving an electric vehicle, and there is no disclosure or suggestion thereof. Since the assembled battery is used, there is a problem that the cost of the electric vehicle is increased.
- the power supply system for traveling vehicles disclosed in Patent Documents 2 and 3 is used to supply current to a starter motor (vehicle starting device) that starts an engine for a traveling vehicle such as an automobile using fossil fuel.
- a starter motor vehicle starting device
- the traveling vehicle power supply system disclosed in Patent Document 2 is similar to the traveling vehicle power supply system disclosed in Patent Document 3 with respect to abnormalities during charging and discharging such as overdischarge and overcharge of the lithium ion storage battery.
- Patent Documents 2 and 3 it is not assumed at all that such a power supply system for a traveling vehicle is used as a power supply for driving an electric vehicle.
- a complicated and expensive protection circuit is used, which increases the cost of an electric vehicle.
- the problem of the cost of such a lithium ion storage battery has pushed up the price of an electric vehicle, and as a result, the spread of an electric vehicle has slowed down.
- operating companies such as exchange facilities (power storage facilities) have not yet achieved sufficient economies of scale due to the popularization of electric vehicles.
- the first object of the present invention is the problems of the above prior art, in particular, the problems of organic solution storage batteries such as lithium ion storage batteries such as lithium ion storage batteries that are high energy density and light but require a protection circuit and are expensive.
- Organic solution storage batteries such as lithium ion storage batteries such as lithium ion storage batteries that are high energy density and light but require a protection circuit and are expensive.
- Supply can be performed with an aqueous storage battery such as a lead storage battery, and in the unlikely event that an organic solution storage battery such as a lithium ion storage battery is overcharged or overdischarged, the performance as a storage battery is degraded or the life is shortened.
- organic solution storage batteries such as lithium ion storage batteries
- the structure can be simplified, the structure of the entire storage battery can be simplified, and not only the organic solution storage battery such as a lithium ion storage battery but also the entire storage battery can be greatly reduced in cost, and in particular, the low-temperature power performance can be improved. As a result, for example, it can be used as a power source for driving a traveling vehicle such as an electric vehicle.
- a second object of the present invention is to provide a traveling vehicle that can use a hybrid storage battery capable of achieving the first and other objects as a driving power source and is excellent in cost performance.
- a third object of the present invention is a travel vehicle capable of achieving the second object, and lithium capable of achieving the first and other objects used as a power source for driving the travel vehicle.
- Smart grid traveling that can be used with power storage facilities that serve as replacement facilities for storing a large number of cassette modules of organic solution storage battery parts such as ion storage batteries, eliminating the need to stop operations for charging and improving the operating rate of traveling vehicles To provide a vehicle system.
- the fourth object of the present invention is to store a large number of hybrid storage batteries capable of achieving the first and other objects, thereby providing a distributed power source or a stationary power source, and for each facility described above. It can be used as an emergency power source, a peak cut power source, and by storing a large number of cassette modules of the organic solution storage battery part such as a lithium ion storage battery of a hybrid storage battery used as a driving power source for a traveling vehicle, The object is to provide a power storage facility that can also be used as a replacement facility.
- the fifth object of the present invention is to supply power from the power storage facility capable of achieving the fourth object to power supply destinations such as the above facilities in the event of an emergency such as a power failure. It is an object of the present invention to provide a power supply network that eliminates the need to provide an emergency power source in each facility and can reduce the power supply cost in an emergency.
- the hybrid battery according to the first aspect of the present invention includes an organic solution storage battery using an organic solution as an electrolyte and an aqueous storage battery using a water-soluble electrolyte connected in parallel.
- a hybrid storage battery comprising a plurality of virtual batteries connected in series, wherein the organic solution storage battery and the aqueous solution storage battery have an average discharge voltage close to each other, and the organic solution storage battery is overcharged.
- the voltage is higher than the charge termination voltage of the aqueous solution storage battery, the charge termination voltage of the organic solution storage battery is configured to be lower than the charge termination voltage of the aqueous solution storage battery, and the organic solution storage battery is When the organic solution storage battery is charged beyond the end-of-charge voltage, the organic solution storage battery is overcharged and charged beyond the overcharge danger voltage of the organic solution storage battery.
- the organic solution storage battery reaches a dangerous state, and the aqueous solution storage battery is overcharged when the aqueous solution storage battery is charged beyond a charge end voltage of the aqueous solution storage battery, the virtual battery
- the aqueous storage battery absorbs the overcharge energy by performing a hydrogen generation reaction, and the charging voltage of the virtual battery Is suppressed to the end-of-charge voltage of the aqueous solution battery, and the organic solution battery is prevented from reaching its overcharge danger voltage.
- the organic solution storage battery and the aqueous solution storage battery are such that the average discharge voltage of the organic solution storage battery is between the end-of-charge voltage of the aqueous solution storage battery and the average discharge voltage of the aqueous solution storage battery. It is preferable that it is comprised. Moreover, it is preferable that the organic solution storage battery and the aqueous solution storage battery are configured such that a discharge end voltage of the organic solution storage battery is higher than a discharge end voltage of the aqueous solution storage battery.
- the hybrid battery according to the first aspect of the present invention is a hybrid storage battery in which a plurality of virtual batteries formed by connecting lithium ion storage batteries and lead storage batteries in parallel are connected in series.
- the lithium ion storage battery and the lead storage battery have an average discharge voltage close to each other, the overcharge danger voltage of the lithium ion storage battery is higher than the end-of-charge voltage of the lead storage battery, and the lithium ion storage battery
- a storage end voltage of the storage battery is configured to be lower than a charge end voltage of the lead storage battery, and the lithium ion storage battery exceeds the charge end voltage of the lithium ion storage battery when the lithium ion storage battery is overcharged.
- the lithium ion storage battery becomes dangerous if it is charged and charged beyond the overcharge danger voltage of the lithium ion storage battery.
- the lead storage battery is overcharged when the lead storage battery is charged beyond the end-of-charge voltage of the lead storage battery, and the lithium ion storage battery is overcharged with respect to the virtual battery.
- the lead storage battery absorbs the overcharge energy by performing a hydrogen generation reaction, the charge voltage of the virtual battery is suppressed to the end-of-charge voltage of the lead storage battery, and the lithium ion The storage battery is prevented from reaching the overcharge dangerous voltage.
- the lithium ion storage battery and the lead storage battery are configured such that the average discharge voltage of the lithium ion storage battery is between the end-of-charge voltage of the lead storage battery and the average discharge voltage of the lead storage battery. It is preferable. Moreover, it is preferable that the said lithium ion storage battery and the said lead storage battery are comprised so that the discharge end voltage of the said lithium ion storage battery may become higher than the discharge end voltage of the said lead storage battery.
- the lithium ion storage battery is preferably an iron phosphate lithium ion storage battery using lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode active material.
- the lithium ion storage battery is composed of a plurality of lithium ion cells connected in series, or a plurality of first cell groups composed of a plurality of lithium ion cells connected in parallel are connected in series. It is preferable to provide a first cell balance circuit for aligning the charge balance between the plurality of lithium ion cells or between the plurality of first cell groups connected in series.
- the lead storage battery is composed of a plurality of lead storage battery single cells connected in series, or a plurality of second cell groups composed of a plurality of lead storage battery single cells connected in parallel are connected in series. It is preferable to provide a second cell balance circuit for aligning the charge balance between the single lead storage battery single cells or between the plurality of second cell groups connected in series.
- the operating voltage of the virtual battery is preferably in the range of 9.0V to 17.0V or in the range of 18.0V to 34.0V. Moreover, it is preferable that the operating voltage of the said hybrid storage battery is 60V or less.
- the energy supply from the hybrid storage battery is mainly performed from the lithium ion storage battery in the early stage of discharging from the fully charged state, and the lead storage battery is used in the final stage of discharging from the fully charged state. It is preferable to be carried out from Moreover, it is preferable that the said lithium ion storage battery or the said some lithium ion storage battery connected in series is modularized as a cassette module so that attachment or detachment is possible.
- a traveling vehicle includes the hybrid storage battery according to the first aspect as a drive energy source.
- surplus energy at the time of traveling of the traveling vehicle is recovered as regenerative power and charged to the hybrid storage battery.
- a smart grid traveling vehicle system includes a traveling vehicle according to the second aspect and a plurality of charged organic solution storage batteries stored. Or the lithium ion storage battery cassette module and the organic solution storage battery that needs to be discharged and replaced, or a power storage facility comprising a charger that charges the lithium ion storage battery cassette module. . Further, the power storage facility is mounted on the traveling vehicle, the organic solution storage battery that needs to be discharged and replaced, or the cassette module of the lithium ion storage battery, the charged organic solution storage battery that has been stored, Or it is preferable to provide the exchange means for exchanging with the cassette module of the said lithium ion storage battery.
- a power storage facility includes a plurality of hybrid storage batteries according to the first aspect that are stored therein, and are stored therein.
- the organic solution storage battery or the cassette module of the lithium ion storage battery can be replaced with the organic solution storage battery that needs to be discharged and replaced, or the cassette module of the lithium ion storage battery. It is connected to a connected power supply network and is used for power leveling and power storage.
- a power supply network system includes the power storage facility according to the fourth aspect, the power storage facility, and a plurality of power supply destination facilities. Are connected individually to the power supply network that enables power supply from the power storage facility to the plurality of power supply destination facilities, and the plurality of power supply destination facilities. And a power supply instructing unit that performs management and control of the amount of power supplied through the power supply network.
- the electrolyte solution is decomposed even when overcharged, and the virtual battery is configured in parallel with the aqueous solution storage battery such as a lead storage battery having overcharge resistance that does not increase the battery voltage.
- the overcharge danger voltage of the organic solution storage battery such as a lithium ion storage battery is higher than the end-of-charge voltage of the aqueous solution storage battery such as a lead storage battery in which an increase in the charge voltage is suppressed by hydrogen generation, and the lithium ion storage battery or the like Since the end-of-charge voltage of the organic solution-based storage battery is configured to be lower than the end-of-charge voltage of the aqueous solution-based storage battery such as a lead storage battery, the organic solution-based storage battery such as a lithium ion storage battery may be overcharged or over-discharged.
- the configuration of the organic solution storage battery such as a lithium ion storage battery can be simplified, the configuration of the entire storage battery can be simplified, and not only the organic solution storage battery such as a lithium ion storage battery but also the entire storage battery can be greatly reduced. The cost can be reduced and the power performance can be improved.
- the power performance when used at a low temperature, the power performance can be improved as compared with the organic solution storage battery alone such as a lithium ion storage battery, and the lithium ion can be improved in terms of energy density, recovery efficiency of regenerative power, and life. Performance equivalent to the organic solution storage battery such as a storage battery can be obtained.
- steady supply of electrical energy is performed by the organic solution storage battery such as a lithium ion storage battery, and the supply of electrical energy when power is required such as a lead storage battery. It can be performed with the aqueous solution-based storage battery, and as a result, it can be used as a power source for driving a traveling vehicle such as an electric vehicle, and is also an emergency power source for facilities such as regions, hospitals, hotels, office buildings, schools, etc. It can be used as a power source for peak cut.
- the organic solution storage battery portion such as a lithium ion storage battery can be attached and detached as a cassette module and can be easily replaced without causing a voltage drop during replacement. The handling becomes simple, and for example, it can be made suitable for use as a power source for driving a traveling vehicle, an emergency power source for each of the above facilities, and a power source for peak cut.
- the hybrid storage battery according to the first aspect that exhibits the above-described effects can be used as a driving power source, and a traveling vehicle excellent in cost performance can be provided.
- the organic solution storage battery part such as the lithium ion storage battery of the hybrid storage battery of the first aspect as a cassette module and replacing it with a power storage facility or the like, The time required for charging the organic solution storage battery such as a lithium ion storage battery can be omitted, and the charging cost can be reduced by charging the power storage facility using the cheap power at night. Can do.
- working vehicle of the 2nd aspect which has the said effect and the drive power supply of a traveling vehicle. It is possible to improve the operating rate of the traveling vehicle by using the power storage facility as an exchange facility for storing a large number of cassette modules of the organic solution storage battery portion such as a storage battery, without stopping the operation for charging.
- the fourth aspect of the present invention by storing a large number of hybrid storage batteries of the first aspect that achieve the above-described effects, as a distributed power source or a stationary power source, and for each facility described above, A large number of cassette modules of the organic solution storage battery part such as the lithium ion storage battery of the hybrid storage battery of the first aspect used as a power source for driving vehicles and a driving power source for traveling vehicles can be stored. By doing so, it can also be used as an exchange facility.
- electric power can be supplied to the electric power supply destinations of said each facility etc. at the time of emergency, such as a power failure, from the electric power storage equipment of the said 4th aspect which has the said effect. Therefore, it is not necessary to provide an emergency power source in each facility, and the power supply cost in an emergency can be reduced.
- the power storage facility of the fourth aspect as the power storage facility of the smart grid traveling vehicle system of the second aspect of the present invention, the power supply network system of the fifth aspect of the present invention is provided.
- a smart grid system that doubles as both, the effects of both can be obtained.
- the power storage facility of the fourth aspect of the present invention it is necessary to cope with a larger electric power and voltage than a traveling vehicle such as an electric vehicle, and the protection circuit and the protection switch are unnecessary.
- the power storage system using the hybrid storage battery according to the aspect further exhibits the effect.
- the power storage facility according to the fourth aspect of the present invention is used for power leveling and power storage (regional emergency power supply) as the power supply network system or smart grid system according to the fifth aspect of the present invention.
- the hybrid storage battery according to the first aspect of the present invention is used.
- the selling price of the traveling vehicle of the second aspect can be greatly reduced.
- the traveling vehicle according to the fifth aspect of the present invention based on the decrease in the selling price of the traveling vehicle, the traveling vehicle according to the fifth aspect of the present invention, the power storage facility according to the fourth aspect, the smart grid traveling vehicle system according to the second aspect, and the power according to the fifth aspect.
- a storage battery exchange facility operating company such as a power storage facility, an automobile company, and the like can obtain sufficient scale merit due to the spread.
- FIG. 1 It is a block diagram showing typically a schematic structure of one embodiment of a traveling vehicle of the present invention carrying a hybrid storage battery concerning the present invention. It is a block diagram showing the flow of the electric power in the traveling vehicle shown in FIG. It is a schematic diagram which shows an example of the connection structure of the hybrid storage battery of this invention in the traveling vehicle shown in FIG. 1, a current control apparatus, and a motor. It is a mimetic diagram showing a schematic structure of one embodiment of a hybrid storage battery concerning the present invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows schematic structure of one Embodiment of the lithium ion storage battery of the hybrid storage battery shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 It is a graph which shows the charging / discharging voltage behavior of the 48V type
- A) is the schematic diagram of the principal part of the hybrid storage battery shown in FIG. 4,
- B) is a schematic diagram which shows the structure of the conventional hybrid storage battery,
- C) is the structure of the conventional lead storage battery. It is a schematic diagram which shows, (D) is a schematic diagram which shows the structure of the conventional lithium ion storage battery.
- a hybrid storage battery according to the present invention a traveling vehicle and a power storage facility using the hybrid storage battery, a smart grid traveling vehicle system using the traveling vehicle, and a power supply network system using the power storage facility in a preferred embodiment shown in the accompanying drawings This will be described in detail below.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically showing a schematic configuration of an embodiment of a traveling vehicle according to the present invention equipped with a hybrid storage battery according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of electric power in the traveling vehicle shown in FIG. It is a block diagram showing a flow.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a connection configuration of the hybrid storage battery, current control device, and motor of the present invention in the traveling vehicle shown in FIG. 1, and
- FIG. 4 is an embodiment of the hybrid storage battery according to the present invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows schematic structure.
- An electric vehicle 100 shown in FIG. 1 is an embodiment of the traveling vehicle of the present invention, and is a general electric vehicle except that the hybrid storage battery of the present invention is mounted, and thus detailed description thereof is omitted.
- the hybrid storage battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as a battery) 10 of the present invention a drive motor 12, a reduction gear 14, a current control device 16, a brake device 17, a battery controller 18, and a charger (on-vehicle charger). ) 20, an electric power steering 22 (see FIG. 2), a wheel 23, and other components such as an electrical component, an air conditioner, and a cooler (not shown).
- the brake device 17 includes an electrohydraulic actuator 17a and a friction brake 17b.
- the components of these electric vehicles 100 include a drive system 12, a reduction gear 14, a current control device 16, a drive system including wheels 23, etc., a brake device 17 having an electromagnetic hydraulic actuator 17a and a friction brake 17b, And a traveling system comprising a braking system including a drive motor 12 that functions as a generator to operate as a regenerative brake, and a steering system including an electric power steering 22, and the like, a battery 10, a battery controller 18, and a battery management
- the system 19 see FIG. 2 and the power supply system including the charger 20 can be classified into other systems such as an electrical system, an air conditioning system, and a cooling system.
- FIG. 2 shows the flow of electric power (electric energy) between the components of the traveling system and the power supply system in the electric vehicle 100 shown in FIG.
- the traveling system it is the driving motor 12 that is related to the transmission and reception of power in the driving system, and the electromagnetic hydraulic actuator 17a that receives the supply of power in the braking system.
- the electric power steering 22 is supplied with electric power in the steering system.
- the battery 10 is discharged to supply electric power to the drive motor 12, the electromagnetic hydraulic actuator 17a, and the electric power steering 22.
- the battery 10 is charged by a charger 20 connected to an external power source or the like, and includes a battery controller 18 (see FIG. 1) that controls charging / discharging of the battery 10.
- the battery management system 19 manages the discharge state.
- the individual components will be described later.
- the electric energy discharged from the battery 10 is supplied to the driving motor 12, the electromagnetic hydraulic actuator 17a, and the electric power steering 22 of the traveling system, and is driven during regenerative braking.
- Regenerative energy (regenerative power) is charged from the motor 12 to the battery 10, and external electric energy is charged by the charger 20 connected to an external power source or the like at the time of charging.
- the battery controller 18 and other necessary components are omitted, and the charger 20 and the drive motor, in which power is directly supplied from the battery 10 to the drive motor 12 and the like and connected to an external power source and the like. Although shown as being directly charged from 12, it is supplied and charged via the battery controller 18 and other components as shown in FIG. Needless to say.
- the drive system includes components necessary for driving the drive motor 12 in order to drive the electric vehicle 100.
- the drive motor 12, the reduction gear 14, and the current are provided.
- the control device 16 and the like it is not particularly limited, and a known drive system used in an electric vehicle can be used.
- the drive motor 12 is for imparting power, torque, and rotational speed necessary for running the electric vehicle 100 to the wheel 23.
- the drive motor 12 By supplying electric power (electric energy), it functions as an electric motor and is driven to rotate.
- the electric vehicle 100 travels at a reduced speed, it generates braking torque, functions as a generator, and operates as a regenerative brake.
- the drive motor 12 is not particularly limited as long as it is an electric motor that can express the power, torque, and rotational speed necessary for the electric vehicle 100 and also functions as a generator for operating as a regenerative brake.
- known AC (alternating current) motors and DC motors used in such electric vehicles can be used, it is preferable to use an AC (alternating current) motor from the viewpoint of maintenance and the like.
- the reduction gear 14 is a reduction device that is used to reduce the rotation speed of the drive motor 12 in order to obtain the torque required for the electric vehicle 100 by the torque of the drive motor 12. Gears can be used.
- the torque of the drive motor 12 is Tm
- Tm of the drive motor 12 satisfies the torque Te required for the electric vehicle 100, it is not necessary to provide the reduction gear 14, and the drive motor 12 may directly drive the drive axle 23a. Since the drive motor 12 becomes large and heavy, it is preferable to provide a reduction gear 14.
- the current control device 16 is for variably controlling the torque and the rotational speed of the drive motor 12 to the torque and the rotational speed required according to the driving state of the electric vehicle 100, and is a known current control used for an electric vehicle or the like.
- Any DC motor can be used as long as it converts DC voltage and DC current of the battery 10 for driving the DC motor.
- the rotational speed depends on the power supply frequency. Therefore, an inverter circuit capable of converting the DC voltage and DC current of the battery 10 into AC and controlling the frequency variable and voltage variable is used as the power conversion circuit.
- an inverter circuit a known inverter used in an electric vehicle or the like can be used.
- the braking (brake) system reduces the rotation speed of the wheel 23 (drive axle 23a) or stops the rotation of the wheel 23 in order to decelerate or stop the electric vehicle 100 that is traveling.
- the brake device 17 is for forcibly decelerating or stopping the rotating wheel 23 by a frictional force or the like, and for electronically controlling the friction brake 17b so as to directly contact the rotating wheel 23.
- An electrohydraulic actuator 17a and a friction brake 17b that directly contacts the rotating wheel 23 and brakes the rotation of the wheel 23 by friction force are provided.
- the brake device 17, the electrohydraulic actuator 17 a, and the friction brake 17 b are not particularly limited as long as the rotating wheel 23 can be forcibly decelerated or stopped by a frictional force or the like. What is used can be used.
- the driving motor 12 when the electric vehicle 100 is braked, the driving motor 12 generates a braking torque to operate as a regenerative brake, and the drive motor 12 functions as a generator, so that electric energy is used as regenerative energy (regenerative power).
- the battery 10 is collected and charged in the battery 10 for storage. Note that in the electric vehicle 100, in the gentle braking for obtaining the normal gentle deceleration, the regenerative brake is used as much as possible to effectively use the electric energy stored in the battery 10 in order to improve the running energy efficiency. However, at the time of sudden deceleration, so-called sudden braking, or low-speed traveling, sufficient braking force cannot be obtained with only the regenerative brake.
- these traveling systems operate in response to discharge (power supply) from the battery 10 that is the hybrid storage battery of the present invention, and the driving system is driven by a braking system.
- the motor 12 By operating the motor 12 as a regenerative brake, the motor 10 is operated as a generator.
- regenerative energy regenerative power
- the battery 10 is charged.
- various known configurations can be used for collecting the regenerative power based on the regenerative energy during regenerative braking.
- the steering system includes components necessary for changing the course of the traveling electric vehicle 100 in accordance with various driving situations in a road, a parking lot, and the like.
- the electric power steering 22 shown in the figure it is not particularly limited, and a known steering system used in an electric vehicle can be used, and a known steering wheel, electric power steering, or the like can be used.
- the power supply system is a feature of the present invention, and includes components necessary for supplying electric energy for driving to the drive motor 12 in order to run the electric vehicle 100.
- the battery 10 is a hybrid storage battery, which is the most characteristic feature of the invention, a battery management system 19 including a battery controller 18 (see FIG. 2), a charger 20, and the like.
- the battery 10 is the hybrid storage battery of the present invention.
- lithium ion storage battery and lead storage battery will be described as representative examples of the organic solution storage battery and the aqueous solution storage battery constituting the hybrid storage battery of the present invention, respectively, but it goes without saying that the present invention is not limited thereto. Nor. As shown in FIG.
- the battery 10 includes a lithium storage battery unit 24 including a plurality (four in the illustrated example) of lithium ion storage battery 24 ⁇ / b> A and a lead storage battery unit including a plurality of (four in the illustrated example) lead storage battery 26 ⁇ / b> A. 26.
- a lithium storage battery unit 24 including a plurality (four in the illustrated example) of lithium ion storage battery 24 ⁇ / b> A
- a lead storage battery unit including a plurality of (four in the illustrated example) lead storage battery 26 ⁇ / b> A. 26.
- each component of the traveling system that is, the drive motor 12, the electromagnetic hydraulic actuator 17a of the brake device 17, and the electric motor
- the electric power is supplied to the power steering 22 and other components of the system by discharging, is charged by regenerative electric power, and further, the battery 10 having a predetermined charging capacity (referred to as a chargeable electric amount).
- the battery controller 18 controls the battery 10 under the control of the battery management system 19, and is composed of each lithium ion storage battery 24A and each lead storage battery 26A connected in parallel with each other, and is connected in series to produce a high voltage.
- a virtual battery balance circuit 30A for aligning and maintaining the balance of the charge levels between the virtual batteries 32 is provided to supply electric energy to the traveling system and other components of the system.
- the battery management system 19 includes a battery controller 18, and not only controls and manages charge / discharge of the battery 10 via the battery controller 18, but also manages the state of the battery 10, for example, the charge state or the discharge state.
- the charging of the regenerative energy (regenerative power) to the battery 10 by the regenerative braking from the drive motor 12 that operates as a regenerative brake and functions as a generator is controlled.
- the battery management system 19 controls the charging method, the charging condition, and the charging state so that the battery 10 is charged by a predetermined charging method, or the state of each lithium ion storage battery 24A, each lead storage battery 26A, each virtual battery.
- a temperature sensor for measuring battery voltage, temperature, current, or the like, a voltage / current sensor, or the like, or may have a function of outputting measurement data.
- each lithium ion storage battery 24A when used, each lithium ion storage battery 24A requires a protection circuit and a protection switch for preventing abnormalities due to overcharge, such as overcharge and overdischarge.
- the charger 20 is mounted on the electric vehicle 100 and is connected to a household power source, for example, an AC 100V power source, an external power source such as an AC 100V power source or a 200V power source at a factory or business office, and the like.
- the storage battery used for the battery 10 is basically charged by a charging method suitable for the type of storage battery.
- the charge level of the lithium ion storage battery 24A is predetermined.
- the charger 20 may be installed and built in the electric vehicle 100, or may be external to the electric vehicle 100 or housed in the trunk of the electric vehicle 100, etc. It may be connected to the power source and the battery 10 for charging.
- the battery 10 comprising the hybrid storage battery of the present invention includes an external charging facility, for example, a charging facility 36 installed in an external power storage facility 200 such as a storage battery replacement facility (Battery Depot) described later. It may be used and charged.
- each lithium ion storage battery 24A and each lead storage battery 26A need to be connected in parallel to form each virtual battery 32, but a plurality (four in the illustrated example) of virtual batteries are required. Since 32 is connected in series, the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 including a plurality (four in the illustrated example) of lithium ion storage batteries 24A connected in series and a plurality (four in the illustrated example) of lead connected in series.
- the lead storage battery unit 26 including the storage battery 26A may be configured as a unit so that each lithium ion storage battery 24A and each lead storage battery 26A are connected in parallel.
- the same type of storage battery can be handled as a unit, and in particular, a lithium ion storage battery unit 24 described later can be easily made into a cassette module.
- the virtual battery balance circuit 30A is connected in parallel to each virtual battery 32 of the battery 10 of the present invention, the virtual battery balance circuit 30A, the lithium ion storage battery 24A, and the lead storage battery of the battery management system 19 (battery controller 18). 26A is connected in parallel.
- a plurality (four in the illustrated example) of virtual battery balance circuits 30A connected in series may be used as a unit as the virtual battery balance circuit unit 30.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A and the lead storage battery 26A connected in parallel constituting the virtual battery 32 need to be configured to have an average discharge voltage (average operating voltage) close to each other. is there.
- the average discharge voltage is, as is apparent from graphs La and Lb of the charge / discharge voltage behavior of the lithium ion storage battery 24A and the lead storage battery 26A shown in FIG.
- the voltage between the positive and negative terminals of the battery that is, the discharge voltage gradually decreases (see region C in graph La and region E in graph Lb in FIG. 6), which means the average of the discharge voltage. Since it can be said that the voltage drop due to the discharge is substantially uniform, the voltage between the terminals of each storage battery when the charging rate of each storage battery is approximately 50% may be represented.
- each virtual battery 32 Since the battery 10 of the present invention is connected to a load having a predetermined rated voltage, for example, the drive motor 12 of the traveling system of the electric vehicle 100, each virtual battery 32 has a predetermined rated voltage of the virtual battery 32. Since it is necessary to bear the divided voltage divided by the number (4 in the illustrated example), since the lithium ion storage battery 24A and the lead storage battery 26A constituting the virtual battery 32 are connected in parallel, it is necessary to bear the divided voltage together. There is. Accordingly, the fact that the lithium ion storage battery 24A and the lead storage battery 26A have an average discharge voltage (average operating voltage) close to each other means that when the battery 10 of the present invention is connected to a predetermined addition, both are predetermined divisions. Sometimes it can carry a voltage, i.e. both can discharge and drive a load.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A and the lead storage battery 26A connected in parallel constituting the virtual battery 32 have an overcharge danger voltage of the lithium ion storage battery 24A higher than the end-of-charge voltage of the lead storage battery 26A. It is necessary that the charging end voltage of the lithium ion storage battery 24A be configured to be lower than the charging end voltage of the lead storage battery 26A.
- the overcharge dangerous voltage of the lithium ion storage battery 24A is a charge that may cause damage due to overcharge, such as danger such as rupture or ignition, if charged exceeding this voltage.
- the charge end voltage of the lithium ion storage battery 24A is a charge voltage that may cause the lithium ion storage battery 24A to be overcharged when charged beyond this voltage (in the region E of the graph Lb in FIG. 6 described later). (Refer to a voltage slightly reduced from the peak voltage at the boundary between D and region E), and can also be referred to as a fully charged voltage or fully charged voltage.
- the end-of-charge voltage of the lead storage battery 26A is a charge voltage (a flat region B of a graph La in FIG. 6 described later) that may lead to overcharge of the lead storage battery 26A when charged exceeding this voltage.
- Voltage reference which can also be referred to as a full charge voltage or a full charge voltage, and is a voltage that is used as a set voltage of the charger when charging the lead storage battery 26A.
- the reason why the overcharge risk voltage of the lithium ion storage battery 24A is higher than the end-of-charge voltage of the lead storage battery 26A is that the battery 10 of the present invention is charged, for example, with regenerative power. In this case, the lithium ion storage battery 24A is charged. However, even if a charging abnormality occurs, the charging voltage becomes high, and even if the charge end voltage of the lead storage battery 26A is reached, the electric charge of the aqueous solution is discharged from the electrode of the lead storage battery 26A. This is because as long as hydrogen is generated by decomposition and not all is electrolyzed, the charging voltage will not be further increased.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A itself cannot be used, and the performance is deteriorated so that the lithium ion storage battery 24A becomes a safety problem.
- abnormalities such as danger such as rupture and ignition are also prevented in advance by the generation of hydrogen in the lead storage battery 26A. That is, it is possible to prevent an abnormality caused by an overcharge of the lithium ion storage battery 24A without providing an expensive protection circuit or protection switch, which has been indispensable for the lithium ion storage battery 24A due to safety problems.
- intense hydrogen generation in the lead storage battery 26A degrades the performance of the lead storage battery 26A and is dangerous in some cases. Therefore, the battery management system 19 is configured to stop charging by managing the state of charge. Needless to say.
- the end-of-charge voltage of the lithium-ion storage battery 24A is configured to be lower than the end-of-charge voltage of the lead storage battery 26A.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A is completely generated without generating hydrogen from the lead storage battery 26A. This is because it is necessary to charge the battery.
- the discharge end voltage of the lead storage battery 26A is a discharge voltage that may cause the lead storage battery 26A to be over-discharged when the discharge end voltage is less than this voltage (in the diagram of the region C of the graph La in FIG. 6 described later). (Refer to the voltage at the right end), and can also be referred to as a complete discharge voltage.
- the energy supply from the battery 10 of the present invention is performed mainly from the lithium ion storage battery 24A at the beginning of discharge from the fully charged state. This is because both the lithium ion storage battery 24A and the lead storage battery 26A can be operated from the middle stage to the final stage of the discharge from the state of charge, and it is caused by overdischarge from the lead storage battery 26A that is less resistant to abnormalities due to overdischarge.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24 ⁇ / b> A having higher resistance to abnormality is in a state where discharge is terminated first.
- the initial stage of discharge refers to discharging in a state where the charging rate of the battery 10 is high immediately after the battery 10 is fully charged
- the end stage of discharging refers to discharging from the fully charged state. 10 discharge in a state where the charging rate is low.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A (lithium ion storage battery unit 24) is mainly discharged, and when high power energy, that is, electric power is required, for example, in the electric vehicle 100, acceleration is performed.
- the lead storage battery 26A (lead storage battery unit 26) can be mainly discharged, it is possible to appropriately cope with the inability to supply energy in various states.
- the lead storage battery 26A is replaced with a lithium ion storage battery. It can be charged from 24A. Further, even if the battery 10 is accidentally overdischarged, the highly resistant lithium ion storage battery 24A is first overcharged, so that abnormal damage due to overdischarge is large, and the lead storage battery 26A with low resistance is The overdischarge state can be delayed.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A lithium ion storage battery unit 24
- high power energy that is, electric power is required, for example, in the electric vehicle 100, for acceleration
- the lead storage battery 26A Since it can be mainly discharged from the lead storage battery unit 26), it is possible to appropriately cope with the inability to supply energy in various states.
- the lead storage battery 26A is replaced with a lithium ion storage battery. It can be charged from 24A.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A may be composed of one lithium ion cell that is a lithium ion single battery, or a plurality of lithium ion cells connected in series to form a predetermined voltage.
- a plurality (four in the illustrated example) of lithium ion cell groups 24C in which a plurality of lithium ion cells 24B are connected in parallel are connected in series. It may be configured so as to be connected to a voltage of a predetermined voltage.
- a cell balance circuit for aligning the charge balance between the plurality of lithium ion cells connected in series is provided.
- the lithium ion cells are preferably provided so as to be connected in parallel.
- a plurality (four in the illustrated example) of lithium ion cell groups are configured to have a predetermined voltage by connecting 24C in series, the plurality of series connected in series. It is preferable to provide a cell balance circuit 34 for aligning the charge balance between the individual lithium ion cell groups 24C so as to be connected in parallel for each lithium ion cell group 24C.
- the lead storage battery 26A may be composed of one lead storage battery cell that is a single battery of the lead storage battery, or a plurality of lead storage battery cells are connected in series and predetermined. Or a plurality of lead storage battery cells connected in parallel with each other, and a plurality of lead storage battery groups connected in series to achieve a predetermined voltage. It may be a thing.
- the lead storage battery 26A includes various types, for example, a control valve type, a shield type, a non-shield type, and the like, but the present invention is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the application.
- a cell balance circuit for aligning the charge balance between the plurality of lead storage battery cells connected in series is provided. It is preferable to provide the lead storage battery cells so as to be connected in parallel.
- a cell for equalizing the charge balance among the plurality of lead storage battery cell groups connected in series It is preferable to provide a balance circuit so as to be connected in parallel for each lead storage battery cell group.
- lithium iron phosphate LiFePO 4
- a carbon-based or silicon-based active material is used as a negative electrode
- the average operating voltage of a single cell is Using lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery (hereinafter also referred to as LFPO lithium ion battery) using 3.3V lithium ion cell which is 3.3V, and using positive electrode material such as NMC, NCA, LCO, LMO
- Examples of the lithium ion storage battery include a lithium ion storage battery using a 3.6V lithium ion cell whose average operating voltage is 3.6V.
- a lithium ion storage battery that satisfies the requirements of the present invention. Any lithium ion storage battery may be used as long as the LFPO lithium ion battery is used in the present invention.
- the ⁇ V system means that the average operating voltage is ⁇ V.
- the lead storage battery 26A used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known lead storage battery can be used.
- a lead storage battery since a 12V lead storage battery having an average operating voltage of 12V in which six 2V single cells having an average operating voltage of 2V are connected in series is marketed, a 12V system is used as the lead storage battery 26A.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A is configured so that the average operating voltage is close to 12V and slightly higher than 12V as the lithium ion storage battery 24A, and the voltage condition of the present invention described above is satisfied.
- the number of series connected lithium ion cells 24B or series connected lithium ion cells 24C can be set. In this case, the operating voltage of the virtual battery 32 is preferably set to be in the range of 9.0V to 17.0V.
- the lead storage battery 26A may be used, for example, as a 24V lead storage battery, but in this case, the operating voltage of the virtual battery is preferably set to be in the range of 18.0V to 34.0V. . Further, as the lead storage battery 26A, for example, it may be used as a 48V lead storage battery, or of course, an arbitrary number of lead storage battery cells may be used in series connection.
- a 12V lithium ion storage battery 24A and a 12V lead storage battery 26A are connected in parallel to form a virtual battery 32, and four of these 12V virtual batteries 32 are connected in series.
- the battery 10 of the present invention which is a 48V hybrid storage battery using the 12V lithium ion storage battery 24A and the 12V lead storage battery 26A, will be described as a representative example.
- the lead storage battery 26A a 12 V, 45 Ah lead storage battery is preferably used, but AC DELCO S55B24L, 45 Ah, 430 CCA, 239 L ⁇ 134 W ⁇ 201 H (mm), 12.8 kg may be used.
- the 12V lead acid battery is the most commonly available lead acid battery that is available on the market at a low cost.
- the virtual battery balance circuit 30A is a circuit that exchanges relatively small electric power, and the circuit cost is very low compared to a protection circuit and a protection switch essential for a conventional lithium ion storage battery.
- the virtual battery 32 includes the virtual battery balance circuit 30A, so that the charge level between the virtual batteries 32 is kept substantially constant. Further, the virtual battery balance circuit 30A may have the function of the current control device 16.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A is a storage battery configured to have a predetermined voltage by connecting lithium ion cells 24B in series and in parallel.
- a so-called 26650-type cylindrical Li-ion cell having an outer shape of 26 mm and a height of 65 mm is connected in parallel with 24 lithium ion cell groups 24C.
- 24 A of lithium ion storage batteries are comprised by connecting in series. Since the cylindrical lithium ion cell 24B has 3V and 3Ah, the lithium ion storage battery 24A has 12V and 72Ah.
- Each 24 parallel connection lithium ion cell group 24C of the lithium ion storage battery 24A is equipped with a cell balance circuit 34 to be described later for adjusting the charge level between the series cells.
- the cell balance circuit 34 is indispensable when the battery is used for a long time.
- the battery case of the lithium ion storage battery is 239L ⁇ 134W ⁇ 201H (mm) (excluding the terminal), and this size battery A lithium ion cell 24B / 96 cell, a cell balance circuit 34, and a terminal are accommodated in the case.
- lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4) is LFPO system battery is ion cell.
- An iron phosphate lithium ion storage battery is known to be excellent in voltage flatness, structurally excellent in thermal stability, cheaper than other lithium ion storage batteries, and low in environmental load.
- the lithium ion cell 24B includes therein the cell balance circuit 34 for adjusting the charge balance between the series cells in each parallel battery group, and between the series cells.
- the charging capacity balance is kept within a predetermined range.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A occupies 10% or more and 90% or less in capacity ratio.
- the battery capacity of the lead storage battery 26A is 45Ah
- the battery capacity of the lithium ion storage battery 24A is 72Ah
- the capacity ratio satisfies the above-described requirements.
- a general lithium ion storage battery is overcharged or overdischarged separately from a balance circuit that balances the voltage and charge balance between the storage batteries, causing an abnormality due to overcharge and overdischarge.
- a protection circuit or a protection switch is provided as an essential component in order to prevent the life from being significantly impaired.
- a protection circuit or a protection switch is very expensive, and costs about the same as a lithium ion storage battery unit.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A is connected in parallel with the lead storage battery 26A, and the lead storage battery 26A reaches the end-of-charge voltage before the lithium ion storage battery 24A reaches the overcharge danger voltage. Since gas is generated and electric energy is consumed, there is little risk that the lithium ion storage battery 24A will fall into an abnormal state due to overcharging. That is, since the lead storage battery serves as a protection circuit or a protection switch, the cost of the protection circuit or the protection switch can be reduced, and the cost for the battery can be greatly reduced.
- the voltage and temperature information that the charging voltage is excessively high or, as a result, the lead storage battery has generated a high temperature due to violent hydrogen generation is measured by the battery management system 19 and recorded or corrected (defective battery). Data is transferred for maintenance).
- the charger 20 performs constant voltage charging near the full charge.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A is set to be charged at a constant voltage of 14.0 to 14.4 V so that the lithium ion storage battery 24A is not overcharged and hydrogen gas is not generated from the lead storage battery 26A.
- constant current charging is performed as long as the remaining amount of the lithium ion storage battery portion of the hybrid storage battery is small, and in the vicinity of full charge, similarly to the charger 20 It is preferably designed to be charged at a constant voltage of 14.0-14.4V.
- the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 in the present embodiment is configured by the 12V lithium ion storage battery 24A, and as described above, is connected to the lead storage battery unit 26 via the connector, and the 12V lithium ion storage battery 24A and 12V.
- the system lead storage battery 26 ⁇ / b> A is connected in parallel to form the virtual battery 32, and the virtual batteries 32 are connected in series to form the hybrid storage battery 10.
- a positive electrode material of a 3.6V lithium ion cell (NMC, NCA, LCO, LMO, etc.) are used to configure a single cell in a series of 7 to 8 units, or lithium iron phosphate is used as a main positive electrode active material to form a 3V single cell in a series of 8 to 9 units. Can be selected. In these cases, a carbon-based or silicon-based material is used for the negative electrode.
- the hybrid storage battery 10 is supplied with power from the lithium ion storage battery 24A at the beginning of discharge, and is supplied with power from the lead storage battery 26A at the end of discharge.
- the lithium ion storage battery 24A excellent in deep discharge cycle performance can be used first, and the discharge depth of the lead storage battery 26A having a short deep discharge cycle life can be kept shallow.
- Battery chemistry refers to a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode active material, and an electrolytic solution that constitute each storage battery (lithium ion storage battery 24A and lead storage battery 26A).
- the voltage of the battery used for a general electric vehicle is 300 to 400 V
- the battery 10 of the present invention is not subject to strict laws and regulations required for a DC power supply and a DC electric circuit exceeding 60 V. Therefore, the voltage may be set to 60 V or less and used for a small car or an auto three-wheel vehicle.
- heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses use a high-voltage power supply such as 600V
- passenger cars use a 300V power supply
- small vehicles weighing less than 500kg use a low-voltage power supply of 60V or less. Is preferred.
- a low-voltage power supply of 60V or less has little danger to the human body, and the regulation of the law is gradual, and the cost of the entire system is reduced.
- the current becomes too large at a low voltage, and the system cost increases.
- the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 is connected to the lead storage battery unit 26 and the virtual battery balance circuit unit 30. At this time, only the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 may be removed from the battery (hybrid storage battery) 10 as one cassette module and replaced. At this time, even if the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 is taken out, the lead storage battery unit 26 still has a sufficient discharge capacity, so that the electric vehicle 100 is movable.
- a connector, a manual cut-off switch, and the like are provided between the battery (hybrid storage battery) 10 and the charge / discharge voltage and current control device (for example, an inverter) 16 to facilitate normal maintenance. Is provided.
- the current control device for example, an inverter 16 is not connected to the drive motor 12 but is connected to a grid described later.
- the lead-acid battery 26A is mainly discharged in place of the lithium-ion battery that is remarkably inferior in low-temperature performance, and the contribution of the lithium-ion battery increases as the internal temperature of the lithium-ion battery 24A increases due to use. That is, the hybrid storage battery 10 also improves the low temperature performance as compared with the lithium ion storage battery 24A.
- the hybrid storage battery 10 does not cause a decrease in cycle life even when the lead storage battery 26A is used, and an electric vehicle excellent in cost and performance such that excellent low-temperature performance can be obtained even when the lithium ion storage battery 24A is used. 100 can be provided.
- the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention electrolyzes an aqueous solution such as a completely enclosed storage battery (organic solution storage battery) using an organic solution (flammability) as an electrolytic solution, such as a lithium ion storage battery 24A, and a lead storage battery 26A.
- an aqueous solution such as a completely enclosed storage battery (organic solution storage battery)
- organic solution flammability
- an electrolytic solution such as a lithium ion storage battery 24A
- lead storage battery 26A a lead storage battery
- the organic solution storage battery is not limited to a lithium ion storage battery, and may be any organic electrolyte storage battery that uses a flammable organic solution with low overcharge resistance as an electrolyte, and the aqueous solution storage battery is limited to a lead storage battery.
- Any aqueous battery (non-flammable) electrolyte battery having overcharge resistance may be used. That is, for example, instead of a lead storage battery, Ni—Cd, Ni—MH or the like can be connected to a lithium ion storage battery to constitute a virtual battery.
- a lead storage battery is composed of 6 single cells in series connected in parallel with a lithium iron storage battery in which 4 lithium iron phosphate lithium ion storage batteries are connected in series to form a 12V virtual battery, whereas Ni-Cd Alternatively, it is preferable to configure a 3.6V virtual cell by connecting three Ni-MH batteries in series to a single cell of a lithium ion storage battery using a transition metal lithium oxide as a positive electrode.
- the above is the basic configuration of the hybrid storage battery of the present invention and a traveling vehicle using the same.
- the 48V system lithium iron phosphate storage battery (lithium ion storage battery section 24) and the 48V system lead storage battery (lead storage battery section 26) constituting the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention are charged and discharged as shown in FIG. 6 below. Shows behavior.
- the 48V lithium iron phosphate storage battery has a capacity of 60Ah, 60V, C / 2 charge, C / 3 discharge, and 12V series of 4 3.3V LiFePO4 / carbon single cells in series.
- -Four lithium iron phosphate storage batteries 24A are arranged in series.
- the 48V lead / acid battery has a capacity of 55Ah, 65.4V, C / 2 charge, and C / 3 discharge, and is composed of four 12V lead acid batteries 26A in which 6 series of 2V single cells are connected in series. ing.
- FIG. 6 shows a 48V system lead-acid battery (SLB) and a 48V system lithium-ion battery (LIB) used in the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention. It is a graph which shows the charge / discharge voltage behavior of an example.
- the set voltage of the charger is 60 V
- the aqueous solution is slightly electrolyzed from the beginning of charging, and a slight amount of hydrogen is generated.
- the lead-acid battery (SLB) is discharged as shown in the region C of the graph La in FIG. 6, and the voltage between the terminals gradually decreases, and the end of the region C (the right end in the figure) ) To reach the discharge end voltage, for example, 40V.
- the average value of the discharge voltage of the lead storage battery in this region C is set as the average discharge voltage (for example, 48V).
- the lead storage battery if the discharge is further continued beyond the discharge end voltage, the voltage between the terminals is abruptly decreased, overdischarge is caused, the positive and negative electrodes are deteriorated, and the lead storage battery itself is deteriorated and can be used. That is, it can be said that the lead storage battery has low overdischarge resistance.
- the lithium iron phosphate battery (LIB) is charged as shown in the region D of the graph Lb in FIG. 6, and the voltage between the terminals is gradually increased at the beginning of charging, and when the charging is near the full charge, Charge voltage rises and the battery is fully charged.
- the set voltage of the charger is 60 V
- the peak voltage at the boundary between the region D and the region E in the graph Lb of FIG. 6 is temporarily 60 V, and this lithium ion storage battery ( LIB) reaches an overcharge voltage, but if the charge is stopped, the voltage drops slightly and settles to a charge end voltage (for example, 58 V).
- a charge end voltage for example, 58 V
- the lithium ion storage battery is discharged, and the voltage between the terminals is suddenly increased to a predetermined voltage in the very initial stage of the discharge from the end-of-charge voltage. The voltage drops to 53 V, and then the discharge is continued at a constant terminal voltage. In the lithium ion storage battery, when the discharge is further continued, the voltage between the terminals finally starts to decrease, and reaches an end-of-discharge voltage, for example, 44 V at the end of the region E (right end in the figure). Note that, as described above, the average value of the discharge voltage of the lead storage battery in this region E is the average discharge voltage (for example, 52 V).
- the lithium ion storage battery when the discharge is further continued beyond the discharge end voltage, the voltage between the terminals is drastically lowered and overdischarge is caused. Even if the lithium ion storage battery falls into an overdischarged state, it can be charged to a fully charged state, so it can be said that the lithiumion storage battery has high overdischarge resistance.
- the hybrid storage battery of the present invention in which the lead storage battery and the lithium ion storage battery are connected in parallel is the lead storage battery and the lithium ion storage battery in the early stage of charging (see the area A of the graph La and the area D of the graph Lb shown in FIG. 6).
- the lithium ion storage battery is mainly charged (region D of graph Lb shown in FIG. 6).
- the lithium ion storage battery does not cause an abnormality due to overcharging (region B and graph of the graph La shown in FIG. 6 and the graph). (See region D of Lb).
- region E of graph Lb shown in FIG. 6 the discharge is mainly performed from the lithium ion storage battery, and the discharge is performed from both the lithium ion storage battery and the lead storage battery from the middle stage of the discharge (FIG.
- the end-of-charge voltage (2) of the lead storage battery unit 26 is lower than the overcharge risk voltage (1) of the lithium ion storage battery unit 24, so that the lithium ion storage battery Before the unit 24 reaches the overcharge dangerous voltage (1), hydrogen gas is generated in the lead storage battery unit 26 and electric energy is consumed, so that the charging voltage applied to the hybrid storage battery 10 and thus the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 is increased. Is suppressed.
- the charge termination voltage (3) of the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 is lower than the charge termination voltage (2) of the lead storage battery unit 26. In the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 having a coulombic efficiency of 100%, charging is performed first, and the recovery efficiency of electric power can be increased without a recovery loss due to electrolytic water decomposition in the lead storage battery unit 26.
- the lead storage battery has low overdischarge resistance as described above, and unlike the lithium ion storage battery, complete discharge, and further overdischarge significantly deteriorates the cycle life. Therefore, the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 has a discharge end voltage. When it reaches, it is preferable that the lead storage battery part 26 does not become a discharge final voltage, and it becomes important from protection of a lead storage battery.
- the discharge end voltage (6) of the lithium ion storage battery part 24 is higher than the discharge end voltage (7) of the lead storage battery part 26. Both the lead storage battery part 26 and the lithium ion storage battery part 24 are discharged from the middle to the end of the discharge.
- the discharge current mainly flows from the lead storage battery unit 26.
- the lead storage battery unit 26 For example, when the inter-terminal voltage of each lead storage battery 26A of the lead storage battery unit 26 decreases and becomes lower than the inter-terminal voltage of each lithium ion storage battery 24A of the lithium ion storage battery unit 24, the lead storage battery unit 26 Each lead storage battery 26 ⁇ / b> A is charged by each lithium ion storage battery 24 ⁇ / b> A of the lithium ion storage battery unit 24.
- the discharge depth of each lead storage battery 26A of the lead storage battery unit 26 is kept shallow, and the cycle life of each lead storage battery 26A is prolonged.
- the configuration example A shown in FIG. 7A includes the above-described lead storage battery 26A (12V system, 55Ah, outer dimensions of about 254 ⁇ 174 ⁇ 169 mm and weight of about 20 kg), and lithium ion storage battery 24A (12V system, A 72Ah, 3Ah 26650 cylindrical LiFePO4 / Graphite battery connected to 4S-24P and stored in a box of about 254 ⁇ 174 ⁇ 169 mm of the same size as a lead-acid battery (weight is about 12 kg) Is a 48V hybrid storage battery 10 according to the present invention, and the configuration example B shown in FIG. 7B connects the above-described lead storage battery 26A and the lithium ion storage battery 24A in four lines in series.
- the configuration example D shown in FIG. 7D is a 48V storage battery that is connected in four rows in series using only the above-described lithium ion storage battery 24A. 7A to 7D do not show a balance circuit that keeps the balance of the charging capacity of each storage battery within a predetermined range, but these batteries include each series cell, series storage battery, and series virtual battery. Of course, it has a balance circuit that adjusts the balance of the charging capacity.
- the hybrid storage battery of the configuration example A of the present invention is compared with the storage batteries of the configuration examples A to D of the conventional example.
- the results are excellent in a balanced manner in all aspects of performance, regenerative power recovery efficiency, life, and cost.
- the effect of the present invention of the configuration example A shown in Table 3 is that the characteristics of the lithium ion storage battery 24A having a high energy density are utilized from the viewpoint of travel distance, and the lead storage battery 26A having a low internal resistance is viewed from the viewpoint of acceleration.
- the characteristics are utilized, the characteristics of the lithium ion storage battery 24A are utilized from the viewpoint of regenerative power recovery efficiency, and the virtual battery 32 is configured by connecting the lithium ion storage battery 24A and the lead storage battery 26A in parallel from the viewpoint of life. From the viewpoint of cost, the point that the cycle life of the lead storage battery 26A has been extended is thought to have contributed to the fact that the use of the lead storage battery 26A eliminates the need for a protective circuit.
- Comparison experiment 2 Furthermore, in order to show the cost advantage of the present invention, when the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention is used for a 10-ton class plug-in range extender type hybrid truck composed of a storage battery and an engine, only a lithium ion storage battery is used. Comparison experiment 2 was performed. The battery performance required for this application is that the output power is 230 kW or more, the energy is 10 kWh or more (the more is better), and the power source is 500 kg or less.
- Forty-eight virtual batteries were connected in series to form a hybrid storage battery HYB-1 of the present invention.
- two lithium ion storage batteries were connected in parallel to one lead storage battery to form a virtual battery.
- Forty-eight virtual batteries were connected in series to form a hybrid storage battery HYB-2 of the present invention.
- the above lithium ion cells were connected in 192 series and 6 in parallel to form a lithium ion storage battery LIB for comparison.
- Table 4 shows a comparison of the performance and cost of these batteries. Table 4: Cost advantage of hybrid batteries
- the hybrid storage battery of the present invention becomes cheaper as the usage ratio of the lead storage battery is increased.
- increasing the usage ratio of the lead storage battery has the advantage of improving power performance at low temperatures.
- the storage battery becomes heavy.
- all the storage batteries satisfy the required performance, but HYB-2 showing a good balance between cost reduction and weight increase is the most practical storage battery.
- HYB-1 is the cheapest, but weighs as much as 485 kg.
- the LIB of the conventional example is the lightest and has excellent cycle life, but since it does not have a safety function when used in parallel with a lead storage battery, a very expensive protection circuit and protection switch must be used, and the cost is low. There is a disadvantage that it is expensive. In addition, since it does not have a lead-acid battery with excellent low-temperature performance, there is a possibility that problems may arise in winter use.
- HYB-2 is the most excellent battery.
- the hybrid storage battery of the present invention can achieve remarkable effects in terms of economy and low temperature performance when the energy of the lead storage battery is 20% or more and 60% or less of the energy of the entire battery.
- FIG.8 and FIG.9 it is a storage facility of the lithium ion storage battery part (cassette module) 24 of the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention, and the discharged lithium ion storage battery of the traveling vehicle (electric vehicle) 100 of the present invention.
- the cassette module replacement / charging facility of the unit 24, that is, a storage battery replacement / charging facility, and / or a large number of hybrid storage batteries 10 according to the present invention are built-in, such as factories, offices, hotels, hospitals, and individual houses (houses).
- a power storage facility 200 that is a power supply facility that supplies power to the facility in the event of an emergency such as a power failure, a smart grid traveling vehicle system including the traveling vehicle (electric vehicle) 100 and the power storage facility 200 of the present invention, and this smart grid traveling A power supply index that includes a vehicle system and supplies power from the power storage facility 200 to the above facilities in the event of an emergency such as a power failure Will be described a power supply network system 300 comprising means 204.
- the power storage facility 200 includes a plurality of batteries 10, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and the lithium ion storage battery unit of the battery 10 in which the power storage facility 200 is mounted on the electric vehicle 100.
- the battery module is used as a storage battery replacement / charging facility for replacement of the cassette module 24, the number of the battery modules is reduced so that the cassette module 24 made of an expensive lithium ion storage battery can be charged as quickly as possible and used with good rotation.
- 10 may be designed such that the lead storage battery of the same type as the lead storage battery unit 26 constituting the main power storage facility 200 is configured.
- the power storage facility 200 may include at least one cassette module 24, i.e., one as the battery 10.
- the charging facility 36 is connected to an AC 100V or 200V power source or the like in the power storage facility 200, and is used for charging the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention with a predetermined charging method and conditions.
- the charging facility 36 is mounted on the electric vehicle 100.
- the battery 10 or the battery 10 built in the power storage facility 200 may be directly charged, or the lithium ion storage battery cassette module 24 removed from the battery 10 mounted on the electric vehicle 100 is charged. It may be a thing.
- the charging facility 36 may be configured to charge via the in-vehicle charger 20 of the electric vehicle 100 when directly charging the battery 10 mounted on the electric vehicle 100.
- the lead storage battery unit 26 is connected to the charging facility 36 in advance, and the cassette module 24 of the lithium ion storage battery unit is connected to the lead storage battery unit 26 to constitute the battery 10 so that the cassette module 24 is charged.
- the charging facility 36 may have any function as long as it has the same function as the in-vehicle charger 20 of the electric vehicle 100 and can charge the battery 10. However, the charging facility 36 can be charged more rapidly than the in-vehicle charger 20 of the electric vehicle 100. It is preferable to have a quick charge function capable of Of course, the power storage facility 200 may have a function of supplying power for charging the battery 10 of the electric vehicle 100 using the in-vehicle charger 20, or may include the same charger as the in-vehicle charger 20. May be.
- each lead storage battery 26A of the lead storage battery unit 26 whose cycle performance is significantly deteriorated by deep discharge is used for discharge after the lithium ion storage battery 24A of the lithium ion storage battery unit 24, a relatively shallow discharge may be sufficient. Become more. For this reason, even if it uses lead storage battery 26A, the cycle life of the whole system is not influenced.
- the hybrid storage battery 10 does not cause a decrease in cycle life even when the lead storage battery 26A is used, and excellent low-temperature performance can be obtained even when the lithium ion storage battery 24A is used.
- the power storage facility 200 having excellent cost and performance can be provided.
- the weight is not so important, but the cycle life is extremely important. Therefore, in view of cost and cycle life, it is recommended to use the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 having excellent cycle life at a capacity ratio of 10% or more and 90% or less.
- the power storage facility 200 using the hybrid storage battery 10 can be used for other applications such as the electric vehicle 100 by sequentially removing some of the lithium ion storage battery units 24.
- the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 When used in the electric vehicle 100, since light weight is important, as described above, it is desirable to make the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 into a cassette module so that it can be sequentially taken out.
- the discharged lithium ion storage battery unit 24 of the hybrid storage battery 10 of the electric vehicle 100 is removed as a single cassette module from the hybrid storage battery 10 and replaced by an external power storage facility 200 such as a storage battery replacement facility. ⁇ Can be charged.
- the user of the electric vehicle 100 can replace the cassette module of the lithium ion storage battery unit 24 that needs to be discharged and replaced with another cassette module of the other lithium ion storage battery unit 24 that is fully charged in the power storage facility 200.
- the charging time of the ion storage battery unit 24 can be omitted.
- the charging cost can be reduced by using the surplus power at night. And since the maintenance expense of battery 10 itself can also be held down, the user can hold down the total battery cost.
- the same lithium ion storage battery unit 24 is not purchased and used continuously, but is rented by an operator or an automobile company of the power storage facility 200 on the assumption that the power storage facility 200 is replaced. If the form is adopted, the user does not need to purchase an expensive lithium ion storage battery unit (cassette module), and the selling price of the electric vehicle 100 using the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention can be greatly reduced. And if the expensive selling price of electric vehicles can be significantly reduced, the spread of electric vehicles will accelerate, and the power storage facility operators and car companies will eventually be able to achieve sufficient based on the diffusion of electric vehicles and power storage facilities. Scale merit can be obtained.
- the power storage facility 200 can be connected to a grid and used as a power supply facility for power leveling and power storage (emergency power supply) in the area. Further, by sharing the hybrid storage battery 10 with the electric vehicle 100 that is a traveling body, it can be used as a part of a smart grid system such as the smart grid traveling vehicle system and the power supply network system 300 shown in FIG.
- the grid is generally a power supply network.
- the smart grid traveling vehicle system of the present invention can be constituted by an electric vehicle 100 and a power storage facility (for example, a 100-3000 kWh class power storage facility) 200.
- the power supply instructing means 204 is installed in facilities such as hospitals, offices, factories, buildings, and houses (housing) that are power supply destination facilities of the power supply network 202.
- a power supply instruction is given to the power storage facility 200 used as a power source.
- the power storage facility 200 supplies power through a power supply network 202 to a house, building, factory, or the like that has received a power supply instruction from the power supply instruction unit 204.
- the power supply instructing unit 204 controls and manages power supply through the power supply network 202 (whether power is supplied (on) or not supplied (off)), and is supplied through the power supply network 202. It is also possible to control and manage the amount of power supplied.
- the power supply network system 300 of the present invention can be centrally managed unlike a conventional emergency power supply that is installed in a house premises, in a basement of a building, or in a part of a factory, and has been individually managed and maintained. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the cost of battery facilities on the site and the maintenance and inspection.
- the above is the power storage facility 200 using the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention, the smart grid traveling vehicle system using the power storage facility 200 of the present invention, and the power supply network system 300.
- the power storage facility 200 has a function as a storage battery replacement / charge facility, as long as the power storage facility 200 has a function as a storage battery replacement / charge facility. It does not have to be equipped with the function.
- the power storage facility 200 may have only a function as a storage battery replacement facility, or may have only a function as a storage battery charging facility.
- the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention As described above in detail, the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention, the electric vehicle (traveling vehicle) 100 using the same, the power storage facility 200 using the same, and the power supply network system (smart grid system) 300 are provided. Basically configured as described above. In the above embodiment, the case where the hybrid storage battery 10 of the present invention is used in the electric vehicle 100 has been described. However, the present invention may be used in a hybrid vehicle including a gasoline engine or the like as well. The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and various improvements and modifications may be made without departing from the gist of the present invention.
- Hybrid storage battery (battery) 12 drive motor 14 reduction gear 16 current control device (inverter) DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 17 Brake apparatus 17a Electrohydraulic actuator 17b Friction brake 18 Battery controller 19 Battery management system 20 Charger (vehicle charger) 22 Electric power steering 24 Lithium-ion battery unit (cassette module) 24A Lithium ion storage battery 24B Lithium ion cell 26 Lead storage battery part 26A Lead storage battery 30 Virtual battery balance circuit 32 Virtual battery 34 Cell balance circuit 36 Charging equipment 100 Electric vehicle (running vehicle) 200 Power storage facility (storage battery replacement facility) 202 Power supply network (grid) 204 Power supply instruction means 300 Power supply network system
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Abstract
Description
なお、リチウムイオン蓄電池等の有機溶液系蓄電池は、鉛蓄電池等の水溶液系蓄電池に比べて過充電及び過放電の耐性が低く、電解液が可燃物であるため過充電、過放電による発熱により電池爆発などの危険性があるため、鉛蓄電池等の水溶液系蓄電池と異なり過充電及び/又は過放電からリチウムイオン蓄電池等の有機溶液系蓄電池を保護するための保護回路や保護スイッチが、通常リチウムイオン蓄電池等の有機溶液系蓄電池一つ一つに必要である(例えば、特許文献1及び3参照)。
例えば、特許文献1では、リチウムイオン蓄電池は、主に組電池として使用されるものであり、リチウムイオン蓄電池の単電池をそのまま直列接続して組電池を構成する場合には単電池毎に、単電池2以上並列接続してなる電池群を直列に接続する場合には電池群毎に、保護回路(過放電防止回路及び/又は過充電防止回路)が設けられ、単電池又は電池群の容量バラツキを低減し、許容範囲内に抑えることを開示している。
ここでいう保護回路、保護スイッチとは、特許文献1に開示されているように、電池の電圧や温度及び電池に流れる電流を計測し、これらの数値が一定以上となって電池が過電圧、過温度、過電流に曝された場合に、電池を充放電回路から切り離して電池を保護する保護回路、保護スイッチをいう。
ここで、特許文献2では、直列に接続された18セル(単電池)の鉛蓄電池と、直列に接続された10~11セルのリチウムイオン蓄電池とを並列接続して42Vの走行車輌用電源システムを構成し、走行車輌の減速等の制動による充電時に、大電流を受け入れることができない鉛蓄電池に流れる電流値(X)と、大電流を受入可能なリチウムイオン蓄電池に流れる電流値(Y)との比(X/Y)を0.05~1.00にすることにより、自動車等の走行車輌の制動時におけるエネルギを回生エネルギとして効率よく利用することができるとしている。
なお、特許文献1には、この組電池を電気自動車の駆動用電源として用いることは全く想定されていないし、その開示も示唆もないが、仮に電気自動車の駆動用電源として使用する場合、多数の組電池を用いることになるため、電気自動車のコストを上昇させてしまうという問題があった。
このように、特許文献2及び3に開示の走行車輌用電源システムでは、リチウムイオン蓄電池に保護回路や保護スイッチ等の安全回路が必要で、構成が複雑であるという問題があり、その結果として、リチウムイオン蓄電池のコストが上昇して高価となり、電源システムが高価になるという問題があった。
なお、このようなリチウムイオン蓄電池のコストの問題は、上述したように、電気自動車の価格を押し上げることになり、その結果として電気自動車の普及を鈍化させており、ユーザはもちろん、自動車会社や蓄電池交換設備(電力貯蔵設備)等の運営会社は、電気自動車の普及による充分なスケールメリットを得られるまでには至っていないという問題もある。
また、本発明の他の目的は、上記主目的に加え、リチウムイオン蓄電池等の有機溶液系蓄電池部分がカセットモジュールとして着脱可能で、容易に交換可能であり、取り扱いが簡単となり、例えば、走行車輌の駆動用電源や上記の各施設用の非常用電源、ピークカット用電源として用いるのに適したハイブリッド蓄電池を提供することにある。
また、本発明の第3の目的は、上記第2の目的を達成することのできる走行車輌と、走行車輌の駆動用電源として用いられる、上記第1及び他の目的を達成することのできるリチウムイオン蓄電池等の有機溶液系蓄電池部分のカセットモジュールを多数貯蔵する交換設備となる電力貯蔵設備と用い、充電のための稼働停止を無くして、走行車輌の稼働率を向上させることができるスマートグリッド走行車輌システムを提供することにある。
また、本発明の第4の目的は、上記第1及び他の目的を達成することのできるハイブリッド蓄電池を多数貯蔵することで、分散型電源、又は据え置き型電源として、また、上記の各施設用の非常用電源、ピークカット用電源として活用することができ、また、走行車輌の駆動用電源として用いられるハイブリッド蓄電池のリチウムイオン蓄電池等の有機溶液系蓄電池部分のカセットモジュールを多数貯蔵することで、交換設備としても利用することができる電力貯蔵設備を提供することにある。
また、本発明の第5の目的は、上記第4の目的を達成することのできる電力貯蔵設備から、停電等の非常時に、上記の各施設等の電力供給先に電力を供給することができ、各施設内に非常用電源に設けることを不要とし、非常時の電力供給コストを削減することができる電力供給ネットワークを提供することにある。
また、前記有機溶液系蓄電池と前記水溶液系蓄電池とは、前記有機溶液系蓄電池の放電終止電圧が、前記水溶液系蓄電池の放電終止電圧より高くなるように構成されているのが好ましい。
また、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池と前記鉛蓄電池とは、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池の放電終止電圧が、前記鉛蓄電池の放電終止電圧より高くなるように構成されていることが好ましい。
また、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池は、正極活物質として燐酸鉄リチウムを用いた燐酸鉄リチウムイオン蓄電池であることが好ましい。
また、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池は、直列に接続された複数のリチウムイオンセルからなり、又は並列に接続された複数のリチウムイオンセルよりなる第1セル群が直列に複数接続されてなり、直列に接続された前記複数のリチウムイオンセル間、又は直列に接続された前記複数の第1セル群間の充電バランスを揃えるための第1セルバランス回路を備えることが好ましい。
また、前記ハイブリッド蓄電池の作動電圧は、60V以下であることが好ましい。
また、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池、又は、直列接続された前記複数のリチウムイオン蓄電池は、カセットモジュールとして着脱交換可能にモジュール化されてなることが好ましい。
ここで、前記走行車輌の走行時における余剰エネルギを回生電力として回収し、前記ハイブリッド蓄電池に充電することが好ましい。
更に、前記電力貯蔵設備は、前記走行車輌に搭載された、放電して交換が必要な前記有機溶液系蓄電池、又は前記リチウムイオン蓄電池のカセットモジュールを、貯蔵された充電済み前記有機溶液系蓄電池、又は前記リチウムイオン蓄電池のカセットモジュールと交換するための交換手段を備えることが好ましい。
また、本発明の第1の態様によれば、さらにリチウムイオン蓄電池等の前記有機溶液系蓄電池部分がカセットモジュールとして着脱可能で、容易に交換可能であり、交換時の電圧低下を招くことが無く、取り扱いが簡単となり、例えば走行車輌の駆動用電源や上記の各施設用の非常用電源、ピークカット用電源として用いるのに適したものとすることができる。
また、本発明の第2の態様によれば、上記第1の態様のハイブリッド蓄電池のリチウムイオン蓄電池等の前記有機溶液系蓄電池部分をカセットモジュールとして切り離して、電力貯蔵設備等で交換することにより、リチウムイオン蓄電池等の前記有機溶液系蓄電池の充電に掛かる時間を省略することができ、また、電力貯蔵設備等で夜間の安価な電力を利用して充電を行うことで、充電コストも削減することができる。
また、本発明の第4の態様によれば、上記効果を奏する第1の態様のハイブリッド蓄電池を多数貯蔵することで、分散型電源、又は据え置き型電源として、また、上記の各施設用の非常用電源、ピークカット用電源として活用することができ、また、走行車輌の駆動用電源として用いられる第1の態様のハイブリッド蓄電池のリチウムイオン蓄電池等の前記有機溶液系蓄電池部分のカセットモジュールを多数貯蔵することで、交換設備としても利用することができる。
また、本発明の第5の態様によれば、上記効果を奏する上記第4の態様の電力貯蔵設備から、停電等の非常時に、上記の各施設等の電力供給先に電力を供給することができ、各施設内に非常用電源に設けることを不要とし、非常時の電力供給コストを削減することができる。
なお、本発明の第4の態様の電力貯蔵設備では、電気自動車等の走行車輌に比してさらに大きな電力、電圧に対応する必要があり、保護回路、保護スイッチが不要な本発明の第1の態様のハイブリッド蓄電池を用いる蓄電システムはさらにその効果を奏するものである。
さらに、本発明の第4の態様の電力貯蔵設備は、本発明の第5の態様の電力供給ネットワークシステムやスマートグリッドシステムとして電力平準化及び電力貯蔵(地域非常用電源)に用いられるのはもちろん、高価なリチウムイオン蓄電池等の前記有機溶液系蓄電池部分を、蓄電池交換設備運営会社や自動車会社等がレンタルするという形態を採れば、本発明の第1の態様のハイブリッド蓄電池を用いた本発明の第2の態様の走行車輌の販売価格を大幅に下げることができる。
そして、走行車輌の販売価格の低下に基づいて、本発明の第5の態様の走行車輌、第4の態様の電力貯蔵設備、第2の態様のスマートグリッド走行車輌システム、第5の態様の電力供給ネットワークシステムの普及が加速すれば、電力貯蔵設備等の蓄電池交換設備運営会社や自動車会社等は、普及による充分なスケールメリットを得ることができる。
図1に示す電気自動車100は、本発明の走行車輌の一実施例であり、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池を搭載している点を除いて一般的な電気自動車であるので、詳細な説明は省略するが、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池(以下、単にバッテリともいう)10と、駆動モータ12と、減速ギア14と、電流制御装置16と、ブレーキ装置17と、バッテリコントローラ18と、充電器(車載充電器)20と、電動パワーステアリング22(図2参照)と、車輪23と、図示しない電装品、空調装置、冷却器等のその他の構成要素を備える。なお、図示例では、ブレーキ装置17は、電磁油圧アクチュエータ17aと、摩擦ブレーキ17bとを有する。
なお、図2においては、バッテリコントローラ18や他の必要な構成要素が省略されており、電力がバッテリ10から直接駆動モータ12等に供給され、外部電源等に接続された充電器20や駆動モータ12から直接充電されているように示されているが、図1に示されているように、バッテリコントローラ18を介して、更には他の構成要素を介して供給され、また、充電されていることはいうまでもない。
ここで、駆動系システムとしては、電気自動車100を走行させるために駆動モータ12を駆動させるのに必要な構成要素を備えるもので、図示例のように、駆動モータ12、減速ギア14、及び電流制御装置16等を含むものであれば、特に制限的ではなく、電気自動車に用いられる公知の駆動系システムを用いることができる。
なお、駆動モータ12のトルクTmが、電気自動車100に要求されるトルクTeを満足する場合には、減速ギア14を設ける必要は無く、駆動モータ12で直接駆動車軸23aを駆動すればよいが、駆動モータ12が大型となり、重量も重くなるので、減速ギア14を設けるのが好ましい。
ブレーキ装置17は、回転している車輪23を摩擦力等によって強制的に減速又は停止させるためのもので、摩擦ブレーキ17bを回転している車輪23に直接当接させるように電子制御するための電磁油圧アクチュエータ17aと、回転している車輪23に直接当接して摩擦力により車輪23の回転に制動(ブレーキ)を掛ける摩擦ブレーキ17bとを備える。なお、ブレーキ装置17、電磁油圧アクチュエータ17a、及び摩擦ブレーキ17bとしては、回転している車輪23を摩擦力等によって強制的に減速又は停止させることができれば、特に制限的ではなく、通常の自動車に用いられるものを用いることができる。
なお、電気自動車100では、通常の緩やかな減速を得るための緩やかな制動では、走行エネルギ効率向上のために、回生ブレーキをできるだけ使用して、バッテリ10に貯蔵されている電気エネルギを有効利用するのが好ましいが、急減速時、所謂急ブレーキ時、低速走行時には、回生ブレーキだけでは、充分な制動力を得ることができないので、ブレーキ装置17の摩擦ブレーキ17bを主として用い、回生ブレーキは回生エネルギを回収するために補助的に用いるのが好ましい。このように、電気自動車100では、制動の状態に応じて駆動モータ12による回生ブレーキと、ブレーキ装置17の摩擦ブレーキ17bとを使い分けるように制御するのが好ましい。
なお、回生制動時の回生エネルギに基づく回生電力の回収には、電気自動車100の構成に応じて種々の公知の構成を利用することができる。
なお、これらの電装系、空調系、冷却系等のその他のシステムについても、特に制限的ではなく、通常の自動車等に用いられる公知のシステムを用いて良いことはもちろんである。
ここで、バッテリ10は、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池である。
以下では、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池を構成する有機溶液系蓄電池及び水溶液系蓄電池の代表例として、それぞれリチウムイオン蓄電池及び鉛蓄電池を挙げて説明するが、本発明は、これらに限定されないことはいうまでもない。
バッテリ10は、図3に示すように、複数(図示例では4個)のリチウムイオン蓄電池24Aからなるリチウムイオン蓄電池部24と、複数(図示例では4個)の鉛蓄電池26Aからなる鉛蓄電池部26とを有するものであり、その詳細な説明は、後述するが、図2に示すように、走行系システムの各構成要素、即ち、駆動モータ12、ブレーキ装置17の電磁油圧アクチュエータ17a、及び電動パワーステアリング22等、並びにその他システムの各構成要素に対して放電によって電気エネルギを供給し、また、回生電力により充電され、さらに、所定の充電容量(充電可能な電気量をいう)のバッテリ10の放電が進み、バッテリ10の充電量又は電池残量(バッテリ10に現在充電されている又は残存している電気量をいう)が、所定の充電レベル(所定の電気量をいう)になると、電気自動車100に搭載された充電器(車載充電器)20を外部電源(図示せず)等に接続することにより充電される。また、バッテリ10は、図示しない電源に接続された図示しない外部充電器、例えば外部の急速充電器等により、急速に充電されても良い。
バッテリマネジメントシステム19は、バッテリコントローラ18を含み、バッテリコントローラ18を介してバッテリ10の充放電を制御し、管理するのみならず、バッテリ10の状態、例えば充電状態若しくは放電状態を管理するのみならず、バッテリ10からのエネルギ供給や、回生ブレーキとして作動し発電機として機能する駆動モータ12からの回生制動による回生エネルギ(回生電力)のバッテリ10への充電を制御する。
なお、従来技術においては、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aを用いる場合には、各リチウムイオン蓄電池24A毎にその過充電や過放電等、特に過充電による異常を防止するための保護回路や保護スイッチが必要であったが、本発明においては、後述する理由により、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aには、過充電による異常の防止のための保護回路や保護スイッチは不要であるので、バッテリコントローラ18にも、バッテリマネジメントシステム19にも保護回路や保護スイッチが含まれていない。
なお、本発明では、バッテリ10に用いられるリチウムイオン蓄電池部24の各リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aが、鉛蓄電池部26の鉛蓄電池26Aより先に放電が進行するので、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aの充電レベルが所定レベル以下になった際に、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aの充電方法に併せて、その電池残量(現在の充電量)が少ない場合には、定電流充電を行い、満充電(充電終止電圧)付近では(現在の充電量がリチウムイオン蓄電池24Aの電池容量に近い場合には)、定電圧充電がなされる。これらのリチウムイオン蓄電池24Aの定電流-定電圧充電においては、満充電付近では定電圧充電され、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aが過充電による異常とならないように、また、鉛蓄電池26Aからガス(酸素ガス及び水素ガス)が激しく発生しないように設定されている。
また、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池よりなるバッテリ10は、外部の充電設備、例えば後述する蓄電池交換設備(電池デポ:Battery Depot)のような外部の電力貯蔵設備200に設置されている充電設備36等を用いて充電しても良い。
本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池よりなるバッテリ10は、図3及び図4に示すように、バッテリ10は、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aと鉛蓄電池26Aとを並列接続して構成される仮想電池32を複数(図示例では4個)直列接続したハイブリッド蓄電池である。
また、本発明のバッテリ10の各仮想電池32には、仮想電池バランス回路30Aが並列接続されるので、バッテリマネジメントシステム19(バッテリコントローラ18)の仮想電池バランス回路30A、リチウムイオン蓄電池24A及び鉛蓄電池26Aは、並列接続される。ここでも、複数(図示例では4個)の直列接続された仮想電池バランス回路30Aを仮想電池バランス回路部30としてユニット化して用いても良い。仮想電池バランス回路部30をユニット化して用いることにより、仮想電池バランス回路30Aの取り扱いを一体として容易にすることができる。
ここで、本発明において、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aの過充電危険電圧とは、この電圧を超えて充電すると、過充電による破損、例えば破裂や発火等の危険性等の異常が発生する恐れがある充電電圧であり、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aの充電終止電圧とは、この電圧を超えて充電すると、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aが過充電となる恐れがある充電電圧(後述の図6のグラフLbの領域Eにおいて領域Dと領域Eとの境界にあるピーク電圧から少し低下した電圧参照)であり、完全充電電圧や満充電電圧ということもできる。
また、本発明において、鉛蓄電池26Aの充電終止電圧とは、この電圧を超えて充電すると、鉛蓄電池26Aが過充電となる恐れがある充電電圧(後述の図6のグラフLaの平坦な領域Bの電圧参照)であり、完全充電電圧や満充電電圧ということもでき、鉛蓄電池26Aを充電する際の充電器の設定電圧とされる電圧である。
一方、本発明において、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aの充電終止電圧が鉛蓄電池26Aの充電終止電圧よりも低くなるように構成するのは、鉛蓄電池26Aから水素を発生させることなく、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aを完全に充電する必要があるからである。
なお、本発明において、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aの放電終止電圧とは、この電圧未満まで放電すると、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aが過放電となる恐れがある放電電圧(後述の図6のグラフLbの領域Eの図中右端の電圧参照)であり、完全放電電圧ということもできる。また、本発明において、鉛蓄電池26Aの放電終止電圧とは、この電圧未満まで放電すると、鉛蓄電池26Aが過放電となる恐れがある放電電圧(後述の図6のグラフLaの領域Cの図中右端の電圧参照)であり、完全放電電圧ということもできる。
なお、複数個のリチウムイオンセルを直列に接続して所定の電圧となるように構成する場合には、直列に接続された複数個のリチウムイオンセル間の充電バランスを揃えるためのセルバランス回路を、各リチウムイオンセル毎に並列に接続するように設けておくことが好ましい。また、図5に示すように、複数個(図示例では4個)のリチウムイオンセル群を24Cを直列に接続して所定の電圧となるように構成する場合には、直列に接続された複数個のリチウムイオンセル群24Cの間の充電バランスを揃えるためのセルバランス回路34を、各リチウムイオンセル群24C毎に並列に接続するように設けておくことが好ましい。
なお、複数個の鉛蓄電池セルを直列に接続して所定の電圧となるように構成する場合には、直列に接続された複数個の鉛蓄電池セル間の充電バランスを揃えるためのセルバランス回路を、各鉛蓄電池セル毎に並列に接続するように設けておくことが好ましい。また、複数個の鉛蓄電池セル群を直列に接続して所定の電圧となるように構成する場合には、直列に接続された複数個の鉛蓄電池セル群の間の充電バランスを揃えるためのセルバランス回路を、各鉛蓄電池セル群毎に並列に接続するように設けておくことが好ましい。
なお、鉛蓄電池としては、平均作動電圧が2Vである2V系単セルが6個直列接続された平均作動電圧が12Vである12V系鉛蓄電池が上市されているので、鉛蓄電池26Aとして、12V系鉛蓄電池を用い、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aとして、平均作動電圧が12Vに近く、かつ12Vより少し高くなるようにすると共に、上述した本発明の電圧の条件を満足するように、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aを構成する直列接続リチウムイオンセル24B、又は直列接続リチウムイオンセル群24Cの数を設定することができる。
なお、この場合には、仮想電池32の作動電圧は、9.0V~17.0Vの範囲にあるように設定することが好ましい。
また、鉛蓄電池26Aとして、例えば、48V系の鉛蓄電池として用いても良いし、全く新規に、任意の個数の鉛蓄電池セルを直列接続して用いても良いのはもちろんである。
以下の説明では、具体例としては、この12V系のリチウムイオン蓄電池24Aと12V系の鉛蓄電池26Aとを用いる48V系のハイブリッド蓄電池である本発明のバッテリ10を代表例として説明する。
この時、鉛蓄電池26Aとしては、12V、45Ahの鉛蓄電池を用いるのが良いが、AC DELCO社のS55B24L、45Ah、430CCA、239L×134W×201H(mm)、12.8kgを用いてもよい。なお、12V系の鉛蓄電池は、最も一般的に市場に出回っており安価に手に入る鉛蓄電池である。
仮想電池32は、この仮想電池バランス回路30Aを備えることで、仮想電池32間の充電レベルを略一定に保っている。また、仮想電池バランス回路30Aは、電流制御装置16にその機能を持たせてもよい。
例えば、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aとして、12V系のリチウムイオン蓄電池を用いる場合、外形が26mmで高さが65mmのいわゆる26650型の円筒型Li-ionセルを24並列に接続したリチウムイオンセル群24Cを4直列に接続して、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aが構成される。なお、円筒型のリチウムイオンセル24Bは、3V、3Ahであるので、リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aとしては12V、72Ahとなる。
なお、本実施例のリチウムイオンセル24Bは、LFPO系蓄電池である燐酸鉄リチウム(LiFePO4)イオンセルである。燐酸鉄リチウムイオン蓄電池は、電圧平坦性に優れ、また、構造的に熱安定性に優れ、他のリチウムイオン蓄電池に比べて安価で、環境負荷性も低いことが知られている。
なお、電池ケミストリとは、各蓄電池(リチウムイオン蓄電池24A及び鉛蓄電池26A)を構成する正極活物質、負極活物質、及び電解液に関することである。
一般的に、トラックやバスなどの重量車は、600V系などの高電圧電源を用い、乗用車は300V系の電源を用い、車重が500kg以下の小型車は、60V以下の低電圧電源を用いることが好ましい。60V以下の低電圧電源は、人体への危険が少なく、法律の規制も緩やかで、システム全体のコストが安くなる。また、車重が重くなってくると、低電圧では電流が大きくなり過ぎて、システムコストがかえって増加する。
また、図3のハイブリッド蓄電池を後述する電力貯蔵装置に用いる場合は、電流制御装置(たとえばインバータなど)16は駆動モータ12に接続されているのでなく後述するグリッドに接続されることになる。
このため、有機溶液系蓄電池と水溶液系蓄電池との充放電に関する種々の電圧を始めとする種々の関係は、リチウムイオン蓄電池と鉛蓄電池との充放電に関する種々の電圧を始めとする種々の関係を満たすのはいうまでもない。
以上が本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池、及びそれを用いた走行車輌の基本的構成である。
次に、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池の作用について説明する。
本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池10を構成する48V系・燐酸鉄リチウムイオン蓄電池(リチウムイオン蓄電池部24)と48V系・鉛蓄電池(鉛蓄電池部26)とは、以下の図6に示すような充放電電圧挙動を示す。図6に示す例では、48V系・燐酸鉄リチウムイオン蓄電池は、容量60Ah、60V、C/2充電、C/3放電であり、3.3V系のLiFePO4/carbon単セルを4直列した12V系・燐酸鉄リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aを4直列して構成している。また、48V系・鉛蓄電池は、容量55Ah、65.4V、C/2充電、C/3放電であり、2V系の単セルを6直列した12V系・鉛蓄電池26Aを4直列して構成している。
充電器の設定電圧を60Vとすると、鉛蓄電池(SLB)は、図6に示すグラフLaの領域Aのように、充電がなされ、端子間の電圧がどんどん上昇していく。
そして、鉛蓄電池は、満充電となり、図6のグラフLaの領域Bで示す充電終止電圧(=充電器の設定電圧=60V)に達する。なお、鉛蓄電池では、充電当初から、わずかながら水溶液の電気分解が行われ、わずかに水素が発生するが、図6に示すグラフLaの領域Bの充電終止電圧に達しても更に充電を続けると、水溶液の電気分解が主となり、水素が発生(ガッシング)して充電エネルギが消費され、端子間の充電電圧の上昇が抑制されるので、この電圧を水素発生電圧とすることもできる。即ち、鉛蓄電池は、過充電耐性が高いといえるが、水素が激しく発生する充電を続ければ、鉛蓄電池が過充電となり劣化して使用できなるのは、いうまでもない。
この後、鉛蓄電池(SLB)は、図6のグラフLaの領域Cに示すように、放電がなされて、徐々にその端子間電圧が低下していき、領域Cの端部(図中右端部)で放電終止電圧、例えば40Vに達する。なお、上述したように、この領域Cにおける鉛蓄電池の放電電圧の平均値を平均放電電圧(例えば、48V)としている。
また、鉛蓄電池では、この放電終止電圧を超えて更に放電を続けると、急激に端子間電圧が低下し、過放電に至り、正負電極が劣化し、鉛蓄電池自体を劣化して使用できなる。即ち、鉛蓄電池は、過放電耐性が低いといえる。
そして、リチウムイオン蓄電池は、図6のグラフLbの領域Eに示すように、放電が行われ、充電終止電圧からの放電の極初期においては急激に端子間電圧が所定電圧、図示例では52V~53Vまで低下し、その後、約一定の端子間電圧で放電が続けられる。リチウムイオン蓄電池は、更に放電が続けられると、ついに端子間電圧が低下し始め、領域Eの端部(図中右端部)で放電終止電圧、例えば44Vに達する。なお、上述したように、この領域Eにおける鉛蓄電池の放電電圧の平均値を平均放電電圧(例えば、52V)としている。
また、リチウムイオン蓄電池では、この放電終止電圧を超えて更に放電を続けると、急激に端子間電圧が低下し、過放電に至る。リチウムイオン蓄電池は、過放電の状態に落ちても、満充電の状態まで充電が可能であるので、過放電耐性が高いといえる。
そして、放電の序盤(図6に示すグラフLbの領域E)は、主としてリチウムイオン蓄電池からの放電が行われ、放電の中盤より、リチウムイオン蓄電池と鉛蓄電池との両方から放電が行われる(図6に示すグラフLbの領域E及びグラフLaの領域C)。
表1:鉛蓄電池と燐酸鉄リチウムイオン蓄電池を用いて48V系ハイブリッド蓄電池を形成した場合の充放電電圧
また、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池を充電する場合、リチウムイオン蓄電池部24の充電終止電圧(3)が、鉛蓄電池部26の充電終止電圧(2)よりも低いため、充放電の電気量の比を示すクーロン効率が100%のリチウムイオン蓄電池部24において、先に充電がなされ、鉛蓄電池部26での電解水分解による回収ロスなく、電力の回収効率を高めることができる。
本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池10では、鉛蓄電池部26の放電終止電圧(7)よりもリチウムイオン蓄電池部24の放電終止電圧(6)の方が高いため、放電の序盤はリチウムイオン蓄電池部24が主として放電し、放電の中盤から終盤にかけては鉛蓄電池部26とリチウムイオン蓄電池部24の両方が放電する。ただし、放電中に大きなパルス放電(電気自動車では急加速した場合等、電力貯蔵設備では一瞬電流使用量が増えた場合等)を行った場合には、主として鉛蓄電池部26から放電電流が流れる。このような場合において、例えば、鉛蓄電池部26の各鉛蓄電池26Aの端子間電圧が低下して、リチウムイオン蓄電池部24の各リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aの端子間電圧より低くなると、鉛蓄電池部26の各鉛蓄電池26Aは、リチウムイオン蓄電池部24の各リチウムイオン蓄電池24Aによって充電される。このように原則として、鉛蓄電池部26の各鉛蓄電池26Aの放電深度が浅めに保たれ、各鉛蓄電池26Aのサイクル寿命が長くなる。
図7(A)~(D)に示す構成の蓄電池を走行車輌に搭載して、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池と従来例の蓄電池との比較実験1を行った。図7に示す(A)~(D)を構成するリチウムイオン蓄電池24A及び鉛蓄電池26Aの性能を表2に示す。
表2:リチウムイオン蓄電池及び鉛蓄電池の性能
なお、図7(A)~(D)では、各蓄電池の充電容量のバランスを所定の範囲に保つバランス回路を図示していないが、これらの電池は、各直列セル及び直列蓄電池、直列仮想電池間の充電容量のバランスを調整するバランス回路を有するのはもちろんである。
さらに、本発明のコスト優位性を示すために、蓄電池及びエンジンからなる10トン級のプラグイン式レンジエクステンダー型ハイブリッドトラックに本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池10を用いた場合と、リチウムイオン蓄電池のみを用いた場合との比較実験2を行った。
この用途に必要にされる電池性能は、出力電力が230kW以上で、エネルギが10kWh以上(多ければ多いほどよい)、そして500kg以下の電源であることというものである。
そして、鉛蓄電池3個に対して、上記のリチウムイオン蓄電池を1個並列に接続して仮想電池を形成した。この仮想電池を48個直列に接続して、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池HYB-1を形成した。次に、鉛蓄電池1個に対して、上記のリチウムイオン蓄電池を2個並列に接続して仮想電池を形成した。この仮想電池を48個直列に接続して本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池HYB-2を形成した。また、鉛蓄電池を用いずに、上記のリチウムイオンセルを192直列、6並列に繋いで比較のためのリチウムイオン蓄電池LIBを形成した。
HYB-1は、最も安価であるが、重量が485Kgとかなり重くなっている。また、リチウムイオン蓄電池のエネルギが全体エネルギの100-59=41%(=16kWh×0.49=6.6kWh)しかなく、要求性能の10kWhを満たすには鉛蓄電池を毎回深放電する必要があり、このためサイクル寿命が短くなる恐れがある。
従来例のLIBは最も軽量であり、サイクル寿命も優れているが、鉛蓄電池と並列使用することによる安全機能を有さないので非常に高価な保護回路、保護スイッチを用いねばならず、コストが高いという欠点がある。また、低温性能に優れた鉛蓄電池を持たないので、冬期の使用において問題が出る可能性がある。 このようなことから、HYB-2が最も優れた電池といえる。
このように本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池は、鉛蓄電池のエネルギが全電池のエネルギの20%以上、60%以下になるようにすると、経済性や低温性能において顕著な効果が得られるものである。
次に、図8及び図9に基づいて、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池10のリチウムイオン蓄電池部(カセットモジュール)24の貯蔵設備であり、本発明の走行車輌(電気自動車)100の放電済みリチウムイオン蓄電池部24のカセットモジュールの交換・充電設備、即ち、蓄電池交換・充電設備、及び/又は本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池10を多数内蔵し、工場、事業所、ホテル、病院及び個々の住宅(家)等の施設に停電等の非常時に電力を供給する電力供給設備である電力貯蔵設備200と、本発明の走行車輌(電気自動車)100及び電力貯蔵設備200を備えるスマートグリッド走行車輌システムと、このスマートグリッド走行車輌システムを含み、電力貯蔵設備200から上述の施設に停電等の非常時に電力を供給する電力供給指示手段204を備える電力供給ネットワークシステム300とについて説明する。
図8に示す電力貯蔵設備200に貯蔵されるバッテリ10としては、上述したいかなる形態のハイブリッド蓄電池でも良いが、交換可能なリチウムイオン蓄電池部(カセットモジュール)24を備えるものであるのが好ましい。また、この電力貯蔵設備200においては、内部に貯蔵される複数のバッテリ10の一部又は全部を交換可能なリチウムイオン蓄電池部のカセットモジュール24としても良い。なお、図示例では、電力貯蔵設備200は、複数のバッテリ10を備えているが、本発明はこれに限定されず、電力貯蔵設備200を電気自動車100に搭載されたバッテリ10のリチウムイオン蓄電池部のカセットモジュール24の交換のための蓄電池交換・充電設備として用いる場合、高価なリチウムイオン蓄電池からなるカセットモジュール24をできるだけ急速充電し、回転よく利用できるように、その数を少なくし、また、バッテリ10を構成する鉛蓄電池部26と同種の鉛蓄電池が電力貯蔵設備200を主として構成するように設計してもよい。この場合、電力貯蔵設備200は、カセットモジュール24を少なくとも1つ備えるもの、即ち、バッテリ10として1つ備えるものであってもよい。
なお、充電設備36は、電気自動車100の車載充電器20と同様な機能を有し、バッテリ10を充電できるものであれば良いが、電気自動車100の車載充電器20に比べて、急速な充電が可能な急速充電機能を持つことが好ましい。
もちろん、電力貯蔵設備200が、電気自動車100のバッテリ10を車載充電器20を使って充電するための電源を供給する機能を備えていても良いし、車載充電器20と同じ充電器を備えていても良い。
図9に示すように、本発明のスマートグリッド走行車輌システムは、電気自動車100と、電力貯蔵設備(例えば、100-3000kWh級の蓄電設備)200とで構成することができ、電力供給ネットワークシステム300は、電気自動車100及び電力貯蔵設備200で構成される上述のスマートグリッド走行車輌システムと、電力供給ネットワーク(グリッド)202と、電力供給指示手段204とを備え、本発明のスマートグリッド走行車輌システムとしても、電力供給ネットワークシステムとしても構成することができる。本発明の電力供給ネットワークシステム300を、停電などの非常時の電源供給を目的として構成する場合には、電気自動車100は含まれなくても良いし、電力貯蔵設備200は、電力供給設備として機能を備えていれば、蓄電池交換・充電設備としての機能を備えていなくても良い。
電力貯蔵設備200は、電力供給指示手段204から電力供給指示を受けた家やビル、工場等に電力供給ネットワーク202を通じて電力供給を行う。なお、電力供給指示手段204は、電力供給ネットワーク202を通じた電力供給の制御及び管理(電力を供給するか(オン)又は供給しないか(オフ))を行い、また、電力供給ネットワーク202を通じて供給された電力の供給量の制御及び管理を行うこともできる。
以上が、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池10を用いた電力貯蔵設備200、及び本発明の電力貯蔵設備200を用いたスマートグリッド走行車輌システム、及び電力供給ネットワークシステム300である。
なお、スマートグリッド走行車輌システムをハイブリッド蓄電池10を用いる電気自動車100と電力貯蔵設備200とで構成する場合、電力貯蔵設備200は、蓄電池交換・充電設備としての機能を備えていれば、電力供給設備としての機能を備えていなくても良い。この場合、電力貯蔵設備200として、蓄電池交換設備としての機能のみを備えるものであっても良いし、蓄電池充電設備としての機能のみを備えるものであっても良い。
なお、上記実施形態では、本発明のハイブリッド蓄電池10が電気自動車100に用いられた場合について説明したが、ガソリンエンジン等を備えたハイブリッド自動車にも、同様に用いられてもよいのはもちろん、本発明は、上記実施形態に限定されるものではなく、本発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲において、各種の改良や変更を行ってもよい。
12 駆動モータ
14 減速ギア
16 電流制御装置(インバータ)
17 ブレーキ装置
17a 電磁油圧アクチュエータ
17b 摩擦ブレーキ
18 バッテリコントローラ
19 バッテリマネジメントシステム
20 充電器(車載充電器)
22 電動パワーステアリング
24 リチウムイオン蓄電池部(カセットモジュール)
24A リチウムイオン蓄電池
24B リチウムイオンセル
26 鉛蓄電池部
26A 鉛蓄電池
30 仮想電池バランス回路
32 仮想電池
34 セルバランス回路
36 充電設備
100 電気自動車(走行車輌)
200 電力貯蔵設備(蓄電池交換設備)
202 電力供給ネットワーク(グリッド)
204 電力供給指示手段
300 電力供給ネットワークシステム
Claims (21)
- 有機溶液を電解液として用いる有機溶液系蓄電池と、水溶性電解液を用いる水溶液系蓄電池とを並列接続してなる仮想電池を複数個直列接続してなるハイブリッド蓄電池であって、
前記有機溶液系蓄電池と前記水溶液系蓄電池とは、
互いに近接した平均放電電圧を有し、
前記有機溶液系蓄電池の過充電危険電圧が、前記水溶液系蓄電池の充電終止電圧よりも高く、前記有機溶液系蓄電池の充電終止電圧が、前記水溶液系蓄電池の充電終止電圧よりも低くなるように構成され、
前記有機溶液系蓄電池は、前記有機溶液系蓄電池の充電終止電圧を超えて充電されると前記有機溶液系蓄電池が過充電に至り、前記有機溶液系蓄電池の過充電危険電圧を超えて充電されると前記有機溶液系蓄電池が危険な状態に至り、前記水溶液系蓄電池は、前記水溶液系蓄電池の充電終止電圧を超えて充電されると前記水溶液系蓄電池が過充電に至るものであり、
前記仮想電池に対して、前記有機溶液系蓄電池が過充電に至る過充電エネルギが与えられた場合に、前記水溶液系蓄電池が水素発生反応を行うことにより前記過充電エネルギを吸収し、前記仮想電池の充電電圧を前記水溶液系蓄電池の充電終止電圧に抑え、前記有機溶液系蓄電池がその過充電危険電圧に至るのを防止するようにしたことを特徴とするハイブリッド蓄電池。 - 前記有機溶液系蓄電池と前記水溶液系蓄電池とは、前記有機溶液系蓄電池の平均放電電圧が、前記水溶液系蓄電池の充電終止電圧と前記水溶液系蓄電池の平均放電電圧との間になるように構成されている請求項1に記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- 前記有機溶液系蓄電池と前記水溶液系蓄電池とは、前記有機溶液系蓄電池の放電終止電圧が、前記水溶液系蓄電池の放電終止電圧より高くなるように構成されている請求項1又は2に記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- リチウムイオン蓄電池と鉛蓄電池とを並列接続してなる仮想電池を複数個直列接続してなるハイブリッド蓄電池であって、
前記リチウムイオン蓄電池と前記鉛蓄電池とは、
互いに近接した平均放電電圧を有し、
前記リチウムイオン蓄電池の過充電危険電圧が、前記鉛蓄電池の充電終止電圧よりも高く、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池の充電終止電圧が、前記鉛蓄電池の充電終止電圧よりも低くなるように構成され、
前記リチウムイオン蓄電池は、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池の充電終止電圧を超えて充電されると前記リチウムイオン蓄電池が過充電に至り、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池の過充電危険電圧を超えて充電されると前記リチウムイオン蓄電池が危険な状態に至り、前記鉛蓄電池は、前記鉛蓄電池の充電終止電圧を超えて充電されると前記鉛蓄電池が過充電に至るものであり、
前記仮想電池に対して、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池が過充電に至る過充電エネルギが与えられた場合に、前記鉛蓄電池が水素発生反応を行うことにより前記過充電エネルギを吸収し、前記仮想電池の充電電圧を前記鉛蓄電池の充電終止電圧に抑え、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池がその過充電危険電圧に至るのを防止するようにしたことを特徴とするハイブリッド蓄電池。 - 前記リチウムイオン蓄電池と前記鉛蓄電池とは、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池の平均放電電圧が、前記鉛蓄電池の充電終止電圧と前記鉛蓄電池の平均放電電圧との間になるように構成されている請求項4に記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- 前記リチウムイオン蓄電池と前記鉛蓄電池とは、前記リチウムイオン蓄電池の放電終止電圧が、前記鉛蓄電池の放電終止電圧より高くなるように構成されている請求項4又は5に記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- 前記リチウムイオン蓄電池は、正極活物質として燐酸鉄リチウムを用いた燐酸鉄リチウムイオン蓄電池である請求項4~6のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- さらに、前記直列接続された前記複数の仮想電池間の充電バランスを調整するための、各仮想電池に併設された仮想電池バランス回路を備える請求項4~7のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- 前記リチウムイオン蓄電池は、直列に接続された複数のリチウムイオンセルからなり、又は並列に接続された複数のリチウムイオンセルよりなる第1セル群が直列に複数接続されてなり、
直列に接続された前記複数のリチウムイオンセル間、又は直列に接続された前記複数の第1セル群間の充電バランスを揃えるための第1セルバランス回路を備える請求項4~8のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。 - 前記鉛蓄電池は、直列に接続された複数の鉛蓄電池単セルからなり、又は並列に接続された複数の鉛蓄電池単セルよりなる第2セル群が直列に複数接続されてなり、
前記複数の鉛蓄電池単セル間、又は直列に接続された前記複数の第2セル群間の充電バランスの充電バランスを揃えるための第2セルバランス回路を備える請求項4~9のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。 - 前記仮想電池の作動電圧は、9.0V~17.0Vの範囲にある請求項4~10のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- 前記仮想電池の作動電圧は、18.0V~34.0Vの範囲にある請求項4~11のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- 前記ハイブリッド蓄電池の作動電圧は、60V以下である請求項4~12のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- 前記ハイブリッド蓄電池からのエネルギの供給は、満充電の状態からの放電の序盤には主に前記リチウムイオン蓄電池から行われ、また、前記満充電の状態からの放電の終盤には前記鉛蓄電池から行われる請求項4~13のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- 前記リチウムイオン蓄電池、又は直列接続された前記複数のリチウムイオン蓄電池は、カセットモジュールとして着脱交換可能にモジュール化されてなる請求項4~14のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池。
- 駆動エネルギ源として、請求項1~15のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池を備えることを特徴とする走行車輌。
- 前記走行車輌の走行時における余剰エネルギを回生電力として回収し、前記ハイブリッド蓄電池に充電する請求項16に記載の走行車輌。
- 請求項16又は請求項17に記載の走行車輌と、
複数個貯蔵された充電済み前記有機溶液系蓄電池、又は前記リチウムイオン蓄電池のカセットモジュール、及び放電して交換が必要な前記有機溶液系蓄電池、又は前記リチウムイオン蓄電池のカセットモジュールを充電する充電器を備える電力貯蔵設備とを有することを特徴とするスマートグリッド走行車輌システム。 - 更に、前記電力貯蔵設備は、前記走行車輌に搭載された、放電して交換が必要な前記有機溶液系蓄電池、又は前記リチウムイオン蓄電池のカセットモジュールを、貯蔵された充電済み前記有機溶液系蓄電池、又は前記リチウムイオン蓄電池のカセットモジュールと交換するための交換手段を備える請求項18に記載のスマートグリッド走行車輌システム。
- 内部に貯蔵される複数個の、請求項1~15のいずれかに記載のハイブリッド蓄電池と、
内部に貯蔵される充電済み前記有機溶液系蓄電池、又は前記リチウムイオン蓄電池のカセットモジュールと、
放電した前記有機溶液系蓄電池、又は前記リチウムイオン蓄電池のカセットモジュールを充電するための充電器と、を備え、
前記充電済み前記有機溶液系蓄電池、又は前記リチウムイオン蓄電池のカセットモジュールと、放電して交換が必要な前記有機溶液系蓄電池、又は前記リチウムイオン蓄電池のカセットモジュールとを交換可能であり、
複数の電力供給先設備を接続する電力供給ネットワークに接続され、電力平準化及び電力貯蔵に用いられることを特徴とする電力貯蔵設備。 - 請求項20に記載の電力貯蔵設備と、
該電力貯蔵設備と複数の電力供給先設備とを接続し、前記電力貯蔵設備から前記複数の電力供給先設備への電力供給を可能とする電力供給ネットワークと、
前記複数の電力供給先の設備に個別に設置され、停電時、電力貯蔵設備への電力供給指示及び前記電力供給ネットワークを通じて供給された供給電力量の管理を行う電力供給指示手段と、を備えることを特徴とする電力供給ネットワークシステム。
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US14/239,745 US9385543B2 (en) | 2011-10-11 | 2012-10-09 | Hybrid storage cell, vehicle and power storage unit employing same, smart grid vehicle system employing vehicle, and power supply network system employing power storage unit |
| EP12839768.4A EP2768071B1 (en) | 2011-10-11 | 2012-10-09 | Hybrid storage cell, vehicle and power storage unit employing same, smart grid vehicle system employing vehicle, and power supply network system employing power storage unit |
| JP2013518608A JP5373999B2 (ja) | 2011-10-11 | 2012-10-09 | ハイブリッド蓄電池、これを用いた走行車輌及び電力貯蔵設備、走行車輌を用いたスマートグリッド走行車輌システム、並びに電力貯蔵設備を用いた電力供給ネットワークシステム |
| PL12839768T PL2768071T3 (pl) | 2011-10-11 | 2012-10-09 | Hybrydowy akumulator, pojazd i jednostka magazynująca energię zawierająca ten akumulator, system pojazdów sieci inteligentnej, oraz system sieci zasilającej zawierający jednostkę magazynującą energię |
| DK12839768.4T DK2768071T3 (en) | 2011-10-11 | 2012-10-09 | HYBRID STORAGE CELL, VEHICLE AND ENERGY STORAGE UNIT URGENTLY, SMART GRID VEHICLE VEHICLE, AND ENERGY STORAGE NETWORK SYSTEM WITH ENERGY STORAGE UNIT |
| ES12839768.4T ES2627932T3 (es) | 2011-10-11 | 2012-10-09 | Celda de almacenamiento híbrido, vehículo y unidad de almacenamiento de energía que emplean la misma, sistema de vehículo para redes inteligentes que emplea el vehículo y sistema de red de suministro de energía que emplea la unidad de almacenamiento de energía |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP2011224070 | 2011-10-11 | ||
| JP2011-224070 | 2011-10-11 |
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| WO2013054795A1 true WO2013054795A1 (ja) | 2013-04-18 |
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| PCT/JP2012/076149 Ceased WO2013054795A1 (ja) | 2011-10-11 | 2012-10-09 | ハイブリッド蓄電池、これを用いた走行車輌及び電力貯蔵設備、走行車輌を用いたスマートグリッド走行車輌システム、並びに電力貯蔵設備を用いた電力供給ネットワークシステム |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9385543B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2768071B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5373999B2 (ja) |
| DK (1) | DK2768071T3 (ja) |
| ES (1) | ES2627932T3 (ja) |
| HU (1) | HUE032780T2 (ja) |
| PL (1) | PL2768071T3 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2013054795A1 (ja) |
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| CN114122595A (zh) * | 2021-11-02 | 2022-03-01 | 国网湖北省电力有限公司宜昌供电公司 | 变电站直流系统蓄电池模组安装及更换维护方法 |
| CN114122595B (zh) * | 2021-11-02 | 2023-06-02 | 国网湖北省电力有限公司宜昌供电公司 | 变电站直流系统蓄电池模组安装及更换维护方法 |
| CN115891703A (zh) * | 2022-11-10 | 2023-04-04 | 蓝谷智慧(北京)能源科技有限公司 | 充换电站的控制方法、充换电站及存储介质 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2768071B1 (en) | 2017-04-05 |
| JP5373999B2 (ja) | 2013-12-18 |
| US20140184159A1 (en) | 2014-07-03 |
| PL2768071T3 (pl) | 2017-10-31 |
| HUE032780T2 (en) | 2017-10-30 |
| US9385543B2 (en) | 2016-07-05 |
| EP2768071A4 (en) | 2016-01-06 |
| EP2768071A1 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
| JPWO2013054795A1 (ja) | 2015-03-30 |
| DK2768071T3 (en) | 2017-06-19 |
| ES2627932T3 (es) | 2017-08-01 |
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