WO2012029269A1 - がん発症又はがん発症リスクの判定方法 - Google Patents
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6486—Measuring fluorescence of biological material, e.g. DNA, RNA, cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y15/00—Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N21/6456—Spatial resolved fluorescence measurements; Imaging
- G01N21/6458—Fluorescence microscopy
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
- G01N33/57407—Specifically defined cancers
- G01N33/57415—Specifically defined cancers of breast
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
- G01N33/588—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with semiconductor nanocrystal label, e.g. quantum dots
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/50—Determining the risk of developing a disease
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for determining the onset of cancer or the risk of developing cancer using a highly accurate and quantitative tissue staining method that effectively eliminates the influence of autofluorescence.
- Cancer is a disease that bisects the cause of death in adults together with vascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction.
- vascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction.
- the incidence of breast cancer in Japan is lower than in Western countries, but has been increasing in recent years. In 1998, it surpassed the incidence of gastric cancer and became the first female morbidity. According to a recent report by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in 2005, the annual incidence of breast cancer exceeds 50,000.
- cancer diagnostics include methods that detect cancer markers that are specifically expressed in specific cancers, cancer markers that leak into blood and tissues, etc. Has been.
- General screening tests for breast cancer include interviews, palpation, soft X-ray mammography (mammography), ultrasonography, etc.
- cytology and biopsy are performed, and pathology It is determined whether or not the cancer is due to a physical diagnosis.
- Pathological diagnosis is important for determining the course of cancer treatment and prognosis, and the heart of this diagnosis is the use of “HE staining for morphological observation” and “antibodies against cancer marker factors”. It was an "immunohistochemical method". In particular, with the advent of antibody drugs in recent years, the importance of immunohistochemistry has increased greatly.
- Herceptin HER2 antibody: antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (registered trademark), which is a representative example of an antibody drug, is a typical anticancer agent for breast cancer.
- Immunohistochemistry using HER2 antibody has been clinically performed.
- conventional immunohistochemical methods have been performed by visual diagnosis by a pathologist using an enzyme method typified by DAB. Therefore, the detection sensitivity is low, and there is a problem in the quantitativeness.
- Quantum dots have a proportional relationship between the number of particles and fluorescence intensity, so the expression level of cancer markers can be quantitatively determined with high accuracy by using a probe that combines quantum dots with cancer marker antibodies in immunohistochemistry. There is a possibility that it can be analyzed.
- PAR1 prote activated receptor 1
- MMP1 matrix metalloproteinase 1
- the present inventors have produced a PAR1 antibody that inhibits the cleavage of PAR1 by MMP1 and inhibits the motility and invasive ability of cancer cells, and this antibody exhibits cell motility activity and cell invasive activity induced by MMP1. It has been reported to inhibit (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- PAR1 is a matrix metalloprotease-1 receptor that promotes invasion and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells.
- Fluorescent particles such as quantum dots are promising as a new tool in fluorescent immunostaining because they exhibit their own photostability and quantitative analysis. It is limited to. The reason for this is that the self-fluorescence of cells is weak in cultured cells, so that the fluorescence intensity of quantum dot fluorescent particles can be calculated as a sufficiently high S (signal) / N (noise) ratio, whereas in living tissue it is much more difficult than in cultured cells. This is because the fluorescence intensity of the quantum dot fluorescent particles cannot be calculated as a sufficiently high S / N ratio. Although the amount of long-wave autofluorescence in living tissue is less than that of short-wavelength autofluorescence, the influence on observation cannot be ignored, and quantitative analysis of quantum dot fluorescent particles in living tissue is difficult.
- the subject of the present invention is a quantitative tissue staining method in a living tissue using an antibody that recognizes a cancer growth regulator or a metastasis regulator such as a PAR1 antibody that inhibits the motility and invasiveness of cancer cells.
- the object is to provide a highly accurate and quantitative determination method of cancer onset or cancer onset risk.
- the fluorescence brightness of the quantum dot fluorescent particles when the fluorescence brightness of the quantum dot fluorescent particles is weaker than the brightness of the autofluorescence, the fluorescence brightness of the quantum dot fluorescence particles disappears by adjusting the contrast for erasing the autofluorescence image. Furthermore, since autofluorescence varies greatly depending on the type and location of the sample, there is a drawback that a certain threshold cannot be determined. The present inventors are diligently examining a method for removing the influence of autofluorescence in place of the method (a) or (b) described above, and PAR1 antibody (PAR1ab-QD705) labeled with quantum dot fluorescent particles (Qdot 705).
- the present invention includes (1) (a) a step of labeling an antibody that recognizes a cancer growth regulator or metastasis regulator with a fluorescent substance, and bringing the fluorescently labeled antibody into contact with a tissue sample; (b) A step of irradiating a tissue site in contact with the antibody with excitation light to obtain a fluorescence image; (c) a shorter wavelength side than the acquisition region of the fluorescence wavelength emitted by the fluorescent substance in the same field of view and the same focus as the fluorescence image; A step of acquiring an autofluorescence image in a vicinity region on the long wavelength side; (d) a step of performing image processing excluding the fluorescence brightness of the autofluorescence image from the fluorescence brightness of the fluorescence image to obtain a corrected fluorescence image; A method for determining the onset of cancer or risk of developing cancer characterized by using a tissue staining method, and (2) a cancer growth control factor or metastasis control factor is PAR1 (protease activated receptor 1) Be The
- a step of counting the number of cells in the tissue site contacted with the antibody (f) one fluorescent particle is specified based on the fluorescent image, and in the corrected fluorescent image corresponding to the one fluorescent particle Measuring the average fluorescence brightness of one fluorescent particle; (g) dividing the total fluorescence brightness in the corrected fluorescence image by the average fluorescence brightness of the one fluorescent particle to obtain the number of fluorescent particles, and calculating the number of fluorescent particles; Dividing the number of cells counted in step (e) and calculating the number of fluorescent particles per
- the present invention also includes (11) (A) an antibody that recognizes a cancer growth regulator or metastasis regulator labeled with a fluorescent substance; (B) excitation light irradiation means; (C) fluorescence image acquisition means; (D ) A bandpass filter for acquiring a fluorescent image; a cancer onset or cancer onset risk determination system, and (12) an antibody that recognizes a cancer growth control factor or a metastasis control factor is PAR1 ( The determination system according to (11) above, characterized by being protease ⁇ activated receptor 1), (13) and (E) a band-pass filter for acquiring a nuclear fluorescence image.
- the average value of the number of quantum dot fluorescent particles per cell in the mammary gland tissue (detection by PAR1 antibody) by the tissue staining method of the present invention using PAR1 antibody labeled with quantum dot fluorescent particles is: In 4 normal breast tissue samples from cancer patients, 0.2, compared to 0.2 in 5 breast cancer patient tissues that had not recurred for more than 5 years, which was negative by Hercept test (detected by HER2 antibody), 3.2, Hercept test (detected by HER2 antibody) In 3 specimens, a significant difference was obtained in 14.8 for breast cancer tissues of patients with relapse who were negative in (relapsed within about 1 year and died within 4 years).
- (A) It is a figure which shows the preparation methods of the tissue sample which carried out immunostaining.
- (B) It is a figure which shows the result of having analyzed the tissue sample immunostained with the fluorescence microscope. The white dotted line shows the outline of the cancer cell. A white arrow indicates fluorescence due to quantum dot fluorescent particles (detected by PAR1ab-QD705), and a white arrow indicates fluorescence due to autofluorescence. It is a figure explaining the conventional method except the influence of autofluorescence.
- (A) is a figure which shows the result of the autofluorescence fading method by irradiation of excitation light (refer to Hikage et al.
- (b) is an explanatory diagram of the contrast adjustment method.
- the gray area shown in (b) represents a range that appears black with human eyes.
- (A) It is a figure which shows the image conversion in the image processing by a subtraction method.
- (B) It is a figure which shows the fluorescence wavelength characteristic of a quantum dot fluorescent particle, and the fluorescence wavelength characteristic of autofluorescence.
- the solid line shows the fluorescence wavelength characteristics of the quantum dot fluorescent particles (QD705).
- the plots with error bars were obtained with each of six types of band-pass filters having a fluorescence wavelength acquisition region of 505 to 545 nm, 565 to 595 nm, 585 to 630 nm, 640 to 690 nm, 695 to 740 nm, and 760 to 800 nm.
- the measured value of the fluorescence intensity of the autofluorescence on the tissue sample section is shown.
- An average value plot of the actually measured values is connected by a dotted line, and is shown as a fluorescence wavelength characteristic of autofluorescence.
- the wavelength width of the bandpass filter is indicated by a bar. It is a figure which shows the preparation method of the correction
- 1 to 4 on the horizontal axis are 1: normal breast tissue of cancer patients, 2: recurrence-free survival breast cancer patient tissues for 5 years or more, 3: recurrence patient breast cancer tissues (cases of recurrence within 4 years, death within 6 years), 4: Shows “triple negative” relapse patient breast cancer tissue (cases of recurrence within 4 years and death within 6 years).
- B It is a figure which shows the relationship between the true particle number (it shows on a vertical axis
- C In the data of FIG.
- results of breast cancer tissues of recurrent patients other than “triple negative” are indicated by light-colored circles. It is a figure which shows the result of having compared the excitation wavelength of excitation light with 488 nm and 532 nm. It is a figure which shows the result of having verified the wavelength area
- an antibody that recognizes a cancer growth regulator or a metastasis regulator is labeled with a fluorescent substance, and the fluorescently labeled antibody is brought into contact with a tissue sample.
- a method using a tissue staining method comprising the step (d) of obtaining (excluding a diagnostic act by a doctor), but further, a step of counting the number of cells at the tissue site in contact with the antibody e): identifying one fluorescent particle based on the fluorescent image, and measuring the average fluorescence brightness of the fluorescent particle in the corrected fluorescent image corresponding to the fluorescent particle (f); in the corrected fluorescent image To obtain the number
- the step (g) is preferably calculated, and the cancer onset or cancer onset risk determination system of the present invention includes (A) a cancer growth control factor or metastasis labeled with a fluorescent substance.
- the system is provided with an antibody that recognizes a control factor; (B) excitation light irradiation means; (C) fluorescence image acquisition means; (D) a bandpass filter for fluorescence image acquisition; ) Bandpa for acquiring nuclear fluorescence images
- a system comprising a filter is preferable, and cancers to be judged are colorectal cancer, rectal cancer, renal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrium. Cancer, esophageal cancer, blood cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and the like.
- examples of the cancer growth control factor include epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF receptor (EGFR), and platelet-derived growth factor.
- PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGF receptor PDGFR
- IGF insulin-like growth factor
- IGF receptor IGF receptor
- FGF fibroblast growth factor
- FGF receptor FGF receptor
- VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
- HGF hepatocyte growth factor
- HGFR neurotrophic factor
- NT neurotropin
- TGF ⁇ transforming growth factor ⁇
- TGF ⁇ human epidermal growth factor receptor 1, 2, 3 or 4
- HER1, 2, 3 or 4 human epidermal growth factor receptor 1,2,3or4
- macrophage colony-stimulating factor CSF1: macrophage colony- stimulating ⁇ factor 1
- CSF1R CSF1 receptor
- cancer metastasis regulators include matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), PAR1 (protease activated receptor 1), CXCR4 (chemokine [CX-C motif] recept or 4), CCR7 (chemokine [C-C motif] receptor 7), etc., among which PAR1 can be preferably exemplified.
- MMP1 matrix metalloproteinase 1
- MMP2 matrix metalloproteinase 2
- PAR1 prote activated receptor 1
- CXCR4 chemokine [CX-C motif] recept or 4
- CCR7 chemokine [C-C motif] receptor 7
- an antibody that specifically recognizes the growth control factor or metastasis control factor is preferable, and the type of antibody is a monoclonal antibody or a polyclonal antibody.
- the class and subclass of the antibody are not particularly limited, and examples of the class include IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, etc., and subclasses include IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, etc. Can be mentioned.
- the term “antibody” used herein is used to include any antibody fragment or derivative.
- Such antibodies can be produced by known methods (see, for example, Harlow E. & Lane D., Antibody, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1988)), but commercially available products can also be used.
- examples of the antibody that recognizes PAR1 include a commercially available PAR1 antibody that recognizes the N-terminal region of PAR1, and a PAR1 antibody disclosed in International Publication No. 09/119455.
- the fluorescent substance in the above step (a) is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance that emits fluorescence in response to irradiation with a selected wavelength of ultraviolet light, visible light, or the like.
- an organic fluorescent substance fluorescein , Rhodamine, Cy-5, Cy-3, Alexa and the like
- examples of the inorganic fluorescent substance include fluorescent particles such as fluorescent silica nanoparticles and quantum dot fluorescent particles.
- a fluorescent material emitting fluorescence in the near infrared region side, particularly the near infrared region is used, and the acquisition region of the fluorescence wavelength emitted by the fluorescent material is in the near infrared region.
- the region side (570 to 800 nm), particularly the near infrared region (700 to 800 nm) is preferable.
- the above organic fluorescent material is rapidly discolored by excitation light, and is unsuitable for analysis in which excitation light is irradiated for a long time. Therefore, the fluorescent particles have high light stability and are stable even when irradiated with excitation light for a long time.
- the fluorescent particles may be any particles that emit fluorescence when irradiated with excitation light, and the material thereof is not limited, and even if the material itself emits fluorescence, the particles containing the fluorescent material or the fluorescent material are coated. Thus, particles capable of emitting fluorescence may be used.
- the shape and size of the fluorescent particles are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a square shape, a disc shape, a polyhedron, and a spherical shape, and a spherical shape is preferable, and the size is 0.00001 nm to 1 mm in diameter, preferably 0.
- the wavelength is from 001 nm to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably from 0.01 nm to 10 ⁇ m, and the wavelength of the fluorescence emitted by the fluorescent particles can be appropriately selected.
- Fluorescent particles can also be prepared by the methods disclosed in JP-A-9-241634 and JP-A-2010-242059.
- polystyrene particles are obtained by polymerizing a suitable fluorescent dye or a fluorescent dye of styrene in the presence of polystyrene core particles.
- commercially available products such as SPHERO fluorescent particles (manufactured by Bay Bio Inc.) prepared by dyeing and fluorescent microparticles Estapor (registered trademark) standard microparticles (manufactured by Merck Chime) can also be obtained.
- fluorescent particles which are also called colloidal quantum dots (QD: Quantum ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Dot), are preferable because the fluorescent particles have a characteristic of having both a very sharp emission spectrum and high quantum efficiency.
- Quantum dot fluorescent particles are luminescent semiconductor nanoparticles with a diameter range of 1-20 nm and are used for fluorescent imaging in the fields of biology and medical diagnosis.
- quantum dot fluorescent particles electrons are quantum confined in a three-dimensional and nano-sized semiconductor crystal with a clear outline, and the semiconductor band gap increases as the size of the quantum dot fluorescent particles decreases. It is possible to adjust the photoluminescence emission wavelength of the semiconductor over the entire visible spectrum.
- the quantum dot fluorescent particles in the present invention may be luminescent semiconductor nanoparticles, and the size thereof is preferably adjusted appropriately from the wavelength of excitation light and fluorescence.
- quantum dot fluorescent particles examples include Qdot (registered trademark) 525, Qdot 565, Qdot 585, Qdot 605, Qdot 625, Qdot 655, Qdot 705, and Qdot 800, which are nanocrystals of a semiconductor material (CdSe) coated with a semiconductor shell (ZnS). (All manufactured by Invitrogen) can be used. Since the sensitivity of the camera decreases when the fluorescence wavelength to be acquired exceeds 800 nm, it is preferable to use quantum dot fluorescent particles (Qdot 705) emitting fluorescence at 705 nm among quantum dot fluorescent particles emitting fluorescence in the near infrared region.
- Qdot registered trademark
- Qdot 705 quantum dot fluorescent particles emitting fluorescence at 705 nm among quantum dot fluorescent particles emitting fluorescence in the near infrared region.
- the method of labeling the antibody with a fluorescent substance includes a method using an antibody (secondary antibody) having specific affinity for the antibody, a biotin-avidin method, a thiol group-maleimide group. Coupling reaction, a method using an existing chemical linker, a crosslinking reaction using a crosslinking agent (EDC or the like), an ionic bond, and the like.
- the binding between the antibody and the quantum dot fluorescent particles can be performed according to the manufacturer's instruction manual using Qdot Antibody Conjugation Kit (Invitrogen) or the like.
- tissue sample in the step (a) examples include fixed tissue sample sections such as formalin-fixed paraffin sections and frozen sections, and are separated from pathological tissue samples, peripheral blood tissue samples, cells and body fluids separated from tissues.
- Fixed tissue sample sections such as formalin-fixed paraffin sections and frozen sections, and are separated from pathological tissue samples, peripheral blood tissue samples, cells and body fluids separated from tissues.
- Cell block sample, cell block sample prepared by sedimentation or centrifugation of peripheral blood leukocytes or cell suspension sample, tissue marking sample, peripheral blood, body fluid, exudate, smear of liquid containing cells A sample etc. can be mentioned.
- the method for bringing the fluorescently labeled antibody into contact with the tissue sample is not particularly limited, and since the antigen-antibody reaction occurs by the contact, the temperature at the time of contact is 0 to 40 ° C. preferable.
- the contact time varies depending on the type of tissue sample to be used, antibody concentration, titer height, contact (reaction) temperature, amount of target factor (antigen), local site, etc., and is not particularly limited and is appropriately selected. Is 10 minutes to 12 hours, preferably 10 minutes to 2 hours.
- blocking treatment with FBS, BSA, IgG or the like can be performed before the antibody is brought into contact with the tissue sample.
- the excitation wavelength of the excitation light in the step (b) is shorter than the fluorescence wavelength at which the fluorescent material emits light, and is preferably 400 to 700 nm, more preferably 450 to 650 nm, particularly from the viewpoint of safety to the human body. Specific examples include 488 nm, 532 nm, and 635 nm used for typical excitation wavelengths.
- Examples of the fluorescent image in the step (b) include a fluorescent still image, a fluorescent still image, and a fluorescent moving image corresponding to the fluorescent still image.
- the fluorescent still image is obtained by using a fluorescent microscope capable of controlling a photographing condition of a CCD camera, imaging and displaying an acquired fluorescent still image, controlling a light amount of a light source, etc. using a computer such as a general PC as a controller. Can be obtained using. Make necessary settings for the excitation light filter, dichroic mirror, etc. so that the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent material is not saturated, and set the exposure time of the excitation light from 0.0003 to 30-60 seconds. It is preferable to do this.
- the luminance value specified in advance or the luminance value at a predetermined ratio with respect to the maximum value of the luminance value (for example, 255 is the maximum value for an 8-bit image). Therefore, a numerical value of 220 or 90% of the maximum luminance value may be set, and it may be determined that the saturation occurs when the value is exceeded. At this time, the determination may be made using not only one pixel but also a plurality of pixels of a predesignated ratio of the entire image.
- the fluorescent moving image it is preferable to acquire a moving image in the same visual field and the same focal point as the fluorescent still image with 50 to 200 frames with a resolution of 2 to 500 msec.
- a bandpass filter for acquiring the fluorescent image a bandpass filter selected so as to transmit only fluorescence of a specific wavelength such as red, cyan, orange, green, and blue emitted by the fluorescent substance is used. It is desirable to use a band-pass filter that can acquire 25% or more, preferably 50% or more, more preferably 75% or more of the total fluorescence luminance.
- the band pass filter that acquires the fluorescent image uses a band pass filter that can acquire 30% of the fluorescent luminance of the fluorescent substance in a wavelength region within 30 nm, preferably within 15 nm, and more preferably within 5 nm. desirable.
- the bandpass filter for acquiring the fluorescence image is preferably a bandpass filter having a fluorescence wavelength acquisition region of 695 to 740 nm.
- the bandpass filter used for acquiring the fluorescence wavelength emitted by the fluorescent material is used in the vicinity of the shorter wavelength side or the longer wavelength side than the bandpass filter.
- a bandpass filter that can acquire the wavelength of the region, preferably the short wavelength side region an image is acquired under the same field of view and the same focus as the above-described fluorescent still image, and does not include fluorescence of the fluorescent material, only autofluorescence A method for obtaining an image including the. Long-wavelength fluorescence is less refracted than short-wavelength fluorescence and is focused farther than short-wavelength fluorescence.
- the difference between the wavelength of the fluorescence wavelength emitted by the fluorescent substance and the wavelength in the vicinity thereof can be preferably exemplified within 130 nm, preferably within 120 nm, more preferably within 110 nm, particularly within 100 nm. .
- the acquisition region of the fluorescence wavelength is 505 to 545 nm, 565 to 595 nm, 585 to 630 nm, 640 to 690 nm, 695 to 740 nm
- the bandpass filter for acquiring the autofluorescence image is, for example, 760 to 800 nm.
- a band-pass filter having a fluorescence wavelength acquisition region of 640 to 690 nm is preferable.
- the photographing condition for acquiring the autofluorescence image is that the brightness of autofluorescence in the same region of the fluorescence still image and the autofluorescence image is compared, and the maximum value of autofluorescence of any ROI, for example, 25 ⁇ 25 pixels is
- the auto-fluorescence image is set to be 1.1 to 1.3 times, preferably 1.2 times that of the fluorescence still image. That is, it is preferable that the autofluorescence image has a higher autofluorescence brightness of about 10 to 30%, particularly about 20% than the fluorescence still image.
- the corrected fluorescence image is obtained by converting the fluorescence still image and the autofluorescence image into an image file such as JPEG or TIF, and then image ⁇ J (http: //rsb.info.nih). .gov / ij /), Photoshop (manufactured by Adobe), After Effect (manufactured by Adobe), G-Count (manufactured by Zeonstrom Inc.), etc., and based on the brightness of the autofluorescence image
- luminance of a fluorescence still image can be mentioned.
- step (e) as a method of counting the number of cells in the tissue site in contact with the antibody, cell nuclei were stained with a nucleic acid stain that emits fluorescence by binding to DNA such as DAPI, Hoechst, PI (Propidium Iodide), etc. Later, there can be mentioned a method of counting the total number of stained cell nuclei in the same field of view as the fluorescence image, but when the acquisition region of the fluorescence wavelength emitted by the fluorescent material is the near infrared region, the fluorescence characteristics are similar. It is preferable to use DAPI or Hoechst that emits blue fluorescence rather than PI that emits red fluorescence.
- the fluorescent luminance of the fluorescent particle in the fluorescent image is measured, and the number of the fluorescent particle is determined based on the luminance information of the fluorescence emitted from the fluorescent particle.
- the method of determining whether it is equivalent or the method of using the “blinking” of the fluorescent particles can be mentioned, but when the fluorescent particles are quantum dot fluorescent particles, the blinking is used. Is preferred.
- “blinking” means that the extinction time (extinction time) at which the emission intensity suddenly becomes almost zero (OFF) with respect to the irradiation time or dose when the excitation light is irradiated is several milliseconds to 5 seconds.
- a method for identifying one fluorescent particle using “blinking” is a case where excitation light is irradiated for an arbitrary time, for example, 10 to 100 seconds based on a fluorescent still image or a fluorescent moving image. This is a method of measuring the extinction time of the fluorescent particles, evaluating whether the fluorescent particles are one particle, and specifying one fluorescent particle. For example, when a quantum dot fluorescent particle emitting fluorescence of 705 nm is used as the fluorescent particle, the extinction time of one quantum dot fluorescent particle when irradiated with excitation light for 20 seconds is about 4 seconds, that is, the fluorescence whose extinction time is about 4 seconds.
- the particles can be identified as quantum dot fluorescent particles derived from one particle.
- the threshold value of the fluorescence brightness of the quantum dot fluorescent particles can be set as appropriate. For example, 0 to 30% of the maximum fluorescence brightness of the quantum dot fluorescent particles, preferably Is set as a threshold of 5 to 15%, more preferably 10%.
- the fluorescence intensity in the corrected fluorescence image corresponding to the identified one particle is measured using image analysis software such as Image • J, Photoshop, After Effect, G-Count.
- the calculation of the average fluorescence luminance of one particle by the above measurement is performed using 2 to 200 fluorescent particles, preferably 5 to 10 fluorescent particles in consideration of labor and accuracy.
- the number of fluorescent particles per cell is calculated.
- the number of fluorescent particles per cell is the value of the total fluorescent luminance of the quantum dot fluorescent particles obtained from the corrected fluorescent image (total fluorescent luminance in the screen), the number of cells obtained from the cell nucleus stained image, and the quantum dots.
- each of the corrected fluorescence images of the tissue sample to be determined and the normal tissue sample is obtained, and the fluorescence brightness in both corrected fluorescence images is compared,
- the fluorescence intensity in the corrected fluorescence image of the tissue sample to be determined is higher, it is suggested that the amount of cancer growth control factor or metastasis control factor protein in the tissue sample to be determined is large. It can be determined that cancer has developed or is at risk of developing cancer.
- the determination method of the present invention comprising the above steps (a) to (g), the number of fluorescent particles per cell of the tissue sample to be determined and the normal tissue sample are respectively calculated, and both are compared to determine
- the number of fluorescent particles per cell in the target tissue sample is larger, it is suggested that the amount of cancer growth regulator or metastasis regulator protein in the target tissue sample is larger. It can be determined that cancer has developed or is at risk of developing cancer.
- an anti-PAR1 antibody that detects a marker factor for breast cancer is labeled with quantum dot fluorescent particles, and the number of fluorescent particles detected by the anti-PAR1 antibody per cell is calculated using the quantum dot fluorescent particle-labeled antibody, By using the number as an index, pathological diagnosis of the onset of breast cancer or the risk of developing cancer can be performed.
- examples of the fluorescence image acquisition means in the determination system of the present invention include a fluorescence microscope and a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope.
- fluorescent images that can be acquired by such fluorescent image acquisition means include fluorescent still images, autofluorescent images, and fluorescent moving images as necessary.
- examples of the bandpass filter for acquiring a fluorescence image in the determination system of the present invention include a bandpass filter for acquiring a fluorescence still image (fluorescence moving image) and an autofluorescence image, and acquiring a cell nucleus fluorescence image.
- the bandpass filter varies depending on the fluorescence characteristics of the nucleic acid stain used.
- the maximum fluorescence wavelength of DAPI is 461 nm
- Hoechst 33342, and Hoechst 33258 have a maximum fluorescence wavelength of 465 nm
- PI Propidium Iodide
- Hercept test negative tissue samples were all used as human breast cancer pathological tissues.
- ER, PgR, HER2 the three main factors related to breast cancer growth
- this "triple negative” breast cancer generally has a poor prognosis It is considered difficult to treat. Therefore, “triple negative” breast cancer tissue samples were also examined.
- breast cancer tissue in relapse patients (recurrence within about 1 year and death within 4 years) 4 specimens (of which 1 specimen is “triple negative” [20-25% of recurrence patients are “triple negative”) Because of this, we randomly added “triple negative” specimens to one of four specimens.]
- “Triple negative” recurrent patient breast cancer tissue (relapsed within 4 years and died within 6 years) 8 specimens
- a total of 16 specimens (5 specimens including 5 specimens of recurrence-free surviving breast cancer for 5 years or more) (including the above 1 specimen) were prepared by a method used for general histopathological diagnosis.
- tissue sample (FIG. 1 (a)).
- 4 specimens of normal breast tissue of cancer patients were used as controls.
- the 20 tissue samples were sliced from 2 to 4 ⁇ m, deparaffinized with xylene, treated with alcohol, and washed with deionized water.
- the sample was activated in a 10 mM citric acid solution (pH 6.0) at 121 ° C. for 15 minutes and fixed. The tissue structure was loosened.
- the sample was sequentially washed with deionized water and phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and then the sample was washed in a 50 mM NH 4 Cl / PBS solution at 25 ° C. in order to prevent nonspecific PAR1 antibody binding.
- Blocking treatment was carried out by sequentially immersing in 10% FBS / PBS for 30 minutes at 25 ° C. for 60 minutes and in 10% FBS + 1 ⁇ M mouse IgG / PBS solution at 25 ° C. for 3 hours. Next, the sample was placed at 25 ° C.
- FIG. 1 (b) shows an example of a fluorescence still image of a tissue sample of a patient with recurrent breast cancer.
- an autofluorescence fading method by irradiation with excitation light or (b) a contrast adjustment method is known (FIG. 2).
- the autofluorescence fading method by (a) excitation light irradiation due to the light stability of the quantum dot fluorescent particles, the brightness derived from the quantum dot fluorescent particles is not faded even when light is irradiated for a long time, and only the autofluorescence is faded.
- an excitation light (laser) with an excitation wavelength of 488 nm is irradiated to a breast cancer tissue sample immunostained with quantum dot fluorescent particles, and a fluorescence image of the quantum dot fluorescent particles (fluorescence of quantum dot fluorescent particles + autofluorescence)
- a bandpass filter with an acquisition region of 695 to 740 nm
- an autofluorescence image containing only autofluorescence with exactly the same focal plane and field of view as the fluorescence image, and a bandpass with an acquisition region of fluorescence wavelength of 640 to 690 nm Obtain using a filter.
- the fluorescence image (fluorescence of quantum dot fluorescent particles + autofluorescence) and the autofluorescence image are captured at 512 ⁇ 512 pixels and converted into a 256-gradation JPEG image (FIG. 3A), and then the fluorescence still image By subtracting the luminance information (0-255 value) contained in the autofluorescence image (autofluorescence) from the luminance information (0-255 value) contained in each pixel of (quantum dot fluorescent particle fluorescence + autofluorescence). This is a method of creating a fluorescence only image (corrected fluorescence image) of quantum dot fluorescent particles.
- the fluorescence wavelength characteristics of autofluorescence in various wavelength ranges were first examined. After irradiating a cancer tissue sample not immunostained with quantum dot fluorescent particles with excitation light having an excitation wavelength of 488 nm, the fluorescence wavelength acquisition regions are 505 to 545 nm, 565 to 595 nm, 585 to 630 nm, 640 to 690 nm, and 695 to 740 nm. And autofluorescence images with the same field of view and the same focus were obtained using six types of bandpass filter meters of 760 to 800 nm.
- the 512 ⁇ 512 pixel image of the same region of each autofluorescence image acquired by the six types of bandpass filters is converted into a JPEG image.
- JPEG image 512 ⁇ 420 pixels (total 210540 pixels) of the same region.
- average value of the fluorescence brightness in the image was obtained, and “average fluorescence brightness value / pixel of the autofluorescence image” was calculated (value 1)).
- a background image without autofluorescence was obtained as a background fluorescence image, and the fluorescence luminance of the background fluorescence image was measured.
- the fluorescence luminance in the background fluorescence image of 25 ⁇ 25 pixels was obtained in three arbitrary regions, and “average fluorescence luminance value / pixel of background fluorescence image” was calculated (value 2)).
- the three regions were measured in the same region in each autofluorescence image acquired with the six types of bandpass filters.
- the fluorescence intensity average value of autofluorescence excluding the fluorescence intensity of background fluorescence (hereinafter simply referred to as “fluorescence brightness of autofluorescence”) is expressed by the formula “(fluorescence brightness of autofluorescence image).
- the average value / pixel-fluorescence luminance average value of the background fluorescence image / pixel) ⁇ number of pixels “ (value 1) ⁇ value 2)) ⁇ number of pixels ”.
- the fluorescence intensity of the autofluorescence of each of the six types of bandpass filters is calculated, and the fluorescence wavelength width acquired by each bandpass filter (505 to 545 nm: 40 nm, 565 to 595 nm: 30 nm, 585 to 630 nm: 45 nm, 640 to 690 nm: 50 nm, 695 to 740 nm: 45 nm, 760 to 800 nm: 40 nm) to calculate an average value of fluorescence intensity of autofluorescence per wavelength range.
- the fluorescence intensity of the autofluorescence per wavelength is plotted at the center of the fluorescence wavelength acquired by each bandpass filter and connected by a dotted line to create a diagram showing the fluorescence wavelength characteristics of the autofluorescence (FIG. 3B). )).
- a breast cancer tissue sample immunostained with the quantum dot fluorescent particle by the method described in Example 1 above is excited at 488 nm.
- a fluorescence still image (quantum dot fluorescent particles + autofluorescence) was acquired using a bandpass filter having a fluorescence wavelength acquisition region of 695 to 740 nm.
- a fluorescent moving image having the same field of view and the same focus as that of the fluorescent still image (quantum dot fluorescent particles + autofluorescence) is obtained, and the method (quantum dot fluorescent particles) shown in Example 4 below using the fluorescent moving images.
- the quantum dot fluorescent particles were identified by the method using the blinking reaction of Then, the fluorescence brightness
- the fluorescence brightness of the background fluorescence image was measured, and in this measurement, the fluorescence brightness of any three regions having the same number of pixels as when the fluorescence brightness of one quantum dot fluorescent particle was measured was obtained. "Average value / pixel” was calculated (value 4)). Using the above values 3) and 4), the fluorescence brightness of the quantum dot fluorescence particles excluding the fluorescence brightness of the background fluorescence (hereinafter simply referred to as “fluorescence brightness of the quantum dot fluorescence particles”) is expressed by the formula “(fluorescence still image).
- Fluorescence luminance average value / pixel ⁇ fluorescence luminance average value / pixel of background fluorescent image) ⁇ number of pixels ” “ (value 3) ⁇ value 4)) ⁇ number of pixels ”. Furthermore, in the fluorescence still image (quantum dot fluorescent particle + autofluorescence), the same number of pixels as when the fluorescence brightness of one quantum dot fluorescent particle is measured from the region of only autofluorescence not including the fluorescence of the quantum dot fluorescent particle. The fluorescence brightness of arbitrary three regions was obtained, and the “fluorescence brightness average value / pixel of autofluorescence image” was calculated (value 5)).
- the above operation is performed on 15 different fluorescent still images (quantum dot fluorescent particles + autofluorescence), and the average value (quantum dot fluorescent particles with respect to the fluorescence intensity of the autofluorescence is obtained from the obtained values of 15 fluorescent particles.
- the change in fluorescence intensity of quantum dot fluorescent particles is, for example, a pamphlet (file name: 2008-20-CBQdot) published on the Invitrogen website (http://www.invitrogen.jp/qdot/index.shtml).
- the area indicating the fluorescence brightness of the quantum dot fluorescent particles or the autofluorescence is set so that the ratio of (area indicating the fluorescence brightness of Qdot 705) / (area indicating the fluorescence brightness of autofluorescence) is 1.88.
- the figure which shows the fluorescence wavelength characteristic of Qdot705 with autofluorescence was created (FIG.3 (b)).
- the area was determined by regarding the area showing the fluorescence intensity of autofluorescence having a fluorescence wavelength of 695 to 740 nm as a square.
- the ratio of (area indicating the fluorescence brightness of Qdot 705) / (area indicating the fluorescence brightness of autofluorescence) is 1.88.
- the ratio of total fluorescence brightness (fluorescence brightness of quantum dot fluorescent particles + fluorescence of autofluorescence in a fluorescence still image)
- the ratio of the fluorescence intensity of the background autofluorescence exceeds 50%, and in order to quantify the fluorescence brightness of the quantum dot fluorescent particles, it is necessary to exclude the fluorescence intensity of the autofluorescence Reconfirmed that there is.
- the corrected fluorescence image excluding autofluorescence was created according to the following procedure.
- a fluorescence still image quantitative dot fluorescent particles + in-house acquired by irradiating a tissue sample stained with PAR1ab-QD705 with a 488 nm excitation light for 20 seconds and using a bandpass filter with a fluorescence wavelength acquisition region of 695 to 740 nm.
- autofluorescence image (20 s / frame ⁇ 1 sheet) acquired with a bandpass filter having a fluorescence wavelength acquisition range of 640 to 690 nm in the same field of view and in the same focus as the fluorescent still image.
- the tissue sample was excited with 400 nm excitation light, and a cell nucleus image (detected by DAPI) acquired with a bandpass filter having a fluorescence wavelength acquisition region of 420 to 500 nm was obtained (right side of FIG. 4).
- the fluorescence static image quantitative dot fluorescent particle + autofluorescence
- the brightness of the autofluorescence is higher in the autofluorescence image by about 20% than in the fluorescence still image (quantum dot fluorescent particles + autofluorescence).
- it converts into a JPEG image in the state which adjusted the brightness
- the threshold value was set so that all fluorescence was captured when converted into a JPEG image.
- the process of “fluorescence still image (quantum dot fluorescence particles + autofluorescence)-autofluorescence image” is performed using Photoshop image analysis software in order to obtain a fluorescence still image of only quantum dot fluorescence particles.
- the true number of particles detected by PAR1 antibody is the breast cancer tissue of relapsed patients (relapsed within about 1 year and died within 4 years). 12, see Table 1) is 14.8, which is more than the mean value of 5 specimens of 5 patients with recurrence-free survival breast cancer for more than 5 years (Sample 5-9, see Table 1), while cancer The average value of 4 normal breast tissue samples (Samples 1 to 4, see Table 1) of the patient was 0.2, which was significantly smaller than the breast cancer tissue (Table 1, FIG. 7 (a)).
- the wavelength region of the band-pass filter for acquiring the autofluorescence image when the excitation wavelength of the excitation light is 488 nm (FIG. 9), in addition to the band-pass filter whose fluorescence wavelength acquisition region is 640-690 nm, 505-545 nm In addition to the bandpass filter of 585 to 630 nm, 640 to 690 nm, or 760 to 840 nm, when the excitation wavelength of the excitation light is 532 nm (FIG. 10), the fluorescence wavelength acquisition region is 640 to 690 nm.
- autofluorescence can be subtracted on both the short wavelength side and long wavelength side of the fluorescence wavelength of the fluorescent particles, but due to the problem of chromatic aberration, subtraction was performed at a wavelength near the fluorescence wavelength of the fluorescent particles. It is considered better.
- the sample was activated in a 10 mM citric acid solution (pH 6.0) at 121 ° C. for 15 minutes and fixed. The tissue structure was loosened. Subsequently, the sample was washed successively with deionized water and phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and then the sample was washed in PBS solution containing 50 mM NH 4 Cl in order to prevent non-specific PAR antibody binding. It was treated at 30 ° C. for 30 minutes, and further treated at 25 ° C. for 2 hours in a PBS solution containing 10% FBS to perform a blocking reaction.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- the primary antibody reaction was performed on the sample in a 10% FBS / PBS solution containing 33 nM PAR1 antibody at 25 ° C. for 2 hours.
- a secondary antibody reaction was performed in a 10% FBS / PBS solution containing a secondary antibody for 22 nM mouse antibody at 25 ° C. for 1 hour.
- DAB luminescence was performed for 5 minutes at a color development time of 25 ° C. using a peroxidase-stained DAB kit (manufactured by Nacalai). The tissue sample was washed with tap water and then stained with hematoxylin.
- the determination method of the present invention uses, for example, a PAR1 antibody that detects a marker factor of breast cancer as an antibody labeled with quantum dot fluorescent particles, obtains the number of fluorescent particles detected by the PAR1 antibody per cell, and calculates the number. It is effective when performing pathological diagnosis of the onset of breast cancer or the risk of developing cancer as an index.
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Abstract
Description
ハーセプテスト(HER2抗体により乳がん組織を検出)との差別化をはかるため、ヒト乳がん病理組織として、全てハーセプテスト陰性組織試料を使用した。他方、乳がんの増殖に関係する主要な3つの因子(ER、PgR、HER2)とは関係なくがんが発生している例があり、この「トリプルネガティブ」の乳がんは、一般的に予後が悪いとされ、治療が困難であると考えられている。そこで、「トリプルネガティブ」の乳がん組織試料についても検討を行った。具体的には、再発患者乳がん組織(約1年以内に再発し、4年以内に死亡)4検体(うち1検体は「トリプルネガティブ」[再発患者のうち、20~25%が「トリプルネガティブ」であるため、4検体中1検体に無作為に「トリプルネガティブ」標本を加えた。])、「トリプルネガティブ」の再発患者乳がん組織(4年以内に再発し、6年以内に死亡)8検体(上記1検体を含む)、5年以上無再発生存乳がん患者組織5検体の計16検体であり、これら組織について一般的な病理組織診断に用いる方法で、組織試料を調製した。すなわち、がん患者検体をホルマリンを用いて固定し、アルコールで脱水処理をした後、キシレン処理を行い、高温のパラフィン中に浸しパラフィン包埋を行い、組織試料を作製した(図1(a))。なお、コントロールとしてがん患者の正常乳腺組織4検体を用いた。上記20検体の組織試料を2~4μmの切片にし、キシレンで脱パラフィン処理を行い、アルコール処理を行った後、脱イオン水で洗浄した。PAR1抗体が効率的に固定組織内のPAR1抗原部位へアクセスできるようにするために、上記試料の賦活化を10mMクエン酸溶液(pH6.0)中で121℃、15分間条件下で行い、固定組織構造を緩める処理を施した。続いて上記試料を脱イオン水、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)で順次洗浄した後、非特異的なPAR1抗体の結合を防ぐために、該試料を50mM NH4Cl/PBS溶液中で25℃、30分間、10%FBS/PBS中で25℃、60分間、及び10%FBS+1μMマウスIgG/PBS溶液中で25℃、3時間、順次浸し、ブロッキング処理を行った。次に、上記試料を705nmの蛍光を発する量子ドット蛍光粒子(Qdot705)で標識されたPAR1抗体(PAR1ab-QD705)4.5nMを含む溶液(10%FBS+1μMマウスIgG/PBS)中で25℃、1.5時間抗体反応を行った。なお、コントロールとして705nmの蛍光を発する量子ドット蛍光粒子(Qdot705)で標識されたマウスIgG(マウスIgG-QD705)を用いた。PBS溶液で4回洗浄した後、細胞数をカウントするためにDAPI染色(2μg/mlPBS)を25℃、10分間行うことで細胞核を染色した。PBSで3回洗浄した後、封入し、免疫染色した組織試料を作製した。
上記実施例1で作製した免疫染色した組織試料について、共焦点ユニット(横河電機社製)、蛍光顕微鏡(オリンパス社製)、Electron-Multiplier CCD (EM-CCD)カメラ(Andor社製)を組み合わせた装置を用い、488nmの励起光で照射した後、695-740nmのバンドパスフィルタを用いて量子ドット蛍光粒子(PAR1ab-QD705により検出)の蛍光画像(蛍光静止画像)を取得した。図1(b)には、再発乳がん患者の組織試料の蛍光静止画像を例として示しているが、一見してすぐに量子ドット蛍光粒子(PAR1ab-QD705により検出)の蛍光が分からないほど自家蛍光が強かった。実際に、自家蛍光と量子ドット蛍光粒子(PAR1抗体により検出)の蛍光輝度を比較した場合、2~3倍程度の差しか認められなかった。また、自家蛍光は組織試料の種類や組織試料内の場所によって大きく異なるため、一定の閾値を決められない。従って、量子ドット蛍光粒子(PAR1抗体により検出)の蛍光輝度を正確に計測するためには、自家蛍光を排除する必要がある。
必要なのは、バックグラウンドである自家蛍光の蛍光強度がゼロ(0)の蛍光静止画像である。そうすれば、蛍光静止画像内の全蛍光を量子ドット蛍光粒子由来の蛍光として計算することができる。上記実施例2のコントラスト調整法は、蛍光強度の割り算であるため、割り算ではゼロ(0)は作れず、したがってゼロ(0)を作り出せる引き算を用いた画像処理方法が必要となる。そこで、蛍光静止画像の自家蛍光を除く画像処理方法として、以下に示す方法を考案した。まず、励起波長が488nmの励起光(レーザー)を量子ドット蛍光粒子で免疫染色した乳がん組織試料に照射し、量子ドット蛍光粒子の蛍光画像(量子ドット蛍光粒子の蛍光+自家蛍光)を蛍光波長の取得領域が695~740nmのバンドパスフィルタを用いて取得した後、かかる蛍光画像と全く同じ焦点面及び同じ視野で自家蛍光のみの自家蛍光画像を、蛍光波長の取得領域が640~690nmのバンドパスフィルタを用いて取得する。続いて、かかる蛍光画像(量子ドット蛍光粒子の蛍光+自家蛍光)及び自家蛍光画像を512×512ピクセルで取り込み、256階調のJPEG画像に変換した後(図3(a))、蛍光静止画像(量子ドット蛍光粒子の蛍光+自家蛍光)の各ピクセルに含まれる輝度情報(0-255の値)から自家蛍光画像(自家蛍光)に含まれる輝度情報(0-255の値)を引くことで、量子ドット蛍光粒子の蛍光のみの画像(補正蛍光画像)を作成する方法である。
量子ドット蛍光粒子の1粒子あたりの平均蛍光輝度を算出するために、蛍光輝度が1粒子由来であるかどうかを決定する必要があるが、ここでは量子ドット特有の「ブリンキング(明滅)性」を利用した。ブリンキング(明滅)の境界となる閾値として、量子ドット蛍光粒子の最大蛍光輝度の10%を設定すると(図6の矢頭参照)、1粒子の量子ドット蛍光粒子であれば、20秒間の照射時間においてoff-state(滅状態)は約4秒になる(図6)。そのため、約4秒間のoff-state(滅状態)を持つ粒子の平均強度を測定すれば、1粒子蛍光輝度が得られる。そこで、蛍光静止画像に対応する蛍光動画像を取得するために、励起光で照射した後に200ミリ秒の分解能で100枚の連続した蛍光静止画像を蛍光波長の取得領域が690~730nmのバンドパスフィルタを用いて取得し、蛍光動画像(200ms/frame×100枚)を得た。上記蛍光動画像を用いて、約4秒間のoff-stateを持つ粒子を蛍光粒子1粒子として特定した後、静止画像において対応する粒子の蛍光輝度をImage J画像解析ソフトを用いて決定した。これを5~10個の粒子に対して行ない、1粒子あたりの平均蛍光輝度を算出した。
補正蛍光画像から得られた量子ドット蛍光粒子の全蛍光輝度の値(画面内の全蛍光輝度)と、細胞核染色画像(DAPIより検出)から得られた細胞数と、さらには量子ドット蛍光粒子1粒子あたりの平均蛍光輝度の値(1粒子蛍光輝度)を、式[(画面内の全蛍光輝度/1粒子蛍光輝度)/細胞数=画像内の全蛍光粒子数/細胞数=蛍光粒子数/細胞]に入力することで、1細胞あたりの量子ドット蛍光粒子数を算出することができる。さらに、コントロールである量子ドット蛍光粒子で標識されたマウスIgGを用いた場合でも同様に行ない、「PAR1抗体により検出された量子ドット蛍光粒子数/細胞-マウスIgGにより検出された量子ドット蛍光粒子数/細胞」を行うことにより、量子ドット蛍光粒子数(PAR1抗体により検出)から非特異的な粒子数を除き、PAR1抗体で検出される1細胞あたりの真の蛍光粒子数を算出した。かかる蛍光粒子数の算出は、表1に記載の各試料(Sample1~20)について、それぞれ300~1000細胞で行い、PAR1抗体で検出される真の粒子数の平均値を求めた。その結果を表1(「PAR1ab-QDsスコア」と表示)に示す。
PAR1抗体で検出される真の粒子数(表1中に「PAR1ab-QDsスコア」と表示)は、再発患者乳がん組織(約1年以内に再発し、4年以内に死亡)3検体(Sample10~12、表1参照)の平均値は14.8であり、5年以上無再発生存乳がん患者組織5検体(Sample5~9、表1参照)の平均値3.2よりも多く、他方、がん患者の正常乳腺組織4検体(Sample1~4、表1参照)の平均値は0.2であり、乳がん組織と比べて著しく少なかった(表1、図7(a))。さらに、「トリプルネガティブ」乳がん組織における粒子数を算出するために、「トリプルネガティブ」の再発患者乳がん組織(4年以内に再発し、6年以内に死亡)8検体(Sample13~20、表1参照)について粒子数の平均を算出したところ、6.0とがん患者の正常乳腺組織や5年以上無再発生存乳がん患者組織と比較しても高い値を示した(表1、図7(a))。「トリプルネガティブ」はハーセプチンでは対処できない重要な問題であり、本発明のPAR1抗体を用いた免疫組織染色方法はこの解決策となる可能性を秘めている。さらに、再発患者乳がん組織試料(Sample10~20、表1参照)を基に、PAR1抗体で検出される真の粒子数と乳がん再発までの年数に関連性があるかどうか検証したところ、PAR1抗体で検出される真の粒子数が高くなると乳がん再発までの期間が短くなることが、強い相関性を有して示された(図7(b))(相関係数(R)=0.75)。ここで、「トリプルネガティブ」の再発患者乳がん組織に限定して検証しても、同様の結果が得られた(図7(c))(相関係数(R)=0.71)。これらの結果から、本発明のPAR1抗体を用いた免疫組織染色方法は、「トリプルネガティブ」を含めた乳がんの再発期間を予測できる可能性を秘めていることを示している。
さらに、励起光の励起波長が488nm以外でも応用可能かどうかを532nmの励起波長で検証したところ、Sample13組織試料の細胞当たりのPAR1抗体で検出される粒子数は488nmの励起波長では15.5(粒子数/細胞数)であるのに対し、532nmの励起波長では15.8(粒子数/細胞数)であり(図8)、両者の間で算出される細胞当たりのPAR1抗体で検出される粒子数の値に大きな違いは見られなかった(図8)。このことは、励起光の波長は、488nmに限定されないことを示している。
さらに、自家蛍光画像を取得するバンドパスフィルタの波長領域に関して、励起光の励起波長が488nmの場合(図9)、蛍光波長の取得領域が640~690nmのバンドパスフィルタに加えて、505~545nm、585~630nm、640~690nm、又は760~840nmのバンドパスフィルタを、励起光の励起波長が532nmの場合(図10)、の蛍光波長の取得領域が640~690nmのバンドパスフィルタに加えて、585~630nm、640~690nm、若しくは760~840nmのバンドパスフィルタを検討した。488nm、532nm励起光いずれの場合でも、蛍光波長の取得領域が635~685nmのバンドパスフィルタよりも短波長側の波長領域で取得した自家蛍光画像を基に補正蛍光画像を取得すると、矢頭で示したように自家蛍光が残ってしまった。これは、蛍光静止画像を取得した波長領域からより離れた波長領域で自家蛍光画像を取得すると、焦点面のずれた自家蛍光が検出されてしまい、自家蛍光の引き算をした後も焦点面のずれた自家蛍光が残ってしまうためである。また、逆に長波長側の760~840nmで取得した自家蛍光画像を基に補正蛍光画像を取得すると、自家蛍光は差し引けるが画面にフォーカス面のずれに伴う蛍光が観られた。蛍光波長の取得領域が505~545nm、又は585~630nmのバンドパスフィルタほどフォーカスにズレが観られなかったのは、使用しているカメラ感度が800nmを境として急激に落ちるため、蛍光波長の取得領域が760~840nmのバンドパスフィルタを使用しても、実際に検出した自家蛍光は「760-800nm+若干の800nm以上」であったためと考えられる。結論としては、蛍光粒子の蛍光波長に対して短波長側及び長波長側のどちらでも自家蛍光を差し引くことはできるが、色収差の問題のため、蛍光粒子の蛍光波長の近傍波長で差し引きを行った方が良いと考えられる。
Claims (15)
- 以下の工程(a)~(d)を備えた組織染色方法を用いることを特徴とするがん発症又はがん発症リスクの判定方法。
(a)がんの増殖制御因子又は転移制御因子を認識する抗体を蛍光物質で標識し、該蛍光標識された抗体を組織試料と接触させる工程;
(b)前記抗体が接触した組織部位に励起光を照射し、蛍光画像を取得する工程;
(c)前記蛍光画像と同一視野及び同一焦点における、前記蛍光物質が発する蛍光波長の取得領域よりも短波長側又は長波長側の近傍領域の自家蛍光画像を取得する工程;
(d)前記蛍光画像の蛍光輝度から、前記自家蛍光画像の蛍光輝度を除く画像処理をし、補正蛍光画像を取得する工程; - がんの増殖制御因子又は転移制御因子がPAR1(protease activated receptor 1)であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の判定方法。
- がんが、乳がんであることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の判定方法。
- 蛍光物質が発する蛍光波長の取得領域とその近傍領域の波長の差が100nm以内であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか記載の判定方法。
- 蛍光物質が発する蛍光波長の取得領域が近赤外領域であることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか記載の判定方法。
- 励起光の波長が400~700nmであることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか記載の判定方法。
- 蛍光物質が、蛍光粒子であることを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか記載の判定方法。
- 蛍光粒子が、量子ドット蛍光粒子であることを特徴とする請求項7記載の判定方法。
- さらに以下の工程(e)~(g)を備えたことを特徴とする請求項7又は8記載の判定方法。
(e)抗体が接触した組織部位の細胞数をカウントする工程;
(f)蛍光画像を基に、蛍光粒子1粒子を特定し、該蛍光粒子1粒子に対応する補正蛍光画像内の蛍光粒子1粒子の平均蛍光輝度を計測する工程;
(g)補正蛍光画像内の全蛍光輝度を、前記蛍光粒子1粒子の平均蛍光輝度で除して蛍光粒子数を求め、該蛍光粒子数を工程(e)でカウントした細胞数で除し、1細胞あたりの蛍光粒子数を算出する工程; - 蛍光粒子が有する明滅性を利用して、蛍光粒子1粒子を特定することを特徴とする請求項9記載の判定方法。
- 以下の(A)~(D)を備えたことを特徴とするがん発症又はがん発症リスクの判定システム。
(A)蛍光物質で標識されたがんの増殖制御因子又は転移制御因子を認識する抗体;
(B)励起光照射手段;
(C)蛍光画像取得手段;
(D)蛍光画像取得用バンドパスフィルタ; - がんの増殖制御因子又は転移制御因子を認識する抗体がPAR1(protease activated receptor 1)であることを特徴とする請求項11記載の判定システム。
- さらに、(E)細胞核蛍光画像を取得するバンドパスフィルタ;を備えたことを特徴とする請求項11又は12記載の判定システム。
- 蛍光物質が、蛍光粒子であることを特徴とする請求項11~13のいずれか記載の判定システム。
- 蛍光粒子が、量子ドット蛍光粒子であることを特徴とする請求項14記載の判定システム。
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| US13/819,008 US20130203082A1 (en) | 2010-09-02 | 2011-08-26 | Method for determining cancer onset or cancer onset risk |
| EP11821292.7A EP2613151B1 (en) | 2010-09-02 | 2011-08-26 | Method for determining cancer onset or cancer onset risk |
| JP2012531677A JP5682975B2 (ja) | 2010-09-02 | 2011-08-26 | がん発症又はがん発症リスクの判定方法 |
| CN201180041795.5A CN103168242B (zh) | 2010-09-02 | 2011-08-26 | 癌症发病或癌症发病风险的判定方法 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| JP5682975B2 (ja) | 2015-03-11 |
| EP2613151B1 (en) | 2016-06-29 |
| EP2613151A4 (en) | 2015-02-18 |
| CN103168242B (zh) | 2016-02-03 |
| US20130203082A1 (en) | 2013-08-08 |
| JPWO2012029269A1 (ja) | 2013-10-28 |
| EP2613151A1 (en) | 2013-07-10 |
| CN103168242A (zh) | 2013-06-19 |
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