WO2007043305A1 - インスリン抵抗性改善剤 - Google Patents
インスリン抵抗性改善剤 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007043305A1 WO2007043305A1 PCT/JP2006/318813 JP2006318813W WO2007043305A1 WO 2007043305 A1 WO2007043305 A1 WO 2007043305A1 JP 2006318813 W JP2006318813 W JP 2006318813W WO 2007043305 A1 WO2007043305 A1 WO 2007043305A1
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- insulin resistance
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
- A61K36/896—Liliaceae (Lily family), e.g. daylily, plantain lily, Hyacinth or narcissus
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
- A61K31/575—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of three or more carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, ergosterol, sitosterol
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
- A61K31/7034—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
- A61K31/704—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin attached to a condensed carbocyclic ring system, e.g. sennosides, thiocolchicosides, escin, daunorubicin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
- A61K36/899—Poaceae or Gramineae (Grass family), e.g. bamboo, corn or sugar cane
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
- A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
- A61P5/50—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones for increasing or potentiating the activity of insulin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
- A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07J—STEROIDS
- C07J17/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, having an oxygen-containing hetero ring not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07J—STEROIDS
- C07J53/00—Steroids in which the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton has been modified by condensation with a carbocyclic rings or by formation of an additional ring by means of a direct link between two ring carbon atoms, including carboxyclic rings fused to the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton are included in this class
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an insulin resistance improving agent containing a compound having a cyclolanostane skeleton as an active ingredient, and a food or drink containing the same.
- free fatty acids, plasminogen activity ⁇ inhibitory factor, tumor necrosis factor, monosite 'chemoatractant' protein 1 which are factors involved in the onset and seriousness of pathologies related to insulin resistance
- the present invention relates to an insulin resistance improving agent having an effect of regulating the production of adipocyte power in, such as resistin, and a food or drink containing the same.
- Insulin is a type of hormone produced in the spleen of Langerno and Jung Island (La Islet) that produces the power of j8 cells and is present in insulin target tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, and fat. It acts on not only sugar metabolism but also lipid metabolism and protein metabolism, and plays an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis.
- the action of insulin in each target tissue includes the uptake of glucose in blood into muscle cells and adipocytes, the promotion of glycogen production in the liver and muscle tissue, the suppression of gluconeogenesis in the liver, the glucose in adipocytes Examples include promotion of consumption and fatty acid synthesis, and suppression of lipid degradation.
- Insulin resistance is a state in which more than a normal amount of insulin is required to obtain various actions of insulin at the cellular, organ, and individual levels, that is, an insulin dysfunction state in which sensitivity to insulin is reduced. It is. From the results of previous epidemiological studies, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterolemia), hypertrophy, etc. are considered to be pathologies based on insulin resistance. Insulin resistance leads to a lack of insulin action in glucose metabolism, resulting in compensatory hyperinsulinemia to maintain blood glucose, causing hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance, and exhaustion of spleen
- Hyperinsulinemia is also associated with increased sympathetic nerve activity and sodium absorption in the kidneys to develop hypertension, as well as postprandial hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, and plasminogen activation inhibitor (PAI-1). plasminogen activator inhibitor It also induces the rise of -1).
- Non-patent Document 1 insulin resistance induces lipid metabolism abnormality due to insufficient action of insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) released from fat cells increases in the liver, increasing triglycerides in the liver. (TG) synthesis is promoted, resulting in hyperTGemia. In addition, the activity is usually reduced in insulin-resistant lipoprotein lipase (LPL) 1S insulin resistance state, so that TG degradation is reduced and the worsening of hyperTGemia progresses. In addition, with the progress of diabetes, complications such as retinopathy nephropathy and gangrene due to vascular disorders have occurred, myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction have progressed, and hypertension has progressed with cardiovascular disease. Let Based on the above, it is considered that insulin resistance is greatly involved in the complex pathological deterioration (Non-patent Document 1).
- Adipose tissue is the largest in the body, not just energy storage tissue. Has been recognized as an endocrine organ. These endocrine factors derived from adipose tissue are collectively referred to as adipocyte force-in and play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in metabolism. 'Insulin resistance is thought to be caused by excessive or under-secretion and disruption of lance.
- adipocyte-inducing agents that increase insulin sensitivity and those that induce insulin resistance.
- Typical examples of the former include adiponectin, leptin, and AM PK (AMP-dependent protein kinase). It has been known.
- adiponectin has been reported to release insulin resistance and suppress gluconeogenesis in the liver (Non-patent Document 2).
- adipocyte force-in that induces insulin resistance includes tumor necrosis factor (TNF—) and a kind of inflammatory chemokine.
- TNF— tumor necrosis factor
- MCP-l monocyte c hemoattractant protein-1
- resistin etc.
- TNF— inhibits insulin receptor and IRS1 (insulin receptor substrate 1) tyrosine phosphate in the insulin signaling mechanism, thereby reducing insulin action. It has been reported that the mechanism of action that induces the resistance of a substance.
- MCP-1 is considered to be a causative substance that decreases insulin sensitivity (Non-Patent Documents 3, 4, and 5).
- an insulin resistance ameliorating agent (patent document 1) containing adiponectin or a gene thereof as an active ingredient, a substance having affinity for bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS 3) Prevention of diseases caused by insulin resistance as an active ingredient and Z treatment (Patent Document 2), Free fatty acid (FFA) lowering agent containing pyrrole derivative as an active ingredient (Patent Document 3), etc. It is disclosed as an improving agent.
- Sarasuko a food-derived substance as an active ingredient, an insulin resistance-improving composition containing acetic acid and its ions or salts as an active ingredient (Patent Document 4), specific diglycerides and Z or monoglycerides Insulin resistance improving agents (Patent Document 5) and the like comprising oils and fats containing glycerol are disclosed.
- Plant cholesterol such as ⁇ -sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmesterol
- ⁇ -sitosterol has already been known to have an effect of lowering blood cholesterol by inhibiting absorption of cholesterol, and is added to edible oils as an oil and fat composition.
- anti-obesity agents and lipid metabolism improving agents containing cholesterone compounds synthesized from plant sterols such as ⁇ -sitosterol and campesterol as starting materials are disclosed (Patent Documents 6 to 8, Non-Patent Document 6).
- At least one extract of rice bran, shimeji, chrysanthemum, rye, birch and moon cake is extracted, and cycloartol and its derivatives cycloartol and Z or (24S) -24, 25 -An adiponectin secretion promoter containing dihydroxycycloartanol is disclosed (Patent Document 9).
- Aloe vera Aloe barbadenisis Miller
- Patent Document 10 an immunosuppression improving agent characterized by containing a butanol fraction or a mouth-in of an aloe extract, (Patent Document 11 to 14), and prevention of obesity
- Patent Document 15 an improving agent and the like have been disclosed, no effect on improving insulin resistance by Aloe plants has been reported.
- Patent Document 1 International Publication No. 2003Z63894 Pamphlet
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-10-298100
- Patent Document 3 JP-A-8-12573
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-193797
- Patent Document 5 JP 2001-247473 A
- Patent Document 6 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-165587
- Patent Document 7 JP-A-11-193296
- Patent Document 8 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-240544
- Patent Document 9 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-68132
- Patent Document 10 JP-A-8-208495
- Patent Document 11 JP 59-214741
- Patent Document 12 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-286185
- Patent Document 13 U.S. Pat.No. 4598069
- Patent Document 14 US Patent Application Publication No. 2003Z0207818
- Patent Document 15 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-319190
- Non-patent document 1 Insulin resistance and lifestyle-related diseases, edited by Kazuaki Shimamoto, Diagnosis and Treatment Company, 2003 Year, pages 1-5
- Non-Patent Document 2 Adiposcience, No. 1, No. 3, 2004, pp. 247-257
- Non-Patent Document 3 Proceedings ⁇ National ⁇ Academia ⁇ Ob ⁇ Sciences (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences), No. 100, 2003, 7265-72 pages 70
- Non-Patent Document 4 Nature, 389, 1997, 610-614
- Non-Patent Document 5 The 'Netherlands' Journal 'Ob' Medine (The Netherlands Journal of Medicine), Vol. 6, No. 6, 2003, pp. 194-212
- Non-Patent Document 6 Hormone 'Metabolism' Research, 37th, 2005, pp. 79-83
- biguanides which are conventional drugs that improve insulin resistance, sometimes cause gastrointestinal disorders and rarely lactic acidosis.
- thiazolidine derivatives the same drug, may cause serious side effects such as body fluid retention, weight gain, and liver dysfunction.
- diabetic drugs it has been difficult to use diabetic drugs in practice for insulin resistance in a condition that is not diabetes or hyperglycemia. Under these circumstances, there has been a strong demand for the development of functional materials that are safe, can be taken on a daily basis, and can efficiently improve insulin resistance without causing as much pain as possible.
- the present inventors have found that insulin resistance leading to lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterolemia), obesity, etc.
- lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterolemia), obesity, etc.
- adipocyte power-in which is a factor involved in the onset and seriousness of insulin resistance.
- compounds with a cyclolanostane skeleton have adiposite strength such as free fatty acids, TNF-a, and MCP-1. Effects of regulating the production of adipocytes, especially adipocyte power inducing insulin resistance It has been found that insulin resistance is improved by the action of effectively reducing the production of insulin.
- Patent Document 9 the above-mentioned plant extract has an effect of preventing cultured adipocytes from being separated, the synthesis route of cycloartane-type triterpene derivatives, and ergosterol.
- adiponectin secretion by cycloartol which is a cycloartane-type triterpene or a derivative thereof, as shown in the above-mentioned promotion of adiponectin secretion. There was no mention or suggestion about.
- glucose clamp method which is a conventional method for evaluating insulin resistance
- a first invention of the present application for solving the above-mentioned problems is an insulin resistance improving agent comprising a compound represented by the following general formula (1) as an active ingredient.
- R1 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group containing one or two double bonds, or a hydroxyl group and Z or A substituted alkyl group or a substituted alkenyl group containing one or two carbocycle groups
- R2 and R3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group
- R4 together with the carbon atoms constituting the ring C o Or any one of the following formulas :
- the R1 is represented by a deviation of the following formula, the R2 and R3 are both a methyl group, and the R4 is a hydroxyl group,
- Ra is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or a methyl group
- Rb is a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group
- Rc is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or a methylol group
- the second invention of the present application that solves the above-described problems includes an organic solvent extract of a plant, a hot water extract, or a fraction thereof containing a compound represented by the following general formula (1).
- An insulin resistance ameliorating agent comprising a composition containing 0.001% by mass as an active ingredient.
- Rl is a linear or branched alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl group containing one or two double bonds, or a hydroxyl group and Z or A substituted alkyl group or a substituted alkenyl group containing one or two carbocycle groups
- R2 and R3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group
- R4 together with the carbon atoms constituting the ring C o Or any one of the following formulas :
- the plant is a lily family or gramineous plant
- the R1 is represented by a deviation of the following formula, the R2 and R3 are both a methyl group, and the R4 is a hydroxyl group,
- Ra is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or a methyl group
- Rb is a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group
- Rc is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or a methyl group
- a third invention of the present application for solving the above problems is a food or drink containing the insulin resistance improving agent according to the first or second invention.
- the food or drink contains 0.0001% by mass or more of the compound represented by the general formula (1).
- the fourth invention of the present application for solving the above-mentioned problems is a compound represented by the above general formula (1) for the production of an insulin resistance improving agent, or at least 0.001% by mass of the compound as a dry mass. It is the use of the organic solvent extract of the contained plant, or the hot water extract, or a fraction thereof.
- a fifth invention of the present application for solving the above-mentioned problems is a method for improving insulin resistance, wherein the compound represented by the general formula (1) or the compound is at least 0.001% by mass in dry mass.
- a preferred embodiment of the compound represented by the general formula (1) in the use and method of the present invention is the same as in the second invention of the present application.
- the insulin resistance improving agent of the present invention and foods and drinks containing the same can be safely administered or ingested, and have a preventive effect on lifestyle-related diseases that are considered to be caused by insulin resistance.
- the active ingredient of the insulin resistance improving agent of the present invention can be easily produced from lily family plants such as Aloe barbadensis Miller, which can be safely ingested and easily obtained, for example, based on dietary experience.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing changes in blood glucose level in an insulin tolerance test.
- the compound used as an active ingredient of the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention (hereinafter also referred to as “the pharmaceutical of the present invention! /”) is a compound having the structure represented by the general formula (1). As long as the compound has an action to improve insulin resistance (hereinafter also referred to as “the compound of the present invention”), any derivative or the like is included as an active ingredient.
- the purity of the compound of the present invention used as an active ingredient of the insulin resistance ameliorating agent of the present invention is most preferably 100%, but is appropriately set within a range having an action of improving insulin resistance. Is possible.
- composition used as an active ingredient of the insulin sensitizer of the present invention is a compound having the structure represented by the general formula (1).
- the dry weight is at least 0.001% by weight, preferably 0.01% by weight or more, more preferably 0.1% by weight.
- the dry mass means the dry mass defined in the general test method "Dehydration loss test method" in the 14th revised Japanese Pharmacopoeia (March 30, 2001, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare Notification No. 111). According to the method, the mass measured after the compound was dried.For example, about 1 lg of the compound of the present invention was collected, dried at 105 ° C. for 4 hours, allowed to cool in a desiccator, and measured with a balance. It can be defined by measuring its mass.
- One form of the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention and foods and beverages containing the same are compounds having a cyclanostan skeleton, and containing a compound having an insulin resistance-improving action as an active ingredient.
- the cyclolanostane skeleton refers to a compound represented by the following general formula (2).
- Specific examples of the compound having a cyclolanostane skeleton include compounds represented by the general formula (1).
- the number of double bonds present in the compound having a cyclolanostane skeleton is not particularly limited.
- the number of double bonds present in the ring is not limited, and when two or more double bonds are present, they may be conjugated.
- the medicament or food or drink of the present invention may contain two or more kinds of the compound of the present invention.
- R1 is preferably any one of the groups represented by the following formulae.
- Ra is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or a methyl group
- R b is a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group
- Rc is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or a methyl group
- R2 and R3 are preferably both methyl groups, and R4 is preferably a hydroxyl group.
- the most preferred compound is 9, 19 cyclolanostane 1-ol (formula (3)) represented by the following formula, or 24-methylene 9, 19-cyclolanostane 3 ol (formula ( 4)).
- 9, 19-cyclolanostan-3ol is represented by the general formula (1), wherein R2 and R3 are methyl groups, R4 is a hydroxyl group, and R1 is the formula (i) It is a group represented. 24-Methylene 9, 19-cyclolanostane-3ol is represented by the general formula (1) In the formula, R2 and R3 are methyl groups, R4 is a hydroxyl group, and R1 is a group represented by the formula (vi).
- the compound of the present invention may be cycloartol (formula (5)) or 24-methylcycloartanol (formula (7)).
- R2 and R3 are methyl groups
- R4 is a hydroxyl group.
- cycloartol is a group represented by formula (vii)
- the compound of the present invention can be chemically produced according to a known production method.
- cycloartanol commonly name for 24-methylene-9,19-cyclolanostane-3-ol
- JP-A-57-018617 discloses a method for producing gamma-oryzanol-powered cycloartol ferrate (formula 6) and a method for synthesizing a compound using this hydrolyzate as a starting material. This is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-277269.
- a method in which the double bond part is converted into an aldehyde by an ozonolysis reaction and phosphine salt is bound to it, or water is added to the double bond.
- various derivative compounds can be produced.
- the production method is not limited to a chemical synthesis method, and it may be biologically produced using microorganisms. Some cocoons can be produced using microorganism-derived enzymes.
- the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention and foods and drinks containing the same may contain one kind of the compound alone, or may contain any two or more kinds.
- examples of the plant belonging to the lily family include plants belonging to the genus Aloe or Allium.
- Aloe vera Aloe barbadensis Miller
- Aloe ferox Miller Aloe ferox Miller
- Aloe africa na Miller Guna / 'mouth (Aloe arborescen Miller var.
- the whole plant may be used, but the mesophyll (transparent gel portion)
- a plant or a part thereof is preferably crushed and liquefied using a homogenizer, etc., and extracted with an organic solvent or hot water, such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, etc.
- Alcohols such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, etc .; ketones such as acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone; Ethers such as ether and petroleum ether; hydrocarbons such as hexane, cyclohexane, toluene and benzene; halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane and chloroform; heterocyclic compounds such as pyridine, ethylene glycol, etc. And polyalcohols such as polyethylene glycol, -tolyl solvents such as acetonitrile, and mixtures of these solvents, etc. These solvents may be anhydrous or may be in a water-containing state. May be. Of these solvents, ethyl acetate Z-butanol mixture (3: 1) or chloroform Z methanol mixture (2: 1) is preferred!
- an extraction method a method used for extraction of normal plant components can be used. Usually, 1 to 300 parts by mass of an organic solvent is used per 1 part by mass of a fresh or dried plant, and the mixture is heated to reflux at a temperature not higher than the boiling point of the solvent while stirring or shaking, or is subjected to ultrasonic extraction at room temperature. A method is mentioned.
- the crude extract can be obtained by separating the insoluble matter by an appropriate method such as filtration or centrifugation.
- the extract can be purified by various types of chromatography, for example, normal phase or reverse phase silica gel column chromatography.
- reverse phase silica gel column chromatography when a hexane: ethyl acetate mixture (4: 1) is used as an elution solvent, the compound of the present invention is eluted as the first fraction.
- the obtained fraction can be further purified by HPLC or the like.
- the compound used in the present invention may be produced by a chemical synthesis method, or a biological method or an enzymatic method using microorganisms or enzymes.
- the compound of the present invention can be used as it is as the active ingredient of the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention or a food or drink containing the same.
- an organic solvent extract of plants, a hot water extract, or a fraction thereof hereinafter referred to as “extracts” containing the compound of the present invention or an insulin resistance improving agent or You may utilize as an active ingredient of the food-drinks to contain.
- extracts organic solvent extract of plants, a hot water extract, or a fraction thereof
- You may utilize as an active ingredient of the food-drinks to contain.
- the total content of alloin and aloe emodin contained in the outer skin of aloe vera leaves is preferably 5 ppm or less.
- the extract or the like contained in the insulin resistance improving agent preferably contains at least 0.001% by mass of the compound of the present invention in a dry mass of 0.01 to 1% by mass. It is more preferable to contain 0.05 to 1% by mass. Furthermore, the extract or the like to be contained in food or drink, that the compounds of the present invention, comprise at least 0.000 1 weight% including the preferred instrument from 0.001 to 1 mass 0/0 that are in a dry weight It is particularly preferable to contain 0.005 to 1% by mass.
- the extract or the like may contain two or more kinds of the compounds of the present invention.
- the extract or the like may be in the form of a solution, and can be used after being freeze-dried or spray-dried by conventional methods and stored as a powder.
- the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention is a composition of the present invention or an extract containing the same as it is or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable pharmaceutical carrier, orally, or It can be administered parenterally to mammals including humans.
- the compound of the present invention can be converted to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include both metal salts (inorganic salts) and organic salts, the list of which is “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th Edition, 1418”. Page, 1985 ”is an example.
- inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, sulfate, phosphate, diphosphate and hydrobromide, malate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate,
- Organic salts such as citrate, acetate, lactate, methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, pamoate, salicylate and stearate are included without limitation.
- it may be a salt of a metal such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium or aluminum, or a salt with an amino acid such as lysine.
- solvates such as hydrates of the above compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are also included in the present invention.
- the preparation form of the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected depending on the purpose of treatment. Specifically, tablets, pills, powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, granules Agents, strengths, pushells, syrups, suppositories, injections, ointments, patches, eye drops, nasal drops and the like.
- Additives such as solvents can be used.
- the compound of the present invention or an extract containing the compound and other insulin resistance improving actions May be used in combination with other drugs.
- the amount of the compound of the present invention or the extract containing the compound contained in the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected.
- the amount of the compound of the present invention as, at least 0.001% by weight in the formulation, preferably 0.01 to 1% by weight, particularly good Mashiku preferably set to 0.05 to 1 mass 0/0.
- the insulin resistance improving action refers to preventing or preventing various health hazards caused by a decrease in insulin sensitivity, such as lifestyle-related diseases. Improves action. Specifically, adipocyte activity that induces insulin resistance such as plasminogen activity inhibitor (PAI-1), free fatty acid (FFA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF- ⁇ ), MCP-1, resistin, etc. It effectively suppresses the rise or production of intestines, and is effective in reducing, preventing, ameliorating, or treating the pathological conditions related to insulin resistance. Therefore, the insulin resistance improving agent of the present invention can be defined as an insulin sensitivity enhancer, an adipocyte force-in production regulator, particularly an adipocyte force-in production inhibitor that induces insulin resistance.
- Insulin resistance can be assessed by glucose clamp method, SSPG (Steady state plasma glucose) method, minimal model method, fasting blood glucose level and blood insulin concentration based on HOMA-IR (nomeostasis model assessment). Insulin resistance) The number of numerators calculated and semi-determined, the insulin tolerance test (insulin tolerance test) is exemplified, and the ability to evaluate insulin resistance is possible with either method. It is preferable to use an insulin tolerance test (insulin tolerance test) using animals that is not affected by the insulin secretion ability and can directly examine insulin sensitivity.
- the compound of the present invention has an action of enhancing insulin sensitivity, and as a result, it is possible to prevent or ameliorate a pathological condition caused by insulin resistance. Therefore, it can be used as an active ingredient of an insulin resistance improver or a food or drink containing the insulin resistance improver. Insulin sensitivity can also be evaluated by measuring the blood glucose lowering response after insulin administration.
- the insulin resistance ameliorating agent of the present invention can be used for various diseases caused by insulin resistance. It is possible to reduce the risk of complications, etc. prevention and improvement, or treatment, and these diseases. Moreover, the insulin resistance improving agent of the present invention can be suitably used for patients whose insulin resistance is lower than that of healthy people. In general, insulin resistance is defined as a fasting plasma insulin level of 10-15 UZm 1 or higher and a HOMA index of 1.73 or higher.
- Examples of various diseases caused by strong insulin resistance include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, arteriosclerosis, hyperinsulinemia, obesity and the like. Complications resulting from these diseases include: i) stroke due to hypertension, nephrosclerosis, renal failure, mouth) arteriosclerosis due to hyperlipidemia, splenitis, c) diabetic retinopathy due to diabetes, kidney , Neuropathy, diabetic gangrene, 2) stroke due to arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases such as cerebral infarction, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, nephropathy such as uremia, nephrosclerosis and renal failure, etc. An example can be shown.
- the present inventors have found that the compound of the present invention has an action of reducing hemoglobin Ale value and improving hyperglycemia (International Publication No. 2006Z03 5525). It is preferable that the disease to which the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention is applied is such that the value of hemoglobin Ale is higher than that of a healthy person and is not in a state.
- adipocyte power-in that induces insulin resistance such as TNF 1 ⁇ , MCP-1, FFA, etc.
- various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, nephritis, splenitis, hepatitis, and pneumonia, which are autoimmune diseases, are caused by the increase in the adipocyte activity It also has the effect of preventing and / or improving cachexia in inflammatory diseases, vascular disorders, sepsis and malignant tumors.
- the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention is preferably used also for a patient in a state where the production of the adipocyte force-in is enhanced, particularly in a state where the production of adipocyte force-in causing insulin resistance is enhanced. Is possible.
- the administration time of the medicament of the present invention is not particularly limited, and the administration time can be appropriately selected according to the treatment method for the target disease.
- the dosage form is preferably determined according to the dosage form, the patient's age, sex, other conditions, the degree of symptoms of the patient, and the like.
- the dosage of the medicament of the present invention depends on the usage, patient age, sex, degree of disease, and other conditions. It is appropriately selected depending on the above.
- the amount of the compound of the present invention as an active ingredient should be in the range of 0.001 to 50 mg / kg / day, preferably 0.01 to 1 mgZkgZ days.
- the dry mass of the extract etc. is 0.1 to: LOOOmg / kg / ⁇ , preferably 1 to: L00 mg / kg / ⁇ . It is good to use as a guide. In either case, it can be administered once or multiple times a day.
- the compound of the present invention or a composition containing the compound can be contained in a food or drink (beverage or food) to obtain a food or drink having an effect of improving insulin resistance.
- the food and drink are not particularly limited in form and properties as long as they can be taken orally without impairing the effects of the active ingredients. Except for the inclusion of the active ingredients, the raw materials usually used for food and drinks are used. Can be produced by a usual method.
- the amount of the compound of the present invention or an extract containing the compound of the present invention contained in the food or drink of the present invention is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected.
- the amount of the compound of the present invention the food or drink The content is at least 0.0001% by mass, preferably 0.001 to 1% by mass, particularly preferably 0.001 to 1% by mass.
- the food / beverage products of the present invention can be used in various applications that utilize the effect of improving insulin resistance. For example, it is possible to exemplify uses such as foods and drinks that are useful for reducing and eliminating risk factors for lifestyle-related diseases that are considered to be caused by insulin resistance.
- the food and drink according to the present invention can prevent and reduce the risk of diseases caused by insulin resistance, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes.
- the food and drink of the present invention has various complications caused by insulin resistance, such as stroke due to hypertension, nephrosclerosis, renal failure or arteriosclerosis due to hyperlipidemia, splenitis, etc., diabetic retinopathy due to diabetes, Prevention of nephropathy, neuropathy, diabetic gangrene, stroke and cerebral infarction due to arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases such as angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, nephropathy such as uremia, nephrosclerosis and renal failure And the risk can be reduced.
- the food and drink of the present invention is expected to have an effect of suppressing the production / increase of adipocyte force-in that induces insulin resistance such as TNF-a, MCP-1, and FFA.
- adipocyte force-in that induces insulin resistance
- the joint joint is an autoimmune disease. It also has the effect of preventing and reducing the risk of inflammatory diseases, vascular disorders, sepsis, cachexia in malignant tumors in various organs such as gusset, Crohn's disease, nephritis, knee inflammation, hepatitis, pneumonia, etc. .
- the food / beverage product of the present invention can be suitably ingested by a patient in a state in which the production of the adipocyte force-in is increased, particularly in a state in which the production of adipocyte force-in causing insulin resistance is increased. It is.
- the food / beverage product of the present invention is a food / beverage product with an indication that it is used for improving insulin resistance, for example, “insulin resistance improving effect displayed as“ insulin resistance improving ”.
- Food or drink containing the compound having "or” food or drink containing plant extract "indicated as” improving insulin resistance "or” food or drink containing aloe vera extract described as “improving insulin resistance” It is preferable to sell as “goods”.
- the indication of the improvement in insulin resistance is considered to have a meaning of enhancing insulin sensitivity. Therefore, the food and drink of the present invention can be displayed as “for insulin sensitivity enhancement”. That is, the display for improving insulin resistance may be such a display for “increasing insulin sensitivity”.
- the wording used for the display as described above is not limited to the words “for insulin resistance improvement” or “for insulin sensitivity enhancement”, but other words. Even if it is a word which expresses the effect which raises insulin sensitivity or prevents and improves insulin resistance, it cannot be overemphasized that it is included in the scope of the present invention. As such a wording, for example, it is possible to display on the basis of various uses that allow the consumer to recognize the effect of improving insulin resistance or enhancing insulin sensitivity. For example, it is possible to exemplify indications such as “suitable for those who tend to have insulin resistance” and “useful in reducing or removing risk factors (risks) of lifestyle-related diseases”.
- the "display” means all actions for informing the consumer of the use, and if the display can recall and analogize the use, the purpose of the display, Regardless of the content, the object to be displayed, the medium, etc., all correspond to the “display” of the present invention. However, it is preferable to display it in such an expression that the consumer can directly recognize the use. Specifically, the above-mentioned use is applied to the product related to the food or drink of the present invention or the packaging of the product.
- the display is preferably a display approved by the government or the like (for example, a display that is approved based on various systems determined by the government, and that is performed in a manner based on such approval).
- indications such as health foods, functional foods, enteral nutritional foods, special-purpose foods, nutritional functional foods, quasi-drugs, etc. can be exemplified, and other cases by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.
- Approved indications for example, indications approved by foods for specified health use and similar systems can be exemplified. Examples of the latter include labeling as food for specified health use, labeling as conditionally specified food for specified health use, labeling that affects the structure and function of the body, labeling for reducing disease risk, etc.
- Speaking of health promotion law enforcement regulations (April 30, 2003 Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare Ordinance No. 86) labeling as food for specified health use (especially labeling of health use), and similar
- the display can be listed as a typical example.
- ⁇ -Oryzanol (manufactured by Oriza Oil Chemical Co., Ltd.) 8. Distilled water 250ml, sodium hydroxide 50g, isopropanol 150ml, ethanol 150ml, methanol 150ml in Og was heated to reflux with a mantle heater for 2 hours. . After the reaction, the reaction solution was poured into 1300 ml of water, and the resulting white precipitate was collected by suction filtration. In order to wash away the remaining alkali, the residue collected by filtration was suspended in 1000 ml of water, and then subjected to suction filtration again. This operation was repeated twice, and the final residue was freeze-dried under reduced pressure to obtain 5.91 g of oryzanol hydrolyzate. The hydrolyzate was purified by HPLC, and 2435 mg of 9, 19-cyclolanostane-3-ol, and 1543 mg of 24-methylene-1,9,19-cyclolanostane. 3-Oll got.
- the reaction solution was filtered to remove the catalyst, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent: chloroform 100%) to obtain 275 mg of cycloartanol.
- the synthesis of 24-methylcycloartanol was performed using 24-methylene 9,19-cyclolanostane 3ol as a starting material.
- 24-Methylene-1,9,19 Cyclolanostane-3-ol 78 mg, Isopronool V-150 ml, and powdered 5% palladium on carbon catalyst 1.
- Charge Og then seal it in an autoclave, After replacing with nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas was introduced while applying a pressure of 3 kgZcm 2 .
- the mixture was heated with stirring, and when the temperature reached 50 ° C., the hydrogen pressure was adjusted to 5 kg / cm 2, and the reaction was performed for 6 hours while maintaining the pressure at 5 kg / cm 2 by supplementing the absorbed hydrogen.
- the reaction solution was filtered to remove the catalyst, concentrated, and then purified by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent: chloroform 100%) to obtain 69 mg of 24-methylcycloartanol.
- the change in the amount of free fatty acid (FFA) in serum by the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention was performed using an AKR mouse in which insulin resistance is induced by breeding on a high-fat diet. Went to evaluate.
- test sample 1 6 weeks old, male AKR mice (purchased from Jackson, USA) were pre-bred for 2 months using a high-fat diet (manufactured by Research Diet). They were divided into groups. To each group of mice, test sample 1, test sample 2, or negative sample was orally administered daily at a dose of 40 g per day (25 gZkg body weight) using a sonde once a day. On the 60th day, the administration of the sample was also sampled under fasting, and the amount of free fatty acid in the serum was measured with NE FA C-Test Sakai (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.).
- Table 1 shows the free fatty acid concentration in the serum of mice 60 days after the start of administration. Compared to the negative sample administration group, both test sample 1 and test sample 2 were administered. It was confirmed that the free fatty acid level in Qing decreased to 81.1%. Therefore, it became clear that administration of the insulin resistance improving agent of the present invention reduces the free fatty acid concentration systemically and prevents the induction of insulin resistance.
- This example uses an AKR mouse in which insulin resistance is induced by breeding with a high-fat diet, and T of each cell force in an adipose tissue by the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention is used. This was carried out in order to evaluate the influence on the production amount of NF-a and MCP-1.
- test samples 1 and 2 and a negative sample similar to those prepared in Example 1 were used.
- mice 6 weeks old, male AKR mice (purchased from Jackson, USA) were pre-bred for 2 months using a high-fat diet (manufactured by Research Diet). They were divided into groups. To each group of mice, test sample 1, test sample 2, or negative sample was orally administered daily at a dose of 40 g per day (25 gZkg body weight) using a sonde once a day. On the 60th day after the start of sample administration, fat around the testis collected in fasting is supplemented with 1.5 ml of D—MEM / F12 medium containing 0.5% ushi serum albumin at 37 ° C. Incubated with The concentrations of TNF-spleen and MCP-1 in the culture supernatant collected after 1 hour of culture were measured by EL IS A method (manufactured by Biosource).
- Table 2 shows the amount of TNF- ⁇ produced from adipose tissue.
- Table 3 also shows the MCP 1 represents the production amount.
- both the TNF-a and MCP-1 groups showed a significant production-suppressing effect in the group administered test sample 1 and test sample 2 compared to the negative sample administration group. It was. From the results of the present example, administration of the insulin resistance improving agent of the present invention reduces the production of adipocyte power in in adipose tissue that exacerbates insulin resistance, and prevents the induction of insulin resistance. It became clear that it was done.
- the p-value in the table indicates the significance probability by Tukey-Kramer's test.
- Test sample 2 33. 59 ⁇ 0. 59 * 0. 0365
- the insulin resistance test of the insulin resistance-improving agent of the present invention was performed by performing an insulin tolerance test using an AKR mouse in which insulin resistance is induced by breeding with a high-fat diet. This was done to confirm the enhancing action.
- test samples 1, 2 and a negative sample similar to those prepared in Example 1 or 2 were used.
- mice 6 weeks old, male AKR mice (purchased from Jackson, USA) were pre-bred for 2 months using a high-fat diet (manufactured by Research Diet). They were divided into groups. To each group of mice, test sample 1, test sample 2, or negative sample was orally administered daily at a dose of 40 g per day (25 gZkg body weight) using a sonde once a day. Insulin tolerance test was also performed on the 45th day of administration of the sample. In the insulin tolerance test in this example, after fasting the mice for 4 hours, human 'insulin (manufactured by Eli Lilly) was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of 0.75 UZkg body weight, and the insulin administration starting force was also increased over time until 60 minutes passed. This was done by measuring changes in blood glucose level.
- human 'insulin manufactured by Eli Lilly
- FIG. Figure 1 shows the results of the insulin tolerance test.
- the blood glucose level of the group administered with test sample 1 and test sample 2 was not observed in the group administered with the negative sample for 15 minutes from the start of insulin administration, whereas In both cases, a rapid decrease in blood glucose level was observed. From the results of this Example, it was found that administration of the insulin resistance improving agent of the present invention enhances insulin sensitivity.
- the present invention relates to a safe insulin resistance improving agent capable of enhancing insulin sensitivity without causing side effects, and a functional food and drink such as a food for specified health use containing the insulin resistance improving agent. Improvement or prevention of diseases, complications, etc. caused by reduced insulin sensitivity, such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, etc. It also has the effect of reducing such risks.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007539848A JP4176140B2 (ja) | 2005-09-30 | 2006-09-22 | インスリン抵抗性改善剤 |
| AU2006300640A AU2006300640C1 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2006-09-22 | Agent for improving insulin resistance |
| CN2006800365150A CN101277705B (zh) | 2005-09-30 | 2006-09-22 | 用于改善胰岛素抗性的药剂 |
| EP06810426.4A EP1930014B1 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2006-09-22 | Agent for amelioration of insulin resistance |
| US12/064,607 US7947669B2 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2006-09-22 | Agent for improving insulin resistance |
| CA2623639A CA2623639C (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2006-09-22 | Agent for improving insulin resistance |
| ES06810426.4T ES2626792T3 (es) | 2005-09-30 | 2006-09-22 | Agente para mejorar la resistencia a la insulina |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2005287885 | 2005-09-30 | ||
| JP2005-287885 | 2005-09-30 |
Publications (1)
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|---|---|
| WO2007043305A1 true WO2007043305A1 (ja) | 2007-04-19 |
Family
ID=37942556
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2006/318813 Ceased WO2007043305A1 (ja) | 2005-09-30 | 2006-09-22 | インスリン抵抗性改善剤 |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7947669B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP1930014B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP4176140B2 (ja) |
| KR (2) | KR100999317B1 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN101277705B (ja) |
| AU (1) | AU2006300640C1 (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2623639C (ja) |
| ES (1) | ES2626792T3 (ja) |
| RU (1) | RU2380103C2 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2007043305A1 (ja) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010058795A1 (ja) | 2008-11-19 | 2010-05-27 | 森永乳業株式会社 | 抗酸化剤 |
| JP2012515140A (ja) * | 2009-01-16 | 2012-07-05 | 花王株式会社 | 食後血糖上昇抑制剤 |
| JP2014221733A (ja) * | 2013-05-13 | 2014-11-27 | 花王株式会社 | 精製トリテルペンアルコールの製造方法 |
| WO2023054477A1 (ja) * | 2021-09-28 | 2023-04-06 | 森永乳業株式会社 | アロエ抽出物の製造方法 |
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| KR101331772B1 (ko) * | 2008-11-19 | 2013-11-22 | 모리나가 뉴교 가부시키가이샤 | 항산화제 |
| CN103717089A (zh) * | 2011-07-28 | 2014-04-09 | 花王株式会社 | 加工糙米的制造方法 |
| EP3225242A4 (en) * | 2014-11-28 | 2018-08-15 | Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd. | Matrix metalloproteinase production inhibitor |
| CN107652349A (zh) * | 2017-08-30 | 2018-02-02 | 右江民族医学院 | 一种从薏苡茎叶中分离纯化环阿乔醇的方法 |
| US20200397033A1 (en) * | 2017-12-19 | 2020-12-24 | Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd. | Method of Producing Aloe Powder |
| KR102495181B1 (ko) | 2020-12-21 | 2023-02-06 | 현대제철 주식회사 | 충격인성이 우수한 강관용 고강도 열연강판 및 그 제조방법 |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010058795A1 (ja) | 2008-11-19 | 2010-05-27 | 森永乳業株式会社 | 抗酸化剤 |
| JP4590491B2 (ja) * | 2008-11-19 | 2010-12-01 | 森永乳業株式会社 | 過酸化脂質生成抑制のための医薬 |
| CN102216317A (zh) * | 2008-11-19 | 2011-10-12 | 森永乳业株式会社 | 抗氧化剂 |
| JPWO2010058795A1 (ja) * | 2008-11-19 | 2012-04-19 | 森永乳業株式会社 | 過酸化脂質生成抑制のための医薬 |
| US8470807B2 (en) | 2008-11-19 | 2013-06-25 | Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd. | Antioxidant |
| CN102216317B (zh) * | 2008-11-19 | 2015-07-22 | 森永乳业株式会社 | 抗氧化剂 |
| JP2012515140A (ja) * | 2009-01-16 | 2012-07-05 | 花王株式会社 | 食後血糖上昇抑制剤 |
| JP2014221733A (ja) * | 2013-05-13 | 2014-11-27 | 花王株式会社 | 精製トリテルペンアルコールの製造方法 |
| WO2023054477A1 (ja) * | 2021-09-28 | 2023-04-06 | 森永乳業株式会社 | アロエ抽出物の製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN101277705B (zh) | 2013-05-01 |
| US20100035851A1 (en) | 2010-02-11 |
| CA2623639A1 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
| RU2008112884A (ru) | 2009-10-10 |
| EP1930014B1 (en) | 2017-03-01 |
| KR100972952B1 (ko) | 2010-07-30 |
| AU2006300640B2 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
| AU2006300640C1 (en) | 2010-04-08 |
| KR20080031399A (ko) | 2008-04-08 |
| KR100999317B1 (ko) | 2010-12-09 |
| AU2006300640A1 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
| AU2006300640B8 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
| EP1930014A1 (en) | 2008-06-11 |
| US7947669B2 (en) | 2011-05-24 |
| KR20100061580A (ko) | 2010-06-07 |
| RU2380103C2 (ru) | 2010-01-27 |
| JPWO2007043305A1 (ja) | 2009-04-16 |
| CN101277705A (zh) | 2008-10-01 |
| ES2626792T3 (es) | 2017-07-26 |
| CA2623639C (en) | 2011-04-26 |
| JP4176140B2 (ja) | 2008-11-05 |
| EP1930014A4 (en) | 2011-08-31 |
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