WO2006046265A1 - Procede et systeme de refroidissement et de traitement de materiaux textiles au moyen d'ammoniaque ou d'autres produits liquides - Google Patents
Procede et systeme de refroidissement et de traitement de materiaux textiles au moyen d'ammoniaque ou d'autres produits liquides Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006046265A1 WO2006046265A1 PCT/IT2005/000537 IT2005000537W WO2006046265A1 WO 2006046265 A1 WO2006046265 A1 WO 2006046265A1 IT 2005000537 W IT2005000537 W IT 2005000537W WO 2006046265 A1 WO2006046265 A1 WO 2006046265A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- product
- textile article
- article
- bath
- cryogenic fluid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
- D06C7/00—Heating or cooling textile fabrics
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
- D06B3/00—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating
- D06B3/10—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating of fabrics
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
- D06B3/00—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating
- D06B3/10—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating of fabrics
- D06B3/18—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating of fabrics combined with squeezing, e.g. in padding machines
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
- D06B7/00—Mercerising, e.g. lustring by mercerising
- D06B7/08—Mercerising, e.g. lustring by mercerising of fabrics of indefinite length
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for treating textile materials, in particular pieces of fabric or yarns, with ammonia. This type of process is commonly known as mercerizing. More specifically, the invention relates to a process for treating textile articles or materials with liquids at low condensation temperature, or at high vapor pressure. The invention also relates to a system for treating textile materials.
- Mercerization is a typical treatment for fabrics and yarns made of all cellulosic fibers, in particular for cotton, which offers the material a series of advantages, such as: - increased luster and water absorption properties
- liquid ammonia can be used as chemical mercerization agent.
- the fabric is fed continuously and passes through a chamber in which an impregnation bath is provided, in which the fabric is immersed to be impregnated with ammonia.
- drying means typically in the form of heated rollers, which cause the ammonia to evaporate from the fabric.
- the fabric can be squeezed to eliminate part of the impregnated ammonia.
- a complex system is then provided for recovery and subsequent liquefaction of the gaseous ammonia to return the liquefied ammonia to the bath.
- discontinuous mercerization systems have also be proposed.
- a piece of fabric wound on a roller is arranged in a closed chamber, where it is gradually unwound, immersed in an impregnation bath containing liquid ammonia, dried and rewound on a collection roller.
- An example of a discontinuous system of this type is described by C. Meyer, «Nuovo procedimento di trattamento discontinuo con ammoniaca>-> (New discontinuous treatment process with ammonia), in ITB, International Textile Bulletin 6/99, pages 48 and ff.
- the object of the present invention is to produce a method and a system, which overcome or reduce the aforesaid drawbacks. More specifically, the object of the present invention is to produce a method, which makes the mercerization process with ammonia, and more generally a process in which a textile article is impregnated with products, which at ambient pressure condense at low temperature, more simple and more economic, as well as intrinsically safer. The object of the present invention is to produce a system that is simpler and easier to manage, as well as more economic and safer, for mercerization with ammonia or for other treatments involving the impregnation of textile materials with products, which at ambient pressure condense at low temperature.
- the invention relates to a method for treating a textile article with a product at low condensation temperature, including the steps of wetting the article with said product in liquid state and making the liquid product act on the fibers of the article; characterized in that the textile article is cooled by a cryogenic fluid and the article is subsequently impregnated with said product.
- the treatment product can be ammonia (for a mercerization treatment) or another product which requires analogous treatment conditions, or which has analogous problems from the viewpoint of management of the system and environmental pollution.
- Textile material or article is intended as any semi-finished product of considerable length which can be fed along a treatment path.
- the article or textile material can be composed of a woven fabric, a knitted fabric, a non-woven fabric "or of a substantially tubular article made of woven or non- woven textile fibers.
- the article or textile material can also be a yarn with any structure.
- contact between the textile article and the product for the treatment thereof can also take place through conventional impregnation by immersing the textile article (i.e. a yarn or fabric) in a bath containing the treatment product in liquid state.
- the advantage attained by the invention in this case firstly consists in the fact that cooling o"f the article greatly reduces evaporation of the liquid product contained in the impregnation bath. This simplifies the process, reduces consumption and increases productivity.
- the cryogenic cooling fluid can be in liquid state and can be contained in a bath which forms a barrier between a volume or chamber containing the impregnation bath and the outside. If the cryogenic liquid is devoid of polluting characteristics and can be released into the atmosphere, i.e. if it is composed of liquid nitrogen, a bath with an intermediate separating partition, which divides an inlet from an outlet, can form an effective barrier against dispersal into the environment of vapors of the product utilized for the treatment.
- the barrier could also be formed of a cryogenic fluid in gaseous state. Cooling of the textile article can also take place, although this is less advantageous, by directing a jet of cryogenic gas against the article.
- impregnation of the textile product does not take place by immersion in a bath, but by condensation from gaseous state to liquid state of the treatment product on the textile article previously cooled with the cryogenic fluid. This can take place, for example, by feeding the textile article through an impregnation chamber containing gases or vapors of the treatment product, such as ammonia in a gaseous state.
- the fabric is subjected to controlled impregnation with liquid ammonia, whichi is made to condense from gaseous or vapor state directly on the fabric, previously cooled by the cryogenic fluid, in sufficient quantity to implement the process.
- cryogenic is intended as a fluid and more specifically as a liquid maintained at a sufficiently low temperature to cool the textile article by immersion to a temperature, which causes subsequent condensation of the treatment product.
- the cryogenic liquid is a liquid with characteristics and thermodynamic conditions according to which the textile article made to emerge from the cryogenic liquid is cooled to the desired temperature, while the liquid evaporates rapidly from the textile article and does not interfere withi the action of the treatment product, which condenses on said textile article.
- the process consists in rapid cooling of the fabric, by immersing it in a bath of cryogenic liquid, at a temperature which causes cooling sufficient to allow subsequent condensation of the ammonia or other product with characteristics compatible with this method.
- the pressure of the ammonia gas chosen to saturate the treatment chamber which owing to environmental incompatibility must be isolated from the outside environment, also determines the temperature range to which the fabric must be taken to obtain condensation of the ammonia.
- cryogenic fluid utilized can advantageously by liquid n itrogen, which has temperature conditions suitable for the objects of the present method, evaporates almost instantly from the textile article when this is removed from the nitrogen, so that the article remains dry but at a sufficiently low temperature to cause condensation of the ammonia or other equivalent product by passing through an environment saturated with said product in gaseous state.
- Gaseous state is intended, within the scope of the present description and of the appended claims, also as vapor state.
- liquid nitrogen is a substance which, in the form of gas, is widely present in the air, it can be dispersed into the environment in unlimited amounts. This makes it useful in this process also to form a U seal, which allows passage of the fabric but prevents the ammonia from escaping, by that route, from the process chamber.
- the process can be a continuous process, with trie textile article fed through an open system, i.e. with an inlet and an outlet.
- the process and the system can be produced for discontinuous treatment, i.e. in which a piece of fabric or a reel of yarn or another textile article is unwound and rewound in a closed environment, from which the treated product is collected at the end of treatment after interrupting said treatment.
- the invention also relates to a system for treating a textile article with a product in liquid phase at low condensation temperature, including: a path for the textile article; along said path impregnation means to impregnate the textile article with said product; means to remove the product from said article; characterized in that it has means to cool the textile article by immersion in a cryogenic fluid, said cooling means being disposed upstream of said impregnation means.
- the impregnation means of the textile prod uct can include an impregnation system by immersion. More advantageously, as mentioned above, the systems has an impregnation chamber containing the treatment product in gaseous state and the textile article is taken to a temperature which causes impregnation by condensation of the treatment product on said article.
- Figure 1 schematically shows a longitudinal section of a system according to the invention, in which impregnation of the textile article is implemented by condensation from the gaseous state of the treatment product;
- Figure 2 schematically shows a longitudinal section of a system in which impregnation is performed by immersion of the textile article in a bath containing the treatment product in liquid state.
- this initially shows a system for continuous treatment of a textile article, which is impregnated with ammonia by condensation from the gaseous state.
- the system is indicated generically with 1 and includes an unwinder 3 in which a reel B1 of fabric T to be treated is arranged, and a winder 5 in which the treated fabric is rewound on a reel B2.
- the fabric T is fed, guiding it around a roller 7, to a chamber 9 on the bottom of which is a bath 11 to contain a cryogenic liquid L, typically liquid nitrogen.
- a second guide roller 13 immersed in the bath diverts the fabric T, which re-emerges from the cryogenic liquid L to enter an intermediate volume 15 above the free surface of the cryogenic liquid L.
- the intermediate volume 15 is separated by seals 17 (in the example show lip seals, but which could also have a different form) from an impregnation chamber 19.
- the impregnation chamber 19 there is an atmosphere rich in a product in gaseous state (also intending a possible vapor state) for treati ng the fabric T by impregnation.
- a product in gaseous state also intending a possible vapor state
- this product condenses on the fabric passing through the chamber 19 and impregnates it.
- the product with which the impregnation chamber is saturated 19 is ammonia in gaseous state.
- the impregnation chamber 19 is separated (but not sealingly isolated) from a successive drying chamber 21. In this chamber a higher temperature is in force than in the impregnation chamber 19, so that the ammonia (or other equivalent product) with which the fabric T was impregnated in the impregnation chamber 19, evaporates at least partly.
- Heating means generically indicated with 23, are arranged inside the drying chamber 21. These can be composed of a fluid heat exchanger, of an electrical heating system, of a radio frequency, microwave or similar heating system. If a microwave system is used, the microwaves utilized will be at a frequency, which causes molecular resonance of the product (in this particular case ammonia) used to treat the fabric T.
- the fabric is immersed in the bath 25 after having passed through the drying chamber 21
- Seals 26 are arranged between the drying chamber 21 and the bath 25, to separate the two environments and prevent dispersal of the product, which is made to evaporate in the chamber 21 , towards the bath 25.
- the seals 27 can be lip seals or also of another type, for example produced with idle rollers in contact with the surface of the fabric T passing therethrough. In this way, the product which . is eliminated by evaporation from the fabric in the drying chamber 21 passes towards the impregnation chamber 19 through suitable apertures, such as two openings adjacent to the guide roller 28 arranged between the two chambers 19 and 21 and around which the fabric T is guided, and is not dissolved in the water A contained in the bath 25 below.
- a flow of gaseous nitrogen, evaporated from the bath 11 passes through a pipe 34 into the zone under the seal 26, to thus be interposed between the surface of the water and said seal.
- a guide roller 27 Arranged inside the bath 25 is a guide roller 27, around which the textile article T is guided to re-emerge from the free surface of the water A and then be sent towards the winder 5. Squeezing and drying means, not shown, can be arranged along the path to the winder 5.
- the fabric to be treated is unwound from the reel B1 and fed substantially continuously and possibly at constant speed towards the chamber 9 and immersed in the cryogenic liquid L. From the bath 11 containing the cryogenic liquid L the fabric re-emerges to enter the intermediate volume 15 where the cryogenic liquid evaporates substantially completely from the fabric, which reaches the impregnation chamber 19 by passing through the seals 17, still in a cond ition of sufficiently low temperature to cause condensation of the ammonia gas or vapor present in the impregnation chamber 19. Consequently, the fabric T is impregnated with a limited quantity of ammonia.
- the impregnated fabric is then guided around the roller 28 and enters the drying chamber 21 where the ammonia is made to evaporate more or less completely from the fabric.
- the bath 25 contains water and optionally chemical additives to cause precipitation of any ammonia residue contained in the fabric, which is immersed in said water, in the form of ammonia salts.
- the ammonia salts can subsequently be utilized as a by-product in other applications, for example as components for fertilizers for use in agriculture.
- the water A contained in the bath 25 also acts as a physical barrier between the drying chamber 21 and the outside environment.
- the quantity of ammonia which may be dissolved in the water A and made to precipitate in the form of salts is extremely low and does not represent a problem from the viewpoint of disposal, also considering the possibility of using said salts.
- Increasing the quantity of ammonia in the drying chamber 21 the ammonia passes in vapor or gaseous state from the chamber 22 back towards the chamber 19.
- there is continuous and automatic recirculation of the ammonia which passes from the chamber 19 to the chamber 21 in the form of liquid ammonia, which impregnates the fabric, and vice versa, return of the ammonia from the chamber 21 to the chamber 19 in the form of gas or vapor.
- the diagram in Figure 1 also shows the presence of a pressure balancing system between the impregnation chamber 19 and 21 and the intermediate volumes 15 and 16.
- this system is obtained by means of a series of pipes 31, 33, 34 and 36, which form a fluid connection of the chambers 19 and 21 and of the intermediate volumes 15 and 16 with a bath 35 containing an adequate head of water.
- the pressure in the intermediate volumes 15 and 16 and in the chambers 19 and 21 is therefore the same and determined by the head of water present in the bath 35.
- the barrier of gaseous nitrogen maintained at a constant pressure by the vents 31 and 36, which are positioned under both the seals 17 and 26, allows safe balancing of the pressures and confinement of the ammonia in the zone allocated for it, as said ammonia cannot exceed the pressure of the nitrogen barrier as a result of the vent pipe 33.
- the system 1 illustrated in Figure 1 allows continuous treatment of the entire fabric contained on the reel B1 , which can also be of considerable length and composed of several pieces stitched together.
- a discontinuous system can be produced in an identical manner. Condensation conditions in. the chamber 19 and the feed speed of the fabric T can be controlled in order to obtain impregnation of the fabric with low percentages in weight of ammonia, typically and advantageously below 50% in weight of the dry fabric and preferably equal to or below 25%.
- the article can be impregnated with a quantity ranging from 1% to 20% in weight, and preferably between 1% and 15% in weight, and even more preferably between 1% and 10% or between 1% and 8% in weight. •
- ammonia which is dissolved in water has no useful effect on the fabric.
- the fabric subjected to the treatment necessarily has a more or less relevant humidity content (typically in the region of 2-8%, although depending on the ambient humidity and on any pre- treatments of the article), it must be borne in mind that part of the ammonia absorbed by the fabric is neutralized by the water present in said fabric in the form of humidity. Water absorbs up to 40% in weight of ammonia. Therefore, if the fabric has, for example, a humidity percentage of 5% in weight with respect to the weight of the dry fabric, a quantity of 2% in weight of the dry fabric will be absorbed and neutralized by the water. To provide a quantity of useful ammonia of, for example, 3% in weight of the dry fabric, impregnation must take place with a total quantity of 5% in weight of ammonia, referred to the weight of the dry fabric.
- Useful percentage is intended as the percentage of ammonia, which remains available to perform its action on the textile fibers, after the water in the form of residual humidity in the fabric has been saturated by the ammonia.
- Figure 2 shows an embodiment of a system in which impregnation of the textile article T takes place conventionally by immersion in a bath containing ammonia in liquid state, but which again uses some of the concepts described above to obtain part of the advantages mentioned.
- the system in Figure 2 again has an unwinder 3 from which the fabric T is delivered, unwinding it from a reel B1.
- the number 11 indicates a bath containing cryogenic liquid L, typically liquid nitrogen.
- Arranged in the bath 11 is a guide roller 13 about which the fabric T is guided.
- the bath is divided, as in the example in Figure 1 , by a partition or wall, indicated here with 1 01 , which defines an inlet and an outlet of the bath 11.
- the partition 101 forms part of the wall to confine the volume 103 housing a bath 105 containing the ammonia A' in liquid state for treating the fabric T.
- the path of the fabric extends through the bath 11 and from this into the volume 103, in which the fabric is immersed in the bath 105 and guided around a guide roller 107.
- a squeezing unit 109 Positioned at the outlet of the impregnation bath 107 is a squeezing unit 109, composed of a pair of squeezing rollers which eliminate part
- a drying system Positioned downstream of the squeezing unit 109 is a drying system, indicated generically with 111 , inside which a drying drum or other means can be arranged to evaporate the residual ammonia from the fabric.
- the number 113 indicates an outlet from the drying system.
- the fabric thus dried is then optionally wet in water, or purified from residual ammonia by other systems, such as steam or the like.
- impregnation of the fabric takes place conventionally, by means of the immersion bath 1O5, but contrary to known systems, the fabric T is previously cooled to a very low temperature, and reaches the volume 103 at, for example, a temperature of -80 0 C, as in the case of the system in Figure 1.
- the fabric cooled to this temperature is immersed in the ammonia A 1 contained in the bath 105 practically without any, except negligible, vaporization thereof. This drastically reduces the quantity of ammonia in gaseous state, which must be extracted from the volume 103 and recycled.
- the bath 11 in which the cryogenic liquid L is contained forms an effective barrier between the volume or chamber 103 and the environment, preventing dispersal of ammonia into the environment.
- the cryogenic liquid is not reactive and does cause reactions with the ammonia. At the same time, it is entirely devoid of polluting effects and can therefore be discharged into the environment without particular measures, except those useful to reduce the consumption of nitrogen for questions related to economic management.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT000197A ITFI20040197A1 (it) | 2004-09-24 | 2004-09-24 | Metodo ed impianto per il raffreddamento ed il trattamento di materiali tessili con ammoniaca od altri prodotti liquidi |
| ITFI2004A000197 | 2004-09-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2006046265A1 true WO2006046265A1 (fr) | 2006-05-04 |
Family
ID=35478327
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IT2005/000537 Ceased WO2006046265A1 (fr) | 2004-09-24 | 2005-09-20 | Procede et systeme de refroidissement et de traitement de materiaux textiles au moyen d'ammoniaque ou d'autres produits liquides |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| IT (1) | ITFI20040197A1 (fr) |
| TW (1) | TW200632175A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2006046265A1 (fr) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008090340A3 (fr) * | 2007-01-23 | 2009-01-08 | Diagnostics For The Real World | Amplification et test d'acide nucléique |
| WO2017130225A1 (fr) * | 2016-01-26 | 2017-08-03 | Jersey Mode S.P.A. | Traitement thermique de matières textiles |
| CN109487519A (zh) * | 2018-10-25 | 2019-03-19 | 浙江乐丰纺织机械有限公司 | 丝光设备 |
| CN110917367A (zh) * | 2019-12-10 | 2020-03-27 | 湖州甬邦纺织品织造有限公司 | 一种自动化纺织机械用布料杀菌装置 |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3980429A (en) * | 1971-01-14 | 1976-09-14 | Cluett, Peabody & Co., Inc. | Continuous process for the liquid ammonia treatment of fabrics |
| US4145463A (en) * | 1972-08-21 | 1979-03-20 | Albright & Wilson Limited | Flameproofing of textiles |
| DE3324217A1 (de) * | 1983-07-05 | 1985-01-17 | Kurt Ehemann Spezialmaschinenfabrik GmbH & Co KG, 2870 Delmenhorst | Vorrichtung zur waermebehandlung textiler warenbahnen auf ausruestmaschinen |
| WO2004088027A1 (fr) * | 2003-04-02 | 2004-10-14 | Biancalani S.P.A. | Procede et machine pour traiter des matieres textiles avec de l'ammoniac ou d'autres liquides |
-
2004
- 2004-09-24 IT IT000197A patent/ITFI20040197A1/it unknown
-
2005
- 2005-09-20 WO PCT/IT2005/000537 patent/WO2006046265A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2005-09-20 TW TW094132379A patent/TW200632175A/zh unknown
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3980429A (en) * | 1971-01-14 | 1976-09-14 | Cluett, Peabody & Co., Inc. | Continuous process for the liquid ammonia treatment of fabrics |
| US4145463A (en) * | 1972-08-21 | 1979-03-20 | Albright & Wilson Limited | Flameproofing of textiles |
| DE3324217A1 (de) * | 1983-07-05 | 1985-01-17 | Kurt Ehemann Spezialmaschinenfabrik GmbH & Co KG, 2870 Delmenhorst | Vorrichtung zur waermebehandlung textiler warenbahnen auf ausruestmaschinen |
| WO2004088027A1 (fr) * | 2003-04-02 | 2004-10-14 | Biancalani S.P.A. | Procede et machine pour traiter des matieres textiles avec de l'ammoniac ou d'autres liquides |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008090340A3 (fr) * | 2007-01-23 | 2009-01-08 | Diagnostics For The Real World | Amplification et test d'acide nucléique |
| EP2527470A3 (fr) * | 2007-01-23 | 2012-12-05 | Cambridge Enterprise Limited | Amplification d'acide nucléique et test |
| US10563254B2 (en) | 2007-01-23 | 2020-02-18 | Cambridge Enterprise Limited | Nucleic acid amplification and testing |
| US11447821B2 (en) | 2007-01-23 | 2022-09-20 | Cambridge Enterprise Limited | Nucleic acid amplification and testing |
| WO2017130225A1 (fr) * | 2016-01-26 | 2017-08-03 | Jersey Mode S.P.A. | Traitement thermique de matières textiles |
| CN108463591A (zh) * | 2016-01-26 | 2018-08-28 | 泽西模式股份公司 | 纺织材料的热处理 |
| JP2019502837A (ja) * | 2016-01-26 | 2019-01-31 | ジャージー モード エス.ピー.エー. | 織物材料のための熱処理 |
| CN108463591B (zh) * | 2016-01-26 | 2021-04-23 | 泽西模式股份公司 | 纺织材料的热处理 |
| CN109487519A (zh) * | 2018-10-25 | 2019-03-19 | 浙江乐丰纺织机械有限公司 | 丝光设备 |
| CN110917367A (zh) * | 2019-12-10 | 2020-03-27 | 湖州甬邦纺织品织造有限公司 | 一种自动化纺织机械用布料杀菌装置 |
| CN110917367B (zh) * | 2019-12-10 | 2020-12-11 | 嘉兴市秀洲新兴纺织有限公司 | 一种自动化纺织机械用布料杀菌装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW200632175A (en) | 2006-09-16 |
| ITFI20040197A1 (it) | 2004-12-24 |
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