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WO2003078362B1 - Improvements in electrochemistry - Google Patents

Improvements in electrochemistry

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Publication number
WO2003078362B1
WO2003078362B1 PCT/US2003/008241 US0308241W WO03078362B1 WO 2003078362 B1 WO2003078362 B1 WO 2003078362B1 US 0308241 W US0308241 W US 0308241W WO 03078362 B1 WO03078362 B1 WO 03078362B1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
reaction system
spectral
pattern
cell reaction
participant
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2003/008241
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2003078362A1 (en
WO2003078362A8 (en
Inventor
Juliana H J Brooks
Bentley J Blum
Mark G Mortenson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Berkshire Laboratories Inc
Original Assignee
Berkshire Laboratories Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Berkshire Laboratories Inc filed Critical Berkshire Laboratories Inc
Priority to US10/507,659 priority Critical patent/US8048274B2/en
Priority to AU2003230671A priority patent/AU2003230671A1/en
Priority to CA002478807A priority patent/CA2478807A1/en
Priority to EP03723761A priority patent/EP1487766A4/en
Priority to JP2003576371A priority patent/JP2005520297A/en
Priority to US10/615,666 priority patent/US7482072B2/en
Publication of WO2003078362A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003078362A1/en
Publication of WO2003078362B1 publication Critical patent/WO2003078362B1/en
Publication of WO2003078362A8 publication Critical patent/WO2003078362A8/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US12/333,929 priority patent/US8216432B2/en
Priority to US13/544,488 priority patent/US20130122383A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
    • C01B13/02—Preparation of oxygen
    • C01B13/0203—Preparation of oxygen from inorganic compounds
    • C01B13/0211—Peroxy compounds
    • C01B13/0214—Hydrogen peroxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D9/00—Crystallisation
    • B01D9/005—Selection of auxiliary, e.g. for control of crystallisation nuclei, of crystal growth, of adherence to walls; Arrangements for introduction thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D9/00—Crystallisation
    • B01D9/0063—Control or regulation
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
    • B01J19/121—Coherent waves, e.g. laser beams
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
    • B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
    • B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
    • B01J19/127—Sunlight; Visible light
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
    • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
    • C01B3/0026—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof of one single metal or a rare earth metal; Treatment thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
    • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
    • C01B3/0031—Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys; Treatment thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B5/00—Water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D3/00—Halides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
    • C01D3/04—Chlorides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D3/00—Halides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
    • C01D3/10—Bromides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N13/00—Treatment of microorganisms or enzymes with electrical or wave energy, e.g. magnetism, sonic waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
    • H01M8/04238—Depolarisation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
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  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention relates to novel methods for affecting, controlling and/or directing various reactions and/or reaction pathways or systems by exposing one or more components in a holoreaction system to at least one spectral energy pattern. In a first aspect of the invention, at least one spectral energy pattern can be applied to a reaction system. In a second aspect of the invention, at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern can be applied to a conditioning reaction system. The spectral energy conditioning pattern can, for example, be applied at a separate location from the reaction vessel (e.g., in a conditioning reaction vessel) or can be applied in (or to) the reaction vessel, but prior to other reaction system participants being introduced into the reaction vessel.

Claims

229AMENDED CLAIMS[Received by the International Bureau on 09 September 2003 (09.09.2003); original claims 1-6 replaced by amended claims 1-55(13 pages)]
1. A method to direct a reaction pathway in a cell reaction system by applying a spectral energy pattern in the form of a spectral catalyst having at least one electromagnetic energy frequency which results in at least one of initiation, activation, and affecting at least one of participant involved in the cell reaction system.
2. A method for replacing a known physical catalyst in a cell reaction system comprising the steps of: duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst to form a catalytic spectral pattern; and applying to at least a portion of the cell reaction system at least a portion of the catalytic spectral pattern.
3. A method for augmenting a physical catalyst in a cell reaction system with its own catalytic spectral pattern comprising the steps of: determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst; duplicating at least one frequency of the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern; and applying to at least a portion of the cell reaction system at least one frequency of the catalytic spectral pattern at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze the formation of at least one reaction product in a desired portion of the cell reaction system, said at least one frequency being applied by at least one of an electromagnetic wave guide, an optical fiber array, at least one element added to the cell reaction system which permits electromagnetic energy to be radiated therefrom, an electric field, a magnetic field, and an acoustic field.
4. A method for replacing a known physical catalyst in a cell reaction system comprising the steps of: duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst to form a catalytic spectral pattern; applying to the cell reaction system at least a portion of the catalytic spectral pattern; and applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern which forms an applied spectral energy pattern when combined with said catalytic spectral pattern.
5. A method to replace a physical catalyst in a cell reaction system comprising the steps of: determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst; duplicating at least one frequency of the electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern; applying to the cell reaction system at least one frequency of the catalytic spectral pattern; and applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern to form an applied spectral energy pattern, said applied spectral energy pattern being applied at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze the formation of at least one reaction product in the cell reaction system.
6. A method to direct a particular reaction pathway in a cell reaction system with a spectral catalyst by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps of: duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst with at least one energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern; applying to the cell reaction system, at least a portion of the catalytic spectral pattern at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze one or more particular reactions in the cell reaction system; and introducing the physical catalyst into the cell reaction system.
7. A method to direct at least one particular reaction in a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps of: applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze the particular reaction in the cell reaction system; and introducing the physical catalyst into the cell reaction system.
8. A method to direct at least one desired reaction pathway in a cell reaction system with a spectral catalyst and a spectral energy catalyst by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps of: applying at least one spectral catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to at least partially catalyze the desired cell reaction system; applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to at least partially catalyze the desired cell reaction system; and introducing the physical catalyst into the cell reaction system.
9. A method to direct at least one desired reaction in a cell reaction system with a spectral catalyst and a spectral energy catalyst and a spectral environmental reaction condition, comprising the steps of: applying at least one spectral catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze at least one reaction pathway; applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze at least one reaction pathway; applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze at least one reaction pathway, whereby when any of said at least one spectral catalyst, said at least one spectral energy catalyst and said at least one spectral environmental reaction condition are applied at the same time, they form an applied spectral energy pattern; and introducing a physical catalyst into the cell reaction system.
10. A method to direct a cell reaction system with an applied spectral energy pattern and a spectral energy catalyst comprising the steps of: applying at least one applied spectral energy pattern at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze at least one particular reaction in a cell reaction system, whereby said at least one applied spectral energy pattern comprises at least two members selected from the group consisting of catalytic spectral energy pattern, catalytic spectral pattern, spectral catalyst, spectral energy catalyst, spectral energy pattern, spectral environmental reaction condition and spectral pattern; and applying at least one spectral energy catalyst to the cell reaction system.
11. A method to direct a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst comprising the steps of: determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for at least one starting reactant in a particular reaction in said cell reaction system; determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for at least one reaction product in said particular reaction in said cell reaction system; calculating at least one of an additive and a subtractive spectral energy pattern from said at least one reactant and said at least one reaction product spectral energy patterns to determine a required spectral energy catalyst; generating at least a portion of the required spectral energy catalyst; and applying to the particular reaction in said cell reaction system said at least a portion of the required spectral energy catalyst to form said at least one desired reaction product.
12. A method to direct a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst comprising the steps of: 232 targeting at least one participant in said cell reaction system with at least one spectral energy catalyst to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one transient and at least one intermediate to result in at least one desired reaction product.
13. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy pattern to result in at least one reaction product comprising: applying at least one spectral energy pattern for a sufficient time and at a sufficient intensity to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one transient and at least one intermediate to result in at least one reaction product.
14. A method to direct a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst and at least one spectral environmental reaction condition comprising the steps of: applying at least one applied spectral energy catalyst to at least one participant in said cell reaction system; and applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to said cell reaction system to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one transient and at least one intermediate to permit at least one reaction product to form.
15. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst to result in at least one reaction product comprising: applying at least one frequency which heterodynes with at least one reactant frequency to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one transient and at least one intermediate to result in at least one desired reaction product.
16. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with at least one spectral energy pattern resulting in at least one reaction product comprising: applying at least one member selected from the group consisting of frequencies and fields to result in an applied spectral energy pattern which stimulates all transients and all intermediates required in a reaction pathway to result in all desired reaction product.
17. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising: targeting at least one participant in said reaction system with at least one member selected from the group consisting of frequencies and fields to form, indirectly, at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one transient and at least one 233 intermediate, whereby formation of said at least one member results in the formation of an additional at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one additional transient and at least one additional intermediate.
18. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising: targeting at least one spectral energy catalyst to at least one participant in said cell reaction system to form indirectly at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one transient and at least one intermediate, whereby formation of said at least one member results in the formation of an additional at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one additional transient and at least one additional intermediate.
19. A method for directing a cell reaction system along a desired reaction pathway comprising: applying at least one targeting approach selected from the group of approaches consisting of direct resonance targeting, harmonic targeting and non-harmonic heterodyne targeting.
20. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system comprising: applying at least one frequency to at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one participant and at least one component in said cell reaction system to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one transient and at least one intermediate to result in at least one reaction product, whereby said at least one frequency comprises at least one frequency selected from the group consisting of direct resonance frequencies, harmonic resonance frequencies, non-harmonic heterodyne resonance frequencies, electronic frequencies, vibrational frequencies, rotational frequencies, rotational-vibrational frequencies, librational frequencies, translational frequencies, gyrational frequencies, fine splitting frequencies, hyperfine splitting frequencies, electric field induced frequencies, magnetic field induced frequencies, cyclotron resonance frequencies, orbital frequencies, acoustic frequencies and nuclear frequencies.
21. A method for directing a cell reaction system along a desired reaction pathway with a spectral energy pattern comprising: applying at least one member selected from the group consisting of frequencies and fields to cause the spectral energy pattern of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one participant and at least one component in said reaction system to at least partially overlap with the spectral energy pattern of at least one other member selected 234 from the group consisting of at least one participant and at least one other component in said reaction system to permit the transfer of energy between said at least one member and said at least one other member.
22. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy pattern resulting in at least one reaction product comprising: applying at least one spectral energy pattern to cause the spectral energy pattern of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one participant and at least one other component in said reaction system to at least partially overlap with a spectral energy pattern of at least one other member selected from the group consisting of at least one participant and at least one other component in said reaction system to permit the resonant transfer of energy between said at least one member and said at least one other member, thereby causing the formation of said at least one reaction product.
23. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising: applying at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one frequency and at least one field to cause spectral energy pattern broadening of at least one of at least one participant and at least one component in said reaction system to cause a transfer of energy to occur within said cell reaction system resulting in transformation of at least one of said at least one participant and said least one component.
24. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a spectral energy catalyst resulting in at least one reaction product comprising: applying an applied spectral energy pattern to cause spectral energy pattern broadening of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one participant and at least one component in said reaction system to cause a resonant transfer of energy to occur resulting in transformation of at least one of said at least one participant and said at least one component in said cell reaction system.
25. A method for directing a reaction pathway in a cell reaction system by utilizing at least one spectral environmental reaction condition, comprising: forming a cell reaction system; and applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to direct said cell reaction system along at least one desired reaction pathway.
26. A method for designing a catalyst where no catalyst previously existed to be used in a cell reaction system, comprising: 235 determining a required spectral pattern to obtain at least one of a desired reaction, a desired reaction pathway and a desired reaction rate; and designing a catalyst that exhibits a spectral pattern that approximates the required spectral pattern.
27. A method for directing a reaction pathway in a cell reaction system by preventing at least a portion of certain undesirable spectral energy from interacting with a cell reaction system comprising: providing at least one control means for achieving at least one result selected from the group consisting of absorbing, filtering, trapping, and reflecting spectral energy incident thereon; permitting desirable spectral energy emitted from said control means to contact at least a portion of a cell reaction system with said emitted spectral energy; and causing said emitted spectral energy from said control means to interact in a targeted manner with said reaction system, thereby directing said cell reaction system along at least one reaction pathway.
28. The method of any of claims 1 - 27, wherein certain reactions are prevented form occurring within said reaction systems and reaction pathways.
29. A method to direct a reaction pathway in a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant comprising: forming the conditioned participant by applying a spectral energy conditioning pattern to at least one conditionable participant, said conditionable participant thereafter having at least one conditioned energy frequency which may cause at least one of initiation, activation, and affecting said at least one participant.
30. A process for replacing a known physical catalyst in a cell reaction system comprising the steps of: duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst by modifying a conditionable participant so that the conditionable participant forms a conditioned participant with a catalytic spectral pattern; and applying or introducing to the cell reaction system said conditioned participant.
31. A method to augment a physical catalyst in a cell reaction system with its own catalytic spectral pattern comprising the steps of: determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst; and 236 duplicating at least one frequency of the spectral pattern of the physical catalyst by conditioning a conditionable participant with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern in the conditioned participant; and applying or introducing to the cell reaction system the conditioned participant.
32. A process for replacing a known physical catalyst in a cell reaction system comprising the steps of: duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst by conditioning a conditionable participant to form a catalytic spectral pattern in the conditioned participant; applying to the cell reaction system the conditioned participant; and applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern which forms an applied spectral energy pattern when combined with said catalytic spectral pattern of the conditioned participant which at least partially replaces said known physical catalyst.
33. A method to replace a physical catalyst in a cell reaction system comprising the steps of: determining an electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst; duplicating at least one frequency of the electromagnetic spectral pattern of the physical catalyst by conditioning a conditionable participant with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter conditioning source to form a catalytic spectral pattern in the conditioned participant; introducing to the cell reaction system the conditioned participant; and applying at least one additional spectral energy pattern to form an applied spectral energy pattern, said applied spectral energy pattern being applied at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze the formation of at least one reaction product in the cell reaction system.
34. A method to direct a cell reaction system with a spectral catalyst by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps of: duplicating at least a portion of a spectral pattern of a physical catalyst by conditioning a conditionable participant with at least one electromagnetic energy emitter source to form a catalytic spectral pattern in the conditioned participant; applying to the cell reaction system, the conditioned participant; and introducing the physical catalyst into the cell reaction system.
35. A method to direct a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps of: 237 at least one of applying and introducing at least one conditioned participant to the reaction system; and introducing the physical catalyst into the cell reaction system.
36. A method to direct a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant and a spectral energy catalyst by augmenting a physical catalyst comprising the steps of: at least one of applying and introducing at least one conditioned participant to the cell reaction system; applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to at least partially catalyze the cell reaction system; and introducing the physical catalyst into the cell reaction system.
37. A method to direct a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant and a spectral energy catalyst and a spectral environmental reaction condition comprising the steps of: at least one of applying and introducing at least one conditioned participant to the cell reaction system; applying at least one spectral energy catalyst at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze a reaction pathway; applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to catalyze a reaction pathway, whereby when any of said at least one conditioned participant, said at least one spectral energy catalyst and at least one spectral environmental reaction condition are applied at the same time, they form an applied spectral energy pattern; and introducing the physical catalyst into the cell reaction system.
38. A method to condition a conditionable participant used in a cell reaction system with at least one of an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern and a spectral energy conditioning catalyst comprising the steps of: applying at least one applied spectral energy conditioning pattern at a sufficient intensity and for a sufficient duration to condition the conditionable participant, whereby said at least one applied spectral energy conditioning pattern comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of catalytic spectral energy conditioning pattern, catalytic spectral conditioning pattern, spectral conditioning catalyst, spectral energy conditioning catalyst, spectral energy conditioning pattern, spectral conditioning environmental reaction condition and spectral conditioning pattern. 238
39. A method to affect a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant comprising the steps of: determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for at least one starting reactant in said cell reaction system; determining at least a portion of a spectral energy pattern for at least one reaction product in said cell reaction system; calculating an additive spectral energy pattern from said at least one reactant and said at least one reaction product spectral energy pattern to determine a required conditioned participant; generating at least a portion of the required spectral energy conditioning catalyst; and applying to the conditionable participant said at least a portion of the required spectral energy conditioning catalyst to form a desired conditioned participant; and introducing the conditioned participant to the cell reaction system to form at least one reaction product.
40. A method to affect a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant comprising the steps of: targeting at least one conditionable participant in said conditioning reaction system with at least one spectral conditioning pattern to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one conditioned participant; and at least one of applying and introducing the conditioned participant to the cell reaction system to result in at least one desired reaction product in said cell reaction system.
41. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant to result in at least one reaction product comprising: applying at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern for a sufficient time and at a sufficient intensity to cause at least one of formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one conditioned participant, so as to result in a reaction product when said conditioned participant communicates with said cell reaction system.
42. A method to direct a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant and at least one spectral environmental reaction condition comprising the steps of: at least one of applying and introducing at least one conditioned participant to the cell reaction system; and applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to said cell reaction system to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one of at 239 least one transient and at least one intermediate to permit at least one desired reaction product to form.
43. A method for forming a conditioned participant in a cell reaction system with a spectral energy conditioning pattern to result in at least one conditioned participant comprising: applying at least one frequency which heterodynes with at least one conditionable participant frequency to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one conditioned participant in said cell reaction system.
44. A method for forming a conditioned participant in said cell reaction system with at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern resulting in at least one conditioned participant comprising: applying at least one of a sufficient number of frequencies and fields to result in an applied spectral energy conditioning pattern which results in the formation of at least one conditioned participant in said cell reaction system.
45. A method for forming a conditioned participant in said cell reaction system with a spectral energy conditioning catalyst resulting in at least one conditioned participant comprising: conditioning targeting at least one conditionable participant prior to being introduced to said cell reaction system with at least one of at least one frequency and at least one field to form a conditioned participant, whereby formation of said at least one conditioned participant results in the formation of at least one of at least one transient and at least one intermediate when said conditioned participant is introduced into said cell reaction system.
46. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant resulting in at least one reaction product comprising: conditioning targeting at least one spectral energy conditioning catalyst to form at least one conditionable participant which is present in said reaction system when at least one reaction in said cell reaction system is initiated, such that at least one of at least one transient, at least one intermediate, and at least one reaction product is formed in the cell reaction system.
47. A method for directing a cell reaction system along a desired reaction pathway comprising: applying at least one conditioning targeting approach to at least one conditionable participant, said at least one conditioning targeting approach being selected from the group 240 of approaches consisting of direct resonance conditioning targeting, harmonic conditioning targeting and non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning targeting.
48. A method for conditioning at least one conditionable participant in a cell reaction system comprising: applying at least one conditioning frequency to at least one conditionable participant to cause at least one of the formation, stimulation and stabilization of at least one conditioned participant, whereby said at least one frequency comprises at least one frequency selected from the group consisting of direct resonance conditioning frequencies, harmonic resonance conditioning frequencies, non-harmonic heterodyne conditioning resonance frequencies, electronic conditioning frequencies, vibrational conditioning frequencies, rotational conditioning frequencies, rotational-vibrational conditioning frequencies, fine splitting conditioning frequencies, hyperfine splitting conditioning frequencies, electric field splitting conditioning frequencies, magnetic field conditioning splitting frequencies, cyclotron resonance conditioning frequencies, orbital conditioning frequencies and nuclear conditioning frequencies.
49. A method for directing a cell reaction system along a desired reaction pathway with a conditioned participant comprising: applying at least one of at least one conditioning frequency and at least one conditioning field to cause the conditioned spectral energy pattern of at least one of at least one conditioned participant to at least partially overlap with the spectral energy pattern of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one of at least one participant and at least one other component in said cell reaction system to permit the transfer of energy between said at least one conditioned participant and said at least one member.
50. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant resulting in at least one reaction product comprising: applying at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern to at least one conditionable participant to form at least one conditioned participant, to cause the conditioned spectral energy pattern of said at least one conditioned participant in said cell reaction system to at least partially overlap with a spectral energy pattern of at least one member selected from the group consisting of at least one other participant and at least one component in said cell reaction system to permit the transfer of energy between said at least one conditioned participant and said at least one member, thereby causing the formation of said at least one reaction product. 241
51. A method for catalyzing a cell reaction system with a conditioned participant resulting in at least one reaction product comprising: applying at least one of at least one frequency and at least one field to cause a conditioned spectral energy pattern broadening of at least one conditioned participant to cause a transfer of energy to occur between the conditioned participant and at least one other participant in the cell reaction system, resulting in transformation in at least one of said at least one conditioned participant and said at least one other participant in said cell reaction system.
52. A method for directing a reaction pathway in a cell reaction system by utilizing at least one conditioned participant and at least one spectral environmental reaction condition, comprising: forming a cell reaction system comprising said conditioned participant; and applying at least one spectral environmental reaction condition to direct said cell reaction system along a desired reaction pathway.
53. A method for designing a conditionable participant to be used as a catalyst, once conditioned, in a cell reaction system where no catalyst previously existed to be used in a cell reaction system, comprising: determining a required spectral pattern to obtain a desired reaction pathway; and designing at least one conditionable participant that exhibits a conditioned spectral pattern that approximates the required spectral pattern, when said conditionable participant is exposed to a required spectral energy conditioning pattern.
54. The method of any of claims 1 - 53, wherein said cell reaction system comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of an alkaline cell, a battery, a capacitor, a cell, a concentration cell, a dry cell, an electrochemical cell, an electrolytic cell, a fuel cell, a galvanic cell, a lead acid cell, and a photoelectrochemical cell.
55. The method of any of claims 1 - 53, wherein said cell reaction system comprises at least one member selected from the group of processes consisting of anodic protection, anodizing, brine electrolysis, corrosion, dielectric storage, electroanalytical chemistry, electrocrystallization, electroforming, electrolysis, electrolytic capacitance, electrolytic pickling, electrometallurgy, electromigration, electrophoresis, electroplating, electrorefining, electrowinning, galvanizing, hydrolysis, indirect hydrolysis, magnetoelectrochemistry, photoelectrochemistry, photoelectrosynthesis and sonoelectrochemistry.
PCT/US2003/008241 2002-03-11 2003-03-11 Improvements in electrochemistry Ceased WO2003078362A1 (en)

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JP2003576371A JP2005520297A (en) 2002-03-11 2003-03-11 Improvements in electronic chemistry
US10/615,666 US7482072B2 (en) 2002-07-09 2003-07-09 Optimizing reactions in fuel cells and electrochemical reactions
US12/333,929 US8216432B2 (en) 2002-07-09 2008-12-12 Optimizing reactions in fuel cells and electrochemical reactions
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