WO2000061709A2 - Handwashing pastes - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to handwashing pastes containing anionic surfactants, abrasive bodies and partial glycerides, especially oleic acid monoglycerides, as well as to the use of partial glycerides of this type in order to improve the feel of skin and the foaming of handwashing pastes.

Description

Hand washing pastes

The present invention relates to hand wash pastes containing anionic surfactants, friction bodies and partial glycerides, in particular oleic acid monoglycerides, and to the use of such partial glycerides to improve the feeling of the skin and the development of foam in hand wash pastes.

Handwashing pastes are used in the commercial sector to remove strongly adhering soiling on the skin, which usually also have only a low solubility in water, for example oils, greases, paint residues and the like. Handwash pastes of this type contain, in addition to tensides, rubbing agents to remove the stubborn dirt, which ensure additional mechanical cleaning of the skin.

For example, European patent application EP 0 881 281 describes hand washing pastes which contain a synthetic anionic surfactant, at least one nonionic surfactant mixture, at least one long-chain carboxylic acid and a water-soluble abrasive in solid, finely divided form.

Since such hand washing pastes with rubbing bodies are mostly used several times a day in commercial operations, this means that the skin of the user is particularly stressed, which is noticeable by a rough feeling on the skin. In addition, the foam properties of such hand washing pastes containing friction bodies are often criticized by the users as having large pores.

The object of the present invention was therefore to provide mild hand wash pastes which have an improved compatibility with the skin, so that the skin is perceived as smoother. At the same time, the mild hand washing pastes should ensure an improved foam texture, ie a creamier and more fine-pored foam. After all, the mild handwashing pastes should have a high cleaning performance, even for the most stubborn dirt, despite their improved skin tolerance.

The task could surprisingly be achieved if the hand wash pastes additionally contain partial glycerides.

One object of the present invention therefore relates to hand-washing pastes with improved skin feel and foaming power, comprising a) anionic surfactants b) friction bodies c) partial glycerides.

Partial glycerides, ie monoglycerides, diglycerides and their technical mixtures, can still contain small amounts of triglycerides due to the production process. The partial glycerides preferably follow the formula (I)

CH ₂ O (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _m COR ¹ (I)

I.

CHO (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _n R ²

I CH ₂ O (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _p R ³

in the R'CO for a linear or branched, saturated and / or unsaturated acyl radical having 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, R ² and R ³ independently of one another for R'CO or OH and the sum (m + n + p ) stands for 0 or numbers from 1 to 100, preferably 5 to 25, with the proviso that at least one of the two radicals R ² and R ³ stands for OH.

Typical examples are mono- and / or diglycerides based on caproic acid, caprylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, isotridecanoic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmoleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, linoleic acid, linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, elaeostearic acid, arachic acid, gadoleic acid, behenic acid and erucic acid and their technical mixtures. Technical la partial ric acid glycerides, partial palmitic acid glycerides, partial stearic acid glycerides, partial isostearic acid glycerides, partial oleic acid glycerides, partial behenic glycerides and / or partial erucic acid glycerides, which have a monoglyceride content in the range from 50 to 95, preferably 60 to 90% by weight.

Partial glycerides of the formula (I) in which R'CO is an unsaturated acyl radical with 18 carbon atoms, the sum (m + n + p) for 0, R ² for OH or an unsaturated acyl radical with 18 carbon atoms and R ³ are very particularly preferred stands for OH, ie technical oleic acid partial glycerides, in particular those which have a monoglyceride content in the range from 50 to 95, preferably 60 to 90,% by weight.

The partial glycerides are preferably present in amounts of 1 to 10% by weight, preferably in amounts of 2 to 7% by weight, based on hand-washing paste.

Another compulsory component of hand wash pastes are friction bodies, which are often also referred to as abrasives. Suitable friction bodies include, for example, wood flour, grated pumice stone, nutshell and / or plant fiber ground material, chalk, quartz sand and ground plastics, for example polyethylene flour, alone or as a mixture. Typical examples are ground wood fiber (Lignocell ® BK 40/90, mesh size 150 μm: max. 95%), walnut shell granulate (UNG 300; Rettenmeier & Co., Ellwangen / FRG; particle range 170 to 230 μm), chalk (cristobalite flour -M -006®; Quarzwerke Frechen), quartz sand F34®; Frechen quartz movement and / or Lupolen 1800 S P15® as polyethylene flour. Wood flour, quartz sand, chalk and / or polyethylene flour are preferably contained as the friction body.

The friction bodies are preferably used in amounts of 1 to 50, preferably in amounts of 15 to 45% by weight, based on the hand washing paste. In particular when larger quantities of friction bodies are used, preferably over 25% by weight, these can be partially substituted as co-friction bodies by adding inorganic and / or organic salts. Salts such as alkali and / or alkaline earth carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, hydrogen carbonates, citrates and silicates are suitable for this purpose. Other mandatory components of the hand wash pastes according to the invention are anionic surfactants. Typical examples of anionic surfactants are soaps, alkylbenzenesulfonates alkanesulfonates, Al, sulfonates olefin sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfonates, glycerol ether, -Methylestersul-, sulfofatty acids, alkyl sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, Glycerol ether, fatty reethersulfate, Hydroxymischethersulfate, monoglyceride (ether) sulfates, fatty acid amide (ether ) sulfates, mono- and dialkylsulfosuccinates, mono- and dialkylsulfosuccinamates, sulfotriglycerides, amide soaps, ether carboxylic acids and their salts, fatty acid isethionates, fatty acid sarcosinates, fatty acid taurides, N-acylamino acids, such as, for example, acyl lactylates, acyl sulfate acetic acid, acyl glucosate famates Wheat-based products) and alkyl (ether) phosphates. If the anionic surfactants contain polyglycol ether chains, they can have a conventional, but preferably a narrow, homolog distribution. The anionic surfactants are preferably present in amounts of 1 to 30% by weight, preferably 5 to 25% by weight, based on handwashing paste.

For the purposes of the invention, fatty alcohol sulfates and / or fatty alcohol ether sulfates are preferably present as anionic surfactants.

Fatty alcohol sulfates are to be understood as meaning the sulfation products of primary alcohols which follow the formula (II)

R ⁴ O-SO ₃ X (II)

in which R ^{4 represents} a linear or branched, aliphatic alkyl and / or alkenyl radical having 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms and X represents an alkyl and / or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium. Typical examples of fatty alcohol sulfates which can be used in the context of the invention are the sulfation products of capron alcohol, caprylic alcohol, capric alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, aridyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, elaidol alcohol, elaid alcohol alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol and erucyl alcohol and their technical mixtures, which are characterized by high-pressure hydrogenation of technical methyl ester fractions or aldehydes the Roelen 'see oxosynthesis can be obtained. The sulfation products can preferably be used in the form of their alkali metal salts, and in particular their sodium salts. Alkyl sulfates based on C _{] 2} are particularly preferred. ₁₈ fatty alcohol cuts in the form of their sodium salts.

The fatty alcohol sulfates are preferably present in amounts of 5 to 25% by weight, preferably 10 to 20% by weight, calculated as the active substance content and based on handwashing paste.

According to the present invention, fatty alcohol ether sulfates can be present as the sole anionic surfactant, preferably they are contained in a mixture with the fatty alcohol sulfates already described. The fatty alcohol ether sulfates are preferably present in amounts of 0 to 5% by weight, preferably in amounts of 0 to 3% by weight, calculated as the active substance content and based on handwashing paste. Fatty alcohol ether sulfates ("ether sulfates") are known anionic surfactants which are produced on an industrial scale by SO ₃ or CSA sulfation of fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers and subsequent neutralization. For the purposes of the invention, ether sulfates which follow the formula (III) are suitable

R ⁵ O- (CH ₂ CH ₂ O), SO ₃ X (III)

in which R ^{5 represents} a linear or branched alkyl and / or alkenyl radical with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, 1 for numbers from 1 to 10 and X for an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium.

Typical examples are the sulfates of addition products with an average of 1 to 10 and in particular 2 to 5 mol ethylene oxide onto capron alcohol, caprylic alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, capric alcohol, lauryl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol Elaidyl alcohol, petroseline alcohol, arachyl alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol and erucyl alcohol and their technical mixtures, in the form of their sodium and / or magnesium salts. The ether sulfates can have both a conventional and a narrow homolog distribution. The use of ether sulfates based on adducts is particularly preferred of on average 2 to 3 moles of ethylene oxide with technical C _{I2 / I4} - or C _{12 /] 8} -Kokosfettalkoholfrak- functions in the form of their sodium and / or magnesium salts.

The handwashing pastes according to the invention can optionally contain further nonionic surfactants, the particle glycerides not being added to the other nonionic surfactants. Typical examples of further nonionic surfactants are fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers, fatty acid polyglycol esters, fatty acid amide polyglycol ethers, fatty amine polyglycol ethers, alkoxylated triglycerides, mixed ethers or mixed formals, optionally partially oxidized alk (en) yl oligoglycosides, in particular -glycosyl glucosilicate acid derivatives (GLC), glucorosulfonic acid derivatives (F) vegetable products based on wheat), polyol fatty acid esters, sugar esters, sorbitan esters, polysorbates and amine oxides. If the nonionic surfactants contain polyglycol ether chains, they can have a conventional, but preferably a narrow, homolog distribution. Fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers and / or alk (en) yl oligoglycosides are preferably contained as further nonionic surfactants.

Fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers are known nonionic surfactants which are produced on an industrial scale by alkoxylation of fatty alcohols in the presence of acidic, but preferably alkaline, catalysts. The polyglycol ethers can be ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO) or EO / PO adducts - the latter with random or block distribution. For the purposes of the invention, fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers of the formula (IV) are suitable

R ⁶ O- (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _z H (IV)

in which R ^{6 represents} a linear or branched alkyl and / or alkenyl radical having 6 to 22 carbon atoms and z represents numbers from 1 to 10.

Typical examples are addition products of an average of 1 to 10 and in particular 3 to 7 mol of ethylene oxide with capron alcohol, caprylic alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, capric alcohol, lauryl alcohol, isotridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, elaalyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol - alcohol, gadoleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol and erucyl alcohol and their technical mix in the form of their sodium and / or magnesium salts. The polyglycol ethers can have both a conventional and a narrow homolog distribution. The use of adducts of an average of 3 to 7 moles of ethylene oxide with technical coconut oil alcohol or oleyl alcohol fractions is particularly preferred.

Alkyl and alkenyl oligoglycosides are known substances which can be obtained by the relevant processes in preparative organic chemistry and follow the formula (V),

R ⁷ O- [G], (V)

in which R ^{7 represents} an alkyl and or alkenyl radical having 4 to 22 carbon atoms, G represents a sugar radical having 5 or 6 carbon atoms and q represents a number from 1 to 10. The alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglycosides can be derived from aldoses or ketoses with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably glucose. The preferred alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglycosides are thus alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglucosides.

The index number q in the general formula (V) indicates the degree of oligomerization (DP degree), i.e. H. the distribution of mono- and oligoglycosides is present and stands for a number between 1 and 10. While q must always be an integer in a given compound and here can take on the values q = 1 to 6, the value q is for a certain alkyl oligoglycoside an analytically calculated quantity, which usually represents a fractional number. Alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglycosides with an average degree of oligomerization q of 1.1 to 3.0 are preferably used. From an application point of view, preference is given to those alkyl and / or alkenyl oligoglycosides whose degree of oligomerization is less than 1.7 and in particular between 1.2 and 1.4.

The alkyl or alkenyl radical R ⁷ can be derived from primary alcohols having 8 to 16, preferably 8 to 14, carbon atoms. Typical examples are caprylic alcohol, capric alcohol, undecyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmoleyl alcohol and their technical mixtures, such as those used in the hydrogenation of technical fatty acid methyl esters or in the course of the hydrogenation of aldehydes from Roelen's oxosynthesis.

The nonionic surfactants, in particular the alk (en) yl oligoglucosides, are preferably present in amounts of 0 to 20% by weight, preferably in amounts of 0.1 to 10% by weight, calculated as the active substance content and based on hand washing paste.

The hand washing pastes according to the invention can optionally contain zwitterionic or ampholytic surfactants. Typical examples of amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants are alkyl betaines, alkyl amido betaines, aminopropionates, aminoglycinates, imidazolinium betaines and sulfobetaines. The surfactants mentioned are exclusively known compounds. Alkyl betaines and / or alkyl amido betaines are preferably contained as zwitterionic or ampholytic surfactants.

Betaines are known surfactants which are predominantly produced by carboxyalkylation, preferably carboxymethylation, of aminic compounds. The starting materials are preferably condensed with halocarboxylic acids or their salts, in particular with sodium chloroacetate, one mol of salt being formed per mole of betaine. Furthermore, the addition of unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid is also possible. Regarding the nomenclature and in particular the distinction between betaines and "real" amphoteric surfactants, reference is made to the contribution by U.Ploog in Seifen-Öle-Fette-Wwachs, 198, 373 (1982). Further overviews on this topic can be found for example by A. O'Lennick et al. in HAPPI, Nov. 70 (1986), S. Holzman et al. in Tens.Det. 1986, 23: 309, R.Bibo et al. in Soap Cosm.Chem.Spec. Apr. 46 (1990) and P.Ellis et al. in Euro Cosm. 1_, 14 (1994).

Examples of suitable betaines are the carboxyalkylation products of secondary and in particular tertiary amines which follow the formula (VI)

R ⁹

R ⁸ -N- (CH ₂ ) _b COOY (VI)

_R I 10 in which R ^{8 stands} for alkyl and or alkenyl residues with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R ^{9 stands} for hydrogen or alkyl residues with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R ^{10 stands} for alkyl residues with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, b stands for numbers from 1 to 6 and Y for an alkali - And / or alkaline earth metal or ammonium.

Typical examples are the carboxymethylation products of hexylmethylamine methylamine, Hexyldi-, octyldimethylamine, decyldimethylamine, dodecylmethylamine, Dodecyldime- methylamine, Dodecylethylmethylarnin, C _12/14 -Kokosalkyldimethylamin, myristyldimethylamine, cetyldimethylamine, stearyldimethylamine, stearyl, oleyl, C _16/18 tallow alkyl dimethyl amine, and their technical Mixtures.

Carboxyalkylation products of amidoamines which follow the formula (VII) are also suitable,

R ⁹

I.

R ^u CO-NH- (CH ₂ ) _a -N- (CH ₂ ) _b COOY (VII)

_R I .o

in which R ^u CO is an aliphatic acyl radical having 6 to 22 carbon atoms and 0 or 1 to 3 double bonds, a is a number from 1 to 3 and R ⁹ , R ¹⁰ , b and Y have the meanings given above.

Typical examples are reaction products of fatty acids with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, namely caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmoleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arenachic acid, gadeleostearic acid, gaoleostolic acid , Behenic acid and erucic acid and their technical mixtures, with N, N-dimethylaminoethylamine, N, N-dimethylaminopropylamine, N, N-diethylaminoethylamine and N, N-diethylaminopropylamine, which are condensed with sodium chloroacetate. It is preferred to use a condensation product of C _{g / ls} coconut fatty acid N, N-dimethylaminopropylamide with sodium chloroacetate. The zwitterionic or ampholytic surfactants are preferably present in amounts from 0 to 30, preferably from 0.1 to 20, calculated as the active substance content and based on hand washing paste.

The hand wash pastes according to the invention can furthermore contain typical additives in customary amounts. Typical additives are fatty acids, foam boosters, dyes, fragrances, pH regulators, emulsifiers, preservatives, sequestering agents and possibly foam regulators.

Suitable fatty acids are carboxylic acids with 10 to 22 hydrocarbon atoms, which are preferably saturated. A typical example is hydrogenated trans fatty acid. Such fatty acids can be present in amounts of 0 to 10% by weight, preferably in amounts of 0 to 2% by weight.

- based on handwashing paste.

Typical examples of suitable O / W or W / O emulsifiers are hardened and ethoxylated castor oil, polyglycerol fatty acid esters or polyglycerol polyricinoleates. Such emulsifiers can be present in amounts of 0 to 5% by weight, preferably 0 to 2% by weight, based on handwashing paste. Suitable foam boosters are e.g. Fatty acid alkanol amides, especially coconut fatty acid diethanolamide. The foam boosters can be used in amounts of 0 to 3, preferably in amounts of 0.1 to 1.5% by weight, based on hand washing paste

- be included.

Suitable sequestering agents have been disclosed in detail, for example, in the European patent application EP-A-881 281 already cited.

The pH value of the handwashing pastes can be adjusted using pH regulators. If particularly mild agents are desired, pH values between 4.0 and 9, preferably between 5.5 and 8 are recommended. To remove stubborn dirt, it is recommended to adjust the agents more alkaline to pH values from 8 to 14, preferably from 9 , 5 to 11. The known water-soluble hydroxides, in particular sodium hydroxide, are suitable for adjustment. If desired, the pH can also be adjusted using a buffer system. Suitable preservatives are, for example, aldehydes such as benzaldehyde or benzyl alcohol, which are preferably present in amounts of up to 1% by weight.

The remaining 100% by weight of the rest of the handwashing pastes is water, possibly in a mixture with other other water-soluble solvents, preferably water alone. The water content of the pastes is preferably in the range from 20 to 60, preferably 25 to 55% by weight, based on hand-washing paste.

The handwashing pastes according to the invention can be produced in the usual way by mixing the components, the surfactant components usually being introduced as an aqueous paste. As a rule, the calculated amount of water is introduced and the anionic surfactant is dissolved therein, preferably at slightly elevated temperatures of about 60 to 100 ° C. For this purpose, the partial glycerides as well as any other surfactants and usual constituents are stirred in. After cooling to temperatures of approx. 20 to 40 ° C, the friction bodies are incorporated and finally the desired pH value is set by adding the pH value regulators.

The handwashing pastes according to the invention produce a pleasant feeling on the skin when washing, which is perceived as smoother and less rubbing and scratching. In addition, the foam generated during use is felt to be creamy and fine-pored.

Another object of the present invention therefore relates to the use of partial glycerides to improve the feeling on the skin and the foaming of hand wash pastes.

B e i s p i e l e

The handwashing pastes were prepared by stirring the compounds listed in Table 1 in the proportions shown there:

Table 1

Legend

1 = Sulfopon HC®; Commercial product from Henkel KGaA; Active substance content approx. 65% by weight

2 = Lamesoft PO 65®; Commercial product from Henkel KGaA; Active substance content approx. 65% by weight

3 = Glucopon 650 EC®; commercial product from Henkel KGaA; Active substance content approx. 51% by weight

4 = dimethyl-N- (C8-18-cocosamidopropyl) ammonium acetobetaine N, N-; Dehyton K®; Commercial product from Henkel KGaA; Active substance content approx. 30% by weight

5 = lauryl ether sulfate with 3 EO, Na salt; Texapon NSO®; Commercial product from Henkel KGaA; Active substance content approx. 27% by weight

6 = isothiazolinone type preservative; Commercial product from Thor The hand washing pastes were tested by 10 users in comparison to the usual products on the market (soiling: a mixture of pigment black and vegetable oils according to the IPP test (test for the industrial association of cleaning and care products according to Gardner). Subjectively, 8 and 9 of the 10 users found the skin feeling better; The foam properties were also rated as significantly better by the same users because they were creamier and more porous. A commercial product 1 (with wood flour) was used as a comparison, which according to the company stated aqua, lignum, sodium tallow sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium C14-17 alkyl lake sulfonate; Cocoamidopropyl betaine, cellulose gum; Soyamide DEA; Sodium citrate; Perfume; Citric acid; Benzyl alcohol; Methylchloroisothiazolinone (INCI nomenclature) contained. Commercial product 2 (with quartz sand) contained, according to its own information, silica, aqua; Paraffinum liquidum; Kaolin; Sodium carbonate; Oleic acid; Palmitic acid; Linoleic acid; Disodium pyrophosphate; Cocoamide DEA; Potassium hydroxide; Triethanolamines; Cellulose gum; Glycerin; Cocoamidopropyl betaines; Stearic acid; 1-phenylethanol; Benzaldehydes (according to INCI).

Claims

Patent claims 1. Hand wash pastes with improved skin feel and foaming power containing a) anionic surfactants b) friction bodies c) partial glycerides. 2. hand washing pastes according to claim 1, characterized in that they contain partial glycerides of the formula (I), CH ₂ O (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _m COR ¹ (I) I. CHO (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _n R ² I. CH ₂ O (CH ₂ CH ₂ O) _p R ³ in the R'CO for a linear or branched, saturated and / or unsaturated acyl radical having 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, R ² and R ³ independently of one another for R'CO or OH and the sum (m + n + p ) stands for 0 or numbers from 1 to 100, preferably 5 to 25, with the proviso that at least one of the two radicals R ² and R ³ stands for OH. 3. Hand washing pastes according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that R'CO for an unsaturated acyl radical with 18 carbon atoms, the sum (m + n + p) for 0, R ² for OH or an unsaturated acyl radical with 18 carbon atoms and R ^{3 represents} OH. 4. Hand washing pastes according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the partial glycerides are contained in amounts of 1 to 10, preferably 2 to 7 wt .-% - based on hand washing paste. 5. Hand wash pastes according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that fatty alcohol sulfates and / or fatty alcohol ether sulfates, preferably in as anionic surfactants Amounts of 1 to 30, preferably in amounts of 5 to 25 wt .-% - based on hand washing paste - are included. 6. Hand washing pastes according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the friction body in amounts of 1 to 50, preferably in amounts of 15 to 45 wt .-%, - based on hand washing paste - are included. 7. Hand washing pastes according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that wood flour, quartz sand, chalk and or polyethylene flour are contained as the friction body. 8. Hand washing pastes according to claim 1, characterized in that additional nonionic surfactants, preferably alkyl polyglycosides, are additionally contained. 9. Hand washing pastes according to claim 1, characterized in that additionally zwitterionic or ampholytic surfactants, preferably alkyl betaines and / or alkyl amido betaines, are contained. 10. Hand wash pastes according to claim 1, characterized in that carboxylic acids, preferably saturated fatty acids having 10 to 22 carbon atoms, are additionally contained. 11. Use of partial glycerides to improve the feeling on the skin and the foaming of hand wash pastes.