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US20150376700A1 - Analysis of nucleic acid sequences - Google Patents

Analysis of nucleic acid sequences Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150376700A1
US20150376700A1 US14/752,589 US201514752589A US2015376700A1 US 20150376700 A1 US20150376700 A1 US 20150376700A1 US 201514752589 A US201514752589 A US 201514752589A US 2015376700 A1 US2015376700 A1 US 2015376700A1
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Prior art keywords
nucleic acid
sequence
fragment
fragments
sequences
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Inventor
Michael Schnall-Levin
Mirna Jarosz
Christopher Hindson
Kevin Ness
Serge Saxonov
Benjamin Hindson
Grace X. Y. Zheng
Patrick Marks
John Stuelpnagel
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10X Genomics Inc
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10X Genomics Inc
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Priority to US14/752,589 priority Critical patent/US20150376700A1/en
Assigned to 10X GENOMICS, INC. reassignment 10X GENOMICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STUELPNAGEL, JOHN, MARKS, PATRICK, SAXONOV, SERGE, HINDSON, BENJAMIN, HINDSON, Christopher, NESS, KEVIN, SCHNALL0LEVIN, MICHAEL, ZHENG, GRACE, JAROSZ, MIRNA
Assigned to 10X GENOMICS, INC. reassignment 10X GENOMICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STUELPNAGEL, JOHN, MARKS, PATRICK, SAXONOV, SERGE, HINDSON, BENJAMIN, HINDSON, Christopher, NESS, KEVIN, SCHNALL-LEVIN, MICHAEL, ZHENG, GRACE, JAROSZ, MIRNA
Publication of US20150376700A1 publication Critical patent/US20150376700A1/en
Priority to US15/985,388 priority patent/US20180265928A1/en
Assigned to 10X GENOMICS, INC. reassignment 10X GENOMICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ZHENG, Xinying
Priority to US16/898,984 priority patent/US12163191B2/en
Priority to US18/934,042 priority patent/US20250059606A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
    • C12Q1/6827—Hybridisation assays for detection of mutation or polymorphism
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • G06F19/22—
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B30/00—ICT specially adapted for sequence analysis involving nucleotides or amino acids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B30/00—ICT specially adapted for sequence analysis involving nucleotides or amino acids
    • G16B30/10—Sequence alignment; Homology search
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    • G16B30/00—ICT specially adapted for sequence analysis involving nucleotides or amino acids
    • G16B30/20—Sequence assembly
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2535/00—Reactions characterised by the assay type for determining the identity of a nucleotide base or a sequence of oligonucleotides
    • C12Q2535/122—Massive parallel sequencing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2537/00—Reactions characterised by the reaction format or use of a specific feature
    • C12Q2537/10—Reactions characterised by the reaction format or use of a specific feature the purpose or use of
    • C12Q2537/16—Assays for determining copy number or wherein the copy number is of special importance
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2563/00—Nucleic acid detection characterized by the use of physical, structural and functional properties
    • C12Q2563/159—Microreactors, e.g. emulsion PCR or sequencing, droplet PCR, microcapsules, i.e. non-liquid containers with a range of different permeability's for different reaction components
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2565/00—Nucleic acid analysis characterised by mode or means of detection
    • C12Q2565/60—Detection means characterised by use of a special device
    • C12Q2565/629—Detection means characterised by use of a special device being a microfluidic device
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers

Definitions

  • a fundamental understanding of a particular human genome may require more than simply identifying the presence or absence of certain genetic variations such as mutations. It is also important to determine whether certain genetic variations appear on the same or different chromosomes (also known as phasing). Information about patterns of genetic variations, such as haplotypes is also important, as is information about the number of copies of genes.
  • haplotype refers to sets of DNA sequence variants (alleles) that are inherited together in contiguous blocks.
  • the human genome contains two copies of each gene—a maternal copy and a paternal copy.
  • gene alleles “A” and “a” and “a” the genome of a given individual will include one of two haplotypes, “AB/ab”, where the A and B alleles reside on the same chromosome (the “cis” configuration), or “Ab/aB”, where the A and B alleles reside on different chromosomes (the “trans” configuration).
  • Phasing methods or assays can be used to determine whether a specified set of alleles reside on the same or different chromosomes.
  • several linked alleles that define a haplotype may correlate with, or be associated with, a particular disease phenotype; in such cases, a haplotype, rather than any one particular genetic variant, may be the most determinative factor as to whether a patient will display the disease.
  • Gene copy number also plays a role in some disease phenotypes. Most genes are normally present in two copies, however, amplified genes are genes that are present in more than two functional copies. In some instances, genes may also undergo a loss of functional copies. A loss or gain in gene copy number can lead to the production of abnormal levels of mRNA and protein expression, potentially leading to a cancerous state or other disorder. Cancer and other genetic disorders are often correlated with abnormal (increased or decreased) chromosome numbers (“aneuploidy”). Cytogenetic techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization or comparative genomic hybridization can be used to detect the presence of abnormal gene or chromosome copy numbers. Improved methods of detecting genetic phasing information, haplotypes or copy number variations are needed in the art.
  • the present disclosure provides methods and systems that may be useful in providing significant advances in the characterization of genetic material. These methods and systems can be useful in providing genetic characterizations that may be substantially difficult using generally available technologies, including, for example, haplotype phasing, identifying structural variations, e.g., deletions, duplications, copy-number variants, insertions, inversions, translocations, long tandem repeats (LTRs), short tandem repeats (STRs), and a variety of other useful characterizations.
  • haplotype phasing identifying structural variations, e.g., deletions, duplications, copy-number variants, insertions, inversions, translocations, long tandem repeats (LTRs), short tandem repeats (STRs), and a variety of other useful characterizations.
  • An aspect of the disclosure provides a method for identifying one or more variations in a nucleic acid, comprising: a) providing a first fragment of the nucleic acid, wherein the first fragment has a length greater than 10 kilobases (kb); (b) sequencing a plurality of second fragments of the first fragment to provide a plurality of fragment sequences, which plurality of fragment sequences share a common barcode sequence; (c) attributing the plurality of fragment sequences to the first fragment by a presence of the common barcode sequence; (d) determining a nucleic acid sequence of the first fragment using the plurality of fragment sequences, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is determined at an error rate of less than 1%; and; (e) identifying the one or more variations in the nucleic acid sequence of the first fragment determined in (d), thereby identifying the one or more variations within the nucleic acid.
  • the first fragment is in a discrete partition in among a plurality of discrete partitions. In some cases, the discrete partition is a droplet in an emulsion. In some cases the identifying comprises identifying phased variants in the nucleic acid sequence of the first fragment. In some cases, the identifying comprises identifying one or more structural variations in the nucleic acid from the nucleic acid sequence of the first fragment. In some cases, the first fragment has a length greater than 15 kb. In some cases, the first fragment has a length greater than 20 kb. In some cases, the determining comprises mapping the plurality of fragment sequences to a reference. In some cases, the determining comprises assembling the plurality of fragment sequences with the common barcode sequence.
  • the method for identifying one or more variations further comprises providing a plurality of first fragments of the nucleic acid that are at least 10 kb in length, and the identifying comprises determining a nucleic acid sequence from each of the plurality of first fragments and identifying the one or more variations in the nucleic acid from the nucleic acid sequence from each of the plurality of first fragments.
  • the method for identifying one or more variations further comprises linking two or more nucleic acid sequences of the plurality of first fragments in an inferred contig based upon overlapping nucleic acid sequences of the two or more nucleic acid sequences, wherein the maximum inferred contig length is at least 10 kb. In some cases, the maximum inferred contig length is at least 20 kb. In some cases, the maximum inferred contig length is at least 40 kb. In some cases, the maximum inferred contig length is at least 50 kb. In some cases, the maximum inferred contig length is at least 100 kb. In some cases, the maximum inferred contig length is at least 200 kb.
  • the maximum inferred contig length is at least 500 kb. In some cases, the maximum inferred contig length is at least 750 kb. In some cases, the maximum inferred contig length is at least 1 megabase (Mb). In some cases, the maximum inferred contig length is at least 1.75 Mb. In some cases, the maximum inferred contig length is at least 2.5 Mb.
  • the method for identifying one or more variations further comprises linking two or more nucleic acid sequences of the plurality of first fragments in a phase block based upon overlapping phased variants within the two or more nucleic acid sequences of the plurality of first fragments, wherein the maximum phase block length is at least 10 kb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 20 kb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 40 kb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 50 kb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 100 kb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 200 kb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 500 kb.
  • the maximum phase block length is at least 750 kb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 1 Mb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 1.75 Mb. In some cases, maximum phase block length is at least 2.5 Mb.
  • the method for identifying one or more variations further comprises linking two or more nucleic acid sequences of the plurality of first fragments in an inferred contig based upon overlapping nucleic acid sequences of the two or more nucleic acid sequences, thereby creating a population of inferred contigs, wherein the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 10 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 20 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 40 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 50 kb.
  • the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 100 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 200 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 500 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 750 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 1 Mb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 1.75 Mb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of inferred contigs is at least 2.5 Mb.
  • the method for identifying one or more variations further comprises linking two or more nucleic acid sequences of the plurality of first fragments in a phase block based upon overlapping phased variants within the two or more nucleic acid sequences of the plurality of first fragments, thereby creating a population of phase blocks, wherein the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 10 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 20 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 40 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 50 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 100 kb.
  • the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 200 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 500 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 750 kb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 1 Mb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 1.75 Mb. In some cases, the N50 of the population of phase blocks is at least 2.5 Mb.
  • An additional aspect of the disclosure provides a method of determining a presence of a structural variation of a nucleic acid.
  • the method can comprise: (a) providing a plurality of first fragment molecules of the nucleic acid, wherein a given first fragment molecule of the plurality of first fragment molecules comprises the structural variation; (b) sequencing a plurality of second fragment molecules of each of the plurality of first fragment molecules to provide a plurality of fragment sequences, wherein each of the plurality of fragment sequences corresponding to a given first fragment molecule shares a common barcode sequence; and (c) determining the presence of the structural variation by (i) mapping the plurality of fragment sequences to a reference sequence, (ii) identifying the plurality of fragment sequences that share the common barcode sequence, and (iii) identifying the structural variation based on a presence of an elevated amount of the plurality of fragment sequences sharing the common barcode sequence that map to the reference sequence at locations that are further apart than a length of the given first fragment molecule, which elevated amount is relative
  • the elevated amount is 1% or more with respect to a total number of the first fragment molecules that are derived from a region of the nucleic acid having the structural variation. In some cases, the elevated amount is 2% or more with respect to the total number of the first fragment molecules that are derived from a region of the nucleic acid having the structural variation. In some cases, the locations are at least about 100 bases apart. In some cases, the locations are at least about 500 bases apart. In some cases, the locations are at least about 1 kilobase (kb) apart. In some cases, the locations are at least about 10 kb apart.
  • the method of determining a presence of a structural variation of a nucleic acid further comprises identifying the structural variation by creating an assembly of the given first fragment molecule from the plurality of fragment sequences, wherein the plurality of fragment sequences are selected as inputs for the assembly based upon a presence of the common barcode sequence.
  • the assembly is created by generating a consensus sequence from the plurality of fragment sequences.
  • the structural variation comprises a translocation.
  • An additional aspect of the disclosure provides a method of characterizing a variant nucleic acid sequence.
  • the method can comprise: (a) fragmenting a variant nucleic acid to provide a plurality of first fragments having a length greater than 10 kilobases (kb); (b) separating the plurality of first fragments into discrete partitions; (c) creating a plurality of second fragments from each first fragment within its respective partition, the plurality of second fragments having a barcode sequence attached thereto, which barcode sequence within a given partition is a common barcode sequence; (d) sequencing the plurality of second fragments and the barcode sequences attached thereto, to provide a plurality of second fragment sequences; (e) attributing the second fragment sequences to an original first fragment based at least in part on the presence of the common barcode sequence to provide a first fragment sequence context for the second fragment sequences; and (f) identifying a variant portion of the variant nucleic acid from the first fragment sequence context, thereby characterizing the variant nucleic acid
  • the attributing comprises assembling at least a portion of a sequence for an individual fragment from the plurality of first fragments from the plurality of second fragment sequences based, at least in part, on the presence of the common barcode sequence. In some cases, the attributing comprises mapping the plurality of second fragment sequences to an individual first fragment from the plurality of first fragments based at least in part upon the common barcode sequence.
  • the method of characterizing a variant nucleic acid sequence further comprises linking two or more of the plurality of first fragments into an inferred contig, based upon overlapping sequence between the two or more of the plurality of first fragments.
  • the identifying comprises identifying one or more phased variants from the first fragment sequence context.
  • the method of characterizing a variant nucleic acid sequence further comprises linking two or more of the plurality of first fragments into a phase block, based upon overlapping phased variants between the two or more of the plurality of first fragments.
  • the identifying comprises identifying one or more structural variations from the first fragment sequence context.
  • the one or more structural variations are independently selected from insertions, deletions, translocations, retrotransposons, inversions, and duplications.
  • the structural variation comprises an insertion or a translocation
  • the first fragment sequence context indicates a presence of the insertion or translocation.
  • An additional aspect of the disclosure provides a method of identifying variants in a sequence of a nucleic acid.
  • the method comprises: obtaining nucleic acid sequences of a plurality of individual fragment molecules of the nucleic acid, the nucleic acid sequences of the plurality of individual fragment molecules each having a length of at least 1 kilobase (kb); linking sequences of one or more of the plurality of individual fragment molecules in one or more inferred contigs; and identifying one or more variants from the one or more inferred contigs.
  • the obtaining comprises obtaining the nucleic acid sequences of a plurality of fragment molecules that are greater than 10 kb in length.
  • the obtaining comprises: providing a plurality of barcoded fragments of each individual fragment molecule of the plurality of individual fragment molecules, the barcoded fragments of a given individual fragment molecule having a common barcode; sequencing the plurality of barcoded fragments of the plurality of individual fragment molecules, the sequencing providing a sequencing error rate of less than 1%; and determining a sequence of the plurality of individual fragment molecules from sequences of the plurality of barcoded fragments and their associated barcodes.
  • the linking comprises identifying one or more overlapping sequences between two or more individual fragment molecules to link the two or more individual fragment molecules into the one or more inferred contigs. In some cases, the linking comprises identifying one or more common variants between two or more individual fragment molecules to link the two or more individual fragment molecules into the one or more inferred contigs. In some cases, the one or more common variants are phased variants, and the one or more inferred contigs comprise a maximum phase block length of at least 100 kb. In some cases, the one or more variants identified in the identifying comprise structural variations. In some cases, the structural variations are selected from insertions, deletions, translocations, retrotransposons, inversions, and duplications.
  • An additional aspect of the disclosure provides a method of characterizing nucleic acids.
  • the method comprises: obtaining nucleic acid sequences of a plurality of fragment molecules having a length of at least 10 kilobases (kb); identifying one or more phased variant positions in the nucleic acid sequences of the plurality of fragment molecules; linking the nucleic acid sequences of at least a first fragment molecule to at least a second fragment molecule based upon a presence of one or more common phased variant positions within the first and second fragment molecules, to provide a phase block with a maximum phase block length of at least 10 kb; and identifying one or more phased variants from the phase block with the maximum phase block length of at least 10 kb.
  • the method of characterizing nucleic acids further comprises identifying one or more additional phased variants from the phase block.
  • the plurality of fragment molecules are in discrete partitions. In some cases, the discrete partitions are droplets in an emulsion.
  • the length of the plurality of fragment molecules is at least 50 kb. In some cases, the length of the plurality of fragment molecules is at least 100 kb.
  • the maximum phase block length is at least 50 kb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 100 kb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 1 Mb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 2 Mb. In some cases, the maximum phase block length is at least 2.5 Mb.
  • An additional aspect of the disclosure provides a method comprising: (a) partitioning a first nucleic acid into a first partition, where the first nucleic acid comprises the target sequence derived from a first chromosome of an organism; (b) partitioning a second nucleic acid into a second partition, where the second nucleic acid comprises the target sequence derived from a second chromosome of the organism; (c) in the first partition, attaching a first barcode sequence to fragments of the first nucleic acid or to copies of portions of the first nucleic acid to provide first barcoded fragments; (d) in the second partition, attaching a second barcode sequence to fragments of the second nucleic acid or to copies of portions of the second nucleic acid to provide second barcoded fragments, the second barcode sequence being different from the first barcode sequence; (e) determining the nucleic acid sequence of the first and second barcoded fragments, and assembling a nucleic acid sequence of the first and second nucleic acids; and (f)
  • oligonucleotides comprising the first barcode sequence are co-partitioned with the first nucleic acid
  • oligonucleotides comprising the second barcode sequence are co-partitioned with the second nucleic acid.
  • the oligonucleotides comprising the first barcode sequence are releasably attached to a first bead
  • the oligonucleotides comprising the second barcode sequence are releasably attached to a second bead
  • the co-partitioning comprises co-partitioning the first and second beads into the first and second partitions, respectively.
  • the first and second partitions comprise droplets in an emulsion.
  • the first chromosome is a paternal chromosome and the second chromosome is a maternal chromosome. In some cases, the first chromosome and the second chromosome are homologous chromosomes. In some cases, the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid comprise one or more variations.
  • the first and second chromosomes are derived from a fetus. In some cases, the first and second nucleic acids are obtained from a sample taken from a pregnant woman. In some cases, the first chromosome is chromosome 21, 18, or 13. In some cases, the second chromosome is chromosome 21, 18, or 13. In some cases, the method further comprises determining the relative quantity of the first or second chromosome. In some cases, the method further comprises determining the quantity of the first or second chromosome relative to a reference chromosome. In some cases, the first chromosome or second chromosome, or both, has an increase in copy number. In some cases, the increase in copy number is a result of cancer or aneuploidy. In some cases, the first chromosome or second chromosome, or both, has a decrease in copy number. In some cases, the decrease in copy number is a result of cancer or aneuploidy.
  • An additional aspect of the disclosure provides a method comprising: (a) partitioning a first nucleic acid into a first partition, where the first nucleic acid comprises the target sequence derived from a first chromosome of an organism; (b) partitioning a second nucleic acid into a second partition, where the second nucleic acid comprises the target sequence derived from a second chromosome of the organism; (c) in the first partition, attaching a first barcode sequence to fragments of the first nucleic acid or to copies of portions of the first nucleic acid to provide first barcoded fragments; (d) in the second partition, attaching a second barcode sequence to fragments of the second nucleic acid or to copies of portions of the second nucleic acid to provide second barcoded fragments, the second barcode sequence being different from the first barcode sequence; (e) determining the nucleic acid sequence of the first and second barcoded fragments, and assembling a nucleic acid sequence of the first and second nucleic acids; and (f)
  • oligonucleotides comprising the first barcode sequence are co-partitioned with the first nucleic acid
  • oligonucleotides comprising the second barcode sequence are co-partitioned with the second nucleic acid.
  • the oligonucleotides comprising the first barcode sequence are releasably attached to a first bead
  • the oligonucleotides comprising the second barcode sequence are releasably attached to a second bead
  • the co-partitioning comprises co-partitioning the first and second beads into the first and second partitions, respectively.
  • the first and second partitions comprise droplets in an emulsion.
  • the first chromosome is a paternal chromosome and the second chromosome is a maternal chromosome.
  • first chromosome and the second chromosome are homologous chromosomes.
  • the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid comprise one or more variations.
  • the first and second chromosomes are derived from a fetus.
  • the first and second nucleic acids are obtained from a sample taken from a pregnant woman.
  • the first chromosome is chromosome 21, 18, or 13.
  • the second chromosome is chromosome 21, 18, or 13.
  • the method further comprises determining the relative quantity of the first or second chromosome. In some cases, the method further comprises determining the quantity of the first or second chromosome relative to a reference chromosome. In some cases, the first chromosome or second chromosome, or both, has an increase in copy number. In some cases, the increase in copy number is a result of cancer or aneuploidy. In some cases, the first chromosome or second chromosome, or both, has a decrease in copy number. In some cases, the decrease in copy number is a result of cancer or aneuploidy.
  • An additional aspect of the disclosure provides a method for characterizing a fetal nucleic acid sequence.
  • the method comprises: (a) determining a maternal nucleic acid sequence, wherein the maternal nucleic acid is derived from a pregnant mother of a fetus, by: (i) fragmenting a maternal nucleic acid to provide a plurality of first maternal fragments; (ii) separating the plurality of first maternal fragments into maternal partitions; (iii) creating a plurality of second maternal fragments from each of the first maternal fragments within their respective maternal partitions, the plurality of second maternal fragments having a first barcode sequence attached thereto, wherein within a given maternal partition of the maternal partitions the second maternal fragments comprise a first common barcode sequence attached thereto; (iv) sequencing the plurality of second maternal fragments to provide a plurality of maternal fragment sequences; (v) attributing the maternal fragment sequences to an original first maternal fragment based at least in part on the presence of the first common barcode sequence to determine
  • the paternal fragment sequences and the maternal fragment sequences are each used to link sequences into one or more inferred contigs.
  • the inferred contigs are used to construct maternal and paternal phase blocks.
  • the sequence of the fetal nucleic acid is compared to the maternal and paternal phase blocks to construct fetal phase blocks.
  • the paternal fragment sequences are assembled to produce at least a portion of sequences for the plurality of first paternal fragments, thereby determining the paternal nucleic acid sequence
  • the maternal fragment sequences are assembled to produce at least a portion of sequences for the plurality of first maternal fragments, thereby determining the maternal nucleic acid sequence.
  • the determining the paternal nucleic acid sequence comprises mapping the paternal fragment sequences to a paternal reference
  • the determining the maternal nucleic acid sequence comprises mapping the maternal fragment sequences to a maternal reference.
  • the sequence of the fetal nucleic acid is determined with an accuracy of at least 99%. In some cases, the one or more genetic variations of the sequence of the fetal nucleic acid are determined with an accuracy of at least 99%. In some cases, the one or more genetic variations are selected from the group consisting of a structural variation and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In some cases, the one or more genetic variations are a structural variation selected from the group consisting of a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a translocation, a retrotransposon, an inversion, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion and a duplication.
  • SNP single nucleotide polymorphism
  • the method for characterizing the fetal nucleic acid sequence further comprises, in (c), determining the one or more genetic variations of the sequence of the fetal nucleic acid using one or more genetic variations determined for the maternal nucleic acid sequence and the paternal nucleic acid sequence. In some cases, the method for characterizing the fetal nucleic acid sequence further comprises, in (c), determining one or more de novo mutations of the fetal nucleic acid. In some cases, the method for characterizing the fetal nucleic acid sequence further comprises, during or after (c), determining an aneuploidy associated with the fetal nucleic acid.
  • the method for characterizing the fetal nucleic acid sequence further comprises, during or after (v) in (a), haplotyping the maternal nucleic acid sequence to provide a haplotype-resolved maternal nucleic acid sequence and, during or after (v) in (b), haplotyping the paternal nucleic acid sequence to provide a haplotype-resolved paternal nucleic acid sequence.
  • the method for characterizing the fetal nucleic acid sequence further comprises in (c), determining the sequence of the fetal nucleic acid and/or the one or more genetic variations using the haplotype-resolved maternal nucleic acid sequence and the haplotype-resolved paternal nucleic acid sequence.
  • one or more of the maternal nucleic acid and the paternal nucleic acid is genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
  • the fetal nucleic acid comprises cell-free nucleic acid.
  • the method for characterizing the fetal nucleic acid sequence further comprises, in (a), determining the maternal nucleic acid sequence with an accuracy of at least 99%. In some cases, the method for characterizing the fetal nucleic acid sequence further comprises, in (b), determining the paternal nucleic acid sequence with an accuracy of at least 99%.
  • the maternal nucleic acid sequence and/or the paternal nucleic acid sequence has a length greater than 10 kilobases (kb).
  • the maternal and paternal partitions comprise droplets in an emulsion.
  • the first barcode sequence is provided in the given maternal partition releasably attached to a first particle.
  • the second barcode sequence is provided in the given paternal partition releasably attached to a second particle.
  • An additional aspect of the disclosure provides a method for characterizing a sample nucleic acid.
  • the method comprises: (a) obtaining a biological sample from a subject, which biological sample includes a cell-free sample nucleic acid; (b) in a droplet, attaching a barcode sequence to fragments of the cell-free sample nucleic acid or to copies of portions of the sample nucleic acid, to provide barcoded sample fragments; (c) determining nucleic acid sequences of the barcoded sample fragments and providing a sample nucleic acid sequence based on the nucleic acid sequences of the barcoded sample fragments; (d) using a programmed computer processor to generate a comparison of the sample nucleic acid sequence to a reference nucleic acid sequence, which reference nucleic acid sequence has a length greater 10 kilobases (kb) and an accuracy of at least 99%; and (e) using the comparison to identify one or more genetic variations in the sample nucleic acid sequence, thereby associating the sample nucleic acid
  • the one or more genetic variations in the sample nucleic acid sequence are selected from the group consisting of a structural variation and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
  • the one or more genetic variations of the sample nucleic acid sequence are a structural variation selected from the group consisting of a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a retrotransposon, a translocation, an inversion, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion and a duplication.
  • the sample nucleic acid sequence is provided with an accuracy of at least 99%.
  • the barcode sequence is provided in the droplet releasably attached to a particle, and wherein (b) further comprises releasing the barcode sequence from the particle into the droplet prior to the attaching the barcode sequence.
  • the barcode sequence is provided as a portion of a primer sequence releasably attached to the particle, wherein the primer sequence also includes a random N-mer sequence, and wherein (b) further comprises releasing the primer sequence from the particle into the droplet prior to the attaching the barcode sequence.
  • the method for characterizing the sample nucleic acid further comprises: (i) in an additional droplet, attaching an additional barcode sequence to fragments of a reference nucleic acid or to copies of portions of the reference nucleic acid to provide barcoded reference fragments; and (ii) determining nucleic acid sequences of the barcoded reference fragments and determining the reference nucleic acid sequence based on the nucleic acid sequences of the barcoded reference fragments.
  • the determining the reference nucleic acid sequence comprises assembling the nucleic acid sequences of the barcoded reference fragments.
  • the method for characterizing the sample nucleic acid further comprises providing the additional barcode sequence in the additional droplet releasably attached to a particle and releasing the additional barcode sequence from the particle into the additional partition prior to the attaching the additional barcode sequence. In some cases, the method for characterizing the sample nucleic acid further comprises providing the additional barcode sequence as a portion of a primer sequence releasably attached to the particle, wherein the primer sequence also includes a random N-mer sequence, and releasing the primer from the particle into the additional droplet prior to the attaching the additional barcode sequence.
  • the method for characterizing the sample nucleic acid further comprises attaching the additional barcode sequence to the fragments of the reference nucleic acid or to the copies of portions of the reference nucleic acid in an amplification reaction using the primer. In some cases, the method for characterizing the sample nucleic acid further comprises determining one or more genetic variations in the reference nucleic acid sequence.
  • the one or more genetic variations in the reference nucleic acid sequence are selected from the group consisting of a structural variation and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In some cases, the one or more genetic variations in the reference nucleic acid sequence are a structural variation selected from the group consisting of a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a retrotransposon, a translocation, an inversion, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion and a duplication. In some cases, the reference nucleic acid comprises a germline nucleic acid sequence. In some cases, the reference nucleic acid comprises a cancer nucleic acid sequence. In some cases, the sample nucleic acid sequence has a length of greater than 10 kb.
  • the reference nucleic acid is derived from a genome indicative of an absence of a disease state. In some cases, the reference nucleic acid is a derived from a genome indicative of a disease state. In some cases, the disease state comprises cancer. In some cases, the disease state comprises an aneuploidy. In some cases, the cell-free sample nucleic acid comprises tumor nucleic acid. In some cases, the tumor nucleic acid comprises a circulating tumor nucleic acid.
  • FIG. 1 provides a schematic illustration of identification and analysis of phased variants using conventional processes versus example processes and systems described herein.
  • FIG. 2 provides a schematic illustration of the identification and analysis of structural variations using conventional processes versus example processes and systems described herein.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an example workflow for performing an assay to detect copy number or haplotype using methods and compositions disclosed herein.
  • FIG. 4 provides a schematic illustration of an example process for combining a nucleic acid sample with beads and partitioning the nucleic acids and beads into discrete droplets
  • FIG. 5 provides a schematic illustration of an example process for barcoding and amplification of chromosomal nucleic acid fragments.
  • FIG. 6 provides a schematic illustration of an example use of barcoding of chromosomal nucleic acid fragments in attributing sequence data to individual chromosomes.
  • FIG. 7 provides a schematic illustration of an example of phased sequencing processes.
  • FIG. 8 provides a schematic illustration of an example subset of the genome of a healthy patient (top panel) and a cancer patient with a gain in haplotype copy number (central panel) or loss of haplotype copy number (bottom panel).
  • FIGS. 9A-B provides: (a) a schematic illustration showing a relative contribution of tumor DNA and (b) a representation of detecting such copy gains and losses by ordinary sequencing methods.
  • FIG. 10 provides a schematic illustration of an example of detecting copy gains and losses using a single variant position (left panel) and combined variant positions (right panel).
  • FIG. 11 provides a schematic illustration of the potential of described methods and systems to identify gains and losses in copy number.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates an example workflow for performing an aneuploidy test based on determination of chromosome number and copy number variation using methods and compositions described herein.
  • FIGS. 13A-B illustrate an example overview of a process for identifying structural variations such as translocations and gene fusions in genetic samples.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an example workflow for performing a cancer diagnostic test based on determination of copy number variation using the methods and compositions described herein.
  • FIG. 15 provides a schematic illustration of an EML-4-ALK structural variation from an NCI-H2228 cancer cell line.
  • FIGS. 16A and 16B provide barcode mapping data using the systems described herein for identifying the presence of the EML-4-ALK variant structure shown in FIG. 15 , in the cancer cell line ( FIG. 16A ), as compared to a negative control cell line ( FIG. 16B ).
  • FIG. 17 schematically depicts an example workflow of analyzing a paternal nucleic acid sequence as described herein.
  • FIG. 18 schematically depicts an example workflow of analyzing a maternal nucleic acid sequence as described herein.
  • FIG. 19 schematically depicts an example workflow of analyzing a fetal nucleic acid sequence as described herein.
  • FIG. 20 schematically depicts an example workflow of analyzing a reference nucleic acid sequence as described herein.
  • FIG. 21 schematically depicts an example workflow of analyzing a sample nucleic acid sequence as described herein.
  • FIG. 22 schematically depicts an example computer control system.
  • organism generally refers to a contiguous living system.
  • Non-limiting examples of organisms includes animals (e.g., humans, other types of mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, other example types of animals described elsewhere herein), plants, fungi and bacterium.
  • the term “contig” generally refers to a contiguous nucleic acid sequence of a given length.
  • the contiguous sequence may be derived from an individual sequence read, including either a short or long read sequence read, or from an assembly of sequence reads that are aligned and assembled based upon overlapping sequences within the reads, or that are defined as linked within a fragment based upon other known linkage data, e.g., the tagging with common barcodes as described elsewhere herein.
  • overlapping sequence reads may likewise include short reads, e.g., less than 500 bases, e.g., in some cases from approximately 100 to 500 bases, and in some cases from 100 to 250 bases, or based upon longer sequence reads, e.g., greater than 500 bases, 1000 bases or even greater than 10,000 bases.
  • This disclosure provides methods and systems useful in providing significant advances in the characterization of genetic material.
  • the methods and systems can be useful in providing genetic characterizations that are very difficult or even impossible using generally available technologies, including, for example, haplotype phasing, identifying structural variations, e.g., deletions, duplications, copy-number variants, insertions, inversions, retrotransposons, translocations, LTRs, STRs, and a variety of other useful characterizations.
  • the methods and systems described herein accomplish the above goals by providing for the sequencing of long individual nucleic acid molecules, which permit the identification and use of long range variant information, e.g., relating variations to different sequence segments, including sequence segments containing other variations, that are separated by significant distances in the originating sequence, e.g., longer than is provided by short read sequencing technologies.
  • long range variant information e.g., relating variations to different sequence segments, including sequence segments containing other variations, that are separated by significant distances in the originating sequence, e.g., longer than is provided by short read sequencing technologies.
  • these methods and systems achieve these objectives with the advantage of extremely low sequencing error rates of short read sequencing technologies, and far below those of the reported long read-length sequencing technologies, e.g., single molecule sequencing, such as SMRT Sequencing and nanopore sequencing technologies.
  • the methods and systems described herein segment long nucleic acid molecules into smaller fragments that are sequenceable using high-throughput, higher accuracy short-read sequencing technologies, but do such segmentation in a manner that allows the sequence information derived from the smaller fragments to be attributed to the originating longer individual nucleic acid molecules.
  • sequence information derived from the smaller fragments can be attributed to the originating longer individual nucleic acid molecules.
  • characterization information can include haplotype phasing, identification of structural variations, and identifying copy number variations.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the challenges of phased variant calling and the solutions presented by the methods described herein.
  • nucleic acids 102 and 104 in Panel I represent two haploid sequences of the same region of different chromosomes, e.g., maternally and paternally inherited chromosomes.
  • Each sequence includes a series of variants, e.g., variants 106 - 114 on nucleic acid 102 , and variants 116 - 122 on nucleic acid 104 , at different alleles that characterize each haploid sequence.
  • pooled fragments from both haploid sequences are sequenced, resulting in a large number of short sequence reads 124 , and the resulting sequence 126 is assembled (shown in Panel IIIa).
  • the resulting assembly shown in Panel IIIa results in single consensus sequence assembly 126 , including all of variants 106 - 122 .
  • Panel IIb of FIG. 1 the methods and systems described herein breakdown or segment the longer nucleic acids 102 and 104 into shorter, sequenceable fragments, as with the above described approach, but retain with those fragments the ability to attribute them to their originating molecular context.
  • This is schematically illustrated in Panel IIb, in which different fragments are grouped or “compartmentalized” according to their originating molecular context. In the context of the disclosure, this grouping can be accomplished through one or both of physically partitioning the fragments into groups that retain the molecular context, as well as tagging those fragments in order to subsequently be able to elucidate that context.
  • This grouping is schematically illustrated as the allocation of the shorter sequence reads as between groups 128 and 130 , representing short sequence reads from nucleic acids 102 and 104 , respectively. Because the originating sequence context is retained through the sequencing process, one can employ that context in resolving the original molecular context, e.g., the phasing, of the various variants 106 - 114 and 116 - 122 as between sequences 102 and 104 , respectively.
  • the original molecular context e.g., the phasing
  • the methods and systems are useful in characterizing structural variants that are generally unidentifiable or at least difficult to identify, using short read sequence technologies.
  • a genomic sample may include nucleic acids that include a translocation event, e.g., a translocation of genetic element 206 from sequence 202 to sequence 204 .
  • translocations may be any of a variety of different translocation types, including, for example, translocations between different chromosomes, whether to the same or different regions, between different regions of the same chromosome.
  • the short sequence reads derived from sequences 202 and 204 are provided with a compartmentalization, shown in Panel IIb as groups 214 and 216 , that retain the original molecular grouping of the smaller sequence fragments, allowing their assembly as sequences 218 and 220 , shown in Panel IIIb, allowing attribution back to the originating sequences 202 and 204 , and identification of the translocation variation, e.g., translocated sequence segment 206 a in correct sequence assemblies 218 and 220 , as illustrated in Panel Mb.
  • a compartmentalization shown in Panel IIb as groups 214 and 216 , that retain the original molecular grouping of the smaller sequence fragments, allowing their assembly as sequences 218 and 220 , shown in Panel IIIb, allowing attribution back to the originating sequences 202 and 204 , and identification of the translocation variation, e.g., translocated sequence segment 206 a in correct sequence assemblies 218 and 220 , as illustrated in Panel Mb.
  • individual molecular context refers to sequence context beyond the specific sequence read, e.g., relation to adjacent or proximal sequences, that are not included within the sequence read itself, and as such, will generally be such that they would not be included in whole or in part in a short sequence read, e.g., a read of about 150 bases, or about 300 bases for paired reads.
  • a short sequence read e.g., a read of about 150 bases, or about 300 bases for paired reads.
  • the methods and systems provide long range sequence context for short sequence reads.
  • Such long range context includes relationship or linkage of a given sequence read to sequence reads that are within a distance of each other of longer than 1 kilobase (kb), longer than 5 kb, longer than 10 kb, longer than 15 kb, longer than 20 kb, longer than 30 kb, longer than 40 kb, longer than 50 kb, longer than 60 kb, longer than 70 kb, longer than 80 kb, longer than 90 kb or even longer than 100 kb, or longer.
  • kb kilobase
  • Sequence context can include lower resolution context, e.g., from mapping the short sequence reads to the individual longer molecules or contigs of linked molecules, as well as the higher resolution sequence context, e.g., from long range sequencing of large portions of the longer individual molecules, e.g., having contiguous determined sequences of individual molecules where such determined sequences are longer than 1 kb, longer than 5 kb, longer than 10 kb, longer than 15 kb, longer than 20 kb, longer than 30 kb, longer than 40 kb, longer than 50 kb, longer than 60 kb, longer than 70 kb, longer than 80 kb, longer than 90 kb or even longer than 100 kb.
  • the attribution of short sequences to longer nucleic acids may include both mapping of short sequences against longer nucleic acid stretches to provide high level sequence context, as well as providing assembled sequences from the short sequences through these longer nucleic acids.
  • long range sequence context associated with long individual molecules
  • having such long range sequence context also allows one to infer even longer range sequence context.
  • long range molecular context described above, one can identify overlapping variant portions, e.g., phased variants, translocated sequences, etc., among long sequences from different originating molecules, allowing the inferred linkage between those molecules.
  • inferred linkages or molecular contexts are referred to herein as “inferred contigs”.
  • phase blocks may represent commonly phased sequences, e.g., where by virtue of overlapping phased variants, one can infer a phased contig of substantially greater length than the individual originating molecules.
  • phase blocks are referred to herein as “phase blocks”.
  • contig or phase block lengths having an N50 (the contig or phase block length for which the collection of all phase blocks or contigs of that length or longer contain at least half of the sum of the lengths of all contigs or phase blocks, and for which the collection of all contigs or phase blocks of that length or shorter also contains at least half the sum of the lengths of all contigs or phase blocks), mode, mean, or median of at least about 10 kilobases (kb), at least about 20 kb, at least about 50 kb.
  • N50 the contig or phase block length for which the collection of all phase blocks or contigs of that length or longer contain at least half of the sum of the lengths of all contigs or phase blocks, and for which the collection of all contigs or phase blocks of that length or shorter also contains at least half the sum of the lengths of all contigs or phase blocks
  • mode mean, or median of at least about 10 kilobases (kb), at least about 20 kb, at least about 50 kb.
  • inferred contig or phase block lengths have an N50, mode, mean, or median of at least about 100 kb, at least about 150 kb, at least about 200 kb, and in some cases, at least about 250 kb, at least about 300 kb, at least about 350 kb, at least about 400 kb, and in some cases, at least about 500 kb, at least about 750 kb, at least about 1 Mb, at least about 1.75 Mb, at least about 2.5 Mb or more, are attained.
  • maximum inferred contig or phase block lengths of at least or in excess of 20 kb, 40 kb, 50 kb, 100 kb, 200 kb, 300 kb, 400 kb, 500 kb, 750 kb, 1 megabase (Mb), 1.75 Mb, 2 Mb or 2.5 Mb may be obtained.
  • inferred contigs or phase blocks lengths can be at least about 20 kb, at least about 40 kb, at least about 50 kb, at least about 100 kb, at least about 200 kb, and in some cases, at least about 500 kb, at least about 750 kb, at least about 1 Mb, and in some cases at least about 1.75 Mb, at least about 2.5 Mb or more.
  • the methods and systems described herein provide for the compartmentalization, depositing or partitioning of sample nucleic acids, or fragments thereof, into discrete compartments or partitions (referred to interchangeably herein as partitions), where each partition maintains separation of its own contents from the contents of other partitions.
  • Unique identifiers e.g., barcodes
  • the partitions that hold the compartmentalized or partitioned sample nucleic acids may be previously, subsequently or concurrently delivered to the partitions that hold the compartmentalized or partitioned sample nucleic acids, in order to allow for the later attribution of the characteristics, e.g., nucleic acid sequence information, to the sample nucleic acids included within a particular compartment, and particularly to relatively long stretches of contiguous sample nucleic acids that may be originally deposited into the partitions.
  • the sample nucleic acids can be partitioned such that the nucleic acids are present in the partitions in relatively long fragments or stretches of contiguous nucleic acid molecules. These fragments can represent a number of overlapping fragments of the overall sample nucleic acids to be analyzed, e.g., an entire chromosome, exome, or other large genomic fragment. These sample nucleic acids may include whole genomes, individual chromosomes, exomes, amplicons, or any of a variety of different nucleic acids of interest.
  • these fragments of the sample nucleic acids may be longer than 100 bases, longer 500 bases, longer than 1 kb, longer than 5 kb, longer than 10 kb, longer than 15 kb, longer than 20 kb, longer than 30 kb, longer than 40 kb, longer than 50 kb, longer than 60 kb, longer than 70 kb, longer than 80 kb, longer than 90 kb or even longer than 100 kb, which permits the longer range molecular context described above.
  • the sample nucleic acids can also be partitioned at a level whereby a given partition has a very low probability of including two overlapping fragments of the starting sample nucleic acid. This can be accomplished by providing the sample nucleic acid at a low input amount and/or concentration during the partitioning process. As a result, in some cases, a given partition may include a number of long, but non-overlapping fragments of the starting sample nucleic acids.
  • the sample nucleic acids in the different partitions are then associated with unique identifiers, where for any given partition, nucleic acids contained therein possess the same unique identifier, but where different partitions may include different unique identifiers.
  • the partitioning allocates the sample components into very small volume partitions or droplets, it will be appreciated that in order to achieve the allocation as set forth above, one need not conduct substantial dilution of the sample, as would can be required in higher volume processes, e.g., in tubes, or wells of a multiwell plate. Further, because the systems described herein employ such high levels of barcode diversity, one can allocate diverse barcodes among higher numbers of genomic equivalents, as provided above. In particular, previously described, multiwell plate approaches (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No.
  • 2013/0079231 and 2013/0157870 may only operate with a hundred to a few hundred different barcode sequences, and employ a limiting dilution process of their sample in order to be able to attribute barcodes to different cells/nucleic acids. As such, they generally operate with far fewer than 100 cells, which would can provide a ratio of genomes:(barcode type) on the order of 1:10, and certainly well above 1:100.
  • diverse barcode types can operate at genome:(barcode type) ratios that are on the order of 1:50 or less, 1:100 or less, 1:1000 or less, or even smaller ratios, while also allowing for loading higher numbers of genomes (e.g., on the order of greater than 100 genomes per assay, greater than 500 genomes per assay, 1000 genomes per assay, or even more) while still providing for far improved barcode diversity per genome.
  • the oligonucleotides may comprise at least a first and second region.
  • the first region may be a barcode region that, as between oligonucleotides within a given partition, may be substantially the same barcode sequence, but as between different partitions, may and, in most cases is a different barcode sequence.
  • the second region may be a an N-mer (e.g., either a random N-mer or an N-mer designed to target a particular sequence) that can be used to prime the nucleic acids within the sample within the partitions.
  • the N-mer may be designed to target a particular chromosome (e.g., chromosome 1, 13, 18, or 21), or region of a chromosome, e.g., an exome or other targeted region.
  • the N-mer may be designed to target a particular gene or genetic region, such as a gene or region associated with a disease or disorder (e.g., cancer).
  • an amplification reaction may be conducted using the second N-mer to prime the nucleic acid sample at different places along the length of the nucleic acid.
  • each partition may contain amplified products of the nucleic acid that are attached to an identical or near-identical barcode, and that may represent overlapping, smaller fragments of the nucleic acids in each partition.
  • the bar-code can serve as a marker that signifies that a set of nucleic acids originated from the same partition, and thus potentially also originated from the same strand of nucleic acid.
  • the nucleic acids may be pooled, sequenced, and aligned using a sequencing algorithm.
  • shorter sequence reads may, by virtue of their associated barcode sequences, be aligned and attributed to a single, long fragment of the sample nucleic acid, all of the identified variants on that sequence can be attributed to a single originating fragment and single originating chromosome. Further, by aligning multiple co-located variants across multiple long fragments, one can further characterize that chromosomal contribution. Accordingly, conclusions regarding the phasing of particular genetic variants may then be drawn. Such information may be useful for identifying haplotypes, which are generally a specified set of genetic variants that reside on the same nucleic acid strand or on different nucleic acid strands. Copy number variations may also be identified in this manner.
  • Haplotype phasing and copy number variation data are generally not available by sequencing genomic DNA because biological samples (blood, cells, or tissue samples, for example) are processed en masse to extract the genetic material from an ensemble of cells, and convert it into sequencing libraries that are configured specifically for a given sequencing technology.
  • sequencing data generally provides non-phased genotypes, in which it is not possible to determine whether genetic information is present on the same or different chromosomes.
  • such ensemble sample preparation and sequencing methods are also predisposed towards primarily identifying and characterizing the majority constituents in the sample, and are not designed to identify and characterize minority constituents, e.g., genetic material contributed by one chromosome, or by one or a few cells, or fragmented tumor cell DNA molecule circulating in the bloodstream, that constitute a small percentage of the total DNA in the extracted sample.
  • the described methods and systems also provide a significant advantage for detecting minor populations that are present in a larger sample. As such, they can be useful for assessing copy number variations in a sample since often only a small portion of a clinical sample contains tissue with copy number variations. For example, if the sample is a blood sample from a pregnant woman, only a small fraction of the sample would contain circulating cell-free fetal DNA.
  • the use of the barcoding technique disclosed herein confers the unique capability of providing individual molecular context for a given set of genetic markers, i.e., attributing a given set of genetic markers (as opposed to a single marker) to individual sample nucleic acid molecules, and through variant coordinated assembly, to provide a broader or even longer range inferred individual molecular context, among multiple sample nucleic acid molecules, and/or to a specific chromosome.
  • These genetic markers may include specific genetic loci, e.g., variants, such as SNPs, or they may include short sequences.
  • the use of barcoding confers the additional advantages of facilitating the ability to discriminate between minority constituents and majority constituents of the total nucleic acid population extracted from the sample, e.g.
  • implementation in a microfluidics format confers the ability to work with extremely small sample volumes and low input quantities of DNA, as well as the ability to rapidly process large numbers of sample partitions (e.g., droplets) to facilitate genome-wide tagging.
  • an advantage of the methods and systems described herein is that they can achieve results through the use of ubiquitously available, short read sequencing technologies.
  • Such technologies have the advantages of being readily available and widely dispersed within the research community, with protocols and reagent systems that are well characterized and highly effective.
  • These short read sequencing technologies include those available from, e.g., Illumina, Inc. (e.g., GXII, NextSeq, MiSeq, HiSeq, X10), Ion Torrent division of Thermo-Fisher (e.g., Ion Proton and Ion PGM), pyrosequencing methods, as well as others.
  • the methods and systems described herein utilize these short read sequencing technologies and do so with their associated low error rates.
  • the methods and systems described herein achieve individual molecular read lengths or context, as described above, but with individual sequencing reads, excluding mate pair extensions, that are shorter than 1000 bp, shorter than 500 bp, shorter than 300 bp, shorter than 200 bp, shorter than 150 bp or even shorter; and with sequencing error rates for such individual molecular read lengths that are less than 5%, less than 1%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1%, less than 0.05%, less than 0.01%, less than 0.005%, or even less than 0.001%.
  • the methods and systems described in the disclosure provide for depositing or partitioning individual samples (e.g., nucleic acids) into discrete partitions, where each partition maintains separation of its own contents from the contents in other partitions.
  • the partitions refer to containers or vessels that may include a variety of different forms, e.g., wells, tubes, micro or nanowells, through holes, or the like. In some aspects, however, the partitions are flowable within fluid streams. These vessels may be comprised of, e.g., microcapsules or micro-vesicles that have an outer barrier surrounding an inner fluid center or core, or they may be a porous matrix that is capable of entraining and/or retaining materials within its matrix.
  • these partitions may comprise droplets of aqueous fluid within a non-aqueous continuous phase, e.g., an oil phase.
  • a non-aqueous continuous phase e.g., an oil phase.
  • a variety of different vessels are described in, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/966,150, filed Aug. 13, 2013.
  • emulsion systems for creating stable droplets in non-aqueous or oil continuous phases are described in detail in, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0105112, the full disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • microfluidic channel networks can be suited for generating partitions as described herein. Examples of such microfluidic devices include those described in detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
  • partitioning of sample materials into discrete partitions may generally be accomplished by flowing an aqueous, sample containing stream, into a junction into which is also flowing a non-aqueous stream of partitioning fluid, e.g., a fluorinated oil, such that aqueous droplets are created within the flowing stream partitioning fluid, where such droplets include the sample materials.
  • partitions e.g., droplets
  • the partitions can also include co-partitioned barcode oligonucleotides.
  • the relative amount of sample materials within any particular partition may be adjusted by controlling a variety of different parameters of the system, including, for example, the concentration of sample in the aqueous stream, the flow rate of the aqueous stream and/or the non-aqueous stream, and the like.
  • the partitions described herein are often characterized by having extremely small volumes.
  • the droplets may have overall volumes that are less than 1000 picoliters (pL), less than 900 pL, less than 800 pL, less than 700 pL, less than 600 pL, less than 500 pL, less than 400 pL, less than 300 pL, less than 200 pL, less than 100 pL, less than 50 pL, less than 20 pL, less than 10 pL, or even less than 1 pL.
  • pL picoliters
  • the sample fluid volume within the partitions may be less than 90% of the above described volumes, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, or even less than 10% the above described volumes.
  • the use of low reaction volume partitions can be advantageous in performing reactions with very small amounts of starting reagents, e.g., input nucleic acids.
  • the sample nucleic acids within partitions are generally provided with unique identifiers such that, upon characterization of those nucleic acids they may be attributed as having been derived from their respective origins. Accordingly, the sample nucleic acids can be co-partitioned with the unique identifiers (e.g., barcode sequences).
  • the unique identifiers are provided in the form of oligonucleotides that comprise nucleic acid barcode sequences that may be attached to those samples.
  • the oligonucleotides are partitioned such that as between oligonucleotides in a given partition, the nucleic acid barcode sequences contained therein are the same, but as between different partitions, the oligonucleotides can have differing barcode sequences. In some aspects, only one nucleic acid barcode sequence may be associated with a given partition, although in some cases, two or more different barcode sequences may be present.
  • the nucleic acid barcode sequences can include from 6 to about 20 or more nucleotides within the sequence of the oligonucleotides. These nucleotides may be completely contiguous, i.e., in a single stretch of adjacent nucleotides, or they may be separated into two or more separate subsequences that are separated by one or more nucleotides. In some cases, separated subsequences may be from about 4 to about 16 nucleotides in length.
  • the co-partitioned oligonucleotides can also comprise other functional sequences useful in the processing of the partitioned nucleic acids. These sequences include, e.g., targeted or random/universal amplification primer sequences for amplifying the genomic DNA from the individual nucleic acids within the partitions while attaching the associated barcode sequences, sequencing primers, hybridization or probing sequences, e.g., for identification of presence of the sequences, or for pulling down barcoded nucleic acids, or any of a number of other potential functional sequences.
  • sequences include, e.g., targeted or random/universal amplification primer sequences for amplifying the genomic DNA from the individual nucleic acids within the partitions while attaching the associated barcode sequences, sequencing primers, hybridization or probing sequences, e.g., for identification of presence of the sequences, or for pulling down barcoded nucleic acids, or any of a number of other potential functional sequences.
  • beads are provided that each may include large numbers of the above described oligonucleotides releasably attached to the beads, where all of the oligonucleotides attached to a particular bead may include the same nucleic acid barcode sequence, but where a large number of diverse barcode sequences may be represented across the population of beads used.
  • the population of beads may provide a diverse barcode sequence library that may include at least 1000 different barcode sequences, at least 10,000 different barcode sequences, at least 100,000 different barcode sequences, or in some cases, at least 1,000,000 different barcode sequences.
  • each bead may be provided with large numbers of oligonucleotide molecules attached.
  • the number of molecules of oligonucleotides including the barcode sequence on an individual bead may be at least bout 10,000 oligonucleotides, at least 100,000 oligonucleotide molecules, at least 1,000,000 oligonucleotide molecules, at least 100,000,000 oligonucleotide molecules, and in some cases at least 1 billion oligonucleotide molecules.
  • the oligonucleotides may be releasable from the beads upon the application of a particular stimulus to the beads.
  • the stimulus may be a photo-stimulus, e.g., through cleavage of a photo-labile linkage that may release the oligonucleotides.
  • a thermal stimulus may be used, where elevation of the temperature of the beads environment may result in cleavage of a linkage or other release of the oligonucleotides form the beads.
  • a chemical stimulus may be used that cleaves a linkage of the oligonucleotides to the beads, or otherwise may result in release of the oligonucleotides from the beads.
  • the beads including the attached oligonucleotides may be co-partitioned with the individual samples, such that a single bead and a single sample are contained within an individual partition.
  • the relative flow rates of the fluids can be controlled such that, on average, the partitions contain less than one bead per partition, in order to ensure that those partitions that are occupied, are primarily singly occupied.
  • the flows and channel architectures are controlled as to ensure a desired number of singly occupied partitions, less than a certain level of unoccupied partitions and less than a certain level of multiply occupied partitions.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an example method for barcoding and subsequently sequencing a sample nucleic acid, such as for use for a copy number variation or haplotype assay.
  • a sample comprising nucleic acid may be obtained from a source, 300 , and a set of barcoded beads may also be obtained, 310 .
  • the beads can be linked to oligonucleotides containing one or more barcode sequences, as well as a primer, such as a random N-mer or other primer.
  • the barcode sequences are releasable from the barcoded beads, e.g., through cleavage of a linkage between the barcode and the bead or through degradation of the underlying bead to release the barcode, or a combination of the two.
  • the barcoded beads can be degraded or dissolved by an agent, such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • an agent such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • a low quantity of the sample comprising nucleic acid, 305 , barcoded beads, 315 , and, in some cases, other reagents, e.g., a reducing agent, 320 are combined and subject to partitioning.
  • such partitioning may involve introducing the components to a droplet generation system, such as a microfluidic device, 325 .
  • a droplet generation system such as a microfluidic device, 325 .
  • a water-in-oil emulsion 330 may be formed, where the emulsion contains aqueous droplets that contain sample nucleic acid, 305 , reducing agent, 320 , and barcoded beads, 315 .
  • the reducing agent may dissolve or degrade the barcoded beads, thereby releasing the oligonucleotides with the barcodes and random N-mers from the beads within the droplets, 335 .
  • the random N-mers may then prime different regions of the sample nucleic acid, resulting in amplified copies of the sample after amplification, where each copy is tagged with a barcode sequence, 340 .
  • each droplet contains a set of oligonucleotides that contain identical barcode sequences and different random N-mer sequences.
  • additional sequences e.g., sequences that aid in particular sequencing methods, additional barcodes, etc.
  • Sequencing may then be performed, 355 , and an algorithm applied to interpret the sequencing data, 360 .
  • Sequencing algorithms are generally capable, for example, of performing analysis of barcodes to align sequencing reads and/or identify the sample from which a particular sequence read belongs.
  • FIG. 4 An example of a microfluidic channel structure for co-partitioning samples and beads comprising barcode oligonucleotides is schematically illustrated in FIG. 4 . As shown, channel segments 402 , 404 , 406 , 408 and 410 are provided in fluid communication at channel junction 412 . An aqueous stream comprising the individual samples 414 is flowed through channel segment 402 toward channel junction 412 . As described elsewhere herein, these samples may be suspended within an aqueous fluid prior to the partitioning process.
  • an aqueous stream comprising the barcode carrying beads 416 is flowed through channel segment 404 toward channel junction 412 .
  • a non-aqueous partitioning fluid is introduced into channel junction 412 from each of side channels 406 and 408 , and the combined streams are flowed into outlet channel 410 .
  • the two combined aqueous streams from channel segments 402 and 404 are combined, and partitioned into droplets 418 , that include co-partitioned samples 414 and beads 416 .
  • each of the fluids combining at channel junction 412 can optimize the combination and partitioning to achieve a desired occupancy level of beads, samples or both, within the partitions 418 that are generated.
  • reagents may be co-partitioned along with the samples and beads, including, for example, chemical stimuli, nucleic acid extension, transcription, and/or amplification reagents such as polymerases, reverse transcriptases, nucleoside triphosphates or NTP analogues, primer sequences and additional cofactors such as divalent metal ions used in such reactions, ligation reaction reagents, such as ligase enzymes and ligation sequences, dyes, labels, or other tagging reagents.
  • chemical stimuli such as nucleic acid extension, transcription, and/or amplification reagents such as polymerases, reverse transcriptases, nucleoside triphosphates or NTP analogues, primer sequences and additional cofactors such as divalent metal ions used in such reactions, ligation reaction reagents, such as ligase enzymes and ligation sequences, dyes, labels, or other tagging reagents.
  • nucleic acid extension such as
  • the oligonucleotides disposed upon the bead may be used to barcode and amplify the partitioned samples.
  • An example process for use of these barcode oligonucleotides in amplifying and barcoding samples is described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Nos. 61/940,318, filed Feb. 7, 2014, 61/991,018, Filed May 9, 2014, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/316,383, filed on Jun. 26, 2014, the full disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
  • the oligonucleotides present on the beads that are co-partitioned with the samples and released from their beads into the partition with the samples.
  • the oligonucleotides can include, along with the barcode sequence, a primer sequence at its 5′end.
  • This primer sequence may be a random oligonucleotide sequence intended to randomly prime numerous different regions of the samples, or it may be a specific primer sequence targeted to prime upstream of a specific targeted region of the sample.
  • the primer portion of the oligonucleotide can anneal to a complementary region of the sample.
  • Extension reaction reagents e.g., DNA polymerase, nucleoside triphosphates, co-factors (e.g., Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ etc.), that are also co-partitioned with the samples and beads, then extend the primer sequence using the sample as a template, to produce a complementary fragment to the strand of the template to which the primer annealed, with complementary fragment includes the oligonucleotide and its associated barcode sequence.
  • Annealing and extension of multiple primers to different portions of the sample may result in a large pool of overlapping complementary fragments of the sample, each possessing its own barcode sequence indicative of the partition in which it was created.
  • these complementary fragments may themselves be used as a template primed by the oligonucleotides present in the partition to produce a complement of the complement that again, includes the barcode sequence.
  • this replication process is configured such that when the first complement is duplicated, it produces two complementary sequences at or near its termini, to allow the formation of a hairpin structure or partial hairpin structure, that reduces the ability of the molecule to be the basis for producing further iterative copies. A schematic illustration of one example of this is shown in FIG. 5 .
  • oligonucleotides that include a barcode sequence are co-partitioned in, e.g., a droplet 502 in an emulsion, along with a sample nucleic acid 504 .
  • the oligonucleotides 508 may be provided on a bead 506 that is co-partitioned with the sample nucleic acid 504 , which oligonucleotides can be releasable from the bead 506 , as shown in panel A.
  • the oligonucleotides 508 include a barcode sequence 512 , in addition to one or more functional sequences, e.g., sequences 510 , 514 and 516 .
  • oligonucleotide 508 is shown as comprising barcode sequence 512 , as well as sequence 510 that may function as an attachment or immobilization sequence for a given sequencing system, e.g., a P5 sequence used for attachment in flow cells of an Illumina Hiseq or Miseq system.
  • the oligonucleotides also include a primer sequence 516 , which may include a random or targeted N-mer for priming replication of portions of the sample nucleic acid 504 .
  • oligonucleotide 508 Also included within oligonucleotide 508 is a sequence 514 which may provide a sequencing priming region, such as a “read1” or R1 priming region, that is used to prime polymerase mediated, template directed sequencing by synthesis reactions in sequencing systems.
  • a sequencing priming region such as a “read1” or R1 priming region
  • the barcode sequence 512 , immobilization sequence 510 and R1 sequence 514 may be common to all of the oligonucleotides attached to a given bead.
  • the primer sequence 516 may vary for random N-mer primers, or may be common to the oligonucleotides on a given bead for certain targeted applications.
  • the oligonucleotides are able to prime the sample nucleic acid as shown in panel B, which allows for extension of the oligonucleotides 508 and 508 a using polymerase enzymes and other extension reagents also co-portioned with the bead 506 and sample nucleic acid 504 .
  • panel C following extension of the oligonucleotides that, for random N-mer primers, would anneal to multiple different regions of the sample nucleic acid 504 ; multiple overlapping complements or fragments of the nucleic acid are created, e.g., fragments 518 and 520 .
  • sequence portions that are complementary to portions of sample nucleic acid e.g., sequences 522 and 524
  • these constructs are generally referred to herein as comprising fragments of the sample nucleic acid 504 , having the attached barcode sequences.
  • the replicated portions of the template sequences as described above are often referred to herein as “fragments” of that template sequence.
  • fragment encompasses any representation of a portion of the originating nucleic acid sequence, e.g., a template or sample nucleic acid, including those created by other mechanisms of providing portions of the template sequence, such as actual fragmentation of a given molecule of sequence, e.g., through enzymatic, chemical or mechanical fragmentation.
  • fragments of a template or sample nucleic acid sequence may denote replicated portions of the underlying sequence or complements thereof.
  • the barcoded nucleic acid fragments may then be subjected to characterization, e.g., through sequence analysis, or they may be further amplified in the process, as shown in panel D.
  • additional oligonucleotides e.g., oligonucleotide 508 b , also released from bead 306 , may prime the fragments 518 and 520 .
  • the oligonucleotide based upon the presence of the random N-mer primer 516 b in oligonucleotide 508 b (which in some cases can be different from other random N-mers in a given partition, e.g., primer sequence 516 ), the oligonucleotide anneals with the fragment 518 , and is extended to create a complement 526 to at least a portion of fragment 518 which includes sequence 528 , that comprises a duplicate of a portion of the sample nucleic acid sequence. Extension of the oligonucleotide 508 b continues until it has replicated through the oligonucleotide portion 508 of fragment 518 .
  • the oligonucleotides may be configured to prompt a stop in the replication by the polymerase at a desired point, e.g., after replicating through sequences 516 and 514 of oligonucleotide 508 that is included within fragment 518 .
  • this may be accomplished by different methods, including, for example, the incorporation of different nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogues that are not capable of being processed by the polymerase enzyme used.
  • this may include the inclusion of uracil containing nucleotides within the sequence region 512 to prevent a non-uracil tolerant polymerase to cease replication of that region.
  • a fragment 526 is created that includes the full-length oligonucleotide 508 b at one end, including the barcode sequence 512 , the attachment sequence 510 , the R1 primer region 514 , and the random N-mer sequence 516 b .
  • the complement 516 ′ to the random N-mer of the first oligonucleotide 508 can be included, as well as a complement to all or a portion of the R1 sequence, shown as sequence 514 ′.
  • the R1 sequence 514 and its complement 514 ′ are then able to hybridize together to form a partial hairpin structure 528 .
  • sequence 516 ′ which is the complement to random N-mer 516
  • sequence 516 b which is the complement to random N-mer 516
  • the N-mers would be common among oligonucleotides within a given partition.
  • partial hairpin structures By forming these partial hairpin structures, it allows for the removal of first level duplicates of the sample sequence from further replication, e.g., preventing iterative copying of copies.
  • the partial hairpin structure also provides a useful structure for subsequent processing of the created fragments, e.g., fragment 526 .
  • a nucleic acid 604 originated from a first source 600 (e.g., individual chromosome, strand of nucleic acid, etc.) and a nucleic acid 606 derived from a different chromosome 602 or strand of nucleic acid are each partitioned along with their own sets of barcode oligonucleotides as described above.
  • a first source 600 e.g., individual chromosome, strand of nucleic acid, etc.
  • a nucleic acid 606 derived from a different chromosome 602 or strand of nucleic acid are each partitioned along with their own sets of barcode oligonucleotides as described above.
  • each nucleic acid 604 and 606 is then processed to separately provide overlapping set of second fragments of the first fragment(s), e.g., second fragment sets 608 and 610 .
  • This processing also provides the second fragments with a barcode sequence that is the same for each of the second fragments derived from a particular first fragment.
  • the barcode sequence for second fragment set 608 is denoted by “1” while the barcode sequence for fragment set 610 is denoted by “2”.
  • a diverse library of barcodes may be used to differentially barcode large numbers of different fragment sets. However, it is not necessary for every second fragment set from a different first fragment to be barcoded with different barcode sequences. In some cases, multiple different first fragments may be processed concurrently to include the same barcode sequence. Diverse barcode libraries are described in detail elsewhere herein.
  • the barcoded fragments may then be pooled for sequencing using, for example, sequence by synthesis technologies available from Illumina or Ion Torrent division of Thermo Fisher, Inc.
  • sequence reads 612 can be attributed to their respective fragment set, e.g., as shown in aggregated reads 614 and 616 , at least in part based upon the included barcodes, and in some cases, in part based upon the sequence of the fragment itself.
  • genomic sequences are assembled by de novo assembly and/or reference based assembly (e.g., mapping to a reference).
  • the ability to attribute sequence reads to longer originating molecules is used in determining phase information about the sequence.
  • barcodes associated with sequences that reveal two or more specific gene variant sequences e.g., alleles, genetic markers
  • Such phasing information can be used in order to determine the relative copy number of certain target chromosomes or genes in a sample.
  • An advantage of the described methods and symptoms is that multiple locations, loci, variants, etc. can be used to identify individual chromosomes or nucleic acid strands from which they originate in order to determine phasing and copy number information.
  • multiple locations e.g., greater than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, 50000, 100000, or 500000
  • locations e.g., greater than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, 50000, 100000, or 500000
  • the methods and systems described herein can be useful at providing effective long sequence reads from individual nucleic acid fragments, e.g., individual nucleic acid molecules, despite utilizing sequencing technology that may provide relatively shorter sequence reads. Because these long sequence reads may be attributed to single starting fragments or molecules, variant locations in the sequence can, likewise, be attributed to a single molecule, and by extrapolation, to a single chromosome. In addition, one may employ the multiple locations on any given fragment, as alignment features for adjacent fragments, to provide aligned sequences that can be inferred as originating from the same chromosome.
  • a first fragment may be sequenced, and by virtue of the attribution methods and systems described above, the variants present on that sequence may all be attributed to a single chromosome.
  • a second fragment that shares a plurality of these variants that are determined to be present only on one chromosome, may then be assumed to be derived from the same chromosome, and thus aligned with the first, to create a phased alignment of the two fragments. Repeating this allows for the identification of long range phase information. Identification of variants on a single chromosome can be obtained from either known references, e.g., HapMap, or from an aggregation of the sequencing data, e.g., showing differing variants on an otherwise identical sequence stretch.
  • FIG. 7 provides a schematic illustration of an example phased sequencing process.
  • an originating nucleic acid 702 such as, for example, a chromosome, a chromosome fragment, an exome, or other large, single nucleic acid molecule, can be fragmented into multiple large fragments 704 , 706 , 708 .
  • the originating nucleic acid 702 may include a number of sequence variants (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) that are specific to the particular nucleic acid molecule, e.g., chromosome.
  • the originating nucleic acid can be fragmented into multiple large, overlapping fragments 704 , 706 and 708 , that include subsets of the associated sequence variants. Each fragment can then be partitioned, further fragmented into subfragments, and barcoded, as described herein to provide multiple overlapping, barcoded subfragments of the larger fragments, where subfragments of a given larger fragment bear the same barcode sequence.
  • subfragments associated with barcode sequence “1” and barcode sequence “2” are shown in partitions 710 and 712 , respectively.
  • the barcoded subfragments can then be pooled, sequenced, and the sequenced subfragments assembled to provide long fragment sequences 714 , 716 , and 717 .
  • One or more of the long fragment sequences 714 , 716 , and 717 can include multiple variants.
  • the long fragment sequences may then be further assembled, based upon overlapping phased variant information from sequences 714 , 716 , and 717 to provide a phased sequence 718 , from which phased locations can be determined.
  • phased locations are determined, one may further exploit that information in a variety of ways. For example, one can utilize knowledge of phased variants in assessing genetic risk for certain disorders, identify paternal vs. maternal characteristics, identify aneuploidies, or identify haplotyping information.
  • copy number variation assays are performed using simultaneous detection of two or more phased genetic markers to improve the accuracy of copy number counting.
  • Utilizing the phasing information can increase the relative strength of the signal compared to the variance under a na ⁇ ve method just based on counting reads over multiple loci and across haplotypes. Additionally, utilizing phasing information allows for normalization of position-specific biases, boosting the signal substantially further.
  • Copy number variation (CNV) accuracy may depend on myriad factors including sequencing depth, length of CNV, number of copies, etc).
  • the methods and systems provided herein may determine CNV with an accuracy of at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3% 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, 99.995%, or 99.999%.
  • the methods and systems provided herein determine CNV with an error rate of less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, 0.00001%, or 0.000005%.
  • the methods and systems provided herein may detect phasing/haplotype information of two or more genetic variants with an accuracy of at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3% 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, 99.995%, or 99.999%.
  • the methods and systems provided herein determine phasing or haplotype information with an error rate of less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, 0.00001%, or 0.000005%.
  • This disclosure also provides methods of removing locus-specific biases, where the locus-specific variance are reduced by at least 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 200-fold, 500-fold, 1000-fold, 5000-fold, or 10000-fold.
  • the methods and systems provided herein can be used to detect variations in copy number, such as where the change in copy number reflects a change in the number of chromosomes, or portions of chromosomes. In some cases, the methods and systems provided herein can be used to detect variations in copy number of a gene present on the same chromosome.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic illustrating a subset of a healthy patient's genome. This patient has a heterozygous genotype at the indicated loci and two separate haplotypes ( 1 and 2 ) 805 , 810 located on separate chromosome strands. The patient's naturally-occurring variations (such as SNPs or indels) are depicted as circles.
  • FIG. 8 also depicts the genome of a patient with cancer 815 . Certain cancers are associated with a gain in haplotype copy number. The middle panel depicts a gain in a haplotype 2 , 810 . Cancers may also be associated with a loss in haplotype number, as depicted in the bottom panel of FIG.
  • the distribution of results of the copy number assay in replicate testing can be distributed around the correct answer in a manner approximating a Poisson distribution, where the width of the distribution is dependent on various sources of random error in the assay. Since for a give sample the change in copy number may be relatively small portion of the sample, broad probability distributions for monitoring of single genetic markers can mask the correct result. This difficulty is due to the fact that normal sequencing techniques only look at one single variant position of a haplotype at a time, as shown in FIG. 10 (left panel). Using such techniques, there can be significant overlap between peaks representing copy loss 1025 , normal copy 1020 , and copy gain 1030 .
  • the techniques disclosed herein allow for detection of whole (or partial) haplotypes, increasing the resolution and improving the detection of copy gain and loss, FIG. 10 (right panel). This improvement is schematically shown in FIG. 11 , where normal detection 1100 results in spread out, overlapping peaks while the techniques herein 1110 allow for finer peaks and improved resolution of copy gain or loss.
  • the use of simultaneous monitoring of two or more phased genetic markers, particularly markers that are known to be co-located on a single chromosome, and which can therefore most likely always appear in greater or lesser number in a synchronized, non-random fashion has the effect of narrowing the width of the expected results distribution and simultaneously improving the accuracy of the count.
  • the methods and systems provided herein also provide more accurate and sensitive processes for detecting fetal aneuploidy.
  • Fetal aneuploidies are aberrations in fetal chromosome number. Aneuploidies commonly result in significant physical and neurological impairments. For example, a reduction in the number of X chromosomes is responsible for Turner's syndrome. An increase in copy number of chromosome number 21 results in Down Syndrome. Invasive testing such as amniocentesis or Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) can lead to risk of pregnancy loss and less invasive methods of testing the maternal blood are used here.
  • CVS Chorionic Villus Sampling
  • FIG. 12 An exemplary process is shown in FIG. 12 .
  • a pregnant woman at risk of carrying a fetus with an aneuploid genome is tested, 1200 .
  • a maternal blood sample containing fetal genetic material is collected, 1205 .
  • Genetic material e.g., cell-free nucleic acids
  • a set of barcoded beads may also be obtained, 1215 .
  • the beads can be linked to oligonucleotides containing one or more barcode sequences, as well as a primer, such as a random N-mer or other primer.
  • the barcode sequences are releasable from the barcoded beads, e.g., through cleavage of a linkage between the barcode and the bead or through degradation of the underlying bead to release the barcode, or a combination of the two.
  • the barcoded beads can be degraded or dissolved by an agent, such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • an agent such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • a sample, 1210 , barcoded beads, 1220 , and, in some cases, other reagents, e.g., a reducing agent, are combined and subjected to partitioning.
  • such partitioning may involve introducing the components to a droplet generation system, such as a microfluidic device, 1225 .
  • a droplet generation system such as a microfluidic device, 1225 .
  • a water-in-oil emulsion 1230 may be formed, where the emulsion contains aqueous droplets that contain sample nucleic acid, 1210 , barcoded beads, 1215 , and, in some cases, a reducing agent.
  • the reducing agent may dissolve or degrade the barcoded beads, thereby releasing the oligonucleotides with the barcodes and random N-mers from the beads within the droplets, 1235 .
  • the random N-mers may then prime different regions of the sample nucleic acid, resulting in amplified copies of the sample after amplification, where each copy is tagged with a barcode sequence, 1240 .
  • each droplet contains a set of oligonucleotides that contain identical barcode sequences and different random N-mer sequences.
  • individual droplets comprise unique bar-code sequences; or, in some cases, a certain proportion of the total population of droplets has unique sequences.
  • additional sequences e.g., sequences that aid in particular sequencing methods, additional barcodes, etc.
  • additional sequences e.g., sequences that aid in particular sequencing methods, additional barcodes, etc.
  • Sequencing may then be performed via any suitable type of sequencing platform (e.g., Illumina, Ion Torrent, Pacific Biosciences SMRT, Roche 454 sequencing SOLiD sequencing, etc.), 1250 , and an algorithm applied to interpret the sequencing data, 1255 .
  • Sequencing algorithms are generally capable, for example, of performing analysis of barcodes to align sequencing reads and/or identify the sample from which a particular sequence read belongs.
  • the aligned sequences may be further attributed to their respective genetic origins (e.g., chromosomes) based upon, the unique barcodes attached.
  • the number of chromosome copies is then compared to that of a normal diploid chromosome, 1260 .
  • the patient is informed of any copy number aberrations for different chromosomes and the associated risks/disease, 1265 .
  • Phasing e.g. determining whether genetic variants are linked or reside on different chromosomes can provide useful information for a variety of applications.
  • phasing is useful for determining if certain translocations of a genome associated with diseases are present. Detection of such translocations can also allow for differential diagnosis and modified treatment. Determination of which alleles in a genome are linked can be useful for considering how genes are inherited.
  • the method and systems described herein are highly useful in obtaining the long range molecular sequence information for identification and characterization of a wide range of different genetic structural variations.
  • these variations include a wide variety of different variant events, including insertions, deletions, duplications, retrotransposons, translocations, inversions short and long tandem repeats, and the like.
  • These structural variations are of significant scientific interest, as they are believed to be associated with a range of diverse genetic diseases.
  • the methods and systems described herein are capable of providing long range sequence information that is attributable to individual originating nucleic acid molecules, and further, in possessing this long range sequence information, inferring even longer range sequence context, through the comparing and overlapping of these longer sequence information.
  • Such long range sequence information and/or inferred sequence context allows the identification and characterization numerous structural variations not easily identified using available techniques.
  • FIGS. 13A and 13B provide a more detailed example process for identifying certain types of structural variations using the methods and systems described herein.
  • the genome of an organism, or tissue from an organism might ordinarily include the first genotype illustrated in FIG. 13A , where a first gene region 1302 including first gene 1304 is separated from a second gene region 1306 including second gene 1208 .
  • This separation may reflect a range of distances between the genes, including, e.g., different regions in the same exon, different exons on the same chromosome, different chromosomes, etc.
  • a genotype is shown that reflects a translocation event having occurred in which gene 1308 is inserted into gene region 1304 such that it creates a gene fusion between genes 1304 and 1308 as gene fusion 1312 in variant sequence 1314 .
  • the loci to the left and to the right of a breakpoint can tend to be on a common fragment of genomic DNA and therefore be maintained within a single partition, and thus barcoded with a common or shared barcode sequence. Due to the stochastic nature of shearing, this sharing of barcodes decreases as the sequences are more distant from the breakpoint. Using statistical methods one can determine whether the barcode overlap between two genomic loci is significantly larger than what would be expected by chance. Such an overlap suggests the presence of a breakpoint.
  • the barcode information complements information provided by traditional sequencing such as information from reads spanning the breakpoint) if such information is available.
  • the genomic material from the organism, including the relevant gene regions is fragmented such that it includes relatively long fragments, as described above. This is illustrated with respect to the non-translocated genotype in FIG. 13A .
  • two long individual first molecule fragments 1316 and 1318 are created that include gene regions 1302 and 1306 respectively. These fragments are separately partitioned into partitions 1320 and 1322 , respectively, and each of the first fragments is fragmented into a number of second fragments 1324 and 1326 , respectively within the partition, which fragmenting process attaches a unique identifier tag or barcode sequence to the second fragments that is common to all of the second fragments within a given partition.
  • the tag or barcode is indicated by “1” or “2”, for each of partitions 1320 and 1322 , respectively.
  • the second fragments may then be pooled and subjected to nucleic acid sequencing processes, which can provide both the sequence of the second fragment as well as the barcode sequence for that fragment. Based upon the presence of a particular barcode, e.g., 1 or 2, a the second fragment sequences may then be attributed to a certain originating sequence, e.g., gene 1304 or 1308 , as shown by the attribution of barcodes to each sequence. In some cases, mapping of barcoded second fragment sequences as to separate originating first fragment sequences may be sufficiently definitive to determine that no translocation has occurred. However, in some cases, one may assemble the second fragment sequences to provide an assembled sequence for all or a portion of the originating first fragment sequence, e.g., as shown by assembled sequences 1330 and 1332 .
  • FIG. 13B shows a schematic illustration of the same process applied to a translocation containing genotype.
  • a first long nucleic acid fragment 1352 is generated from the variant sequence 1314 , and includes at least a portion of the translocation variant, e.g., gene fusion 1312 .
  • the first fragment 1352 is then partitioned into discrete partition 1354 .
  • first fragment 1352 is further fragmented into second fragments 1356 that again, include unique barcodes that are the same for all second fragments 1356 within the partition 1354 (shown as barcode “1”).
  • pooling the second fragments and sequencing provides the underlying sequences of the second fragments as well as their associated barcodes. These barcoded sequences can then be attributed to their respective gene sequences. As shown, however, both genes can reflect attributed second fragment sequences that include the same barcode sequences, indicating that they originated from the same partition, and potentially the same originating molecule, indicating a gene fusion. This may be further validated by providing a number of overlapping first fragments that also include at least portions of the gene fusion, but processed in different partitions with different barcodes.
  • the presence of multiple different barcode sequences (and their underlying fragment sequences) that attribute to each of the originally separated genes can be indicative of the presence of a gene fusion or other translocation event.
  • attribution of at least 2 barcodes, at least 3 different barcodes, at least 4 different barcodes, at least 5 different barcodes, at least 10 different barcodes, at least 20 different barcodes or more, to two genetic regions that would have been expected to have been separated based upon a reference sequence may provide indication of a translocation event that has placed those regions proximal to, adjacent to or otherwise integrated with each other.
  • the size of the fragments that are partitioned can indicate the sensitivity with which one can identify variant linkage. In particular, where the fragments in a given droplet are 10 kb in length, it would be expected that linkages that are within that 10 kb size range would be detectable.
  • fragment size selection may be used to adjust the relative proximity of detected linked sequences, whether as wild type or variants.
  • proximal sequences that are normally separated by more than 100 bases, more than 500 bases, more than 1 kb, 10 kb, more than 20 kb, more than 30 kb, more than 40 kb, more than 50 kb, more than 60 kb, more than 70 kb, more than 80 kb, more than 90 kb, more than 100 kb, more than 200 kb or even greater, may be readily identified herein by identifying the linkage between those unlinked sequence segments in variant genomes, which linkage is indicated by shared or common barcodes, and/or, as noted, by sequence data that spans a breakpoint.
  • Such linkage is generally identifiable when those linked sequences are separated within the genomic sequence by less than 50 kb, less than 40 kb, less than 30 kb, less than 20 kb, less than 10 kb, less than 5 kb, less than 4 kb, less than 3 kb, less than 2 kb, less than 1 kb, less than 500 bases, less than 200 bases or even less.
  • a structural variation resulting in two sequences being positioned proximal to each other or linked, where they would normally be separated by, e.g., more than 10 kb, more than 20 kb, more than 30 kb, more than 40 kb, or more than 50 kb or more, may be identified by the percentage of the total number of mappable barcoded sequences that include barcodes that are common to the two sequence portions.
  • the processes described herein can ensure that sequences that are within a certain sequence distance will be included, whether as wild type or variant sequences, within a single partition, e.g., as a single nucleic acid fragment.
  • sequences that are within a certain sequence distance will be included, whether as wild type or variant sequences, within a single partition, e.g., as a single nucleic acid fragment.
  • common or overlapping barcode sequences are greater than 1% of the total number of barcodes mapped to the two sequences, it may be used to identify linkage as between two sequence segments, and particularly, as between two sequence segments that would not normally be linked, e.g., a structural variation.
  • the shared or common barcodes can be more than 2%, more than 3%, more than 4%, more than 5%, more than 6%, more than 7%, more than 8%, and in some cases more than 9% or even more than 10% of the total mappable barcodes to two normally separated sequences, in order to identify a structural linkage that constitutes a structural variation within the genome.
  • the shared or common barcodes can be detected at a proportion or number that is statistically significantly greater than a control genome that is known not to have the structural variation. Additionally, where second sequence fragments span the point where the variant sequence meets the “normal” sequence, or “breakpoint”, e.g., as in second fragment 1358 one can use this information as additional evidence of the gene fusion.
  • barcode sequences allows the assembly of the short sequences into sequences for the longer originating fragments
  • these longer fragments also permit the inference of longer range sequence information from overlapping long fragments assembled from different, overlapping originating long fragments. This resulting assembly allows for longer range sequence level identification and characterization of gene fusion 1312 .
  • Retrotransposons can be created by transcription followed by reverse transcription of spliced messenger RNA (mRNA) and insertion into a new location in the genome. Hence, these structural variants lack introns and are often interchromosomal but otherwise have diverse features.
  • retrotransposons introduce functional copies of genes they are referred to as retrogenes, which have been reported in human and Drosophila genomes.
  • retrocopies may contain the entire transcript, specific transcript isoforms or an incomplete transcript.
  • alternative transcription start sites and promoter sequences sometimes reside within a transcript so retrotransposons sometimes introduce promotor sequences within the reinserted region of the genome that could drive expression of downstream sequences.
  • retrotransposons insert far away from the parental gene within exons or introns. When inserted near genes retrotransposons can exploit local regulatory sequences for expression. Insertions near genes can also inactivate the receiving gene or create new chimera transcripts. Retrotransposon mediated chimeric gene transcripts have been reported in RNA-Seq data from human samples.
  • Retrotransposons can be identified from whole genome libraries using the systems and methods described herein, and their insertion site can be mapped using the barcode mapping discussed above.
  • the Ceph NA12878 genome has a SKA3-DDX10 chimeric retrotransposon.
  • the SKA3 intron-less transcript is inserted in between exons 10 and 11 of DDX10.
  • the CBX3-C15ORF17 retrotransposon can also be detected in NA12878 using the methods described herein. Isoform 2 of CBX3 is inserted in between exons 2 and 3 of C15ORF17. This chimeric transcript has been observed in 20% of European RNA-Seq samples from the HapMap project (D.R. Schrider et al. PLoS Genetics 2013).
  • Retrotransposons can also be detected in whole exome libraries prepared using the methods and systems described herein. While retrotransposons are easily enriched with exome targeting it can be difficult or not possible to differentiate between a translocation event and a retrotransposon since introns are removed during capture. However, using the systems and methods described herein, one may identify retrotransposons in whole exome sequencing (WES) libraries by introducing intronic baits for suspected retrotransposons (see also U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/072,164, filed Oct. 29, 2014, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes). Lack of intron signal can be indicative of retrotransposon structural variants whereas intron signal can be indicative of a translocation.
  • WES whole exome sequencing
  • Diseases associated with copy number variations can include, for example, DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion), Prader-Willi syndrome (15q11-q13 deletion), Williams-Beuren syndrome (7q11.23 deletion), Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDLS) (17p13.3 microdeletion), Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) (17p11.2 microdeletion), Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) (17q11.2 microdeletion), Phelan-McErmid Syndrome (22q13 deletion), Rett syndrome (loss-of-function mutations in MECp2 on chromosome Xq28), Merzbacher disease (CNV of PLP1), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) (homozygous absence of telomerec SMN1 on chromosome 5q13), Potocki-Lupski Syndrome (PTLS, duplication of chromosome 17p
  • PMP22 Additional copies of the PMP22 gene can be associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type IA (CMT1A) and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP).
  • CMT1A Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type IA
  • HNPP hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies
  • the disease can be a disease described in Lupski J. (2007) Nature Genetics 39: S43-S47.
  • the methods and systems provided herein can also accurately detect or diagnose a wide range of fetal aneuploidies. Often, the methods provided herein comprise analyzing a sample (e.g., blood sample) taken from a pregnant woman in order to evaluate the fetal nucleic acids within the sample.
  • a sample e.g., blood sample
  • Fetal aneuploidies can include, e.g., trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome), Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY), monosomy of one or more chromosomes (X chromosome monosomy, Turner's syndrome), trisomy X, trisomy of one or more chromosomes, tetrasomy or pentasomy of one or more chromosomes (e.g., XXXX, XXYY, XXXY, XYYYY, XXXXXY, XXXYY, XYYYY and XXYYY), triploidy (three of every chromosome, e.g.
  • an aneuploidy can be a segmental aneuploidy.
  • Segmental aneuploidies can include, e.g., 1p36 duplication, dup(17)(p11.2p11.2) syndrome, Down syndrome, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, dup(22)(q11.2q11.2) syndrome, and cat-eye syndrome.
  • an abnormal genotype e.g., fetal genotype
  • a decrease in chromosomal number results in a condition such as Cri-du-chat syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies, Smith-Magenis syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Alagille syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, Steroid sulfatase deficiency, Kallmann syndrome, Microphthalmia with linear skin defects, Adrenal hypoplasia, Glycerol kinase deficiency, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, Testis-determining factor on Y, Azospermia (factor a), Azospermia (factor b), Azospermia (factor c), or 1p36 deletion.
  • a decrease in chromosomal number results in a condition such as Cri-du-chat syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn, Williams
  • CNV is associated with malformation syndromes, including CHARGE (coloboma, heart anomaly, choanal atresia, retardation, genital, and ear anomalies), Peters-Plus, Pitt-Hopkins, and thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome (see e.g., Ropers HH (2007) Am J of Hum Genetics 81: 199-207).
  • CHARGE coloboma, heart anomaly, choanal atresia, retardation, genital, and ear anomalies
  • Peters-Plus Pitt-Hopkins
  • thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome see e.g., Ropers HH (2007) Am J of Hum Genetics 81: 199-207.
  • the relationship between copy number variations and cancer is described, e.g., in Shlien A. and Malkin D. (2009) Genome Med. 1(6): 62.
  • Copy number variations are associated with, e.g., autism, schizophrenia, and idiopathic learning
  • the methods and systems provided herein are also useful to detect CNVs associated with different types of cancer.
  • the methods and systems can be used to detect EGFR copy number, which can be increased in non-small cell lung cancer.
  • the methods and systems provided herein can also be used to determine a subject's level of susceptibility to a particular disease or disorder, including susceptibility to infection from a pathogen (e.g., viral, bacterial, microbial, fungal, etc.).
  • a pathogen e.g., viral, bacterial, microbial, fungal, etc.
  • the methods can be used to determine a subject's susceptibility to HIV infection by analyzing the copy number of CCL3L1, given that a relatively high level of CCL3L1 is associated with lower susceptibility to HIV infection (Gonzalez E. et al. (2005) Science 307: 1434-1440).
  • the methods can be used to determine a subject's susceptibility to system lupus erythematosus.
  • the methods can be used to detect copy number of FCGR3B (CD16 cell surface immunoglobulin receptor) since a low copy number of this molecule is associated with an increased susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (Aitman T. J. et al. (2006) Nature 439: 851-855).
  • FCGR3B CD16 cell surface immunoglobulin receptor
  • the methods and systems provided herein can also be used to detect CNVs associated with other diseases or disorders, such as CNVs associated with autism, schizophrenia, or idiopathic learning disability (Kinght et al., (1999) The Lancet 354 (9191): 1676-81.).
  • the methods and systems can be used to detect autosomal-dominant microtia, which is linked to five tandem copies of a copy-number-variable region at chromosome 4p16 (Balikova I. (2008) Am J. Hum Genet. 82: 181-187).
  • a method comprises detecting a disease or disorder using a system or method described herein and further providing a treatment to a subject based on the detection of the disease. For example, if a cancer is detected, the subject may be treated by a surgical intervention, by administering a drug designed to treat such cancer, by providing a hormonal therapy, and/or by administering radiation or more generalized chemotherapy.
  • differential diagnosis of a disease or disorder can be achieved by determining and characterizing a sequence of a sample nucleic acid obtained from a subject suspected of having the disease or disorder and further characterizing the sample nucleic acid as indicative of a disorder or disease state (or absence thereof) by comparing it to a sequence and/or sequence characterization of a reference nucleic acid indicative of the presence (or absence) of the disorder or disease state.
  • the reference nucleic acid sequence may be derived from a genome that is indicative of an absence of a disease or disorder state (e.g., germline nucleic acid) or may be derived from a genome that is indicative of a disease or disorder state (e.g., cancer nucleic acid, nucleic acid indicative of an aneuploidy, etc.).
  • a disease or disorder state e.g., germline nucleic acid
  • a disease or disorder state e.g., cancer nucleic acid, nucleic acid indicative of an aneuploidy, etc.
  • the reference nucleic acid sequence (e.g., having lengths of longer than 1 kb, longer than 5 kb, longer than 10 kb, longer than 15 kb, longer than 20 kb, longer than 30 kb, longer than 40 kb, longer than 50 kb, longer than 60 kb, longer than 70 kb, longer than 80 kb, longer than 90 kb or even longer than 100 kb) may be characterized in one or more respects, with non-limiting examples that include determining the presence (or absence) of a particular sequence, determining the presence (or absence) of a particular haplotype, determining the presence (or absence) of one or more genetic variations (e.g., structural variations (e.g., a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a translocation, an inversion, a retrotransposon, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion, a duplication, etc.), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), etc.
  • any suitable type and number of sequence characteristics of the reference sequence can be used to characterize the sequence of the sample nucleic acid.
  • one or more genetic variations (or lack thereof) or structural variations (or lack thereof) of a reference nucleic acid sequence may be used as a sequence signature to identify the reference nucleic acid as indicative of the presence (or absence) of a disorder or disease state.
  • the sample nucleic acid sequence can be characterized in a similar manner and further characterized/identified as derived (or not derived) from a nucleic acid indicative of the disorder or disease based upon whether or not it displays a similar character to the reference nucleic acid sequence.
  • characterizations of sample nucleic acid sequence and/or the reference nucleic acid sequence and their comparisons may be completed with the aid of a programmed computer processor.
  • a programmed computer processor can be included in a computer control system, such as in an example computer control system described elsewhere herein.
  • the sample nucleic acid may be obtained from any suitable source, including sample sources and biological sample sources described elsewhere herein.
  • the sample nucleic acid may comprise cell-free nucleic acid.
  • the sample nucleic acid may comprise tumor nucleic acid (e.g., tumor DNA).
  • the sample nucleic acid may comprise circulating tumor nucleic acid (e.g., circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)). Circulating tumor nucleic acid may be derived from a circulating tumor cell (CTC) and/or may be obtained, for example, from a subject's blood, plasma, other bodily fluid or tissue.
  • CTC circulating tumor cell
  • FIGS. 20-21 illustrate an example method for characterizing a sample nucleic acid in the context of disease detection and diagnosis.
  • FIG. 20 demonstrates an example method by which long range sequence context can be determined for a reference nucleic acid (e.g., germline nucleic acid (e.g., germline genomic DNA), nucleic acid associated with a particular disorder or disease state) from shorter barcoded fragments, such as, for example in a manner analogous to that shown in FIG. 6 .
  • a reference nucleic acid may be obtained 2000
  • a set of barcoded beads may also be obtained, 2010 .
  • the beads can be linked to oligonucleotides containing one or more barcode sequences, as well as a primer, such as a random N-mer or other primer.
  • the barcode sequences are releasable from the barcoded beads, e.g., through cleavage of a linkage between the barcode and the bead or through degradation of the underlying bead to release the barcode, or a combination of the two.
  • the barcoded beads can be degraded or dissolved by an agent, such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • reference nucleic acid, 2005 , barcoded beads, 2015 , and, in some cases, other reagents, e.g., a reducing agent, 2020 , are combined and subject to partitioning.
  • the reference nucleic acid 2000 may be fragmented prior to partitioning and at least some of the resulting fragments are partitioned as 2005 for barcoding.
  • partitioning may involve introducing the components to a droplet generation system, such as a microfluidic device, 2025 .
  • a water-in-oil emulsion 2030 may be formed, where the emulsion contains aqueous droplets that contain reference nucleic acid, 2005 , reducing agent, 2020 , and barcoded beads, 2015 .
  • the reducing agent may dissolve or degrade the barcoded beads, thereby releasing the oligonucleotides with the barcodes and random N-mers from the beads within the droplets, 2035 .
  • the random N-mers may then prime different regions of the reference nucleic acid, resulting in amplified copies of the reference nucleic acid after amplification, where each copy is tagged with a barcode sequence, 2040 .
  • amplification 2040 may be achieved by a method analogous to that described elsewhere herein and schematically depicted in FIG. 5 .
  • each droplet contains a set of oligonucleotides that contain identical barcode sequences and different random N-mer sequences.
  • additional sequences e.g., sequences that aid in particular sequencing methods, additional barcodes, etc.
  • amplification methods 2050 (e.g., PCR).
  • Sequencing may then be performed, 2055 , and an algorithm applied to interpret the sequencing data, 2060 .
  • interpretation of the sequencing data 2060 may include providing a sequence for at least a portion of the reference nucleic acid.
  • long range sequence context for the reference nucleic acid is obtained and characterized such as, for example, in the case where the reference nucleic acid is derived from a disease state (e.g., determination of one or more haplotypes as described elsewhere herein, determination of one or more structural variations (e.g., a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a translocation, an inversion, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion, a duplication, retrotransposon, a gene fusion, etc.), calling of one or more SNPs, etc.).
  • variants can be called for various reference nucleic acids obtained from a source and inferred contigs generated to provide longer range sequence context, such as is described elsewhere herein with respect to FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 21 demonstrates an example of characterizing a sample nucleic acid sequence from the reference 2060 characterization obtained as shown in FIG. 20 .
  • Long range sequence context can be obtained for the sample nucleic acid from sequencing of shorter barcoded fragments as is described elsewhere herein, such as, for example, via the method schematically depicted in FIG. 6 .
  • a nucleic acid sample e.g., a sample comprising a circulating tumor nucleic acid
  • a set of barcoded beads may also be obtained, 2110 .
  • the beads can be linked to oligonucleotides containing one or more barcode sequences, as well as a primer, such as a random N-mer or other primer.
  • the barcode sequences are releasable from the barcoded beads, e.g., through cleavage of a linkage between the barcode and the bead or through degradation of the underlying bead to release the barcode, or a combination of the two.
  • the barcoded beads can be degraded or dissolved by an agent, such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • sample nucleic acid, 2105 , barcoded beads, 2115 , and, in some cases, other reagents, e.g., a reducing agent, 2120 , are combined and subject to partitioning.
  • the fetal sample 2100 is fragmented prior to partitioning and at least some of the resulting fragments are partitioned as 2105 for barcoding.
  • partitioning may involve introducing the components to a droplet generation system, such as a microfluidic device, 2125 .
  • a water-in-oil emulsion 2130 may be formed, where the emulsion contains aqueous droplets that contain sample nucleic acid, 2105 , reducing agent, 2120 , and barcoded beads, 2115 .
  • the reducing agent may dissolve or degrade the barcoded beads, thereby releasing the oligonucleotides with the barcodes and random N-mers from the beads within the droplets, 2135 .
  • the random N-mers may then prime different regions of the sample nucleic acid, resulting in amplified copies of the sample nucleic acid after amplification, where each copy is tagged with a barcode sequence, 2140 .
  • amplification 2140 may be achieved by a method analogous to that described elsewhere herein and schematically depicted in FIG. 5 .
  • each droplet contains a set of oligonucleotides that contain identical barcode sequences and different random N-mer sequences.
  • additional sequences e.g., sequences that aid in particular sequencing methods, additional barcodes, etc.
  • sequences may be added, via, for example, amplification methods, 2150 (e.g., PCR).
  • Sequencing may then be performed, 2155 , and an algorithm applied to interpret the sequencing data, 2160 .
  • interpretation of the sequencing data 2160 may include providing a sequence of the sample nucleic acid.
  • sample nucleic acid sequence can be characterized 2160 (e.g., determination of one or more haplotypes as described elsewhere herein, determination of one or more structural variations (e.g., a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a translocation, an inversion, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion, a duplication, retrotransposon, a gene fusion, etc.) using the characterization of the reference nucleic acid sequence 2060 . Based on the comparison of the sample nucleic acid sequence and its characterization with the sequence and characterization of the reference nucleic acid, a differential diagnosis 2170 regarding the presence (or absence) of the disorder or disease state can be made.
  • sample and reference nucleic acids may be added to the same device and barcoded sample and reference fragments generated in droplets according to FIGS. 20 and 21 , where an emulsion comprises the droplets for both types of nucleic acid.
  • the emulsion can then be broken and the contents of the droplets pooled, further processed (e.g., bulk addition of additional sequences via PCR) and sequenced as described elsewhere herein.
  • Individual sequencing reads from the barcoded fragments can be attributed to their respective sample sequence via barcode sequences. Sequences obtained from the sample nucleic acid can be characterized based upon the characterization of the reference nucleic acid sequence.
  • Utilizing methods and systems herein can improve accuracy in determining long range sequence context of nucleic acids, including the long-range sequence context of reference and sample nucleic acid sequences as described herein.
  • the methods and systems provided herein may determine long-range sequence context of reference and/or sample nucleic acids with accuracy of at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3% 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, 99.995%, or 99.999%.
  • the methods and systems provided herein may determine long-range sequence context of reference and/or sample nucleic acids with an error rate of less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, 0.00001%, or 0.000005%.
  • methods and systems herein can also improve accuracy in characterizing a reference nucleic acid sequence and/or sample nucleic acid sequence in one or more aspects (e.g., determination of a sequence, determination of one or more genetic variations, determination of haplotypes, etc.). Accordingly, the methods and systems provided herein may characterize a reference nucleic acid sequence and/or sample nucleic acid sequence in one or more aspects with an accuracy of at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3% 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, 99.995%, or 99.999%.
  • the methods and systems provided herein may characterize a reference nucleic acid sequence and/or sample nucleic acid sequence in one or more aspects with an error rate of less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, 0.00001%, or 0.000005%.
  • a sample nucleic acid sequence (including long-range sequence context) can be provided from analysis of a reference nucleic acid sequence with an error rate of less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, 0.00001%, or 0.000005%.
  • a sample nucleic acid sequence can be used for differential diagnosis of a disorder or disease (or absence thereof) by comparison with a sequence and/or characterization of a sequence of a reference nucleic acid with accuracy of at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3% 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, 99.995%, or 99.999%.
  • a sample nucleic acid sequence can be used for differential diagnosis of a disorder or disease (or absence thereof) by comparison with a sequence and/or characterization of a sequence of a reference nucleic acid with an error rate of less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, 0.00001%, or 0.000005%.
  • the methods and systems may be used to detect copy number variation in a patient with lung cancer in order to determine whether the lung cancer is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, which is associated with a variation in the EGFR gene.
  • a patient's treatment regimen may be refined to correlate with the differential diagnosis.
  • Targeted therapy or molecularly targeted therapy is one of the major modalities of medical treatment (pharmacotherapy) for cancer, others being hormonal therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy.
  • Targeted therapy blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific targeted molecules needed for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, rather than by simply interfering with all rapidly dividing cells (e.g. with traditional chemotherapy).
  • FIG. 14 shows an exemplary process for differentially diagnosing Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
  • a patient with chromic cough, weight loss and shortness of breath is tested for lung cancer 1400 .
  • Blood is drawn from the patient 1405 and samples (e.g., circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, circulating nucleic acid (e.g., circulating tumor nucleic acid), etc.) are derived from the blood 1410 .
  • samples e.g., circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, circulating nucleic acid (e.g., circulating tumor nucleic acid), etc.
  • a set of barcoded beads may also be obtained, 1415 .
  • the beads can be linked to oligonucleotides containing one or more barcode sequences, as well as a primer, such as a random N-mer or other primer.
  • the barcode sequences are releasable from the barcoded beads, e.g., through cleavage of a linkage between the barcode and the bead or through degradation of the underlying bead to release the barcode, or a combination of the two.
  • the barcoded beads can be degraded or dissolved by an agent, such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • an agent such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • a sample, 1410 , barcoded beads, 1420 , and, in some cases, other reagents, e.g., a reducing agent, are combined and subject to partitioning.
  • such partitioning may involve introducing the components to a droplet generation system, such as a microfluidic device, 1425 .
  • a droplet generation system such as a microfluidic device, 1425 .
  • a water-in-oil emulsion 1430 may be formed, where the emulsion contains aqueous droplets that contain sample nucleic acid, 1410 , barcoded beads, 1415 , and, in some cases, a reducing agent.
  • the reducing agent may dissolve or degrade the barcoded beads, thereby releasing the oligonucleotides with the barcodes and random N-mers from the beads within the droplets, 1435 .
  • the random N-mers may then prime different regions of the sample nucleic acid, resulting in amplified copies of the sample after amplification, where each copy is tagged with a barcode sequence, 1440 .
  • each droplet contains a set of oligonucleotides that contain identical barcode sequences and different random N-mer sequences.
  • the emulsion is broken, 1445 and additional sequences (e.g., sequences that aid in particular sequencing methods, additional barcodes, etc.) may be added, via, for example, amplification methods (e.g., PCR).
  • Sequencing may then be performed, 1450 , and an algorithm applied to interpret the sequencing data, 1455 .
  • Sequencing algorithms are generally capable, for example, of performing analysis of barcodes to align sequencing reads and/or identify the sample from which a particular sequence read belongs.
  • the analyzed sequence is then compared to a known genome reference sequence to determine the CNV of different genes 1460 . If the EGFR copy number in the DNA is higher than normal, the patient can be differentially diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) instead of small-cell lung cancer 1465 .
  • NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
  • the CTC of non-small cell lung cancer also has other copy number variations that may further distinguish it from small-cell lung cancer.
  • surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy is prescribed 1470 .
  • a patient diagnosed with NSLC is administered a drug targeted for such cancer such as an ALK inhibitor (e.g., Crizotinib).
  • an ALK inhibitor e.g., Crizotinib
  • the patient is administered cetuximab, panitumumab, lapatinib, and/or capecitabine.
  • the target may be a different gene, such as ERBB2, and the therapy comprises trastuzumab (Herceptin). (2010) Nature 466: 368-72; Cook E. H. and Scherer S. W. (2008) Nature 455: 919-923.
  • Small molecules may include tyrosine-kinase inhibitors such as Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, also known as STI-571) (which is approved for chronic myelogenous leukemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumor and some other types of cancer); Gefitinib (Iressa, also known as ZD1839)(which targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase and is approved in the U.S.
  • Imatinib mesylate Gleevec, also known as STI-571
  • Gefitinib Iressa, also known as ZD1839
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • Erlotinib for non small cell lung cancer
  • Erlotinib marketed as Tarceva
  • Bortezomib (Velcade) (which is an apoptosis-inducing proteasome inhibitor drug that causes cancer cells to undergo cell death by interfering with proteins); tamoxifen; JAK inhibitors (e.g., tofactinib), ALK inhibitors (e.g., crizotinib.); Bcl-2 inhibitors (e.g. obatoclax in clinical trials, ABT-263, and Gossypol); PARP inhibitors (e.g. Iniparib, Olaparib in clinical trials); PI3K inhibitors (e.g. perifosine in a phase III trial).
  • JAK inhibitors e.g., tofactinib
  • ALK inhibitors e.g., crizotinib.
  • Bcl-2 inhibitors e.g. obatoclax in clinical trials, ABT-2
  • Apatinib which is a selective VEGF Receptor 2 inhibitor
  • AN-152 (AEZS-108) doxorubicin linked to [D-Lys(6)]-LHRH
  • Braf inhibitors vemurafenib, dabrafenib, LGX818) (used to treat metastatic melanoma that harbors BRAF V600E mutation)
  • MEK inhibitors trametinib, MEK162
  • CDK inhibitors e.g. PD-0332991, LEE011 in clinical trials
  • Hsp90 inhibitors and Salinomycin.
  • Other therapies include Small Molecule Drug Conjugates such as Vintafolide, which is a small molecule drug conjugate consisting of a small molecule targeting the folate receptor.
  • Monoclonal antibodies are another type of therapy that may be administered as part of a method provided herein. Monoclonal drug conjugates may also be administered.
  • Exemplary monoclonal antibodies include: Rituximab (marketed as MabThera or Rituxan)(which targets CD20 found on B cells and targets non Hodgkin lymphoma); Trastuzumab (Herceptin) (which targets the Her2/neu (also known as ErbB2) receptor expressed in some types of breast cancer); Cetuximab (marketed as Erbitux) and Panitumumab Bevacizumab (marketed as Avastin) (which targets VEGF ligand).
  • Rituximab marketed as MabThera or Rituxan
  • trastuzumab Herceptin
  • Her2/neu also known as ErbB2 receptor expressed in some types of breast cancer
  • Cetuximab marketed as Erbitux
  • Panitumumab Bevacizumab marketed as Avastin
  • the methods and systems described herein may also be used to characterize circulating nucleic acids within the blood or plasma of a subject.
  • analyses include the analysis of circulating tumor DNA, for use in identification of potential disease states in a patient, or circulating fetal DNA within the blood or plasma of a pregnant female, in order to characterize the fetal DNA in a non-invasive way, e.g., without resorting to direct sampling through amniocentesis or other invasive procedures.
  • the methods may be used to characterize fetal nucleic acid sequences, e.g. circulating fetal DNA, based, at least in part, on analysis of parental nucleic acid sequences.
  • long range sequence context can be determined for both paternal and maternal nucleic acids (e.g., having lengths of longer than 1 kb, longer than 5 kb, longer than 10 kb, longer than 15 kb, longer than 20 kb, longer than 30 kb, longer than 40 kb, longer than 50 kb, longer than 60 kb, longer than 70 kb, longer than 80 kb, longer than 90 kb or even longer than 100 kb) from shorter barcoded fragments using methods and systems described herein.
  • Long range sequence context can be used to determine one or more haplotypes and one or more genetic variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), structural variations in (e.g., a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a translocation, an inversion, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion, a retrotransposon, a duplication, a gene fusion, etc.) in both the paternal and maternal nucleic acid sequences.
  • SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
  • structural variations in e.g., a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a translocation, an inversion, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion, a retrotransposon, a duplication, a gene fusion, etc.
  • long range sequence context of paternal and maternal nucleic acids and any determined SNP, haplotype and/or structural variation information can be used to characterize a sequence of a fetal nucleic acid obtained from the pregnant mother (e.g., circulating fetal nucleic acid, such as, for example, cell-free fetal nucleic acid).
  • characterizations of a fetal nucleic acid, via comparison with maternal and paternal sequences and characterization may be completed with the aid of a programmed computer processor.
  • a programmed computer processor can be included in a computer control system, such as in an example computer control system described elsewhere herein.
  • a sequence and/or long range sequence context of parental and/or maternal nucleic acids may be used as a reference by which to characterize fetal nucleic acid, including a fetal nucleic acid sequence.
  • long range sequence context obtained by methods and systems described herein can provide improved, long range sequence context information for paternal and maternal nucleic acids from which fetal nucleic acid sequences can be characterized.
  • characterization of a fetal nucleic acid sequence from parental nucleic acids as references may include determining a sequence for at least a portion of a fetal nucleic acid, and/or calling one or more SNPs of a fetal nucleic acid sequence, determining one or more de novo mutations of a fetal nucleic acid sequence, determining one or more haplotypes of a fetal nucleic acid sequence, and/or determining and characterizing one or more structural variations, etc. in a sequence of the fetal nucleic acid.
  • FIGS. 17-19 illustrate an example method for characterizing fetal nucleic acid from longer range sequence context obtained for paternal and maternal nucleic acid, via sequencing of shorter barcoded fragments.
  • FIG. 17 demonstrates an example method by which longer range sequence context can be determined for a paternal nucleic acid sample (e.g., paternal genomic DNA) from shorter barcoded fragments, such as, for example, in a manner analogous to that shown in FIG. 6 .
  • a sample comprising paternal nucleic acid may be obtained from the father of a fetus, 1700 , and a set of barcoded beads may also be obtained, 1710 .
  • the beads can be linked to oligonucleotides containing one or more barcode sequences, as well as a primer, such as a random N-mer or other primer.
  • the barcode sequences are releasable from the barcoded beads, e.g., through cleavage of a linkage between the barcode and the bead or through degradation of the underlying bead to release the barcode, or a combination of the two.
  • the barcoded beads can be degraded or dissolved by an agent, such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • paternal sample comprising nucleic acid, 1705 , barcoded beads, 1715 , and, in some cases, other reagents, e.g., a reducing agent, 1720 , are combined and subject to partitioning.
  • the paternal sample 1700 is fragmented prior to partitioning and at least some of the resulting fragments are partitioned as 1705 for barcoding.
  • partitioning may involve introducing the components to a droplet generation system, such as a microfluidic device, 1725 .
  • a water-in-oil emulsion 1730 may be formed, where the emulsion contains aqueous droplets that contain paternal sample nucleic acid, 1705 , reducing agent, 1720 , and barcoded beads, 1715 .
  • the reducing agent may dissolve or degrade the barcoded beads, thereby releasing the oligonucleotides with the barcodes and random N-mers from the beads within the droplets, 1735 .
  • the random N-mers may then prime different regions of the paternal sample nucleic acid, resulting in amplified copies of the paternal sample after amplification, where each copy is tagged with a barcode sequence, 1740 .
  • amplification 1740 may be achieved by a method analogous to that described elsewhere herein and schematically depicted in FIG. 5 .
  • each droplet contains a set of oligonucleotides that contain identical barcode sequences and different random N-mer sequences.
  • additional sequences e.g., sequences that aid in particular sequencing methods, additional barcodes, etc.
  • amplification methods 1750 (e.g., PCR).
  • Sequencing may then be performed, 1755 , and an algorithm applied to interpret the sequencing data 1760 .
  • interpretation of sequencing data 1760 may include providing a sequence for at least a portion of the paternal nucleic acid.
  • long range sequence context for the paternal nucleic acid sample can be obtained and characterized (e.g., determination of one or more haplotypes as described elsewhere herein, determination of one or more structural variations (e.g., a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a translocation, an inversion, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion, a duplication, a retrotransposon, a gene fusion, etc.), calling of one or more SNPs, determination of one or more other genetic variations, etc.).
  • variants can be called for various paternal nucleic acids and inferred contigs generated to provide longer range sequence context, such as is described elsewhere herein with respect to FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 18 demonstrates an example method by which long range sequence context can be determined for a maternal nucleic acid sample (e.g., maternal genomic DNA) from shorter barcoded fragments, such as, for example, in a manner analogous to that shown in FIG. 6 .
  • a sample comprising maternal nucleic acid may be obtained from the pregnant mother of a fetus, 1800 , and a set of barcoded beads may also be obtained, 1810 .
  • the beads can be linked to oligonucleotides containing one or more barcode sequences, as well as a primer, such as a random N-mer or other primer.
  • the barcode sequences are releasable from the barcoded beads, e.g., through cleavage of a linkage between the barcode and the bead or through degradation of the underlying bead to release the barcode, or a combination of the two.
  • the barcoded beads can be degraded or dissolved by an agent, such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • an agent such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • maternal sample comprising nucleic acid, 1805 , barcoded beads, 1815 , and, in some cases, other reagents, e.g., a reducing agent, 1820 , are combined and subject to partitioning.
  • the maternal sample 1800 is fragmented prior to partitioning and at least some of the resulting fragments are partitioned as 1805 for barcoding.
  • partitioning may involve introducing the components to a droplet generation system, such as a microfluidic device, 1825 .
  • a droplet generation system such as a microfluidic device, 1825 .
  • a water-in-oil emulsion 1830 may be formed, where the emulsion contains aqueous droplets that contain maternal sample nucleic acid, 1805 , reducing agent, 1820 , and barcoded beads, 1815 .
  • the reducing agent may dissolve or degrade the barcoded beads, thereby releasing the oligonucleotides with the barcodes and random N-mers from the beads within the droplets, 1835 .
  • the random N-mers may then prime different regions of the maternal sample nucleic acid, resulting in amplified copies of the maternal sample after amplification, where each copy is tagged with a barcode sequence, 1840 .
  • amplification 1840 may be achieved by a method analogous to that described elsewhere herein and schematically depicted in FIG. 5 .
  • each droplet contains a set of oligonucleotides that contain identical barcode sequences and different random N-mer sequences.
  • sequences that aid in particular sequencing methods, additional barcodes, etc. may be added, via, for example, amplification methods, 1850 (e.g., PCR).
  • amplification methods 1850 (e.g., PCR).
  • Sequencing may then be performed, 1855 , and an algorithm applied to interpret the sequencing data, 1860 .
  • interpretation of sequencing data 1860 may include providing a sequence for at least a portion of the maternal nucleic acid.
  • long range sequence context for the maternal nucleic acid sample can be obtained and characterized (e.g., determination of one or more haplotypes as described elsewhere herein, determination of one or more structural variations (e.g., a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a translocation, an inversion, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion, a duplication, a retrotransposon, a gene fusion, etc.), calling of one or more SNPs, determination of one or more other genetic variations, etc.
  • variants can be called for various maternal nucleic acids obtained from a sample and inferred contigs generated to provide longer range sequence context, such as is described elsewhere herein with respect to FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 19 demonstrates an example of characterizing a fetal sample sequence from the paternal 1760 and maternal 1860 characterizations obtained as shown in FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 , respectively.
  • a fetal nucleic acid sample can be obtained from the pregnant mother 1900 .
  • Long range sequence context can be obtained for the fetal nucleic acid from sequencing of shorter barcoded fragments as is described elsewhere herein, such as, for example, via the method schematically depicted in FIG. 6 .
  • the fetal nucleic acid sample may be circulating fetal DNA and/or cell-free DNA that may be, for example, obtained from the pregnant mother's blood, plasma, other bodily fluid, or tissue.
  • a set of barcoded beads may also be obtained, 1910 .
  • the beads are can be linked to oligonucleotides containing one or more barcode sequences, as well as a primer, such as a random N-mer or other primer.
  • the barcode sequences are releasable from the barcoded beads, e.g., through cleavage of a linkage between the barcode and the bead or through degradation of the underlying bead to release the barcode, or a combination of the two.
  • the barcoded beads can be degraded or dissolved by an agent, such as a reducing agent to release the barcode sequences.
  • fetal sample comprising nucleic acid, 1905 , barcoded beads, 1915 , and, in some cases, other reagents, e.g., a reducing agent, 1920 , are combined and subject to partitioning as 1905 .
  • the fetal sample 1900 is fragmented prior to partitioning and at least some of the resulting fragments are partitioned as 1905 for barcoding.
  • partitioning may involve introducing the components to a droplet generation system, such as a microfluidic device, 1925 .
  • a water-in-oil emulsion 1930 may be formed, where the emulsion contains aqueous droplets that contain maternal sample nucleic acid, 1905 , reducing agent, 1920 , and barcoded beads, 1915 .
  • the reducing agent may dissolve or degrade the barcoded beads, thereby releasing the oligonucleotides with the barcodes and random N-mers from the beads within the droplets, 1935 .
  • the random N-mers may then prime different regions of the fetal sample nucleic acid, resulting in amplified copies of the fetal sample after amplification, where each copy is tagged with a barcode sequence, 1940 .
  • amplification 1940 may be achieved by a method analogous to that described elsewhere herein and schematically depicted in FIG. 5 .
  • each droplet contains a set of oligonucleotides that contain identical barcode sequences and different random N-mer sequences.
  • additional sequences e.g., sequences that aid in particular sequencing methods, additional barcodes, etc.
  • amplification methods 1950 (e.g., PCR).
  • Sequencing may then be performed, 1955 , and an algorithm applied to interpret the sequencing data, 1960 .
  • interpretation of sequencing data 1960 may include providing a sequence for at least a portion of the fetal nucleic acid.
  • the fetal nucleic acid sequence can be characterized 1960 (e.g., determination of one or more haplotypes as described elsewhere herein, determination of one or more structural variations (e.g., a copy number variation, an insertion, a deletion, a translocation, an inversion, a rearrangement, a repeat expansion, a duplication, retrotransposon, a gene fusion, etc.), determination of one or more de novo mutations, calling of one or more SNPs, etc.) using the long-range sequence contexts and/or characterizations of the paternal 1760 and maternal 1860 samples.
  • phase blocks of the fetal nucleic acid can be determined by comparison of the fetal nucleic acid sequence to the maternal and paternal phase blocks.
  • paternal nucleic acid, maternal nucleic acid and/or fetal nucleic acid may completed as part of separate partitioning analyses or may be completed as part of one or more combined partitioning analyses.
  • paternal, maternal and fetal nucleic acids may be added to the same device and barcoded maternal, paternal and fetal fragments generated in droplets according to FIGS. 17-19 , where an emulsion comprises the droplets for the three types of nucleic acid.
  • the emulsion can then be broken and the contents of the droplets pooled, further processed (e.g., bulk addition of additional sequences via PCR) and sequenced as described elsewhere herein.
  • Individual sequencing reads from the barcoded fragments can be attributed to their respective sample sequence via barcode sequences.
  • the sequence of a fetal nucleic acid may be determined from long range paternal and maternal sequence contexts and characterizations obtained using methods and systems described herein. For example, genome sequencing of paternal and maternal genomes, along with sequencing of circulating fetal nucleic acids, may be used to determine a corresponding fetal genome sequence.
  • An example of determining a sequence of genomic fetal nucleic acid from sequence analysis of parental genomes and cell-free fetal nucleic acid can be found in Kitzman et al. (2012 Jun. 6) Sci Transl. Med. 4(137): 137ra76, which is herein entirely incorporated by reference.
  • Determination of a fetal genome may be useful in the prenatal determination and diagnosis of genetic disorders in the fetus, including, for example, fetal aneuploidy.
  • methods and systems provided herein can be useful in resolving haplotypes in nucleic acid sequences.
  • Haplotype-resolved paternal and maternal sequences can be determined for paternal and maternal sample nucleic acid sequences, respectively which can aid in more accurately determining the sequence of a fetal genome and/or characterizing the same.
  • Utilizing methods and systems herein can improve accuracy in determining long range sequence context of nucleic acids, including the long-range sequence context of parental nucleic acid sequences (e.g., maternal nucleic acid sequences, paternal nucleic acid sequences).
  • the methods and systems provided herein may determine long-range sequence context of parental nucleic acids with accuracy of at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3% 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, 99.995%, or 99.999%.
  • the methods and systems provided herein may determine long-range sequence context of parental nucleic acids with an error rate of less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, 0.00001%, or 0.000005%.
  • methods and systems herein can also improve accuracy in characterizing a paternal nucleic acid sequence in one or more aspects (e.g., determination of a sequence, determination of one or more genetic variations, determination of one or more structural variants, determination of haplotypes, etc.).
  • the methods and systems provided herein may characterize a paternal nucleic acid sequence in one or more aspects with an accuracy of at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3% 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, 99.995%, or 99.999%.
  • the methods and systems provided herein may characterize a parental nucleic acid sequence in one or more aspects with an error rate of less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, 0.00001%, or 0.000005%.
  • a fetal nucleic acid sequence (including long-range sequence context) can be provided from analysis of parental nucleic sequences with accuracy of at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3% 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, 99.995%, or 99.999%.
  • a fetal nucleic acid sequence (including long-range sequence context) can be provided from analysis of parental nucleic sequences with an error rate of less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, 0.00001%, or 0.000005%.
  • a fetal nucleic acid sequence can be characterized in one or more aspects via analysis of parental nucleic acid sequences as described herein (e.g., determination of a sequence, determination of one or more genetic variations, determination of one or more structural variations, determination of haplotypes, etc.) with accuracy of at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3% 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.95%, 99.99%, 99.995%, or 99.999%.
  • parental nucleic acid sequences as described herein (e.g., determination of a sequence, determination of one or more genetic variations, determination of one or more structural variations, determination of haplotypes, etc.) with accuracy of at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3% 99.4%
  • a fetal nucleic acid sequence can be characterized in one or more aspects via analysis of parental nucleic acid sequences as described herein (e.g., determination of a sequence, determination of one or more genetic variations, determination of haplotypes, determination of one or more structural variations, etc.) with an error rate of less than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, 0.00001%, or 0.000005%.
  • Detection of a disease or disorder may begin with obtaining a sample from a patient.
  • sample generally refers to a biological sample.
  • biological samples include nucleic acid molecules, amino acids, polypeptides, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, or viruses.
  • a biological sample is a nucleic acid sample including one or more nucleic acid molecules.
  • Exemplary samples may include polynucleotides, nucleic acids, oligonucleotides, cell-free nucleic acid (e.g., cell-free DNA (cfDNA)), circulating cell-free nucleic acid, circulating tumor nucleic acid (e.g., circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)), circulating tumor cell (CTC) nucleic acids, nucleic acid fragments, nucleotides, DNA, RNA, peptide polynucleotides, complementary DNA (cDNA), double stranded DNA (dsDNA), single stranded DNA (ssDNA), plasmid DNA, cosmid DNA, chromosomal DNA, genomic DNA (gDNA), viral DNA, bacterial DNA, mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), ribosomal RNA, cell-free DNA, cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA), mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, nRNA, siRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, sca
  • the substance may be a fluid, e.g., a biological fluid.
  • a fluidic substance may include, but not limited to, blood, cord blood, saliva, urine, sweat, serum, semen, vaginal fluid, gastric and digestive fluid, spinal fluid, placental fluid, cavity fluid, ocular fluid, serum, breast milk, lymphatic fluid, or combinations thereof.
  • the substance may be solid, for example, a biological tissue.
  • the substance may comprise normal healthy tissues, diseased tissues, or a mix of healthy and diseased tissues. In some cases, the substance may comprise tumors. Tumors may be benign (non-cancer) or malignant (cancer).
  • Non-limiting examples of tumors may include: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, genitourinary system carcinomas, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, chor
  • the substance may be associated with various types of organs.
  • organs may include brain, liver, lung, kidney, prostate, ovary, spleen, lymph node (including tonsil), thyroid, pancreas, heart, skeletal muscle, intestine, larynx, esophagus, stomach, or combinations thereof.
  • the substance may comprise a variety of cells, including but not limited to: eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, fungi cells, heart cells, lung cells, kidney cells, liver cells, pancreas cells, reproductive cells, stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, gastrointestinal cells, blood cells, cancer cells, bacterial cells, bacterial cells isolated from a human microbiome sample, etc.
  • the substance may comprise contents of a cell, such as, for example, the contents of a single cell or the contents of multiple cells.
  • contents of a cell such as, for example, the contents of a single cell or the contents of multiple cells.
  • Samples may be obtained from various subjects.
  • a subject may be a living subject or a dead subject. Examples of subjects may include, but not limited to, humans, mammals, non-human mammals, rodents, amphibians, reptiles, canines, felines, bovines, equines, goats, ovines, hens, avines, mice, rabbits, insects, slugs, microbes, bacteria, parasites, or fish.
  • the subject may be a patient who is having, suspected of having, or at a risk of developing a disease or disorder.
  • the subject may be a pregnant woman.
  • the subject may be a normal healthy pregnant woman.
  • the subject may be a pregnant woman who is at a risking of carrying a baby with certain birth defect.
  • a sample may be obtained from a subject by various approaches.
  • a sample may be obtained from a subject through accessing the circulatory system (e.g., intravenously or intra-arterially via a syringe or other apparatus), collecting a secreted biological sample (e.g., saliva, sputum urine, feces, etc.), surgically (e.g., biopsy) acquiring a biological sample (e.g., intra-operative samples, post-surgical samples, etc.), swabbing (e.g., buccal swab, oropharyngeal swab), or pipetting.
  • a biological sample e.g., intra-operative samples, post-surgical samples, etc.
  • swabbing e.g., buccal swab, oropharyngeal swab
  • pipetting e.g., buccal swab, oropharyngeal swab
  • CNVs can be associated with efficacy of a therapy.
  • increased HER2 gene copy number can enhance the response to gefitinib therapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. See Cappuzzo F. et al. (2005) J. Clin. Oncol. 23: 5007-5018.
  • High EGFR gene copy number can predict for increased sensitivity to lapatinib and capecitabine. See Fabi et al. (2010) J. Clin. Oncol. 28:15s (2010 ASCO Annual Meeting).
  • High EGFR gene copy number is associated with increased sensitivity to cetuximab and panitumumab.
  • Copy number variations can be associated with resistance of cancer patients to certain therapeutics. For example, amplification of thymidylate synthase can result in resistance to 5-fluorouracil treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. See Wang et al. (2002) PNAS USA vol. 99, pp. 16156-61.
  • the present disclosure provides computer systems that are programmed or otherwise configured to implement methods provided herein, such as, for example, methods for nucleic sequencing and determination of genetic variations, storing reference nucleic acid sequences, conducting sequence analysis and/or comparing sample and reference nucleic acid sequences as described herein.
  • An example of such a computer system is shown in FIG. 22 .
  • the computer system 2201 includes a central processing unit (CPU, also “processor” and “computer processor” herein) 2205 , which can be a single core or multi core processor, or a plurality of processors for parallel processing.
  • CPU central processing unit
  • processor also “processor” and “computer processor” herein
  • the computer system 2201 also includes memory or memory location 2210 (e.g., random-access memory, read-only memory, flash memory), electronic storage unit 2215 (e.g., hard disk), communication interface 2220 (e.g., network adapter) for communicating with one or more other systems, and peripheral devices 2225 , such as cache, other memory, data storage and/or electronic display adapters.
  • the memory 2210 , storage unit 2215 , interface 2220 and peripheral devices 2225 are in communication with the CPU 2205 through a communication bus (solid lines), such as a motherboard.
  • the storage unit 2215 can be a data storage unit (or data repository) for storing data.
  • the computer system 2201 can be operatively coupled to a computer network (“network”) 2230 with the aid of the communication interface 2220 .
  • network computer network
  • the network 2230 can be the Internet, an internet and/or extranet, or an intranet and/or extranet that is in communication with the Internet.
  • the network 2230 in some cases is a telecommunication and/or data network.
  • the network 2230 can include one or more computer servers, which can enable distributed computing, such as cloud computing.
  • the network 2230 in some cases with the aid of the computer system 2201 , can implement a peer-to-peer network, which may enable devices coupled to the computer system 2201 to behave as a client or a server.
  • the CPU 2205 can execute a sequence of machine-readable instructions, which can be embodied in a program or software.
  • the instructions may be stored in a memory location, such as the memory 2210 . Examples of operations performed by the CPU 2205 can include fetch, decode, execute, and writeback.
  • the storage unit 2215 can store files, such as drivers, libraries and saved programs.
  • the storage unit 2215 can store user data, e.g., user preferences and user programs.
  • the computer system 2201 in some cases can include one or more additional data storage units that are external to the computer system 2201 , such as located on a remote server that is in communication with the computer system 2201 through an intranet or the Internet.
  • the computer system 2201 can communicate with one or more remote computer systems through the network 2230 .
  • the computer system 2201 can communicate with a remote computer system of a user (e.g., operator).
  • remote computer systems include personal computers (e.g., portable PC), slate or tablet PC's (e.g., Apple® iPad, Samsung® Galaxy Tab), telephones, Smart phones (e.g., Apple® iPhone, Android-enabled device, Blackberry®), or personal digital assistants.
  • the user can access the computer system 2201 via the network 2230 .
  • Methods as described herein can be implemented by way of machine (e.g., computer processor) executable code stored on an electronic storage location of the computer system 2201 , such as, for example, on the memory 2210 or electronic storage unit 2215 .
  • the machine executable or machine readable code can be provided in the form of software.
  • the code can be executed by the processor 2205 .
  • the code can be retrieved from the storage unit 2215 and stored on the memory 2210 for ready access by the processor 2205 .
  • the electronic storage unit 2215 can be precluded, and machine-executable instructions are stored on memory 2210 .
  • the code can be pre-compiled and configured for use with a machine have a processer adapted to execute the code, or can be compiled during runtime.
  • the code can be supplied in a programming language that can be selected to enable the code to execute in a pre-compiled or as-compiled fashion.
  • aspects of the systems and methods provided herein can be embodied in programming.
  • Various aspects of the technology may be thought of as “products” or “articles of manufacture” typically in the form of machine (or processor) executable code and/or associated data that is carried on or embodied in a type of machine readable medium.
  • Machine-executable code can be stored on an electronic storage unit, such memory (e.g., read-only memory, random-access memory, flash memory) or a hard disk.
  • “Storage” type media can include any or all of the tangible memory of the computers, processors or the like, or associated modules thereof, such as various semiconductor memories, tape drives, disk drives and the like, which may provide non-transitory storage at any time for the software programming.
  • All or portions of the software may at times be communicated through the Internet or various other telecommunication networks. Such communications, for example, may enable loading of the software from one computer or processor into another, for example, from a management server or host computer into the computer platform of an application server.
  • another type of media that may bear the software elements includes optical, electrical and electromagnetic waves, such as used across physical interfaces between local devices, through wired and optical landline networks and over various air-links.
  • the physical elements that carry such waves, such as wired or wireless links, optical links or the like, also may be considered as media bearing the software.
  • terms such as computer or machine “readable medium” refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution.
  • a machine readable medium such as computer-executable code
  • a tangible storage medium such as computer-executable code
  • Non-volatile storage media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as any of the storage devices in any computer(s) or the like, such as may be used to implement the databases, etc. shown in the drawings.
  • Volatile storage media include dynamic memory, such as main memory of such a computer platform.
  • Tangible transmission media include coaxial cables; copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer system.
  • Carrier-wave transmission media may take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications.
  • RF radio frequency
  • IR infrared
  • Common forms of computer-readable media therefore include for example: a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD or DVD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards paper tape, any other physical storage medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a ROM, a PROM and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data or instructions, cables or links transporting such a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer may read programming code and/or data.
  • Many of these forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.
  • the computer system 2201 can include or be in communication with an electronic display 2235 that comprises a user interface (UI) for providing, for example, an output or readout of a nucleic acid sequencing instrument coupled to the computer system 2201 .
  • UI user interface
  • Such readout can include a nucleic acid sequencing readout, such as a sequence of nucleic acid bases that comprise a given nucleic acid sample.
  • the UI may also be used to display the results of an analysis making use of such readout. Examples of UI's include, without limitation, a graphical user interface (GUI) and web-based user interface.
  • GUI graphical user interface
  • the electronic display 2235 can be a computer monitor, or a capacitive or resistive touchscreen.
  • Genomic DNA from the NA12878 human cell line was subjected to size based separation of fragments using a Blue Pippin DNA sizing system to recover fragments that were approximately 10 kb in length.
  • the size selected sample nucleic acids were then copartitioned with barcode beads in aqueous droplets within a fluorinated oil continuous phase using a microfluidic partitioning system (see e.g., U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/977,804, filed Apr.
  • aqueous droplets also included the dNTPs, thermostable DNA polymerase and other reagents for carrying out amplification within the droplets, as well as a chemical activator for releasing the barcode oligonucleotides from the beads.
  • dNTPs thermostable DNA polymerase
  • other reagents for carrying out amplification within the droplets
  • a chemical activator for releasing the barcode oligonucleotides from the beads.
  • the barcode beads were obtained as a subset of a stock library that represented barcode diversity of over 700,000 different barcode sequences.
  • the barcode containing oligonucleotides included additional sequence components and had the general structure:
  • the droplets were thermocycled to allow for primer extension of the barcode oligos against the template of the sample nucleic acids within each droplet. This resulted in copied fragments of the sample nucleic acids that included the barcode sequence representative of the originating partition, in addition to the other included sequences set forth above.
  • the emulsion of droplets including the amplified copy fragments was broken and the additional sequencer required components, e.g., read2 primer sequence and P7 attachment sequence for Illumina sequencer, were added to the copy fragments through additional amplification, which attached these sequences to the other end of the copy fragments.
  • additional sequencer required components e.g., read2 primer sequence and P7 attachment sequence for Illumina sequencer
  • the sequencing library was then sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq system at 10 ⁇ coverage, 20 ⁇ coverage and 30 ⁇ coverage, and the resulting sequence reads and their associated barcode sequences were then analyzed. Proximally mapping sequences that shared common barcodes were then assembled into larger contigs, and single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified and associated with individual starting molecules based upon their associated barcodes and sequence mapping, to identify phased SNPs. Sequences that included overlapping phased SNPs were then assembled into phase blocks or inferred contigs of phased sequence data based upon the overlapping phased SNPs. The resulting data was compared to known haplotype maps for the cell line for comparison.
  • each allele of a series of heterozygous variants is assigned to one of two to two haplotypes.
  • phasing assignment, variants) is defined that returns the log-likelihood of the observed read and barcode data, given a set of variants, and a phasing assignment of the heterozygous variants.
  • the form of the log-likelihood function derives from two main observations about barcoded sequence read data: (1) The reads from one barcode cover a small fraction of a haploid genome, so the probability of one barcode containing reads for both haplotypes in a given region of the genome is small.
  • the reads for one barcode in a local region of the genome are very likely to come from a single haplotype; (2) the probability that an observed base differs from the true base in haplotype it was derived from is described by the Phred QV of the observed base assigned by the sequencer.
  • the phasing configuration that maximizes the log-likelihood function, for a given set of barcoded reads and variants is then reported.
  • the maximum-likelihood scoring haplotype configuration is then found by a structured search procedure.
  • a beam search is used to find an optimal phasing configuration of a small block of neighboring variants (e.g., ⁇ 50 variants).
  • Second the relative phasing of the blocks is determined in a sweep over the block junctions. At this point an overall near-optimal phasing configuration is found and is used as a starting point for further optimization.
  • the haplotype assignment of individual variants is then inverted to find local improvement to the phasing, the difference in the log-likelihood between the swapped configurations provides an estimate of the confidence of that phasing assignment.
  • the phasing configuration is broken into phase blocks that have a high probability of being internally correct. It is then tested whether to break a phase block at each SNP by comparing the log-likelihoods of the optimal configuration with a configuration where all SNPs right of the current SNP have their haplotype assignment inverted.
  • the table below provides the phasing metrics obtained for the NA 12878 genome. As is apparent, extremely long phase blocks are obtained from short read sequence data, correctly identifying significant percentages of phased SNPs, with very low short or long switch errors.
  • NCI-H2228 lung cancer cell line is known to have an EML4-ALK fusion translocation within its genome.
  • the structure of the variation compared to wild type is illustrated in FIG. 15 .
  • the EML-4 gene while on the same chromosome, is relatively separate or distant from the ALK gene, is instead translocated and fused to the ALK gene (See e.g., Choi, et al., Identification of Novel Isoforms of the EML 4- LK Transforming Gene in Non - Small Cell Lung Cancer , J. Cancer Res., 68:4971 (July 2008)).
  • the EML4 gene is also inverted.
  • the translocation is further illustrated in Panel II, as compared to the wild type structure, where the translocation results in the fusion of exons 1-6 of EML-4 (shown as black boxes) to exons 20-29 of ALK (shown as white boxes), as well as the fusion of exons 7-23 of ALK fused to exons 1-19 of the EML-4.
  • genomic DNA from the NCI-H2228 cell line was subjected to size separation using a Blue Pippin® system (Sage Sciences, Inc.), to select for fragments of approximately 10 kb in length.
  • the size selected sample nucleic acids were then copartitioned with barcode beads, amplified and processed into a sequencing library as described above for Example 1, except that the DNA was subjected to hybrid capture using an Agilent SureSelect Exome capture kit after barcoding and prior to sequencing.
  • the sequencing library was then sequenced to approximately 80 ⁇ coverage on an Illumina HiSeq system and the resulting sequence reads and their associated barcode sequences were then analyzed.
  • the higher number of shared barcodes among portions of the genome that span the translocation event was clearly evident as compared to the wild type, illustrating structural proximity between the fused components where not present in the wild type. In particular, and as shown in FIG.
  • the fusion structure showed barcode overlap between EML-4 exons 1-6 and ALK exons 20-29, of 12 barcodes, and between EML-4 exons 7-23 and ALK exons 1-19, of 20 barcodes, that were comparable to the overlapping barcodes for the wild type construct for the heterozygous cell line.
  • a negative control run using a non variant cell line showed substantially only barcode overlap for the wild type vs. the variant construct, as shown in FIG. 16B , with sequence coverage of approximately 140 ⁇ , and using 3 ng of starting DNA.
  • a patient is tested for susceptibility to lupus. Blood is drawn from the patient. A cell-free DNA sample is sequenced using techniques recited herein. The sequence is then compared to a known genome reference sequence to determine the CNV of different genes. A low copy number of FCGR3B (the CD16 cell surface immunoglobulin receptor) indicates an increased susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. The patient is informed of any copy number aberrations and the associated risks/disease.
  • FCGR3B the CD16 cell surface immunoglobulin receptor
  • a patient is tested for predisposition to neuroblastoma. Blood is drawn from the patient. A cell-free DNA sample is sequenced using techniques recited herein. The sequence is then compared to a known genome reference sequence to determine the CNV of different genes. CNV at 1q21.1 indicates an increased predisposition to neuroblastoma. The patient is informed of any copy number aberrations and the associated risks/disease.
  • a patient with chromic cough, weight loss and shortness of breath is tested for lung cancer.
  • Blood is drawn from the patient.
  • the circulating tumor cell (CTC) or cell-free DNA sample is sequenced using techniques recited herein.
  • the CTC sequence is then compared to a known genome reference sequence to determine the CNV of different genes. If the EGFR copy number in the DNA is higher than normal, the patient can be differentially diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) instead of small-cell lung cancer.
  • NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
  • the CTC of non-small cell lung cancer also has other copy number variations that may further distinguish it from small-cell lung cancer.
  • surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy is prescribed.
  • NSCLC non-small cell lung carcinoma
  • ALK inhibitors such as Crizotinib
  • Fetal aneuploidies are aberrations in chromosome number. Aneuploidies commonly result in significant physical and neurological impairments. A reduction in the number of X chromosomes is responsible for Turner's syndrome. An increase in copy number of chromosome number 21 results in Down's syndrome. Invasive testing such as amniocentesis or Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) can lead to risk of pregnancy loss and less invasive methods of testing the maternal blood are used here.
  • CVS Chorionic Villus Sampling
  • a pregnant patient with a family history of Down's syndrome or Turner's syndrome is tested.
  • a maternal blood sample containing fetal genetic material is collected.
  • the nucleic acids from different chromosomes are then separated into different partitions along with barcoded tag molecules as described herein.
  • the samples are then sequenced and the number of each chromosome copies is compared to a sequence on a normal diploid chromosome. The patient is informed of any copy number aberrations for different chromosomes and the associated risks/disease.
  • Burkitt's Lymphoma is characterized by a t(8;14) translocation in the chromosomes.
  • a patient generally diagnosed with lymphoma is tested for Burkitt's Lymphoma.
  • a tumor-biopsy specimen is collected from the lymph node.
  • the nucleic acids from different chromosomes are the separated into different partitions along with barcoded tag molecules as described herein.
  • the samples are then sequenced and compared to a control DNA sample to detect chromosomal translocation. If the patient is diagnosed as having Burkitt's Lymphoma, a more intensive chemotherapy regimen, including the CHOP or R-CHOP regimen, can be required than with other types of lymphoma.
  • CHOP consists of: Cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent which damages DNA by binding to it and causing the formation of cross-links; Hydroxydaunorubicin (also called doxorubicin or Adriamycin), an intercalating agent which damages DNA by inserting itself between DNA bases; Oncovin (vincristine), which prevents cells from duplicating by binding to the protein tubulin; Prednisone or prednisolone, which are corticosteroids.
  • This regimen can also be combined with the monoclonal antibody rituximab since Burkitt's the lymphoma is of B cell origin; this combination is called R-CHOP.
  • a sample comprising maternal DNA from a pregnant patient and a sample comprising paternal DNA from the father of the fetus are collected.
  • the nucleic acids from each sample are separated into different partitions along with molecular barcoded tags as described herein.
  • the samples are then sequenced and the sequences are used to generate inferred contigs for each of the partitioned maternal and paternal fragments.
  • the inferred contigs are used to construct haplotype blocks for portions of each of the maternal and paternal chromosomes.
  • a maternal blood sample containing fetal genetic material is collected.
  • the cell-free DNA is sequenced to generate a sequences of both the maternal circulating DNA and the fetal circulating DNA.
  • the reads are compared to the paternal and maternal phase blocks generated above. Some phase blocks have undergone recombination during meiosis.
  • the fetal material is identified that matches the paternal phase blocks and not the maternal phase blocks. In some cases, the fetal material matches the entirety of a paternal phase block and it is determined that the fetus has that paternal phase block in the paternally inherited chromosome.
  • the fetal material matches part of a phase block and then matches a second phase block, where the two phase blocks are on homologous chromosomal regions in the paternal genome. It is determined that a meiotic recombination event occurred at this region, the most likely point of recombination is determined, and a novel fetal phase block that is a combination of two paternal phase blocks is produced.
  • the sequences of the circulating DNA are compared to the maternal phase blocks. Sites of heterozygosity in the maternal phase blocks are used to determine the most likely phase of the maternally derived fetal chromosomes.
  • the circulating DNA sequences are used to determine the copy number at the heterozygous sites of the maternal genome. Elevated copy numbers of specific maternal phase blocks indicates that the maternally derived chromosome of the fetus contains the sequence of the elevated phase block.
  • at first one phase block of a homologous region will appear elevated, and then a portion of another phase block of the same region will appear elevated, indicating that meiotic recombination has occurred. In these cases, a the most likely region of recombination is determined and a new fetal phase block is constructed from the two maternal phase blocks.

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US20180265928A1 (en) 2018-09-20
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US20210123103A1 (en) 2021-04-29
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