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US20040002109A9 - Process for identifying modulators of G-protein-coupled receptors - Google Patents

Process for identifying modulators of G-protein-coupled receptors Download PDF

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US20040002109A9
US20040002109A9 US09/899,295 US89929501A US2004002109A9 US 20040002109 A9 US20040002109 A9 US 20040002109A9 US 89929501 A US89929501 A US 89929501A US 2004002109 A9 US2004002109 A9 US 2004002109A9
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signal transduction
transduction pathway
protein
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host cell
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US20020127601A1 (en
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Evi Kostenis
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Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for identifying chemical compounds which modulate G-protein-coupled receptors, by means of novel hybrid G-proteins with broad receptor specificity, and also to chemical compounds which can be identified by such a process
  • GPCRs G-protein-coupled receptors
  • G-protein-coupled receptors share a common mechanism of action. Binding of an extracellular ligand leads to a conformational change in the receptor protein that allows it to make contact with a guanine-nucleotide binding protein (G-protein). G-proteins are located on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane and mediate the extracellular signal in the cell interior to trigger various intracellular reactions.
  • G-protein guanine-nucleotide binding protein
  • GPCRs are the most important therapeutic target proteins to date. An estimated 40% of the pharmaceuticals prescribed by doctors act as agonists or antagonists of GPCRs. Owing to the size and importance of this protein family and in view of the fact that chemical binding partners for many GPCRs are unknown (orphan GPCRs), it can be assumed that this receptor class will be one of the most important reservoirs for suitable target proteins in the search for novel medicinal substances in the future.
  • GPCRs are integral membrane proteins that transfer a signal mediated via a mostly hydrophilic signal substance bound to the outer side of the cell into the cell interior via a family of G-proteins. Depending on the receptor specificity and the G-proteins activated thereby, activated GPCRs trigger various signal transduction pathways. Depending on the receptor type, various actions are evoked, all of which lead to the formation of second messengers.
  • Second messengers are intracellular messenger molecules, such as, for example, cAMP, cGMP, and Ca 2+ , formed in or released into the cytosol in response to an extracellular signal and which trigger reactions in the cell through the activation or deactivation of intracellular proteins.
  • activation of a membrane-bound adenylate cyclase may lead to an increase in the intracellular cAMP level, and inhibition may lead to a decrease.
  • Stimulation of a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase may lead to a reduction in the cGMP level.
  • the activated G-protein can also lead, for example, to an increase of Ca 2+ or K + ions by binding to an ion channel.
  • an activated G-protein can affect activation of a phospholipase and thus formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. This, in turn, leads either to a Ca 2+ increase or to activation of a protein kinase C, with further effects in both cases.
  • the heterotrimeric G-proteins are located on the inside of the plasma membrane. They comprise the three subunits ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ . When an activated receptor makes contact with the G-protein heterotrimer, it dissociates into an ⁇ subunit and a ⁇ complex. Both the activated ⁇ subunit and the ⁇ complex can influence intracellular effector proteins.
  • the G-protein ⁇ subunit family is presently divided into four different classes (G ⁇ s, G ⁇ i, G ⁇ q and G ⁇ 12 classes).
  • GPCRs are classified according to the G-proteins that they contact.
  • GPCRs of the Gs class mediate adenylate cyclase stimulation via activation of G ⁇ s and increase the intracellular cAMP concentration.
  • GPCRs of the Gi class mediate adenylate cyclase inhibition via activation of G ⁇ i and decrease intracellular cAMP.
  • GPCRs of the Gq class mediate stimulation of various phospholipase C beta (PLC ⁇ ) isoforms via activation of G ⁇ q and lead to hydrolysis of membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to give diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). IP3 releases Ca 2+ from intracellular depots.
  • PLC ⁇ phospholipase C beta
  • GPCRs can make contact only with one G-protein ⁇ subunit family, and, therefore, are selective for a particular signal transduction pathway. This narrow specificity is a great hindrance to the identification of chemical compounds capable of modulating GPCR-dependent signal transduction pathways.
  • a suitable signal which can be utilized in a screening assay with high sample throughput is obtained only from those signal transduction pathways in which, for example, G-protein activation leads to an increase in the intracellular Ca 2+ level.
  • Hybrid G-proteins with altered receptor specifity and signal transduction pathway linkage may be constructed by joining together parts of various G-proteins using known molecular biology and biochemistry methods.
  • Hybrid G-proteins are fusion constructs which combine sequences of various G ⁇ subunits within one protein.
  • G ⁇ i receptor recognition region for example by fusion of the G ⁇ i receptor recognition region to the G ⁇ q effector activation region, to prepare a G ⁇ q/i hybrid which receives signals from Gi-coupled receptors but switches on the G ⁇ q-PLC ⁇ signal transduction pathway.
  • G ⁇ qi5 for example, the C-terminal 5 amino acids of G ⁇ q is replaced by the corresponding G ⁇ i sequence (G ⁇ qi5), was first described by Conklin et al., Nature 363, 274-276 (1993).
  • This “recoupling” of receptors has the advantage that the assay endpoint (increase in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration in comparison with adenylate cyclase inhibition) is more readily accessible through measurement methods and can be used in high throughput screening.
  • G ⁇ q/G ⁇ i fusion constructs are unable to activate some GPCRs, such as, for example, the SSTR1 receptor qi5 (Conklin et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 50, 885-890 (1996)).
  • G ⁇ q G ⁇ q protein
  • 6 highly conserved N-terminal amino acids were deleted (Kostenis et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272, 19107-19110 (1997)). This deletion allows the resulting Gq (also called -6q) to receive signals not only from Gq- but also from Gs- or Gi/o-coupled receptors and to pass them on to PLC ⁇ .
  • This mutant G ⁇ subunit also recognizes receptors such as the SSTR1 somatostatin receptor, the dopamine D1 receptor and the adrenergic ⁇ 2 receptor. However, even this mutant is unable to recognize the receptor edg5. Moreover, the signal intensity of this mutant is so weak that it is unusable in practice (Kostenis et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272, 19107-19110 (1997)).
  • G ⁇ 16 Another known G ⁇ subunit is G ⁇ 16 which links GPCRs from various functional classes to the PLC ⁇ -Ca 2+ signal transduction pathway.
  • G ⁇ 16 is a G-protein with broad receptor specificity and has been disclosed in WO 97/48820 (title: Promiscuous G-protein compositions and their use). G ⁇ 16 is practically nonselective by nature. But even this subunit is not universally applicable, because receptors such as the edg5 receptor or the SSTR1 somatostatin receptor couple to it only weakly, if at all.
  • G-protein could be utilized in a screening assay, such as a high throughput screening assay, to identify compounds modulating GPCRs and/or the appropriate dependent signal transduction pathways, for example a signal such as the increase or decrease in the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide further hybrid G-proteins characterized by having recognizable broad specificity with respect to GPCRs.
  • These G-proteins can be used in screening processes to identify chemical compounds by the coupling of the G-proteins to a signal pathway leading to an increase in the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration.
  • these proteins can be expressed at such a high level that signal intensity is improved.
  • the invention relates to a process for identifying a chemical compound modifying the action of at least one G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-dependent signal transduction pathway of an organism, wherein said process comprises:
  • FIG. 1 represents an alignment of the amino-terminal regions of various G ⁇ proteins.
  • FIG. 2 shows a stimulation of the PLC ⁇ signal transduction pathway by means of the -6q-G ⁇ protein variation by Gi/o-coupled (A) and Gs-coupled (B) receptors using the maximum concentration of the relevant agonist.
  • FIG. 3 shows an SDS-PAGE Western blot with increased expression of -6qi4myr in comparison with -6qi4. The expression of other G ⁇ proteins is also shown.
  • FIG. 4 depicts an SDS-PAGE Western blot showing fractionation of qWT and -6qi4myr into a membrane-containing particle fraction (P) and a soluble fraction (S; SC).
  • P membrane-containing particle fraction
  • S soluble fraction
  • FIG. 5 shows the linking of various Gi/o-coupled receptors to the PLC ⁇ signal transduction pathway by -6qi4myr.
  • D2, KOR and SSTR1 are Gi/o-coupled receptors.
  • the controls used were a vector construct and the G ⁇ 16 protein (G16).
  • FIG. 6 shows that Gs-coupled receptors are linked to the PLC ⁇ signal transduction pathway by -6qs5myr.
  • ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2 and D1 are Gs-coupled receptors.
  • a vector construct and the G-protein G ⁇ 16 (G16) serve as references.
  • FIG. 7 shows the linking of the Gi/o-coupled dopamine D2 receptor to the PLC ⁇ -Ca 2+ signal transduction pathway in the presence of the low-sensitivity ⁇ subunit G ⁇ 16 (G16), in the presence of the very sensitive G ⁇ subunit -6qi4myr and in the presence of a combination of G ⁇ 16 and -6qi4myr. It is evident that the potential activation of calcium release by -6qi4myr is not adversely affected by the presence of G ⁇ 16.
  • GPCR G-protein-coupled receptor
  • the process makes use of a cell which produces at least two G-proteins.
  • Said G-proteins may depend on one or on different GPCRs.
  • all G-proteins are suitable for carrying out the process according to the invention, regardless of their receptor specificity, their sequence, their structure, the species for which they are specific, or the cell, tissue or organ from which they originate.
  • cells producing at least one G-protein from among -6qi4myr, -6qs5myr, -6qi4, -6qs5 are used.
  • the G-proteins -6qi4myr, -6qs5myr, -6qi4, -6qs5 are hybrid G-proteins assembled from portions of different mouse G-proteins, in some cases, containing additional modifications.
  • the G-proteins may be produced by the cell individually or in combination. Apart from the hybrid G-proteins already mentioned, a cell may produce G ⁇ 16. Further, each of the G-proteins may be present in a cell individually or in combination with one or more other G-proteins. G ⁇ 16 should always be produced in a cell in combination with another of the G-proteins mentioned above.
  • G-proteins according to the invention are as follows: -6qi4myr, SEQ ID NO:2; -6qi5myr, SEQ ID NO:4; -6qi4, SEQ ID NO:6; -6qs5, SEQ ID NO:8, and G ⁇ 16, SEQ ID NO:10.
  • the chemical compound is commonly provided in soluble form, for example dissolved in water.
  • the solution may contain buffer substances, salts, or auxiliaries such as solubilizers, detergents, preservatives, or other substances.
  • Provision of a cell includes its production, cultivation, and processing.
  • Cells are provided, for example, by preparing suitable cell material from organs or tissues, or by propagating suitable cell lines or microorganisms.
  • Various suitable culture media can be used for cultivation.
  • the cells are maintained at the optimum temperature for the organism from which they are provided.
  • preservatives, antibiotics, pH indicators, blood serum components, blood serum, auxiliaries, or other substances are added to the growth medium. Processes for production, cultivation and further processing are described in standard textbooks (One example: Basic Cell Culture; Ed. J. M. Davis; IRL Press; 1994).
  • the cell of a vertebrate, insect, or yeast species, or of Caenorhabditis elegans is provided.
  • a HeLa, 293, COS, or CHO cell, or a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell is provided.
  • the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration is used as a signal transduction pathway-dependent measurable signal for determining the quantitative or qualitative effect of a chemical compound to be studied on a cell signal transduction pathway.
  • the change in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration can be detected, for example, by using aequorin, a dye, or by the FLIPRTM technique from Molecular Devices Corp. (1311 Louisiana Ave., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94089; 800-635-5577).
  • the processes as described above may be used for identifying a pharmaceutical.
  • the invention also relates to at least one chemical compound which modifies the action of at least one G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-dependent signal transduction pathway of an organism, with said chemical compound being identified by at least one process of this invention.
  • GPCR G-protein-coupled receptor
  • Such chemical compounds could include, for example, hormones, scents, or pharmaceuticals that alter the chemical structure of hydrophilic signal substances which induce GPCRs.
  • the invention further relates to a polynucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide having the property of a G-protein, which comprises a polypeptide selected from:
  • allelic variants include polypeptides comprising a polynucleotide sequence of an allelic variant of the corresponding gene.
  • An allelic variant of a gene is an alternate form occupying the same locus in a particular chromosome or linkage structure and differing from other alleles of the locus at one or more mutational sites.
  • the invention relates to a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from:
  • the stringency is determined by the temperature and salt content. By varying the stringency, it is possible to adjust the extent of base pairing of two homologous nucleotide sequences. The extent of base pairing also depends on the length and base composition of a polynucleotide. Stringent conditions in accordance with this invention are present if 95% or more of the polynucleotide sequence and the hybridizing sequence are complementary.
  • the polynucleotide is part of a recombinant vector construct.
  • Recombinant vector constructs may be prepared with the help of knowledge in the art as illustrated, for example, in F. M. Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley & Sons, New York. The preparation entails inserting a polynucleotide coding for an amino acid sequence according to the sequence information described above (SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, or 8) or a polynucleotide sequence according to the sequence information described above (SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, or 7) into a base vector.
  • a base vector is a vector into which a polynucleotide sequence can be inserted using molecular biology methods, and which can be cloned in a microorganism, for example, a bacterial, fungal, or cell culture cell.
  • the base vector may comprise, for example, a phage, phagemid, plasmid, cosmid, viral, yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) or other type of vector.
  • Non-limiting examples of base vectors are pUC18, pUC19, pBluescript, pKS, and pSK.
  • the base vector may comprise, for example, a plasmid having an antibiotic resistance marker, an origin of replication suitable for propagating the plasmid in bacteria or cell cultures, and a promoter suitable for expressing the genes comprised in the inserted polynucleotide sequence.
  • the polynucleotide sequence is inserted via suitable restriction cleavage sites using appropriate restriction enzymes commercially available from companies such as New England BioLabs, Roche Diagnostics, Stratagene, and others.
  • restriction cleavage sites may be those of the restriction enzymes BamHI, EcoRI, SaII, and EcoRV, for example.
  • the recombinant vector construct comprises an expression vector usable in eukaryotes and/or prokaryotes.
  • An expression vector contains a promoter which can be linked functionally to a polynucleotide sequence so that a protein encoded by said polynucleotide sequence is synthesized in a microorganism, for example, such as a bacterium or a fungus, or in the cell of a eukaryotic cell line.
  • the promoter may be inducible, by means of tryptophan for example, or may be constitutive.
  • Some non-limiting examples of expression vectors are pUC18, pUC19, pBluescript, and pcDNA3.1.
  • the invention further relates to a host cell which may comprise a polynucleotide or a recombinant vector construct as described above.
  • the host cell comprises a human cell.
  • the host cell comprises the cell of a vertrebrate, insect, bacterium, or yeast species, or C. elegans.
  • the cell comprises a HeLa, 293, COS or CHO cell, or an Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.
  • Other eukaryotic cells or cell lines, or other bacteria, such as Bacillus or Streptomyces species, and fungi, such as Penicillium or Aspergillus species, may also be used.
  • the invention also relates to the production of a host cell as described above by introducing a polynucleotide according to one or more of the polynucleotide sequences as disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 or a recombinant vector construct as characterized above into a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell.
  • the polynucleotide sequences may be introduced for example, by electroporation, by Ca 2+ phosphate precipitation of the eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells together with the polynucleotide sequence, or by other transformation methods.
  • a host cell of this kind may be used for carrying out an above-described process of this invention.
  • the invention also relates to a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, and SEQ ID NO:8.
  • the invention relates to a process for preparing a protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, and SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the process comprises the following steps:
  • a protein having an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, or 8 or prepared according to the process described may be used for producing antibodies.
  • COS7 cells were cultured in DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) with 10% FCS (fetal calf serum) at 37° C. (5% CO 2 ). For transfections, 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells were seeded in 100-mm plates.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
  • FCS fetal calf serum
  • the cells were cotransformed with the expression plasmids ⁇ q or -6q (1 ⁇ g DNA/100 mm plate) and, in each case, one of the following receptor constructs (4 ⁇ g DNA/100 mm plate): M2 (muscarinic receptor in pCD), D2 (dopamine receptor in pCDNAI), kappa (opioid receptor in pCDNA3), SSTR1 (somatostatin receptor in pCMV), A1 (adenosine receptor in CDM7), D1 (dopamine receptor in pCDNAI), V2 (vasopressin receptor in pCD-ps), ⁇ 2 (adrenergic receptor in pSVL).
  • M2 musclecarinic receptor in pCD
  • D2 dopamine receptor in pCDNAI
  • kappa opioid receptor in pCDNA3
  • SSTR1 somatostatin receptor in pCMV
  • A1 adenosine receptor in CDM7
  • D1
  • IP1 intracellular inositol monophosphates
  • COS7 cells expressing WTq or -6q various Gi/o-coupled receptors (A) or Gs-coupled receptors (B) were incubated (37° C.) in the presence and absence of the appropriate agonists (see below) for 1 hour.
  • the increase in intracellular IP1 concentration was determined as described above.
  • the data represent averages ⁇ S.E. of 3-7 independent experiments, with each determination performed in triplicate. The following ligands were used:
  • FIG. 2A m2 (muscarinic receptor): carbachol (100 ⁇ M); D2 (dopamine receptor): ( ⁇ )-quinpirole (10 ⁇ M); K-OR (kappa (opioid receptor)): ( ⁇ )-U50488 (10 82 M); SSTR1 (somatostatin receptor): somatostatin 14 (1 ⁇ M); B, A1 (adenosine receptor): R( ⁇ )-PIA (10 mM);
  • FIG. 2B D1 (dopamine receptor): dopamine (1 mM); V2 (vasopressin receptor): AVP (1 nM); ⁇ 2 (adrenergic receptor): ( ⁇ )-isoproterenol (200 ⁇ M).
  • D1 dopamine receptor
  • V2 vasopressin receptor
  • AVP nM
  • ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor
  • ⁇ -isoproterenol 200 ⁇ M.
  • the numbers below the figures indicate the extent of the particular PLC stimulation as relative increase in PLC stimulation from -6q to WTq.
  • FIG. 2 shows that the G ⁇ -protein mutant -6q stimulates IP1 formation depending on different receptor classes.
  • the experimental results for -6q in FIG. 2 are compared with stimulation of IP1 by means of the wild-type construct (WTq) and with the vector construct without any G ⁇ insert (vector).
  • IP1 release by means of the -6q construct succeeds both with Gi/o-coupled (FIG. 2A: m2, D2, k-OR, SSTR1, A1) and with Gs-coupled (FIG. 2B: D1, V2, ⁇ 2) receptors.
  • Hybrid G-protein ⁇ subunits that lack the six highly conserved amino acids of the amino terminus and that simultaneously have either an ⁇ i or ⁇ s sequence at the C terminus were constructed. They are denoted -6qi4 or -6qs5, corresponding to the ⁇ i sequence or ⁇ s sequence they contain.
  • the construct -6qi4 links the Gs-coupled receptors and also some of the Gi/o-coupled receptors, such as the SSTR1 and edg5 receptors, to the PLC ⁇ signal transduction pathway.
  • G ⁇ 16 cannot link the edg5 receptor to the PLC ⁇ signal transduction pathway.
  • G ⁇ 16 is a G-protein with broad receptor specificity and has been disclosed in WO 97/48820 (title: Promiscuous G-protein compositions and their use).
  • the construct -6qs5 links the Gi/o-coupled receptors and the Gs-coupled receptors to the PLC ⁇ signal transduction pathway and also recognizes receptors such as the dopamine D1 receptor or the adrenergic ⁇ 2 receptor.
  • a combination of the two G-protein ⁇ subunits -6qi4 and -6qs5 in one cell line thus recognizes a wider range of GPCRs than each subunit separately or than G ⁇ 16.
  • -6qi4myr and -6qs5myr were inserted into the amino-terminal region of the G ⁇ subunits to produce -6qi4myr and -6qs5myr from -6qi4 and -6qs5, respectively.
  • the protein sequence of -6qi4myr and -6qs5myr at the amino terminus is MGCC, in contrast to MACC in the original sequence of the -6q variants. Therefore, the novel constructs, -6qi4myr and -6qs5myr, contain a consensus sequence for myristoylation/palmitoylation. It is known that removing myristyl or palmityl residues from G-proteins leads to a redistribution in the cell.
  • Loss of palmitate or myristate residues influences the expression pattern of the G-proteins in such a way that G-protein ⁇ subunits are found both in the cell membrane and in the cytosol, but are mainly cytosol-localized. However, only the membrane-bound G-proteins can pass the signals from GPCRs on to intracellular effectors. Only the consequences of removing a consensus sequence for palmitoylation/myristoylation by mutation were known. It was not known if introducing an additional consensus site for myristoylation/palmitoylation into the G ⁇ deletion mutants would affect expression. However, it was possible to show that introducing additional palmitoylation/myristoylation sites increases the amount of G ⁇ subunits expressed in the cell membrane (FIG. 3, FIG.
  • FIG. 4 depicts an SDS-PAGE Western blot of a fractionation of qwt and -6qi4myr into a membrane-containing particle fraction (P) and a soluble fraction (S; SC).
  • P membrane-containing particle fraction
  • S soluble fraction
  • membrane protein prepared from transfected COS7 cells, were in each case fractionated by means of SDS PAGE gel electrophoresis (for example, at 10% polyacrylamide) and blotted onto nitrocellulose, and the G-protein ⁇ subunits were detected by the 12CA5 antibody. Immunoreactive G-proteins were visualized using a chemiluminescence system (Amersham).
  • FIG. 5 shows that -6qi4myr is connected by Gi/o-coupled receptors (for example, dopamine D2, edg5, CCR5, SSTR1, and KOR) to the PLC ⁇ signal transduction pathway and leads to a strong signal which is proportional to Ca 2+ release.
  • Gi/o-coupled receptors for example, dopamine D2, edg5, CCR5, SSTR1, and KOR
  • the controls used were a vector construct and the G ⁇ 16 protein (G16).
  • FIG. 6 shows that Gs-coupled receptors are linked to the PLC ⁇ signal transduction pathway by -6qs5myr.
  • the G-protein G ⁇ 16 (G16) acted as a control.
  • CHO cells were cotransfected with the apo-aequorin expression plasmid cytAEQ/pCDNAI, the receptor DNA mentioned above (for example, SSTR1, KOR, D2, D1, or ⁇ 2) and the G-protein ⁇ subunits G ⁇ 16 and -6qi4myr with the use of lipofectamine. After incubation in OPTIMEM medium for 10 hours, the cells were washed once with RPMI 1640 medium and incubated with 5 ⁇ M coelenterazine f in RPMI 1640 at 37° C. for 2 hours.
  • the cells were then washed twice with PBS and stimulated using the appropriate receptor agonists: somatostatin 14 for the SSTR1 receptor, U50488 for the kappa opioid receptor, ( ⁇ )-quinpirole for the dopamine D2 receptor, dopamine for the dopamine D1 receptor and isoproterenol for the ⁇ 2 receptor.
  • Agonist stimulation of Gi/o-coupled receptors (SSTR1, KOR, and D2) and Gs-coupled receptors (D1 and ⁇ 2) leads to activation of the G-proteins G ⁇ 16 and -6qi4myr followed by stimulation of PLC ⁇ and intracellular Ca 2+ release.
  • Ca 2+ binding to the apo-aequorin-coelenterazine complex leads to light emission which was measured using a luminometer (TOPCOUNT®, Hewlett Packard).

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US20050112701A1 (en) * 2003-09-11 2005-05-26 Aventis Pharma Deutschland Gmbh Test system for the identification of APJ receptor ligands
US8618304B2 (en) 2009-11-02 2013-12-31 Sanofi Acylamino-substituted cyclic carboxylic acid derivatives and their use as pharmaceuticals

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AU2002213409A1 (en) * 2000-10-30 2002-05-15 Senomyx, Inc. Galphaqproetin variants and their use in the analysis and discovery of agonists and antagonists of chemosensory receptors
EP1520861A1 (de) * 2003-09-11 2005-04-06 Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH Testsystem zur Identifikation von APJ Rezeptorliganden
DE102007002260A1 (de) 2007-01-16 2008-07-31 Sanofi-Aventis Verwendung von substituierten Pyranonsäurederivaten zur Herstellung von Medikamenten zur Behandlung des Metabolischen Syndroms
HUE035963T2 (en) 2008-05-05 2018-05-28 Sanofi Sa Acylamino-substituted condensed cyclopentanecarboxylic acid derivatives and their use as medicaments
EP2862574A1 (de) 2013-10-15 2015-04-22 Sanofi {4-[5-(3-chlorophenoxy)-oxazolo[5,4 d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-2,6-dimethylphenoxy}essigsäure zur Verwendung bei der Prävention oder Behandlung von akutem Nierenversagen
CN109946451B (zh) * 2019-04-16 2022-05-20 浙江诺迦生物科技有限公司 一种基于细胞内游离钙离子浓度变化效应的大麻素类活性物质的检测方法及其检测试剂盒
CN109946450B (zh) * 2019-04-16 2022-04-19 浙江诺迦生物科技有限公司 一种基于细胞内游离钙离子浓度变化效应的阿片类活性物质的检测方法及其检测试剂盒

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US6004808A (en) * 1996-06-21 1999-12-21 Aurora Biosciences Corporation Promiscuous G-protein compositions and their use
WO1999005177A1 (en) 1997-07-28 1999-02-04 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods and compositions for identifying modulators of g-protein-coupled receptors

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050112701A1 (en) * 2003-09-11 2005-05-26 Aventis Pharma Deutschland Gmbh Test system for the identification of APJ receptor ligands
US8618304B2 (en) 2009-11-02 2013-12-31 Sanofi Acylamino-substituted cyclic carboxylic acid derivatives and their use as pharmaceuticals
US9018383B2 (en) 2009-11-02 2015-04-28 Sanofi Acylamino-substituted cyclic carboxylic acid derivatives and their use as pharmaceuticals

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JP2004502463A (ja) 2004-01-29
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NO20030068D0 (no) 2003-01-07
CA2415460C (en) 2011-05-10
EP1319022B1 (de) 2010-03-31
US20050255531A1 (en) 2005-11-17
CA2415460A1 (en) 2002-01-17
ZA200300707B (en) 2004-04-15
NO20030068L (no) 2003-01-07
EP1319022A2 (de) 2003-06-18
ES2342453T3 (es) 2010-07-07
WO2002004665A3 (de) 2002-12-19
IL153818A (en) 2010-05-31
MXPA02012641A (es) 2003-04-25
KR20030021246A (ko) 2003-03-12
WO2002004665A2 (de) 2002-01-17
JP4991081B2 (ja) 2012-08-01
IL153818A0 (en) 2003-07-31
DE50115416D1 (de) 2010-05-12
CY1110049T1 (el) 2015-01-14
KR100922701B1 (ko) 2009-10-22
US20020127601A1 (en) 2002-09-12
US7378252B2 (en) 2008-05-27
BR0112300B1 (pt) 2014-01-21
NZ523480A (en) 2008-04-30
PT1319022E (pt) 2010-06-11
NO20101390L (no) 2003-01-07
DK1319022T3 (da) 2010-07-26
AU2001272522B2 (en) 2007-05-31
DE10033353A1 (de) 2002-01-24

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