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Definitions

• ORL1 The G protein coupled nociceptin receptor known as ORL1 has been shown to be involved in the modulation of pain in animal models. It bears high homology to the classic opioid receptors ( ⁇ , k, ⁇ ), but has little cross reactivity with their native ligands. Current opioid analgesics target these classic opioid receptors, but have limiting side effect profiles (e.g. tolerance, physical dependence, respiratory depression and decrease of gastrointestinal function). ORL1 receptors are colocalized in regions of the CNS similar to the opiod receptors, as well as in the periphery.
• Nociceptin the endogenous ligand to ORL1
• Nociceptin was discovered in 1995 and shown to be a peptide ligand that activates the ORL1 receptor, but not the classic opioid receptors.
• Initial reports have suggested that nociceptin and the ORL1 receptor are involved in a newly discovered pathway involved in the perception of pain.
• Further reports have shown nociceptin to be analgesic when administered intrathecally to rodents.
• the in vivo efficacy of nociceptin in animal models of pain is similar to that of the endogenous opioids.
• Nociceptin is also reported to act as an anxiolytic agent when administered into the brains of rodents.
• nociceptin receptor agonists may have significant analgesic, anxiolytic, or antitussive properties.
• R 1 is —(CH 2 ) n CHR 4 R 5 , fluorenyl, pyrimidinyl or
• n 0, 1, 2 or 3;
• R 2 is H; and R 3 is —C(H)(R)—NR 7 R 8 ;
• R is H, aryl, R 6 -aryl, aryl(CH 2 ) 1-2 , R 6 -aryl(CH 2 ) 1-2 or heteroaryl;
• R 4 is H, aryl, R 6 -aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl or C 2-6 alkenyl;
• R 5 is aryl, R 6 -aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl or fluorenyl, provided that when R 4 and R 5 are each phenyl, R is not phenyl or R 6 -phenyl;
• R 4 is H and R 5 is tetrahydronaphthyl or tetrahydronaphthyl substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1-6 alkoxy, hydroxy, C 1-6 alkyl and trihalo(C 1-6 )alkyl;
• R 6 is 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1-6 alkoxy, hydroxy, phenyl, phenoxy, C 1-6 alkyl, trihalo(C 1-6 )alkyl, amino, amido, —NO 2 , naphthyl, benzoyl and benzyloxy, or 2 adjacent ring carbon atoms can be substituted by methylenedioxy;
• R 7 is —(CH 2 ) x R 9 , tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl substituted with 1 or 2 R 10 groups, or C 5 -C 7 cycloalkyl; and R 8 is H;
• x is 0 to 10;
• R 9 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, phenyl, phenyl substituted with 1 or 2 R 10 groups, naphthyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl, piperidinyl, N—(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)-piperidinyl, N-aryl(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)piperidinyl or diphenylmethyl;
• R 10 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —OCF 3 and methylenedioxy;
• R 11 is aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, di-aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or piperidinyl;
• R 17 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl or benzyl
• R 2 is —NHR 7 or
• R 3 is H
• R 1 and R 7 are as defined in (a).
• the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the compounds of the present invention are agonists of the ORL-1 receptor, and therefore, in another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating cough, pain, anxiety, asthma, alcohol abuse or depression, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of at least one compound of formula I.
• the invention in another aspect, relates to a method of treating cough, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment: (a) an effective amount of at least one compound of formula I; and (b) an effective amount of one or more additional agents for treating cough, allergy or asthma symptoms selected from the group consisting of: antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H 3 inhibitors, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, anti-tussives, expectorants, NK 1 , NK 2 and NK 3 tachykinin receptor antagonists, and GABA B agonists.
• additional agents for treating cough allergy or asthma symptoms selected from the group consisting of: antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H 3 inhibitors, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives
• the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula I and one or more additional agents selected from the group consisting of: antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H 3 inhibitors, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, anti-tussives, expectorants, NK 1 , NK 2 2 and NK 3 3 tachykinin receptor antagonists, and GABA B agonists.
• additional agents selected from the group consisting of: antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H 3 inhibitors, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, anti-tussives, expectorants, NK 1 , NK 2 2 and NK
• R 1 is —(CH 2 ) n CHR 4 R 5 and n is 0 or 1, more preferably 0.
• R 4 is preferably aryl, R 6 -aryl or heteroaryl, more preferably phenyl, R 6 -phenyl or pyridyl.
• R 5 is preferably aryl or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, more preferably phenyl, R 6 -phenyl or C 2 -C 5 alkyl, provided both R 4 and R 5 are not phenyl when R is optionally substituted phenyl.
• R 6 is a substituent on R 4 or R 5 , it is preferably halogen, especially fluoro.
• R is preferably R 6 -phenyl, benzyl or R 6 -benzyl.
• R 6 is a substituent on R, it is preferably 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —CF 3 , halogen, benzyloxy and —CH 3 , wherein halogen is preferably chloro or fluoro.
• R 7 and R 8 are preferably each H.
• alkyl represents straight and branched carbon chains containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl and the like;
• alkenyl represents an alkyl chain of 2 to 6 carbon atoms comprising one or two double bonds in the chain, e.g., vinyl, propenyl or butenyl;
• alkoxy represents an alkyl moiety covalently bonded to an adjacent structural element through an oxygen atom, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy and the like;
• aryl represents a monoaromatic ring or a bicyclic fused carbocyclic ring system of 6- to 10 carbon atoms, for example phenyl and naphthyl;
• cycloalkyl represents saturated carbocyclic rings of from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, as specified in the definitions;
• halo represents fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo
• heteroaryl means a single ring heteroaromatic group of 5 to 6 atoms comprised of 2 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, provided that the rings do not include adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms.
• single-ring heteroaryl groups are pyridyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl and triazolyl.
• N-Oxides are also contemplated, e.g. pyridyl N-oxide.
• Certain compounds of the invention may exist in different stereoisomeric forms (e.g., enantiomers, diastereoisomers and atropisomers).
• the invention contemplates all such stereoisomers both in pure form and in mixture, including racemic mixtures.
• Certain compounds will be acidic in nature, e.g. those compounds which possess a phenolic hydroxyl group. These compounds may form pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Examples of such salts may include sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, gold and silver salts. Also contemplated are salts formed with pharmaceutically acceptable amines such as ammonia, alkyl amines, hydroxyalkylamines, N-methylglucamine and the like.
• Certain basic compounds also form pharmaceutically acceptable salts, e.g., acid addition salts.
• pyrido-nitrogen atoms may form salts with strong acid, while compounds having basic substituents such as amino groups also form salts with weaker acids.
• suitable acids for salt formation are hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, citric, oxalic, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, succinic, ascorbic, maleic, methanesulfonic and other mineral and carboxylic acids well known to those skilled in the art.
• the salts are prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt in the conventional manner.
• the free base forms may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous NaOH, potassium carbonate, ammonia and sodium bicarbonate.
• a suitable dilute aqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous NaOH, potassium carbonate, ammonia and sodium bicarbonate.
• the free base forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but the acid and base salts are otherwise equivalent to their respective free base forms for purposes of the invention.
• R 6 is an amino or hydroxy group, it must be protected by a suitable protecting group by a method well known in the art.
• RT room temperature
• Et 2 O ether
• EtOAc ethyl acetate
• Ph phenyl
• Et ethyl
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• Fraction 1 contained 0.96 g of a mixture of the erythro and threo azides, 6a and 5a respectively.
• Fraction 2 contained 0.51 g of the more polar threo azide, 5a.
• Enantiomers were resolved using chiral chromatography over either Chiralcel OD or OJ columns on either the free amine or their N-Boc derivatives and appear in the tables with the notations, E1 or E2.
• CHO cell membrane preparation expressing the ORL-1 receptor (2 mg) was incubated with varying concentrations of [I 125 ][Tyr 14 ]nociceptin (3-500 pM) in a buffer containing 50 mM HEPES (pH7.4), 10 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin and 0.025% bacitacin.
• assays were carried out in buffer 50 mM tris-HCl (pH7.4), 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin and 0.025% bacitracin. Samples were incubated for 1 h at room temperature (22° C.).
• Radiolabelled ligand bound to the membrane was harvested over GF/B filters presoaked with 0.1% polyethyleneimine using a Brandell cell harvester and washed five times with 5 ml cold distilled water. Nonspecific binding was determined in parallel by similar assays performed in the presence of 1 ⁇ M nociceptin. All assay points were performed in duplicates of total and nonspecific binding. Calculations of K i were made using methods well known in the art.
• K i values were determined to be in the range of about 0.009 to about 50 ⁇ M, with compounds having a K i value in the range of about 0.009 to about 0.500 ⁇ M being preferred.
• Each guinea pig is exposed only once to capsaicin.
• the number of coughs are detected by a microphone placed in the chamber and verified by a trained observer.
• the signal from the microphone is relayed to a polygraph which provides a record of the number of coughs.
• Either vehicle (methylcellulose 1 ml/kg, p.o.) or test compound is given 2 hours before aerosolized capsaicin.
• the antitussive activity of baclofen (3 mg/kg, p.o.) is also tested as a positive control.
• the airflow signal is integrated to a signal proportional to volume using a preamplifier circuit and a pulmonary function computer (Buxco Electronics, Sharon, Conn., model XA).
• a head chamber is attached to the plethysmograph and air from a compressed gas source (21% O 2 , balance N 2 ) is circulated through the head chamber for the duration of study. All respiratory measurements are made while the guinea pigs breathe this circulating air.
• volume signal from each animal is fed into a data acquisition/analysis system (Buxco Electronics, model XA) that calculates tidal volume and respiratory rate on a breath-by-breath basis. These signals are visually displayed on a monitor. Tidal volume and respiratory rate are recorded as an average value every minute.
• the guinea pigs are allowed to equilibrate in the plethysmograph for 30 min. Baseline measurements are obtained at the end of this 30 min period. The guinea pigs are then removed from the plethysmograph and orally dosed with test compound (e.g., 10 mg/kg, p.o.), baclofen (3 mg/kg, p.o.) or a methylcellulose vehicle placebo (2 ml/kg, p.o.). Immediately after dosing, the guinea pigs are placed into the plethysmograph, the head chamber and circulating air are reconnected and respiratory variables are measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min post treatment. This study is performed under ACUC protocol #960103.
• One to three compounds of formula I can be administered in the method of this invention, preferably one.
• the nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonists of formula I may be administered along with one or more additional agents for treating cough, allergy or asthma symptoms selected from antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H 3 inhibitors, R-adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, anti-tussives, expectorants, NK 1 , NK 2 and NK 3 tachykinin receptor antagonists, and GABA B agonists.
• One to three additional agents can be combined with a compound of formula I, preferably one or two, more preferably one.
• Non limitative examples of antihistamines include: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, certirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine (also known as SCH-34117), doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, mizolastine, equitazine, mianserin, noberastine, meclizine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine and triprolidine.
• Non-limitative examples of histamine H 3 receptor antagonists include: thioperamide, impromidine, burimamide, clobenpropit, impentamine, mifetidine, S-sopromidine, R-sopromidine, SKF-91486, GR-175737, GT-2016, UCL-1199 and clozapine.
• Other compounds can readily be evaluated to determine activity at H 3 receptors by known methods, including the guinea pig brain membrane assay and the guinea pig neuronal ileum contraction assay, both of which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,707.
• Another useful assay utilizes rat brain membranes and is described by West et al., “Identification of Two-H 3 -Histamine Receptor Subtypes,” Molecular Pharmacology, Vol. 38, pages 610-613 (1990).
• leukotriene inhibitor includes any agent or compound that inhibits, restrains, retards or otherwise interacts with the action or activity of leukotrienes.
• Non-limitative examples of leukotriene inhibitors include montelukast [R-(E)]-1[[[1-[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)-ethenyl]phenyl]-3[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]propyl]thio]-methyl]cyclopropaneacetic acid and its sodium salt, described in EP 0 480 717; 1-(((R)-(3-(2-(6,7-difluoro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl)phenyl)-3-(2-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)-phenyl)thio)methylcyclopropaneacetic acid, and its sodium salt, described in WO 97/28797 and U.S.
• 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor or “5-LO inhibitor” includes any agent or compound that inhibits, restrains, retards or otherwise interacts with the enzymatic action of 5-lipoxygenase.
• Non-limitative examples of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors include zileuton, docebenone, piripost, ICI-D2318, and ABT 761.
• Non-limitative examples of ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists include: albuterol, bitolterol, isoetharine, mataproterenol, perbuterol, salmeterol, terbutaline, isoproterenol, ephedrine and epinephrine.
• a non-limitative example of a xanthine derivative is theophylline.
• Non-limitative examples of ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists include arylalkylamines, (e.g., phenylpropanolamine and pseudephedrine), imidazoles (e.g., naphazoline, oxymetazoline, tetrahydrozoline, and xylometazoline), and cycloalkylamines (e.g., propylhexedrine).
• arylalkylamines e.g., phenylpropanolamine and pseudephedrine
• imidazoles e.g., naphazoline, oxymetazoline, tetrahydrozoline, and xylometazoline
• cycloalkylamines e.g., propylhexedrine
• a non-limitative example of a mast cell stabilizer is nedocromil sodium.
• Non-limitative examples of anti-tussive agents include codeine, dextromethorphan, benzonatate, chlophedianol, and noscapine.
• a non-limitative example of an expectorant is guaifenesin.
• Non-limitative examples of NK 1 , NK 2 and NK 3 tachykinin receptor antagonists include CP-99,994 and SR 48968.
• Non-limitatve examples of GABA B agonists include baclofen and 3-aminopropyl-phosphinic acid.
• inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid.
• Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories.
• the powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 70 percent active ingredient.
• Suitable solid carriers are known in the art, e.g. magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose. Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
• a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted, and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein as by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool and thereby solidify.
• Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection.
• Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.
• Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as an inert compressed gas.
• solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration.
• liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.
• the compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally.
• the transdermal compositions can take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.
• the compound is administered orally.
• the pharmaceutical preparation is in unit dosage form.
• the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.
• the quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 0.1 mg to 1000 mg, more preferably from about 1 mg. to 300 mg, according to the particular application.
• the actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day if desired.
• the amount and frequency of administration of the compounds of the invention and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof will be regulated according to the judgment of the attending clinician considering such factors as age, condition and size of the patient as well as severity of the symptoms being treated.
• a typical recommended dosage regimen is oral administration of from 10 mg to 2000 mg/day preferably 10 to 1000 mg/day, in two to four divided doses to provide relief from pain, anxiety, depression, asthma or alcohol abuse.
• the compounds are non-toxic when administered within this dosage range.
• the amount of nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonist in a unit dose is preferably from about 0.1 mg to 1000 mg, more preferably, from about 1 mg to 300 mg.
• a typical recommended dosage regimen is oral administration of from 1 mg to 2000 mg/day, preferably 1 to 1000 mg/day, in two to four divided doses.
• the nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonist may be administered with one or more additional agents for treating cough, allergy or asthma symptoms selected from the group consisting of: antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H 3 inhibitors, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, anti-tussives, expectorants, NK 1 , NK 2 and NK 3 tachykinin receptor antagonists, and GABA B agonists.
• antihistamines 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H 3 inhibitors
• ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists xanthine derivatives
• ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists xanthine derivatives
• mast cell stabilizers anti-tussives
• expectorants NK 1 , NK 2 and NK 3 tachykinin receptor
• the nociceptin receptor ORL-1 agonist and the additional agents are preferably administered in a combined dosage form (e.g., a single tablet), although they can be administered separately.
• the additional agents are administered in amounts effective to provide relief from cough, allergy or asthma symptoms, preferably from about 0.1 mg to 1000 mg, more preferably from about 1 mg to 300 mg per unit dose.
• a typical recommended dosage regimen of the additional agent is from 1 mg to 2000 mg/day, preferably 1 to 1000 mg/day, in two to four divided doses.

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