TWI430797B - 使用3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮以治療套細胞淋巴瘤之方法 - Google Patents
使用3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮以治療套細胞淋巴瘤之方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本發明係關於使用化學名稱為3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮之免疫調節化合物治療、預防或控制某些類型之淋巴瘤的方法,該免疫調節化合物亦稱為來那度胺(lenalidomide)、Revlimid或Revimid。詳言之,本發明涵蓋僅使用該化合物作為治療劑來治療、預防或控制非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin's lymphomas)之方法,非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤包括(但不限於)套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、中度分化之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤、中度淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(ILL)、彌漫性分化不良之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(PDL)、中心細胞性淋巴瘤、彌漫性小裂細胞性淋巴瘤(DSCCL)及套區淋巴瘤。
本發明亦涵蓋Revlimid與其他療法之特定組合或"混合物"之用途,其他療法例如放射療法或其他化學療法,包括(但不限於)抗癌劑、免疫抑制劑及諸如類固醇之消炎藥。本發明亦係關於醫藥組合物及僅使用該化合物作為治療劑之給藥方案。
癌症之特徵主要為源自特定正常組織之異常細胞數目之增加,此等異常細胞侵入鄰近組織或惡性細胞經淋巴管或血液擴散至區域性淋巴結及較遠部位(癌轉移)。臨床資料及分子生物學研究指出癌症為多步驟過程,其開始於較小的癌前變化,癌前變化可在特定條件下發展成瘤形成。瘤性病變可無性系地進化且產生漸增之侵入、生長、癌轉移及異質性之能力,尤其在瘤性細胞逃出宿主免疫監視之情況下。Roitt,I.,Brostoff,J.及Kale,D.,Immunology,
17.1-17.12(第3版,Mosby,St.Louis,Mo.,1993)。
存在種類繁多之癌症,其已詳細描述於醫學文獻中。實例包括血癌、肺癌、結腸癌、直腸癌、前列腺癌、乳癌、腦癌及腸癌。2002年5月17日申請之美國臨時申請案第60/380,842號中描述了諸如淋巴瘤之各種形式的癌症,該案之全文以引用的方式併入本文中(例如參見2.2段,癌症之類型)。
淋巴瘤係一群在網狀內皮系統及淋巴系統中出現之異質性贅瘤。The Merck Manual,
955(第17版,1999)。非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)係指包括淋巴結、骨髓、脾、肝及胃腸(GI)道之免疫系統中之淋巴細胞的惡性單株增殖。The Merck Manual
,第958頁。
套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)係非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤中之一種獨特實體。Drach J.等人,Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy,
2005,5(3),第477-485頁。在國際淋巴瘤分類方案(International Lymphoma Classification Project)中,MCL佔所有非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤之8%。在修訂之歐美淋巴瘤分類(Revised European-American Lymphoma classification)及世界衛生組織分類(World Health Organization classification)中MCL被確認為獨特之臨床病理學實體。MCL未經先前之淋巴瘤分析方案確認,且國際工作分型(International Working Formulation)常將其分類為彌漫性小裂細胞性淋巴瘤或基爾分類(Kiel classification)將其分類為中心細胞性淋巴瘤。The Merck Manual
,第958-959頁。
MCL為源自位於初級卵泡或次級卵泡之套膜節中之部分原初前生殖中心細胞的淋巴組織增生性病症。MCL之特徵為特定染色體易位,t(11;14)(q13;q32)。Drach J.等人,Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy,
2005,5(3),第477-485頁。此易位涉及染色體14上之免疫球蛋白重鏈基因及染色體11上之BCL1
基因座。Drach J.等人,第477頁。易位之分子結果為蛋白質細胞週期素D1(由位於斷點附近之PRAD1
基因編碼)之過度表現。同前。細胞週期素D1藉由活化細胞週期素依賴性激酶而在細胞週期調節及細胞自G1期進展至S期中發揮關鍵作用。同前。
NHL與病毒感染(Ebstein-Barr病毒、HIV、1型人類嗜T淋巴細胞病毒、人類疱疹病毒6)、環境因素(殺蟲劑、染髮劑)及原發性與繼發性免疫缺乏症相關。對於MCL或大多數患有其他類型之NHL的患者尚未鑑定出致病因素。
MCL具有不良臨床結果且為不能治癒之淋巴瘤,對於患有復發性或難治性疾病之患者而言治療選擇是有限的。Drach J.等人,第477頁。因此,非常需要可用於治療患有MCL之患者的新穎方法及組合物。
本發明涵蓋治療、預防或控制某些類型之淋巴瘤的方法,該等淋巴瘤包括原發性及轉移性癌症,以及復發性、難治性或對習知化學療法具有抵抗性之癌症。詳言之,本發明之方法涵蓋治療、預防或控制多種形式之淋巴瘤的方法,該等淋巴瘤諸如套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、中度分化之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤、中度淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(ILL)、彌漫性分化不良之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(PDL)、中心細胞性淋巴瘤、彌漫性小裂細胞性淋巴瘤(DSCCL)、濾泡性淋巴瘤及套區淋巴瘤,包括復發性、難治性或抵抗性淋巴瘤。
該等方法包含向需要該治療、預防或控制之患者投予治療或預防有效量之本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。在一較佳實施例中,該免疫調節化合物係在無其他化學治療劑之情況下單獨使用。
在本發明之其他方法中,本發明之免疫調節化合物係與習知用於治療、預防或控制淋巴瘤之療法組合投予。該等習知療法之實例包括(但不限於)手術、化學療法、放射療法、激素療法、生物療法、免疫療法及其組合。
本發明亦涵蓋醫藥組合物、單一單位劑型及給藥方案,其包含本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥,及第二或額外活性劑或活性成份。第二活性劑或活性成份包括藥物或療法之特定組合,或"混合物",或兩者。
用於該等方法及組合物中之較佳化合物為3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)。
本發明之第一實施例涵蓋治療、控制或預防某些類似之淋巴瘤的方法,其包含向需要該治療、控制或預防之患者投予治療或預防有效量之本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。詳言之,本發明之方法涵蓋治療、預防或控制多種形式之淋巴瘤的方法,該等淋巴瘤包括(但不限於)套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、中度分化之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤、中度淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(ILL)、彌漫性分化不良之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(PDL)、中心細胞性淋巴瘤、彌漫性小裂細胞性淋巴瘤(DSCCL)、濾泡性淋巴瘤及在顯微鏡下可見之任何類型之套細胞淋巴瘤(結節性淋巴瘤、彌散性淋巴瘤、母細胞性淋巴瘤及套區淋巴瘤)。在一實施例中,淋巴瘤為難治性、復發性淋巴瘤或對除本發明之免疫調節活化以外的化學療法具抵抗性。
在本發明之一個別及獨特之實施例中,本發明之免疫調節化合物係與用於治療、控制或預防癌症之另一藥物("第二活性劑或活性成份")或另一療法組合投予。第二活性劑包括小分子及大分子(例如蛋白質及抗體),其實例在本文中提供,以及幹細胞或臍帶血。可與投予本發明之免疫調節化合物組合使用之方法或療法包括(但不限於)手術、輸血、免疫療法、生物療法、放射療法及其他目前用於治療、預防或控制癌症之非藥物療法。
本發明亦涵蓋可用於本文所揭示之方法的醫藥組合物(例如單一單位劑型)。特定醫藥組合物包含本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥,及第二活性劑或活性成份。
本發明所用之化合物包括外消旋、立體異構性富集或立體異構性純的化合物。在一些實施例中,包括其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、籠形物及前藥。本發明所用之較佳化合物為分子量小於約1,000 g/mol之有機小分子,且不為蛋白質、肽、寡核苷酸、寡醣或其他巨分子。
如本文所使用且除非另外指出,術語"免疫調節化合物"及"IMiDs"(Celgene Corporation)包含顯著抑制TNF-α、LPS誘導之單核細胞IL1β及IL12產生,且部分抑制IL6產生之有機小分子。本發明之特定免疫調節化合物如下文論述。
在最佳實施例中,"本發明之免疫調節化合物"係指3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(來那度胺,亦稱為Revlimid或Revimid)。化合物3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮具有以下化學結構:
免疫調節化合物之特定實例包括(但不限於)經取代苯乙烯之氰基及羧基衍生物,諸如美國專利第5,929,117號中所揭示之彼等;1-酮基-2-(2,6-二酮基-3-氟哌啶-3-基)異吲哚啉及1,3-二酮基-2-(2,6-二酮基-3-氟哌啶-3-基)異吲哚啉,諸如美國專利第5,874,448號中所述之彼等;美國專利第5,798,368號中所述之經四取代之2-(2,6-二酮基哌啶-3-基)-1-酮基異吲哚啉;1-酮基-2-(2,6-二酮基哌啶-3-基)異吲哚啉及1,3-二酮基-2-(2,6-二酮基哌啶-3-基)異吲哚啉,包括(但不限於)美國專利第5,635,517號中所揭示之彼等;經取代之2-(2,6-二酮基哌啶-3-基)鄰苯二甲醯亞胺及經取代之2-(2,6-二酮基哌啶-3-基)-1-酮基異吲哚,諸如美國專利第6,281,230號及第6,316,471號中所述之彼等;美國專利第5,698,579號及第5,877,200號中所揭示之一類非多肽環狀醯胺;沙立度胺(thalidomide)類似物,包括沙立度胺之水解產物、代謝物及前驅體,諸如D'Amato之美國專利第5,593,990號、第5,629,327號及第6,071,948號中所述之彼等;及異吲哚-醯亞胺化合物,諸如美國專利公開案第2003/0096841號及國際申請案第PCT/US01/50401號(國際公開案第WO 02/059106號)中所述之彼等。本文中所鑑別之專利及專利申請案中各者之全文均以引用的方式併入本文中。本發明之免疫調節化合物不包括沙立度胺。
本發明之免疫調節化合物可購得或根據本文所揭示之專利或專利公開案(例如參見美國專利第5,635,517號,其以引用的方式併入本文中)中所述之方法來製備。此外,可不對稱地合成光學上純的化合物或使用已知解析劑或對掌性管柱以及其他標準合成有機化學技術將其解析。
如本文所使用且除非另外指出,術語"醫藥學上可接受之鹽"包含術語所指化合物之無毒性的酸及鹼加成鹽。可接受之無毒性酸加成鹽包括衍生自此項技術中已知之有機及無機酸之酸加成鹽,該等酸包括(例如)鹽酸、氫溴酸、磷酸、硫酸、申烷磺酸、乙酸、酒石酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、檸檬酸、蘋果酸、順丁烯二酸、山梨酸、烏頭酸、水楊酸、鄰苯二甲酸、恩貝酸(embolic acid)、庚酸及其類似物。
性質上為酸性之化合物能夠與各種醫藥學上可接受之鹼形成鹽。可用於製備該等酸性化合物之醫藥學上可接受之鹼加成鹽的鹼為形成無毒性鹼加成鹽之鹼,該等鹼加成鹽亦即含有藥理學上可接受之陽離子的鹽,諸如(但不限於)鹼金屬鹽或鹼土金屬鹽且尤其為鈣鹽、鎂鹽、鈉鹽或鉀鹽。合適之有機鹼包括(但不限於)N,N-二苯甲基乙二胺、氯普魯卡因(chloroprocaine)、膽鹼、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、甲葡胺(N-甲基葡糖胺)、離胺酸及普魯卡因(procaine)。
如本文所使用且除非另外指出,術語"前藥"意謂可在生物條件下(活體外或活體內)水解、氧化或經歷其他反應而提供一化合物之該化合物之衍生物。前藥之實例包括(但不限於)本發明之免疫調節化合物之包含可生物水解之部分(諸如可生物水解之醯胺、可生物水解之酯、可生物水解之胺基甲酸酯、可生物水解之碳酸酯、可生物水解之醯脲及可生物水解之磷酸酯類似物)之衍生物。前藥之其他實例包括本發明之免疫調節化合物之包括-NO、-NO2
、-ONO或-ONO2
部分之衍生物。前藥通常可使用熟知方法,諸如1Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
172-178,949-982(Manfred E.Wolff編,第5版,1995)及Design of Prodrugs
(H.Bundgaard編,Elselvier,New York 1985)中所述之方法來製備。
如本文所使用且除非另外指出,術語"可生物水解之醯胺"、"可生物水解之酯"、"可生物水解之胺基甲酸酯"、"可生物水解之碳酸酯"、"可生物水解之醯脲"及"可生物水解之磷酸酯"分別意謂滿足以下條件之化合物之醯胺、酯、胺基甲酸酯、碳酸酯、醯脲或磷酸酯:1)不干擾化合物之生物活性,但可賦予該化合物有利之活體內特性,諸如吸收、作用持續時間或起始作用時間;或2)不具生物活性,但在活體內轉化為生物活性化合物。可生物水解之酯的實例包括(但不限於)低碳烷基酯、低碳醯氧基烷基酯(諸如乙醯氧基甲酯、乙醯氧基乙酯、胺基羰基氧基甲酯、特戊醯氧基甲酯及特戊醯氧基乙酯)、內酯基酯(諸如酞基酯及硫代酞基酯)、低碳烷氧基醯氧基烷基酯(諸如甲氧基羰基-氧基甲酯、乙氧基羰基氧基乙酯及異丙氧基羰基氧基乙酯)、烷氧基烷基酯、膽鹼酯及醯胺基烷基酯(諸如乙醯胺基甲酯)。可生物水解之醯胺的實例包括(但不限於)低碳烷基醯胺、α-胺基酸醯胺、烷氧基醯基醯胺及烷基胺基烷基羰基醯胺。可生物水解之胺基甲酸酯的實例包括(但不限於)低碳烷基胺、經取代之乙二胺、胺基酸、羥基烷基胺、雜環胺與雜芳族胺及聚酯胺。
本發明之免疫調節化合物含有對掌性中心,且因此可以R與S對映異構體之外消旋混合物形式存在。本發明涵蓋立體異構性純形式之此化合物的用途,以及彼等形式之混合物的用途。舉例而言,本發明之方法及組合物中可使用包含等量或不等量對映異構體之混合物。可不對稱地合成此等異構體或使用諸如對掌性管柱或對掌性解析劑之標準技術將其解析。例如參見Jacques,J.等人,Enantiomers,Racemates and Resolutions
(Wiley-Interscience,New York,1981);Wilen,S.H.等人,Tetrahedron
33:2725(1977);Eliel,E.L.,Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds
(McGraw-Hill,NY,1962);及Wilen,S.H.,Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions
第268頁(E.L.Eliel編,Univ.of Notre Dame Press,Notre Dame,IN,1972)。
如本文所使用且除非另外指出,術語"立體異構性純的"意謂包含化合物之一種立體異構體且大體上不含該化合物之其他立體異構體的組合物。舉例而言,具有一個對掌性中心之化合物之立體異構性純的組合物將大體上不含該化合物之相對對應異構體。具有兩個對掌性中心之化合物之立體異構性純的組合物將大體上不含該化合物之其他非對映異構體。典型立體異構性純的化合物包含大於約80重量%之該化合物的一種立體異構體及小於約20重量%之該化合物的其他立體異構體,更佳為大於約90重量%之該化合物的一種立體異構體及小於約10重量%之該化合物的其他立體異構體,甚至更佳為大於約95重量%之該化合物的一種立體異構體及小於約5重量%之該化合物的其他立體異構體,且最佳為大於約97重量%之該化合物的一種立體異構體及小於約3重量%之該化合物的其他立體異構體。如本文所使用且除非另外指出,術語"立體異構性富集"意謂包含大於約60重量%之化合物之一種立體異構體,較佳大於約70重量%、更佳大於約80重量%之化合物之一種立體異構體的組合物。如本文所使用且除非另外指出,術語"對映異構性純的"意謂具有一個對掌性中心之化合物之立體異構性純的組合物。類似地,術語"對映異構性富集"意謂具有一個對掌性中心之化合物之立體異構性富集的組合物。換言之,本發明涵蓋免疫調節化合物之R或S對映異構體於該等方法中之用途。
應注意若在所述結構與給予該結構之名稱之間存在差異,則偏重於以所述結構為準。另外,若結構或結構之一部分的立體化學未以(例如)粗線或虛線表示,則該結構或該結構之部分應理解為包含其所有立體異構體。
在本發明之方法及組合物中,本發明之免疫調節化合物可與其他藥理學活性化合物("第二活性劑或活性成份")一起或組合使用。據信某些組合在治療特定類型之淋巴瘤時協同作用。本發明之免疫調節化合物亦可用於減輕與某些第二活性劑相關之不良反應,且一些第二活性劑可用於減輕與本發明之免疫調節化合物相關之不良反應。
可將一或多種第二活性成份或活性劑與本發明之免疫調節化合物一起用於本發明之方法及組合物中。第二活性劑可為大分子(例如蛋白質)或小分子(例如合成無機分子、有機金屬分子或有機分子)。
大分子活性劑之實例包括(但不限於)造血生長因子、細胞因子及單株與多株抗體。典型大分子活性劑為生物分子,諸如天然存在或人造之蛋白質。尤其適用於本發明之蛋白質包括在活體外或活體內刺激造血前驅細胞及免疫活性造血細胞存活及/或增殖之蛋白質。其他蛋白質在活體外或活體內刺激細胞中之定型紅血球系祖細胞之分裂及分化。特定蛋白質包括(但不限於):介白素,諸如IL-2(包括重組IL-II("rIL2")及金絲雀痘(canarypox)IL-2)、IL-10、IL-12及IL-18;干擾素,諸如干擾素α-2a、干擾素α-2b、干擾素α-n1、干擾素α-n3、干擾素β-I a及干擾素γ-I b;GM-CF及GM-CSF;及EPO。
可用於本發明之方法及組合物中之特定蛋白質包括(但不限於):非格司亭(filgrastim),其在美國以商品名Neupogen(Amgen,Thousand Oaks,CA)出售;沙格司亭(sargramostim),其在美國以商品名Leukine(Immunex,Seattle,WA)出售;及重組EPO,其在美國以商品名Epogen(Amgen,Thousand Oaks,CA)出售。
重組及突變形式之GM-CSF可如美國專利第5,391,485號、第5,393,870號及第5,229,496號中所述來製備,所有該等專利均以引用的方式併入本文中。重組及突變形式之G-CSF可如美國專利第4,810,643號、第4,999,291號、第5,528,823號及第5,580,755號中所述來製備,所有該等專利均以引用的方式併入本文中。
本發明涵蓋天然、天然存在及重組蛋白質之用途。本發明進一步涵蓋天然存在蛋白質之突變體及衍生物(例如經修飾形式),其在活體內展現至少一部分基礎蛋白質之藥理學活性。突變體之實例包括(但不限於)具有一或多個胺基酸殘基不同於天然存在形式之蛋白質之相應殘基的蛋白質。術語"突變體"亦涵蓋缺少通常存在於其天然存在形式(例如非糖基化形式)中之碳水化合物部分的蛋白質。衍生物之實例包括(但不限於)聚乙二醇化衍生物及融合蛋白,諸如藉由融合IgG1或IgG3與所關注蛋白質或所關注蛋白質之活性部分而形成的蛋白質。例如參見Penichet,M.L.及Morrison,S.L.,J.Immunol.Methods
248:91-101(2001)。
可與本發明之化合物組合使用之抗體包括單株及多株抗體。抗體之實例包括(但不限於)曲妥珠單抗(trastuzumab)(Herceptin)、利妥昔單抗(rituximab)(Rituxan)、貝伐單抗(bevacizumab)(AvastinTM
)、帕妥珠單抗(pertuzumab)(OmnitargTM
)、托西莫單抗(tositumomab)(Bexxar)、依決洛單抗(edrecolomab)(Panorex)及G250。本發明之化合物亦可與抗TNF-α抗體組合,或與其組合使用。
大分子活性劑可以抗癌疫苗之形式投予。舉例而言,分泌諸如IL-2、G-CSF及GM-CSF之細胞因子或引起其分泌之疫苗可用於本發明之方法、醫藥組合物及套組中。例如參見Emens,L.A.等人,Curr.Opinion Mol.Ther.
3(l):77-84(2001)。
在本發明之一實施例中,大分子活性劑可減少、消除或預防與投予本發明之免疫調節化合物相關的不良反應。視本發明之特定免疫調節化合物及所治療之疾病或病症而定,不良反應可包括(但不限於)嗜眠及倦睡、眩暈及起立性低血壓、嗜中性白血球減少、由嗜中性白血球減少引起之感染、HIV病毒負荷增加、心動徐緩、史蒂芬-瓊森症候群(Stevens-Johnson Syndrome)及中毒性表皮壞死溶解及癲癇發作(例如癲癇大發作抽搐)。特定不良反應為嗜中性白血球減少。
亦可使用小分子第二活性劑來減輕與投予本發明之免疫調節化合物相關的不良反應。然而,與一些大分子類似,據信許多小分子在與本發明之免疫調節化合物一起(例如,在其之前、之後或同時)投予時能夠提供協同效應。小分子第二活性劑之實例包括(但不限於)抗癌劑、抗生素、免疫抑制劑及類固醇。
抗癌劑之實例包括(但不限於):阿西維辛(acivicin)、阿柔比星(aclarubicin)、鹽酸阿考達唑(acodazole hydrochloride)、阿克羅寧(acronine)、阿多來新(adozelesin)、阿地白介素(aldesleukin)、六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、安波黴素(ambomycin)、乙酸阿美蒽醌(ametantrone acetate)、安吖啶(amsacrine)、安美達錠(anastrozole)、安麯黴素(anthramycin)、天冬醯胺酶(asparaginase)、曲林菌素(asperlin)、阿紮胞苷(azacitidine)、阿紮替派(azetepa)、阿佐黴素(azotomycin)、巴馬司他(batimastat)、苯佐替派(benzodepa)、比卡魯胺(bicalutamide)、鹽酸比生群(bisantrene hydrochloride)、二甲磺酸雙奈法德(bisnafide dimesylate)、比折來新(bizelesin)、硫酸博萊黴素(bleomycin sulfate)、硼替佐米(bortezomib)(Velcade)、布喹那鈉(brequinar sodium)、溴匹立明(bropirimine)、白消安(busulfan)、放線菌素C(cactinomycin)、卡普睾酮(calusterone)、卡醋胺(caracemide)、卡貝替姆(carbetimer)、卡鉑(carboplatin)、卡莫司汀(carmustine)、鹽酸卡柔比星(carubicin hydrochloride)、卡折來新(carzelesin)、西地芬戈(cedefingol)、塞萊西布(celecoxib)(COX-2抑制劑)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、西羅黴素(cirolemycin)、順鉑(cisplatin)、克拉屈濱(cladribine)、甲磺酸順那托(crisnatol mesylate)、環磷醯胺(cyclophosphamide)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、達卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)、放線菌素D(dactinomycin)、鹽酸柔紅黴素(daunorubicin hydrochloride)、地西他濱(decitabine)、右奧馬鉑(dexormaplatin)、地紮胍寧(dezaguanine)、甲磺酸地紮胍寧、地吖醌(diaziquone)、多西他賽(docetaxel)、阿黴素(doxorubicin)、鹽酸阿黴素、屈洛昔芬(droloxifene)、檸檬酸屈洛昔芬、丙酸屈他雄酮(dromostanolone propionate)、達佐黴素(duazomycin)、依達曲沙(edatrexate)、鹽酸依氟鳥胺酸(eflornithine hydrochloride)、依沙蘆星(elsamitrucin)、恩洛鉑(enloplatin)、恩普胺酯(enpromate)、依匹哌啶(epipropidine)、鹽酸表柔比星(epirubicin hydrochloride)、厄布洛唑(erbulozole)、鹽酸依索比星(esorubicin hydrochloride)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、雌莫司汀磷酸鈉、依他硝唑(etanidazole)、依託泊苷(etoposide)、磷酸依託泊苷、埃托寧(etoprine)、鹽酸法屈唑(fadrozole hydrochloride)、法紮拉濱(fazarabine)、芬維A胺(fenretinide)、氮尿苷(floxuridine)、磷酸氟達拉濱(fludarabine phosphate)、氟尿嘧啶(fluorouracil)、氟西他濱(flurocitabine)、磷喹酮(fosquidone)、福司曲星鈉(fostriecin sodium)、吉西他濱(gemcitabine)、鹽酸吉西他濱、羥基脲(hydroxyurea)、鹽酸伊達比星(idarubicin hydrochloride)、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)、伊莫福新(ilmofosine)、異丙鉑(iproplatin)、伊立替康(irinotecan)、鹽酸伊立替康、乙酸蘭瑞肽(lanreotide acetate)、來曲唑(letrozole)、乙酸亮丙立德(leuprolide acetate)、鹽酸利阿唑(liarozole hydrochloride)、洛美曲索鈉(lometrexol sodium)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、鹽酸洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone hydrochloride)、馬索羅酚(masoprocol)、美登素(maytansine)、鹽酸氮芥(mechlorethamine hydrochloride)、乙酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate)、乙酸美侖孕酮(melengestrol acetate)、美法侖(melphalan)、美諾立爾(menogaril)、巰嘌呤(mercaptopurine)、甲胺蝶呤(methotrexate)、甲胺蝶呤鈉、滅特撲靈(metoprine)、美妥替哌(meturedepa)、米丁度胺(mitindomide)、米托卡西(mitocarcin)、米托羅米(mitocromin)、米托潔林(mitogillin)、米托馬星(mitomalcin)、絲裂黴素(mitomycin)、米托司培(mitosper)、米托坦(mitotane)、鹽酸米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone hydrochloride)、麥考酚酸(mycophenolic acid)、諾考達唑(nocodazole)、諾拉黴素(nogalamycin)、奧馬鉑(ormaplatin)、奧昔舒侖(oxisuran)、太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、培門冬酶(pegaspargase)、培利黴素(peliomycin)、奈莫司汀(pentamustine)、硫酸培洛黴素(peplomycin sulfate)、培磷醯胺(perfosfamide)、哌泊溴烷(pipobroman)、哌泊舒凡(piposulfan)、鹽酸吡羅蒽醌(piroxantrone hydrochloride)、普卡黴素(plicamycin)、普洛美坦(plomestane)、卟吩姆鈉(porfimer sodium)、泊非黴素(porfiromycin)、潑尼莫司汀(prednimustine)、鹽酸丙卡巴肼(procarbazine hydrochloride)、嘌羅黴素(puromycin)、鹽酸嘌羅黴素、吡唑呋喃菌素(pyrazofurin)、利波腺苷(riboprine)、沙芬戈(safingol)、鹽酸沙芬戈、司莫司汀(semustine)、辛曲秦(simtrazene)、司泊索非鈉(sparfosate sodium)、司帕黴素(sparsomycin)、鹽酸鍺螺胺(spirogermanium hydrochloride)、螺莫司汀(spiromustine)、螺鉑(spiroplatin)、鏈黑黴素(streptonigrin)、鏈佐星(streptozocin)、磺氯苯脲(sulofenur)、他利黴素(talisomycin)、替康蘭鈉(tecogalan sodium)、紫杉德(taxotere)、替加氟(tegafur)、鹽酸替洛蒽醌(teloxantrone hydrochloride)、替莫泊芬(temoporfin)、替尼泊苷(teniposide)、替羅昔隆(teroxirone)、睾內酪(testolactone)、硫唑嘌呤胺(thiamiprine)、硫鳥嘌呤(thioguanine)、塞替派(thiotepa)、噻唑呋林(tiazofurin)、替拉紮明(tirapazamine)、檸檬酸托瑞米芬(toremifene citrate)、乙酸曲托龍(trestolone acetate)、磷酸曲西立濱(triciribine phosphate)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate)、葡萄糖醛酸三甲曲沙、曲普瑞林(triptorelin)、鹽酸妥布氯唑(tubulozole hydrochloride)、烏拉莫司汀(uracil mustard)、烏瑞替派(uredepa)、伐普肽(vapreotide)、維替泊芬(verteporfin)、硫酸長春鹼(vinblastine sulfate)、硫酸長春新鹼(vincristine sulfate)、長春地辛(vindesine)、硫酸長春地辛、硫酸長春匹定(vinepidine sulfate)、硫酸長春甘酯(vinglycinate sulfate)、硫酸長春羅新(vinleurosine sulfate)、酒石酸長春瑞濱(vinorelbine tartrate)、硫酸長春羅定(vinrosidine sulfate)、硫酸長春利定(vinzolidine sulfate)、伏氯唑(vorozole)、折尼鉑(zeniplatin)、淨司他丁(zinostatin)及鹽酸佐柔比星(zorubicin hydrochloride)。
其他抗癌藥物包括(但不限於):20-表-1,25二羥基維生素D3、5-乙炔基尿嘧啶、阿比特龍(abiraterone)、阿柔比星、醯基富烯(acylfulvene)、腺環戊醇(adecypenol)、阿多來新、阿地白介素、ALL-TK拮抗劑、六甲蜜胺、胺莫司汀(ambamustine)、胺美度克(amidox)、胺磷汀(amifostine)、胺基乙醯丙酸(aminolevulinic acid)、胺柔比星(amrubicin)、安吖啶、阿那格雷(anagrelide)、安美達錠、穿心蓮內酯(andrographolide)、血管生成抑制劑、拮抗劑D、拮抗劑G、安他利(antarelix)、抗背部化形態發生蛋白-1(anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1)、抗雄激素、前列腺癌、抗雌激素、抗新普拉通(antineoplaston)、反義寡核苷酸、甘胺酸蚜腸黴素(aphidicolin glycinate)、細胞凋亡基因調節劑、細胞凋亡調節劑、無嘌呤核酸(apurinic acid)、ara-CDP-DL-PTBA、精胺酸脫胺酶、奧沙那寧(asulacrine)、阿他美坦(atamestane)、阿莫司汀(atrimustine)、海洋環肽(axinastatin)1、海洋環肽2、海洋環肽3、阿紮司瓊(azasetron)、阿紮托新(azatoxin)、氮雜酪胺酸(azatyrosine)、漿果赤黴素III(baccatin III)衍生物、班蘭諾(balanol)、巴馬司他(batimastat)、BCR/ABL拮抗劑、苯幷二氫卟吩(benzochlorin)、苯甲醯基星形孢菌素(benzoylstaurosporine)、β內醯胺衍生物、β-阿立辛(alethine)、β可來黴素(betaclamycin)B、白樺脂酸(betulinic acid)、bFGF抑制劑、比卡魯胺、比生群(bisantrene)、雙氮丙啶基精胺(bisaziridinylspermine)、雙奈法德(bisnafide)、bistratene A、比折來新、比銳來特(breflate)、溴匹立明、布度鈦(budotitane)、丁基硫堇亞胺(buthionine sulfoximine)、卡泊三醇(calcipotriol)、鈣磷酸蛋白(calphostin)C、喜樹鹼(camptothecin)衍生物、卡培他濱(capecitabine)、甲醯胺-胺基-三唑、羧基醯胺基三唑、CaRest M3、CARN 700、軟骨來源抑制劑、卡折來新、酪蛋白激酶抑制劑(ICOS)、栗精胺(castanospermine)、天蠶素(cecropin)B、西曲瑞克(cetrorelix)、chlorlns、氯喹喏啉磺醯胺(chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide)、西卡前列素(cicaprost)、順卟啉、克拉屈濱、氯米芬(clomifene)類似物、克黴唑(clotrimazole)、collismycin A、collismycin B、風車子抑鹼(combretastatin)A4、風車子抑鹼類似物、康納京尼(conagenin)、crambescidin 816、順那托(crisnatol)、自念珠藻環肽(cryptophycin)8、自念珠藻環肽A衍生物、卡拉新(curacin)A、環戊蒽醌(cyclopentanthraquinone)、環戊胺合鉑(cycloplatam)、賽培黴素(cypemycin)、阿糖胞苷十八烷基磷酸鈉(cytarabine ocfosfate)、細胞溶解因子(cytolytic factor)、賽托它汀(cytostatin)、達昔單抗(dacliximab)、地西他濱、脫氫膜海鞘素(dehydrodidemnin)B、地洛瑞林(deslorelin)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、右異環磷醯胺(dexifosfamide)、右雷佐生(dexrazoxane)、右維拉帕米(dexverapamil)、地吖醌、膜海鞘素B(didemnin B)、didox、二乙基降精胺(diethylnorspermine)、二氫-5-氮雜胞苷、9-二氫紫杉酚、地奧黴素(dioxamycin)、二苯基螺莫司汀、多西他賽、多可沙諾(docosanol)、多拉司瓊(dolasetron)、去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine)、阿黴素、屈洛昔芬、屈大麻酚(dronabinol)、多卡黴素(duocarmycin)SA、依布硒(ebselen)、依考莫司汀(ecomustine)、依地福新(edelfosine)、依決洛單抗、依氟鳥胺酸(eflornithine)、欖香烯(elemene)、乙嘧替氟(emitefur)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、依立雄胺(epristeride)、雌莫司汀類似物、雌激素促效劑、雌激素拮抗劑、依他硝唑、磷酸依託泊苷、依西美坦(exemestane)、法屈唑(fadrozole)、法紮拉濱、芬維A胺、非格司亭、非那雄胺(finasteride)、扶拉平度(flavopiridol)、氟卓斯汀(flezelastine)、夫斯特隆(fluasterone)、氟達拉濱(fludarabine)、鹽酸氟道諾黴素(fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride)、福酚美克(forfenimex)、福美坦(formestane)、福司曲星(fostriecin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、德卟啉釓(gadolinium texaphyrin)、硝酸鎵、加洛他濱(galocitabine)、加尼瑞克(ganirelix)、明膠酶抑制劑、吉西他濱、麩胱甘肽抑制劑、hepsulfam、heregulin、六亞甲基雙乙醯胺、金絲桃素(hypericin)、伊班膦酸(ibandronic acid)、伊達比星(idarubicin)、艾多昔芬(idoxifene)、伊決孟酮(idramantone)、伊莫福新(ilmofosine)、伊洛馬司他(ilomastat)、伊馬替尼(imatinib)(例如Gleevec)、咪喹莫特(imiquimod)、免疫刺激肽、類胰島素生長因子-1受體抑制劑、干擾素促效劑、干擾素、介白素、碘苄胍(iobenguane)、碘阿黴素、4-甘薯醇(ipomeanol)、伊羅普拉(iroplact)、伊索拉定(irsogladine)、異苯加唑(isobengazole)、異高軟海綿素(isohomohalicondrin)B、伊他司瓊(itasetron)、jasplakinolide、kahalalide F、三乙酸片螺素-N(lamellarin-Ntriacetate)、蘭瑞肽(lanreotide)、雷納黴素(leinamycin)、來格司亭(lenograstim)、硫酸香菇多糖(lentinan sulfate)、萊司他丁(leptolstatin)、來曲唑、白血病抑制因子、白血球α干擾素、亮丙立德(leuprolide)+雌激素+孕酮、亮丙瑞林(leuprorelin)、左旋咪唑(levamisole)、利阿唑(liarozole)、線性聚胺類似物、親脂性雙醣肽、親脂性鉑化合物、lissoclinamide 7、洛鉑(lobaplatin)、蚯蚓胺酸(lombricine)、洛美曲索(lometrexol)、氯尼達明(lonidamine)、洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone)、洛索立賓(loxoribine)、勒托替康(lurtotecan)、德卟啉鑥(lutetium texaphyrin)、lysofylline、溶胞肽、美坦新(maitansine)、馬諾司他丁(mannostatin)A、馬立馬司他(marimastat)、馬索羅酚(masoprocol)、maspin、基質溶解素(matrilysin)抑制劑、基質金屬蛋白酶抑制劑、美諾立爾(menogaril)、美巴龍(merbarone)、美特瑞林(meterelin)、甲硫胺酸酶(methioninase)、甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide)、MIF抑制劑、米非司酮(mifepristone)、米替福新(miltefosine)、米立司亭(mirimostim)、米托胍腙(mitoguazone)、二溴衛矛醇(mitolactol)、絲裂黴素類似物、米托萘胺(mitonafide)、mitotoxin纖維母細胞生長因子-肥皂草毒素(saporin)、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)、莫法羅汀(mofarotene)、莫拉司亭(molgramostim)、艾比特思(Erbitux)、人類絨膜促性腺激素、單磷醯基脂質A+結核桿菌(myobacterium)細胞壁sk、莫哌達醇(mopidamol)、芥抗癌藥、印度洋海綿(mycaperoxide)B、分支桿菌細胞壁提取物、myriaporone、N-乙醯基地那林(N-acetyldinaline)、N-取代之苯甲醯胺、那法瑞林(nafarelin)、那格瑞替(nagrestip)、納洛酮(naloxone)+戊唑星(pentazocine)、那帕維(napavin)、萘特平(naphterpin)、那托司亭(nartograstim)、奈達鉑(nedaplatin)、奈莫柔比星(nemorubicin)、奈立膦酸(neridronic acid)、尼魯米特(nilutamide)、尼沙黴素(nisamycin)、一氧化氮調節劑、氮氧化物抗氧化劑、nitrullyn、奧利默森(oblimersen)(Genasense)、O6
-苯甲基鳥嘌呤、奧曲肽(octreotide)、okicenone、寡核苷酸、奧那司酮(onapristone)、昂丹司瓊(ondansetron)、奧拉辛(oracin)、口服細胞因子誘導劑、奧馬鉑、奧沙特隆(osaterone)、奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin)、奧沙諾黴素(oxaunomycin)、太平洋紫杉醇、太平洋紫杉醇類似物、太平洋紫杉醇衍生物、帕拉烏胺(palauamine)、棕櫚醯基根瘤菌素(palmitoylrhizoxin)、帕米膦酸(pamidronic acid)、人參三醇(panaxytriol)、帕諾米芬(panomifene)、菌鐵素(parabactin)、帕折普汀(pazelliptine)、培門冬酶、培地新(peldesine)、戊聚糖聚硫酸鈉(pentosan polysulfate sodium)、噴司他丁(pentostatin)、戊曲唑(pentrozole)、全氟溴烷(perflubron)、培磷醯胺、紫蘇醇(perillyl alcohol)、苯納嗪黴素(phenazinomycin)、乙酸苯酯、磷酸酶抑制劑、沙培林(picibanil)、鹽酸毛果芸香鹼(pilocarpine hydrochloride)、吡柔比星(pirarubicin)、吡曲克辛(piritrexim)、placetin A、placetin B、血漿素原活化劑抑制劑、鉑錯合物、鉑化合物、鉑-三胺錯合物、卟吩姆鈉、泊非黴素、潑尼松(prednisone)、丙基雙吖啶酮、前列腺素J2、蛋白酶體抑制劑、以蛋白質A為主之免疫調節劑、蛋白激酶C抑制劑、微藻蛋白激酶C抑制劑、蛋白質酪蛋白磷酸酶抑制劑、嘌呤核苷磷酸酶抑制劑、紫紅素(purpurin)、9-甲氧基吡唑啉吖啶(pyrazoloacridine)、吡多醛化血紅素聚氧乙烯結合物、raf拮抗劑、雷替曲塞(raltitrexed)、雷莫司瓊(ramosetron)、ras法呢基蛋白轉移酶抑制劑、ras抑制劑、ras-GAP抑制劑、去甲基化瑞特普汀(retelliptine demethylated)、依替膦酸錸Re 186(rhenium Re 186 etidronate)、根瘤菌素(rhizoxin)、核糖核酸酶、RII維胺脂(retinamide)、羅希吐鹼(rohitukine)、羅莫肽(romurtide)、羅喹美克(roquinimex)、rubiginone B1、ruboxyl、沙芬戈、saintopin、SarCNU、肉芝軟珊瑚醇(sarcophytol)A、沙格司亭、Sdi 1模擬物、司莫司汀、衰老獲得性抑制劑1、有義寡核苷酸、信號轉導抑制劑、西佐喃(sizofiran)、索布佐生(sobuzoxane)、硼卡鈉(sodium borocaptate)、苯基乙酸鈉、solverol、體介素結合蛋白、索納明(sonermin)、膦門冬酸(sparfosic acid)、螺旋黴素(spicamycin)D、螺莫司汀、脾生成素(splenopentin)、海綿素(spongistatin)1、鯊胺(squalamine)、密擠青黴醯胺(stipiamide)、基質溶素抑制劑、sulfinosine、超活性激脈腸肽拮抗劑、舒拉司他(suradista)、舒拉明(suramin)、苦馬豆素(swainsonine)、他莫司汀(tallimustine)、他莫昔芬甲碘化物(tamoxifen methiodide)、牛磺莫司汀(tauromustine)、他紮羅汀(tazarotene)、替康蘭鈉(tecogalan sodium)、替加氟(tegafur)、tellurapyrylium、端粒酶抑制劑、替莫泊芬、替尼泊苷、十氧化四氯(tetrachlorodecaoxide)、四佐明(tetrazomine)、阿樸菲型異喹啉生物鹼(thaliblastine)、thiocoraline、血小板生成素、血小板生成素模擬物、胸腺法新(thymalfasin)、胸腺生成素受體促效劑、胸腺曲南(thymotrinan)、甲狀腺刺激激素、乙基錫初紫紅素(tin ethyl etiopurpurin)、替拉紮明、二氯二茂鈦(titanocene bichloride)、托帕恩汀(topsentin)、托瑞米芬(toremifene)、轉譯抑制劑、維A酸(tretinoin)、三乙醯基尿苷(triacetyluridine)、曲西立濱(triciribine)、三甲曲沙、曲普瑞林、托烷司瓊(tropisetron)、妥羅雄脲(turosteride)、酪胺酸激酶抑制劑、酪胺酸磷酸化抑制劑(tyrphostin)、UBC抑制劑、烏苯美司(ubenimex)、泌尿生殖竇源生長抑制劑因子、尿激酶受體拮抗劑、伐普肽(vapreotide)、variolin B、維拉雷瑣(velaresol)、藜蘆胺(veramine)、verdins、維替泊芬、長春瑞濱(vinorelbine)、長春沙汀(vinxaltine)維他新(vitaxin)、伏氯唑、紮諾特隆(zanoterone)、折尼鉑、亞苄維C(zilascorb)及淨司他丁司酯(zinostatin stimalamer)。
特定第二活性劑包括(但不限於)利妥昔單抗、硼替佐米、奧利默森(Genasense)、瑞米凱德(remicade)、多西他賽、塞萊西布、美法侖、地塞米松(Decadron)、類固醇、吉西他濱、順鉑(cisplatinum)、替莫唑胺(temozolomide)、依託泊苷、環磷醯胺、替莫唑胺(temodar)、卡鉑、丙卡巴肼(procarbazine)、格立得(gliadel)、他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、拓撲替康(topotecan)、甲胺蝶呤、Arisa、紫杉酚(taxol)、紫杉德、氟尿嘧啶、亞葉酸鈣(leucovorin)、伊立替康、西羅達(xeloda)、CPT-11、干擾素α、聚乙二醇化干擾素α(例如PEG INTRON-A)、卡培他濱、順鉑、塞替派、氟達拉濱、卡鉑、柔紅黴素脂質體(liposomal daunorubicin)、阿糖胞苷、去氧紫杉酚(doxetaxol)、紫杉醇(pacilitaxel)、長春鹼、IL-2、GM-CSF、達卡巴嗪、長春瑞濱(vinorelbine)、唑來膦酸(zoledronic acid)、帕米膦酸鹽(palmitronate)、克拉黴素(biaxin)、白消安(busulphan)、潑尼松、雙膦酸鹽(bisphosphonate)、三氧化二砷(arsenic trioxide)、長春新鹼(vincristine)、阿黴素(Doxil)、太平洋紫杉醇、更昔洛韋(ganciclovir)、阿德力黴素(adriamycin)、雌莫司汀磷酸鈉(Emcyt)、舒林酸(sulindac)及依託泊苷。
本發明之方法涵蓋治療、預防或控制多種類型之淋巴瘤之方法。在一較佳實施例中,本發明之方法涵蓋治療、預防或控制多種類型之淋巴瘤之方法,該等淋巴瘤包括(但不限於)套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、中度分化之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤、中度淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(ILL)、彌漫性分化不良之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(PDL)、中心細胞性淋巴瘤、彌漫性小裂細胞性淋巴瘤(DSCCL)、濾泡性淋巴瘤及在顯微鏡下可見之任何類型之套細胞淋巴瘤(結節性淋巴瘤、彌散性淋巴瘤、母細胞性淋巴瘤及套區淋巴瘤)。
如本文所使用,除非另外規定,術語"治療"係指在特定癌症之症狀發作後投予本發明之化合物或其他額外活性劑。如本文所使用,除非另外規定,術語"預防"係指在症狀發作之前,尤其對處於患癌症且尤其是淋巴瘤危險中之患者投藥。術語"預防"包括抑制特定癌症之症狀。具有癌症或尤其淋巴瘤家族史之患者為預防方案之較佳候選者。如本文所使用且除非另外指出,術語"控制"涵蓋預防已罹患特定癌症之患者之癌症的復發,延長已罹患癌症之患者保持症狀緩解的時間,及/或降低患者之死亡率。
如本文所使用,術語"癌症"包括(但不限於)實體腫瘤及血源性腫瘤。術語"癌症"係指皮膚組織、器官、血液及血管之疾病,包括(但不限於)膀胱癌、骨癌或血癌、腦癌、乳癌、子宮頸癌、胸癌、結腸癌、子宮內膜癌、食道癌、眼癌、頭部癌、腎癌、肝癌、淋巴結癌、肺癌、口癌、頸部癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、直腸癌、胃癌、睾丸癌、喉癌及子宮癌。
術語"淋巴瘤"係指一群在網狀內皮組織及淋巴系統中出現之異質性贅瘤。非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)係指包括淋巴結、骨髓、脾、肝及胃腸道之免疫系統部位中之淋巴細胞的惡性單株增殖。NHL包括(但不限於)套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、中度分化之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤、中度淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(ILL)、彌漫性分化不良之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(PDL)、中心細胞性淋巴瘤、彌漫性小裂細胞性淋巴瘤(DSCCL)、濾泡性淋巴瘤及在顯微鏡下可見之任何類型之套細胞淋巴瘤(結節性淋巴瘤、彌散性淋巴瘤、母細胞性淋巴瘤及套區淋巴瘤)。
術語"復發性"係指在治療後癌症已緩解之患者之免疫系統中再出現淋巴樣細胞之情況。術語"難治性或抵抗性"係指患者即使在強化治療後免疫系統中仍具有殘餘淋巴樣細胞之情況。
本發明涵蓋治療先前已經癌症治療但對標準療法無反應之患者,以及先前未經治療之患者的方法。本發明亦涵蓋不考慮患者年齡而對患者進行治療之方法,但一些癌症在特定年齡群中較為常見。本發明進一步涵蓋治療意欲治療所述癌症而已經歷手術之患者,以及未經歷手術之患者的方法。由於癌症患者具有不同臨床表現及不同臨床結果,因此給予患者之治療可視其預後而改變。熟練臨床醫師將能夠在無需過度實驗之情況下容易地確定可有效用於治療個別癌症患者之特定第二藥劑、手術類型及非藥物標準療法之類型。
本發明所涵蓋之方法包含向罹患或可能罹患癌症,尤其是套細胞淋巴瘤之患者(例如人類)投予一或多種本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。
在本發明之一實施例中,本發明之免疫調節化合物可經口投予及以每天單次或分次給藥投予約0.10至約150 mg/天之量。在一較佳實施例中,3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)可以每天約0.10至約150 mg,每天約1至約50 mg,或每天約5至約25 mg之量投予。特定每天劑量包括每天1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49或50 mg。
在一較佳實施例中,可將3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)以每天約1至50 mg或每天約5至約25 mg之量投予患有多種類型之非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤之患者,該等淋巴瘤諸如套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、中度分化之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤、中度淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(ILL)、彌漫性分化不良之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(PDL)、中心細胞性淋巴瘤、彌漫性小裂細胞性淋巴瘤(DSCCL)、彌散性大細胞性淋巴瘤、濾胞性淋巴瘤及套區淋巴瘤。
詳言之,可將3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)以每天約1至50 mg或每天約5至約25 mg之量投予患有套細胞淋巴瘤之患者。在一特定實施例中,可將3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)以每天約10、15、20、25或50 mg之量投予患有套細胞淋巴瘤之患者。在一特定實施例中,可將Revlimid以每天約25 mg之量投予患有套細胞淋巴瘤之患者。
在一實施例中,3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)之推薦起始劑量為每天10 mg。劑量可每週遞增至每天15、20、25、30、35、40、45及50 mg。對於最初以10 mg給藥且經歷在開始Revlimid治療之最初四週內或之後出現血小板減少或嗜中性白血球減少之患者,可根據血小板計數或嗜中性白血球絕對計數(ANC)調節其劑量。
本發明之特定方法包含結合一或多種第二活性劑,及/或結合放射療法、輸血或手術,投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。本文中揭示了本發明之免疫調節化合物之實例(例如參見4.1段)。本文中亦揭示了第二活性劑之實例(例如參見4.2段)。
向患者投予本發明之免疫調節化合物及第二活性劑可藉由相同或不同投藥途徑同時或相繼進行。用於特定活性劑之特定投藥途徑的適合性將視活性劑本身(例如其是否可經口投予而不會在進入血流之前分解)及待治療之疾病而定。本發明之免疫調節化合物的較佳投藥途徑為口服。本發明之第二活性劑或活性成份的較佳投藥途徑為一般技術者所已知。例如參見Physicians' Desk Reference
,(2006)。
在本發明之一實施例中,第二活性劑係經靜脈內或經皮下投予及以約1至約1,000 mg,約5至約500 mg,約10至約375 mg,或約50至約200 mg之量每天投予一次或兩次。第二活性劑之特定量將視所使用之特定藥劑、待治療或控制之疾病類型、疾病之嚴重性及階段及本發明之免疫調節化合物及同時投予患者之任何可選額外活性劑之量而定。在一特定實施例中,第二活性劑為利妥昔單抗、硼替佐米、奧利默森(Genasense)、GM-CSF、G-CSF、EPO、紫杉德、伊立替康、達卡巴嗪、反式維甲酸(transretinoic acid)、拓撲替康、己酮可可鹼(pentoxifylline)、環丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、地塞米松、長春新鹼、阿黴素、COX-2抑制劑、IL2、IL8、IL18、IFN、Ara-C、長春瑞濱或其組合。
在一特定實施例中,將本發明之免疫調節化合物與利妥昔單抗組合投予患有套細胞淋巴瘤之患者。在一特定實施例中,將Revlimid以每天約5至約25 mg之量與375 mg/m2
之量的利妥昔單抗組合藉由每週靜脈內輸液投予患有套細胞淋巴瘤之患者
在一較佳實施例中,將Revlimid單獨或與利妥昔單抗組合投予患有多種類型之非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤之患者,該等淋巴瘤包括(但不限於)套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)、中度分化之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤、中度淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(ILL)、彌漫性分化不良之淋巴細胞性淋巴瘤(PDL)、中心細胞性淋巴瘤、彌漫性小裂細胞性淋巴瘤(DSCCL)、彌散性大細胞性淋巴瘤、濾泡性淋巴瘤及套區淋巴瘤。
在另一實施例中,將本發明之免疫調節化合物單獨或與諸如長春鹼或氟達拉濱之第二活性成份組合投予患有多種類型淋巴瘤之患者,該等淋巴瘤包括(但不限於)霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、皮膚T細胞淋巴瘤、皮膚B細胞淋巴瘤、彌散性大B細胞淋巴瘤或復發性或難治性低級濾泡性淋巴瘤。
在另一實施例中,以四或六週之週期在約五天內經皮下投予約1至約750 mg/m2
/天之量的GM-CSF、G-CSF或EPO,較佳投藥量為約25至約500 mg/m2
/天,更佳投藥量為約50至約250 mg/m2
/天,且最佳投藥量為約50至約200 mg/m2
/天。在某一實施例中,可將GM-CSF以約60至約500 mcg/m2
之量經2小時靜脈內投予,或以約5至約12 mcg/m2
/天之量皮下投予。在一特定實施例中,G-CSF最初可以約1 mcg/kg/天之量皮下投予且可視總粒細胞計數之升高進行調節。G-CSF之維持劑量可以約300(較小患者)或480 mcg之量皮下投予。在某一實施例中,EPO可以10,000單位之量每週3次皮下投予。
本發明亦涵蓋一種增加可安全及有效投予患者之抗癌藥物或抗癌劑之劑量的方法,其包含向患者(例如人類)投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之衍生物、鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)或前藥。可受益於此方法之患者為可能身受與治療以下特定癌症之抗癌藥物相關之不良反應的患者:血癌、皮膚癌、皮下組織癌、淋巴結癌、腦癌、肺癌、肝癌、骨癌、腸癌、結腸癌、心臟癌、胰腺癌、腎上腺癌、腎癌、前列腺癌、乳癌、結腸直腸癌或其組合。投予本發明之免疫調節化合物可減輕或減少具有一定嚴重性以致將另外限制抗癌藥物之量的不良反應。
在一實施例中,可將本發明之免疫調節化合物經口及每天以約0.10至約150 mg,且較佳約1至約50 mg,更佳約5至約25 mg之量,在出現與投予抗癌藥物相關之不良反應之前、期間或之後投予患者。在一特定實施例中,本發明之免疫調節化合物係與諸如肝素、阿司匹靈(aspirin)、可邁丁(coumadin)或G-CSF之特定藥劑組合投予用以避免與抗癌藥物相關之不良反應,諸如(但不限於)嗜中性白血球減少或血小板減少。
在另一實施例中,本發明涵蓋一種治療、預防及/或控制淋巴瘤之方法,其包含結合習知療法(例如在其之前、期間或之後)投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥,該等習知療法包括(但不限於)手術、免疫療法、生物療法、放射療法或其他目前用於治療、預防或控制癌症之非藥物療法。組合使用本發明之免疫調節化合物與習知療法可提供對某些患者出奇有效之獨特治療方案。在不受理論限制之情況下,據信本發明之免疫調節化合物可在與習知效法同時給予時提供相加或協同效應。
如本文別處所論述,本發明涵蓋一種減少、治療及/或預防與習知療法相關之不良或不當反應之方法,該等習知療法包括(但不限於)手術、化學療法、放射療法、激素療法、生物療法及免疫療法。可將本發明之免疫調節化合物及其他活性成份在出現與習知療法相關之不良反應之前、期間或之後投予患者。
在一實施例中,可將本發明之免疫調節化合物以約0.10至約150 mg,且較佳約1至約50 mg,更佳約5至約25 mg之量經口及每天單獨投予,或與本文所揭示之第二活性劑(例如參見4.2段)組合在使用習知療法之前、期間或之後投予。
本發明之化合物可用於降低移植物抗宿主疾病(GVHD)之危險。因此,本發明涵蓋一種治療、預防及/或控制癌症之方法,其包含結合移植療法投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。
如一般技術者所知曉,癌症之治療常係基於疾病之階段及機制。舉例而言,當在癌症之特定階段中出現不可避免之白血病轉化時,必需移植周邊血液幹細胞、造血幹細胞製劑或骨髓。組合使用本發明之免疫調節化合物與移植療法可提供獨特且出乎意料之協同作用。詳言之,本發明之免疫調節化合物展現可在與移植療法同時給予癌症患者時提供相加或協同效應之免疫調節活性。
本發明之免疫調節化合物可與移植療法組合使用而減少與移植之侵入程序相關之併發症及GVHD之危險。本發明涵蓋一種治療、預防及/或控制癌症之方法,其包含在移植臍帶血、胎盤血、周邊血液幹細胞、造血幹細胞製劑或骨髓之前、期間或之後,向患者(例如人類)投予本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。適用於本發明之方法之幹細胞的實例揭示於R.Hariri等人之美國專利公開案第2002/0123141號、第2003/0235909號及第2003/0032179號中,該等專利之全文以引用的方式引入本文中。
在此方法之一實施例中,將本發明之免疫調節化合物在移植自體周邊血液祖細胞之前、期間或之後投予淋巴瘤患者。
在另一實施例中,將本發明之免疫調節化合物在幹細胞移植之後投予患有復發性淋巴瘤之患者。
在某些實施例中,本發明之預防劑或治療劑係循環地投予患者。循環療法包括投予活性劑一段時間,接著停止一段時間,且重複此連續投藥。循環療法可降低對療法中一或多者之抵抗性的發展,避免或減少療法之一之副作用,及/或改良治療之功效。
因此,在本發明之一特定實施例中,本發明之免疫調節化合物係每天以單次或分次給藥,以具有一段約一週或兩週停止時間之四或六週之週期投予。本發明另外允許增加給藥週期之頻率、數目及長度。因此,本發明之另一特定實施例涵蓋投予本發明之免疫調節化合物歷時比單獨投藥時之典型週期多的週期。在本發明之另一特定實施例中,本發明之免疫調節化合物係投予較多個週期,其通常將引起亦不投予第二活性成份之患者的劑量限制性毒性。
在一實施例中,本發明之免疫調節化合物係以約0.10至約150 mg/d之劑量每天及連續投予三或四週,接著中斷一或兩週。在一特定實施例中,本發明之免疫調節化合物係在四或六週之週期中以約1至約50 mg/天之量,較佳以約25 mg/天之量投予三至四週,接著停止一週或兩週。
在一較佳實施例中,將3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)在28天之週期中以每天約10 mg、15 mg、20 mg、25 mg或30 mg之量投予患有諸如套細胞淋巴瘤、濾泡性淋巴瘤及彌散性大細胞性淋巴瘤之多種類型淋巴瘤的患者歷時21天,接著停止7天。在最佳實施例中,將3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)在28天之週期中以每天約25 mg之量投予患有難治性或復發性套細胞淋巴瘤之患者歷時21天,接著停止7天。
在本發明之一實施例中,本發明之免疫調節化合物及第二活性劑或活性成份係在四至六週之週期期間經口投予,其中投予本發明之免疫調節化合物在投予第二活性成份之前30至60分鐘時進行。在本發明之另一實施例中,本發明之免疫調節化合物係經口投予且第二活性成份係藉由靜脈內輸液投予。
在一特定實施例中,一個週期包含每天投予約10至約25 mg/天之Revlimid及約50至約750 mg/m2
/天之第二活性成份歷時三至四週且接著停止一或兩週。
在一實施例中,可將利妥昔單抗作為額外活性劑以375 mg/m2
之量投予患有諸如套細胞淋巴瘤、濾泡性淋巴瘤及彌散性大細胞性淋巴瘤之多種類型淋巴瘤的患者。在一較佳實施例中,可將利妥昔單抗作為額外活性劑以375 mg/m2
之量投予患有難治性或復發性套細胞淋巴瘤之患者。在一較佳實施例中,一個週期包含每天經口投予Revlimid歷時21天,接著停止7天,且每週藉由靜脈內輸液投予375 mg/m2
之利妥昔單抗歷時四週。
通常,將組合治療投予患者之週期數目為約1至約24個週期,更通常為約2至約16個週期,且甚至更通常為約4至約3個週期。
醫藥組合物可用於製備個別、單一單位劑型。本發明之醫藥組合物及劑型包含本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。本發明之醫藥組合物及劑型可進一步包含一或多種賦形劑。
本發明之醫藥組合物及劑型亦可包含一或多種額外活性成份。因此,本發明之醫藥組合物及劑型包含本文所揭示之活性成份(例如本發明之免疫調節化合物及第二活性劑)。可選第二或額外活性成份之實例已揭示於本文中(例如參見4.2段)。
本發明之單一單位劑型適用於經口、經黏膜(例如經鼻、舌下、經陰道、經頰或經直腸)、非經腸(例如皮下、靜脈內、快速注射、肌肉內或動脈內)、局部(例如滴眼劑或其他眼科製劑)、經皮投予患者。劑型之實例包括(但不限於):錠劑;囊片;膠囊,諸如軟彈性明膠膠囊;扁膠劑;口含錠;含片;分散液;栓劑;散劑;氣溶膠(例如鼻用噴霧器或吸入器);凝膠;適於經口或經黏膜投予患者之液體劑型,包括懸浮液(例如水性或非水性液體懸浮液、水包油乳液或油包水液體乳液)、溶液及酏劑;適於非經腸投予患者之液體劑型;滴眼劑或其他適於局部投藥之眼科製劑;及可經復水提供適於非經腸投予患者之液體劑型的無菌固體(例如晶體或非晶形固體)。
本發明之劑型的組成、形狀及類型通常視其用途而變化。舉例而言,用於短期治療疾病之劑型可含有大於用於長期治療相同疾病之劑型之量之其包含的一或多種活性成份。類似地,非經腸劑型可含有小於用於治療相同疾病之口服劑型之量之其包含的一或多種活性成份。本發明所涵蓋之特定劑型彼此不同的此等及其他方面對於熟習此項技術者係顯而易見的。例如參見Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第
18版,Mack Publishing,Easton PA(1990)。
典型醫藥組合物及劑型包含一或多種賦形劑。合適之賦形劑為熟習製藥技術者所熟知,且合適賦形劑之非限制性實例提供於本文中。特定賦形劑是否適用於併入醫藥組合物或劑型中視此項技術中熟知之多種因素而定,包括(但不限於)將劑型投予患者之方式。舉例而言,諸如錠劑之口服劑型可含有不適合用於非經腸劑型之賦形劑。特定賦形劑之適合性亦可視劑型中之特定活性成份而定。舉例而言,某些活性成份之分解可因諸如乳糖之某些賦形劑而加速,或當暴露於水時加速。包含第一胺或第二胺之活性成份尤其易經歷該加速分解。因此,本發明涵蓋含有極少(若存在)乳糖、其他單醣或雙醣之醫藥組合物及劑型。如本文所使用,術語"無乳糖"意謂所存在之乳糖量(若存在)不足以實質上增加活性成份之降解速率。
本發明之無乳糖組合物可包含此項技術中熟知且(例如)列舉於U.S.Pharmacopeia
(USP)25-NF20(2002)中之賦形劑。一般而言,無乳糖組合物包含醫藥學上相容及醫藥學上可接受量之活性成份、黏合劑/填充劑及潤滑劑。較佳無乳糖劑型包含活性成份、微晶纖維素、預膠凝澱粉及硬脂酸鎂。
本發明進一步涵蓋包含活性成份之無水醫藥組合物及劑型,因為水可促進某些化合物之降解。舉例而言,水之添加(例如5%)在醫藥技術中得到廣泛接受作為模擬長期儲存以測定諸如調配物隨時間之存放期或穩定性之特徵的方法。例如參見Jens T.Carstensen,Drug Stability:Principles & Practice,
第2版,Marcel Dekker,NY,NY,1995,第379-80頁。實際上,水及受熱可加速某些化合物之分解。因此,由於在調配物之製造、加工、封裝、儲存、運輸及使用期間常遭遇水分及/或濕氣,因此水對調配物之影響可具有高度重要。
本發明之無水醫藥組合物及劑型可使用無水或含低水分之成份及低水分或低濕度條件來製備。若預期在製造、封裝及/或儲存期間與水分及/或濕氣會有實質接觸,則包含乳糖及至少一種包含第一腔或第二胺之活性成份的醫藥組合物及劑型較佳為無水的。
無水醫藥組合物之製備及儲存方式應維持其無水性質。因此,無水組合物較佳使用已知防止暴露於水之材料封裝以使其可包括在合適之調配套組中。合適封裝之實例包括(但不限於)密封箔、塑膠、單位劑量容器(例如小瓶)、發泡包裝及條板包裝。
本發明進一步涵蓋包含一或多種降低活性成份分解速率之化合物的醫藥組合物及劑型。本文中稱為"穩定劑"之該等化合物包括(但不限於)諸如抗壞血酸之抗氧化劑、pH緩衝劑或鹽緩衝劑。
如同賦形劑之量及類型,劑型中活性成份之量及特定類型可視諸如(但不限於)將其投予患者之途徑之因素而不同。然而,本發明之典型劑型包含約0.10至約150 mg之量的本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。典型劑型包含約0.1、1、2.5、5、7.5、10、12.5、15、17.5、20、25、50、100、150或200 mg之量的本發明之免疫調節化合物,或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、溶劑合物(例如水合物)、立體異構體、籠形物或前藥。在一特定實施例中,較佳劑型包含約1、2.5、5、10、15、20、25或50 mg之量的3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)。典型劑型包含1至約1000 mg、約5至約500 mg、約10至約350 mg或約50至約200 mg之量的第二活性成份。當然,抗癌藥物之特定量將視所使用之特定藥劑、待治療或控制之癌症類型及本發明之免疫調節化合物及同時投予患者之任何可選額外活性劑之量而定。
適用於經口投予之本發明之醫藥組合物可以諸如(但不限於)錠劑(例如可咀嚼錠劑)、囊片、膠囊及液體(例如適口糖漿)之離散劑型形式提供。該等劑型含有預定量之活性成份,且可藉由熟習此項技術者熟知之製藥方法來製備。一般參見Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
第18版,Mack Publishing,Easton PA(1990)。
在一實施例中,較佳劑型為包含約1、2.5、5、10、15、20、25或50 mg之量之3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)的膠囊或錠劑。在一特定實施例中,較佳膠囊或錠劑劑型包含約5或10 mg之量的3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)。
本發明之典型口服劑型係藉由根據習知醫藥混配技術以精細混合將活性成份與至少一種賦形劑組合來製備。賦形劑可呈各種形式,此視投藥所需之製劑形式而定。舉例而言,適合用於口服液體或氣溶膠劑型之賦形劑包括(但不限於)水、二醇、油、醇、調味劑、防腐劑及著色劑。適合用於固體口服劑型(例如散劑、錠劑、膠囊及囊片)之賦形劑的實例包括(但不限於)澱粉、糖、微晶纖維素、稀釋劑、成粒劑、潤滑劑、黏合劑及崩解劑。
由於易於投予,因此錠劑及膠囊代表最有利之口服單位劑型,在此情況下使用固體賦形劑。若需要,可藉由標準水性或非水性技術塗覆錠劑。該等劑型可藉由任何製藥方法來製備。一般而言,醫藥組合物及劑型係藉由均勻及精細混合活性成份與液體載劑、細粉狀固體載劑或兩者,且必要時接著使產物成形為所需形式來製備。
舉例而言,錠劑可藉由壓縮或模塑來製備。壓製錠劑可藉由在合適機器中壓縮呈自由流動形式(諸如粉末或顆粒),視情況與賦形劑混合之活性成份來製備。模製錠劑可藉由在合適機器中模塑經惰性液體稀釋劑潤濕之粉末狀化合物之混合物來製備。
可用於本發明之口服劑型之賦形劑的實例包括(但不限於)黏合劑、填充劑、崩解劑及潤滑劑。適合用於醫藥組合物及劑型之黏合劑包括(但不限於)玉米澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉或其他澱粉,明膠,天然及合成膠(諸如阿拉伯膠),海藻酸鈉、海藻酸、其他海藻酸鹽,粉末狀黃蓍膠,瓜爾膠,纖維素及其衍生物(例如乙基纖維素、乙酸纖維素、羧甲基纖維素鈣、羧甲基纖維素鈉),聚乙烯吡咯啶酮,甲基纖維素,預膠凝澱粉,羥基丙基甲基纖維素(例如第2208號、第2906號、第2910號),微晶纖維素及其混合物。
合適形式之微晶纖維素包括(但不限於)以AVICEL-PH-101、AVICEL-PH-103、AVICEL RC-581、AVICEL-PH-105出售之材料(可自FMC Corporation,American Viscose Division,Avicel Sales,Marcus Hook,PA獲得)及其混合物。特定黏合劑為以AVICEL RC-581出售之微晶纖維素與羧甲基纖維素鈉之混合物。合適之無水或低水分賦形劑或添加劑包括AVICEL-PH-103TM
及澱粉1500 LM。
適合用於本文所揭示之醫藥組合物及劑型之填充劑的實例包括(但不限於)滑石、碳酸鈣(例如顆粒或粉末)、微晶纖維素、粉末狀纖維素、葡聚糖、高嶺土、甘露糖醇、矽酸、山梨糖醇、澱粉、預膠凝澱粉及其混合物。本發明之醫藥組合物中的黏合劑或填充劑通常以醫藥組合物或劑型之約50至約99重量%之量存在。
本發明之組合物中使用崩解劑以提供當暴露於水性環境時崩解之錠劑。含有過多崩解劑之錠劑會在儲存時崩解,而含有過少崩解劑之錠劑不會以所需速率或在所需條件下崩解。因此,應使用不過多或過少以致不利地改變活性成份釋放之足夠量的崩解劑來形成本發明之固體口服劑型。所用崩解劑之量基於調配物之類型而變化,且易於由一般技術者辨別。典型醫藥組合物包含約0.5至約15重量%之崩解劑,較佳約1至約5重量%之崩解劑。
可用於本發明之醫藥組合物及劑型的崩解劑包括(但不限於)瓊脂、海藻酸、碳酸鈣、微晶纖維素、交聯羧甲纖維素鈉、交聯聚乙烯吡咯酮、泊拉可林鉀(polacrilin potassium)、羥基乙酸澱粉鈉、馬鈴薯澱粉或木薯澱粉、其他澱粉、預膠凝澱粉、其他澱粉、黏土、其他海藻膠、其他纖維素、膠及其混合物。
可用於本發明之醫藥組合物及劑型的潤滑劑包括(但不限於)硬脂酸鈣、硬脂酸鎂、礦物油、輕質礦物油、甘油、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、聚乙二醇、其他二醇、硬脂酸、月桂基硫酸鈉、滑石、氫化植物油(例如花生油、棉籽油、向日葵油、芝麻油、橄欖油、玉米油及大豆油)、硬脂酸鋅、油酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、瓊脂及其混合物。其他潤滑劑包括(例如)syloid矽膠(AEROSIL200,由Baltimore,MD之W.R.Grace Co.製造)、合成矽石之凝聚氣溶膠(由Plano,TX之Degussa Co.銷售)、CAB-O-SIL(由Boston,MA之Cabot Co.出售之熱解二氧化矽產品)及其混合物。即使使用,潤滑劑通常係以其所併入之醫藥組合物或劑型之少於約1重量%之量使用。
本發明之較佳固體口服劑型包含本發明之免疫調節化合物、無水乳糖、微晶纖維素、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、硬脂酸、膠態無水矽石及明膠。
本發明之活性成份可藉由受控釋放方式或藉由一般技術者熟知之傳遞裝置來投予。實例包括(但不限於)美國專利第3,845,770號、第3,916,899號、第3,536,809號、第3,598,123號及第4,008,719號、第5,674,533號、第5,059,595號、第5,591,767號、第5,120,548號、第5,073,543號、第5,639,476號、第5,354,556號及第5,733,566號中所述之彼等,該等專利各自以引用的方式併入本文中。該等劑型可使用(例如)羥基丙基甲基纖維素、其他聚合物基質、凝膠、可滲透膜、滲透系統、多層塗層、微粒、脂質體、微球體或其組合用以提供一或多種活性成份之緩慢或受控釋放以提供不同比例之所需釋放概況。一般技術者已知之合適受控釋放調配物(包括本文中所述之彼等)可易於經選擇用於本發明之活性成份。因此,本發明涵蓋可用於受控釋放之適於口服投藥之單一單位劑型,諸如(但不限於)錠劑、膠囊、膠囊錠及囊片。
所有受控釋放醫藥產品具有改良藥物療法而達成優於其非受控對應物所達成之效果之共同目標。理想上,在醫學治療中使用經最佳設計之受控釋放製劑之特徵為使用最少藥物物質在最短時間內治癒或控制病狀。受控釋放調配物之優點包括藥物活性延長、劑量頻率降低及患者順應性增加。另外,受控釋放調配物亦可用於影響起始作用時間或其他特徵,諸如藥物之血液含量,且因此可影響副作用(例如不良反應)之發生。
大多數受控釋放調配物係經設計成初始釋放迅速產生所需治療效應之量的藥物(活性成份),且逐漸及連續釋放其他量之藥物以在一段延長時間內維持此治療或預防效應之含量。為維持藥物在體內之此恆定含量,藥物必須以替換經新陳代謝及自身體排出之量之藥物的速率自劑型釋放。活性成份之受控釋放可受多種條件刺激,該等條件包括(但不限於)pH值、溫度、酶、水或其他生理條件或化合物。
非經腸劑型可藉由多種途徑投予患者,該等途徑包括(但不限於)皮下、靜脈內(包括快速注射)、肌肉內及動脈內投予。由於非經腸劑型之投藥通常避開患者對污染物之自然防禦,因此非經腸劑型較佳為無菌的或能夠在投予患者之前經殺菌。非經腸劑型之實例包括(但不限於)備妥注射之溶液、備以溶解或懸浮於醫藥學上可接受之媒劑中用於注射之乾燥產品、備妥注射之懸浮液及乳液。
可用於提供本發明之非經腸劑型的合適媒劑為熟習此項技術者所熟知。實例包括(但不限於):USP注射用水;水性媒劑,諸如(但不限於)氯化鈉注射液、林格氏注射液(Ringer's Injection)、右旋糖注射液、右旋糖及氯化鈉注射液及乳酸化林格氏注射液;水可混溶性媒劑,諸如(但不限於)乙醇、聚乙二醇及聚丙二醇;及非水性媒劑,諸如(但不限於)玉米油、棉籽油、花生油、芝麻油、油酸乙酯、十四烷酸異丙酯及苯甲酸苯甲酯。
增加本文所揭示之一或多種活性成份之溶解性的化合物亦可併入本發明之非經腸劑型中。舉例而言,環糊精及其衍生物可用於增加本發明之免疫調節化合物及其衍生物的溶解性。例如參見美國專利第5,134,127號,其以引用的方式併入本文中。
以下非限制性實例說明本發明之某些實施例。
進行單一中心、開放標記、I/II期研究以測定最大耐受劑量(MTD)及評估3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(來那度胺或Revlimid)結合利妥昔單抗對於復發性或難治性套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)之功效。符合條件者為接受過一至四線先前療法之患者。符合條件者為使用過沙立度胺或利妥昔單抗進行先前治療(不考慮抵抗性)之患者。各治療週期(28天)包含每天經口投予3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid)歷時21天,接著停止7天,且每週藉由靜脈內輸液投予375 mg/m2
之利妥昔單抗歷時四週。使用標準I期劑量遞增試驗以10 mg、15 mg、20 mg及25 mg Revlimid之劑量水平測定MTD。劑量限制性毒性(DLT)定義為在第一週期內之3或4級非血液毒性或4級血液毒性。
10位患者參與研究,其中7位可評估。平均年齡為73,範圍為56-84;平均先前療法線數為3,範圍為1-4。每組3位患者。未遇到DLT且Revlimid之最大劑量高達20 mg。所給予之週期數在一至五個週期之範圍內。在週期內不存在3或4級毒性。1級非血液中毒事件包括4位疲勞、3位口腔炎、3位搔癢症及2位肌痛。2級非血液中毒事件包括2位皮疹及2位肌痛。1級血液事件包括3位白血球減少、2位血小板減少及1位貧血。存在一個2級貧血事件。除第一週期外,在第2週期內僅存在1個3級毒性(血小板減少)。因此,未達到MTD。分別在第3週期及第5週期兩位患者具有穩定病情。四位患者具有疾病進展且退出研究。一位患者在第一週期內病情進展。
研究結果顯示Revlimid有效治療套細胞淋巴瘤,尤其是復發性或難治性套細胞淋巴瘤。
對患有復發性及難治性侵襲性非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)之患者進行多中心、開發標記、II期研究。試驗設計成用以評估在40位患有復發性及難治性侵襲性NHL在一或多種先前治療方案後仍具有可量測疾病之患者中3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮(Revlimid或來那度胺)之口服單一療法的治療效能及安全性。在研究中,患者在28天之週期中接受每天一次口服25 mg之量的來那度胺歷時第1天至第21天,且根據耐受程度持續治療52週或直至疾病進展。
在治療週期中,以每天一次口服25 mg之量的來那度胺向25位年齡為45至80歲(平均年齡63)之患有復發性及難治性侵襲性NHL且已接受平均2.5種先前治療(範圍:1-6種先前治療)之患者投藥歷時21天。可評估16位患有侵襲性NHL之患者來作腫瘤評估。在16位患者中,8位患有彌散性大細胞性淋巴瘤,3位患有套細胞淋巴瘤,兩位患有濾泡性淋巴瘤,一位患有轉型淋巴瘤,且兩位患有未知組織學之侵襲性淋巴瘤。
有五位(31%)患者經歷對來那度胺單一療法之客觀反應。一位患者達成完全反應且四位患者達成部分反應。一位患有彌散性大細胞性淋巴瘤之患者達成完全反應,其中無進展存活期超過180天。一位患有彌散性大細胞性淋巴瘤之患者達成部分反應,其中無進展存活期為135天。一位患有彌散性大細胞性淋巴瘤之患者達成部分反應,其中無進展存活期為242天。一位患有濾泡性淋巴瘤之患者達成部分反應,其中無進展存活期超過55天。一位患有套細胞淋巴瘤之患者達成部分反應,其中無進展存活期超過57天。四位患者展現穩定病情。七位患者在平均兩個月(範圍為一至七個月)之隨訪後具有疾病進展。
在22位患者中有10位中出現3及4級不良事件。主要存在血液反應及3級不良反應,其中僅3位患者經歷4級不良反應。
以上所述之本發明之實施例意欲僅為例示性的且熟習此項技術者應認識到或將能夠僅使用常規實驗而確定特定化合物、材料及程序之多種等效物。所有該等等效物均視為在本發明之範疇內且由所附申請專利範圍涵蓋。
Claims (27)
- 一種3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或溶劑合物之用途,其係用於製備供治療人類之套細胞淋巴瘤之醫藥品,其中該治療包含(a)向患有套細胞淋巴瘤之人類投予每天約5mg至25mg之3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或溶劑合物一段期間,接著停止一段期間;及(b)重複步驟(a)。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該套細胞淋巴瘤為復發性、難治性的或對習知療法具有抵抗性。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中所投予之3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮之量為每天約5、10、15、20或25mg。
- 如請求項3之用途,其中該所投予之3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮之量為每天約10、15、20或25mg。
- 如請求項4之用途,其中該所投予之3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮之量為每天約25mg。
- 如請求項3之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮為對映異構性純的。
- 如請求項6之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮為S對映異構體。
- 如請求項6之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮為R對映異構體。
- 如請求項3之用途,其中該醫藥品係經口投予。
- 如請求項9之用途,其中該醫藥品係呈膠囊或錠劑形式。
- 如請求項3之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮係在28天之週期中投予21天,接著停止7天。
- 如請求項11之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮係在28天之週期中以每天約25mg之量投予21天,接著停止7天。
- 如請求項12之用途,其中該醫藥品係用於與每週藉由靜脈內輸液投予375mg/m2 之量的利妥昔單抗(rituximab)併用。
- 一種3-(4-胺基-1-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或溶劑合物及第二活性劑之用途,其係用於製備供治療套細胞淋巴瘤之醫藥品,其中該治療包含(a)向患有套細胞淋巴瘤之患者投予每天約5mg至25mg之3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或溶劑合物一段期間,接著停止一段期間;(b)重複步驟(a);(c)向該患者投予治療有效量之第二活性劑一段期間,接著停止一段期間,該第二活性劑係選自造血生長因子、細胞因子、抗癌劑、抗生素、cox-2抑制劑、皮質類固醇、利妥昔單抗(rituximab)或其組合;及(d)重複步驟(c)。
- 如請求項14之用途,其中該第二活性劑為利妥昔單抗。
- 如請求項14之用途,其中該第二活性劑為地塞米松(dexamethasone)。
- 如請求項14之用途,其中該第二活性劑為潑尼松(prednisone)。
- 如請求項14之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮係在28天之週期中以每天約5mg至約25mg之量投予21天,接著停止7天。
- 如請求項18之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮係在28天之週期中以每天約5mg之量投予21天,接著停止7天。
- 如請求項18之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮係在28天之週期中以每天約10mg之量投予21天,接著停止7天。
- 如請求項18之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮係在28天之週期中以每天約15mg之量投予21天,接著停止7天。
- 如請求項18之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮係在28天之週期中以每天約20mg之量投予21天,接著停止7天。
- 如請求項18之用途,其中3-(4-胺基-酮基-1,3-二氫-異吲哚-2-基)-哌啶-2,6-二酮係在28天之週期中以每天約25mg之量投予21天,接著停止7天。
- 如請求項14之用途,其中該醫藥品係經口投予。
- 如請求項24之用途,其中該醫藥品係呈膠囊或錠劑形 式。
- 如請求項15之用途,其中該利妥昔單抗係以375mg/m2 之量每週藉由靜脈內輸液投予。
- 如請求項14之用途,其中該抗癌劑為蛋白酶體抑制劑。
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