TW201328708A - 皮下之抗-her2抗體調配物 - Google Patents
皮下之抗-her2抗體調配物 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201328708A TW201328708A TW102110768A TW102110768A TW201328708A TW 201328708 A TW201328708 A TW 201328708A TW 102110768 A TW102110768 A TW 102110768A TW 102110768 A TW102110768 A TW 102110768A TW 201328708 A TW201328708 A TW 201328708A
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- her2 antibody
- high concentration
- pharmaceutical formulation
- antibody
- pharmaceutically active
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種用於皮下注射之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體(諸如曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab,HERCEPINTM)、帕妥珠單抗(Pertuzumab)或T-DM1)或該等抗體分子混合物的高濃度穩定醫藥調配物。詳言之,本發明係關於一種調配物,其中除了適量抗HER2抗體以外,尚包含有效量之組合調配物形式或以共調配物形式使用的至少一種玻尿酸酶。該等調配物另外包含至少一種緩衝劑(諸如組胺酸緩衝液)、穩定劑或兩種或兩種以上穩定劑之混合物(例如醣,諸如α,α-海藻糖二水合物或蔗糖及視情況選用作為第二穩定劑之甲硫胺酸)、非離子型界面活性劑及有效量之至少一種玻尿酸酶。亦提供一種製備該等調配物之方法及其用途。
Description
本發明係關於用於皮下注射之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體或該等抗體分子混合物的高濃度穩定醫藥調配物。除大量抗HER2抗體或其混合物以外,該等調配物包含緩衝劑、穩定劑或兩種或兩種以上穩定劑之混合物、非離子型界面活性劑及有效量之至少一種玻尿酸酶。本發明亦關於一種製備該調配物之方法及該調配物之用途。
在過去數年內,抗體之醫藥用途增多。在諸多情況下,該等抗體經由靜脈內(IV)途徑注射。令人遺憾地,可經由靜脈內途徑注射之抗體量受抗體物理-化學特性、尤其其於適合之液體調配物中的溶解性及穩定性及輸注液(infusion fluid)之體積限制。替代性投藥路徑為皮下或肌肉內注射。此等注射路徑需要在欲注射之最終溶液中有高蛋白質濃度[Shire,S.J.,Shahrokh,Z.等人,「Challenges in the development of high protein concentration formulations」,J.Pharm.Sci.2004;93(6):1390-1402;Roskos,L.K.,Davis C.G.等人,「The clinical pharmacology of therapeutic antibodies」,Drug Development Research 2004;61(3):108-120]。為增加體積,且從而增加可安全且舒適地皮下投與之治療劑量,已提出使用葡糖胺聚
糖酶以增加抗體調配物可注射之間質間隙[WO 2006/091871]。
當前市場上用於治療用途之醫藥學活性抗體之穩定調配物實例如下:
HERCEPTINTM(曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab))為一種針對HER2受體之單株抗體(抗HER2抗體),其當前在歐洲以150 mg凍乾粉(含有抗體、α,α-海藻糖二水合物、L-組胺酸及L-組胺酸鹽酸鹽及聚山梨糖醇酯20)之形式銷售,該凍乾粉應該用注射用水復原而產生約21 mg/ml之注射劑量以供輸注。在美國及許多其他國家,銷售含有440 mg曲妥珠單抗之多次劑量小瓶。
AVASTINTM(貝伐單抗(Bevacizumab))為一種針對血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)之單株抗體,其當前在歐洲分別以如下兩種類型小瓶中之液體調配物形式銷售:a)4 ml中之100 mg貝伐單抗,及b)16 ml中之400 mg貝伐單抗,於含有以下賦形劑之注射用水中提供25 mg/ml的最終濃度:海藻糖二水合物、磷酸鈉及聚山梨糖醇酯20。
雖然已發現上述抗體調配物適用於靜脈內投與,但仍希望提供用於皮下注射的治療活性抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物。皮下注射之優勢在於其使醫師可以對患者執行相當短之介入。此外,患者可經訓練而自己執行皮下注射。在維持給藥期間該自投藥尤其適用,因為無需醫院護理(減少醫療資源利用)。通常,經由皮下途徑注射限於約2 ml。對於需要多次劑量之患者,可在身體表面多個部位注射數個單位劑量調配物。
以下兩種用於皮下投與之抗體產品已在銷售。
HUMIRATM(阿達木單抗(Adalimumab))為針對腫瘤壞死因子α(TNFα)之單株抗體,其當前在歐洲以0.8 ml注射體積中之40 mg劑量形式銷售以供皮下施用(濃度:每毫升注射體積50 mg抗體)。
XOLAIRTM(奧瑪利珠單抗(Omalizumab))為一種針對免疫球蛋白E之單株抗體(抗IgE抗體),其當前以150 mg凍乾粉(含有抗體、蔗糖、組胺酸及組胺酸鹽酸鹽單水合物及聚山梨糖醇酯20)之形式銷售,該凍乾粉應該用皮下注射用水復原以產生125 mg/ml注射劑量。
當前市場上不能購得適用於皮下投與之高濃度穩定醫藥抗HER2抗體調配物。因此,仍希望提供用於皮下注射之該等治療活性抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物。
向下皮層注射非經腸藥物通常限於2 ml以下之體積,此係由於皮下(SC)組織中液壓傳導之黏彈性抗性,注射之後所產生之反壓[Aukland K.及Reed R.,「Interstitial-Lymphatic Mechanisms in the control of Extracellular Fluid Volume,Physiology Reviews」,1993;73:1-78],以及疼痛感。
製備高濃度蛋白質調配物相當具有挑戰性,且需要使各調配物適合於所用之特定蛋白質,因為各蛋白質具有不同凝集行為。在至少一些病例中,懷疑凝集物造成治療性蛋白質之免疫原性。針對蛋白質或抗體凝集物之免疫原性反應可能產生對抗體之中和,此可能致使治療性蛋白質或抗體低效率。似乎蛋白質凝集物之免疫原性為皮下注射之主要問題,因此重複投藥增加了免疫反應之風險。
雖然抗體具有極其類似之整體結構,但該等抗體之胺基酸組成(尤其負責結合於抗原之CDR區)及糖基化模式不同。此外,可能另外存在轉譯後修飾,諸如電荷及糖基化變異體。在抗HER2抗體之特定情況下,已例如針對人類化單株抗體humMAb4D5-8(=曲妥珠單抗)描述該等轉譯後修飾。已開發移除例如酸性變異體之特定
純化方法,且Basey,CD and Blank,G.S.已首次在WO 99/57134中提供包含減少量之酸性變異體(主要為去醯胺化變異體,其中原始多肽之一或多個天冬醯胺殘基已轉化為天冬胺酸酯(aspartate),亦即中性醯胺側鏈已轉化為具有總體酸性特徵之殘基)的組合物。
Andya等人(WO 97/04801及美國專利第6,267,958號、第6,685,940號、第6,821,151號及第7,060,268號)已描述包含凍乾保護劑、緩衝劑及界面活性劑之穩定凍乾抗體調配物。
WO 2006/044908提供如下抗體調配物,其包括在組胺酸-乙酸鹽緩衝液(pH值為5.5至6.5,較佳5.8至6.2)中調配之單株抗體。
因此,本發明欲解決之問題在於提供用於皮下注射之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體或該等抗體分子混合物的新穎高濃度穩定醫藥調配物。除大量抗HER2抗體或其混合物以外,該等調配物包含緩衝劑、穩定劑或兩種或兩種或兩種以上穩定劑之混合物、非離子型界面活性劑及有效量之至少一種玻尿酸酶。製備高濃度抗體調配物具有挑戰性,因為在較高蛋白質濃度下黏度可能增加,且蛋白質凝集可能增加,蛋白質凝集為本質上濃度相關之現象。高黏度不利地影響抗體調配物之加工能力(例如抽汲及過濾步驟)及投藥(例如注射能力(syringe ability))。在一些情況下,添加賦形劑可降低高黏度。蛋白質凝集之控制及分析為日益增加之挑戰。在製造製程之各個步驟(包括醱酵、純化、調配)期間及儲存期間可能遭遇凝集。不同因素(諸如溫度、蛋白質濃度、攪拌應力、冷凍及融化、溶劑及界面活性劑作用及化學修飾)可能影響治療性蛋白質之凝集行為。在產生高濃度抗體調配物期間,必須藉由添加各種賦形劑及界面活性劑監測及控制蛋白質之凝集趨勢[Kiese S.等人,J.Pharm.Sci.,2008;97(10);4347-4366]。製備本發明之醫藥學活性
抗HER2抗體的適合高濃度穩定醫藥調配物的挑戰因以下實情而增加:必須以一定方式在一種液體調配物中調配兩種不同蛋白質以使調配物經數週仍保持穩定且使醫藥學活性成分在適當儲存期間仍保持活性。
在一第一態樣中,本發明提供一種用於皮下注射之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體或該等抗體分子混合物的高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其為即用型的。
更特定言之,本發明之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體調配物的高濃度穩定醫藥調配物包含:- 約50至350 mg/ml抗HER2抗體;- 提供5.5±2.0之pH值的約1至100 mM緩衝劑;- 約1至500 mM穩定劑或兩種或兩種以上穩定劑之混合物,其中視情況選用作為第二穩定劑之甲硫胺酸例如以5至25 mM之濃度存在;- 0.01至0.1%非離子型界面活性劑;及- 有效量之至少一種玻尿酸酶。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供調配物的用途,其用於製備適用於治療個體之可接受抗HER2抗體治療之疾病或病症(例如癌症或非惡性疾病)之藥物,包含向個體投與有效治療該疾病或病症之量的本文所述之調配物。抗HER2抗體可與化學治療劑同時或依序共投與。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供治療個體之可接受抗HER2抗體治療之疾病或病症(例如癌症或非惡性疾病)的方法,其包含向個體投與有效治療該疾病或病症之量的本文所述之調配物。癌症或非惡
性疾病一般涉及表現HER2之細胞,以便本發明之治療性醫藥皮下調配物中的HER2抗體能夠結合於受影響之細胞。
本發明亦提供由醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體或該抗體與適合量之至少一種玻尿酸酶之混合物的高濃度穩定醫藥調配物組成的套組形式醫藥組合物,該套組包含注射組分與適於其皮下投藥之說明書。
本發明之另一態樣係關於注射裝置,其包含本發明之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物。該調配物可由醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體或該等抗體分子與下述適合之賦形劑的混合物組成,且可另外包含組合調配物或用於共投與之各別調配物形式的可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白。
本發明之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體調配物之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物可以液體形式提供或可以凍乾形式提供。根據WO 97/04801中之教示,復原調配物中之抗體濃度可藉由復原凍乾調配物以使復原調配物中之蛋白質濃度為凍乾步驟之前混合物中之蛋白質濃度的約2-40倍而增加。
抗HER2抗體濃度為100至150 mg/ml,例如120±18 mg/ml,約110 mg/ml,約120 mg/ml或約130 mg/ml。
提供5.5±2.0之pH值的緩衝劑濃度為1至50 mM,例如10至30 mM或約20 mM。各種緩衝劑為熟習此項技術者所已知且如下文進一步描述。緩衝劑可為組胺酸緩衝液,例如L-組胺酸/HCl。在一特定實施例中,L-組胺酸/HCl緩衝液之pH值為約5.5或約6.0。
穩定劑為例如主管機構許可作為醫藥調配物中之適合添加劑或賦形劑的碳水化合物或醣或糖,例如α,α-海藻糖二水合物或蔗糖。穩定劑之濃度為15至250 mM,或150至250 mM,或約210 mM。調配物可含有第二穩定劑,其中該第二穩定劑可為甲硫胺酸,例
如濃度為5至25 mM或濃度為5至15 mM(例如濃度為約5 mM、約10 mM或約15 mM之甲硫胺酸)。
醫藥學上可接受之界面活性劑之適合實例包括聚氧乙烯-脫水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯(Tween)、聚乙烯-聚丙二醇、聚氧乙烯-硬脂酸酯、聚氧乙烯烷基醚(例如聚氧乙烯單月桂基醚)、烷基苯基聚氧乙烯醚(Triton-X)、聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯共聚物(Poloxamer、Pluronic)及十二烷基硫酸鈉(SDS)。最適合之聚氧乙烯脫水山梨糖醇-脂肪酸酯為聚山梨糖醇酯20(以商標Tween 20TM銷售)及聚山梨糖醇酯80(以商標Tween 80TM銷售)。最適合之聚乙烯-聚丙烯共聚物為以名稱Pluronic® F68或Poloxamer 188TM銷售者。最適合之聚氧乙烯烷基醚為以商標BrijTM銷售者。最適合之烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚以商標名Triton-X銷售。非離子型界面活性劑可為例如選自聚山梨糖醇酯20、聚山梨糖醇酯80之群的聚山梨糖醇酯,及聚乙烯-聚丙烯共聚物。非離子型界面活性劑之濃度為0.01至0.1%(w/v),或0.01至0.08%(w/v),或0.025至0.075%(w/v),或更尤其為約0.02、0.04或0.06%(w/v)。
玻尿酸酶之濃度取決於製備本發明之調配物中所用的實際玻尿酸酶。玻尿酸酶之有效量可易於由熟習此項技術者基於下文進一步描述之揭示內容確定。應以足量提供,以使得可提高共投與之抗HER2抗體的分散及吸收。玻尿酸酶之最小量為>150 U/ml。更特定言之,玻尿酸酶之有效量為約1'000至16'000 U/ml,其中基於100'000 U/mg之假定比活性,該量對應於約0.01 mg至0.16 mg蛋白質。或者,玻尿酸酶之濃度為約1'500至12'000 U/ml,或更尤其為約2'000 U/ml或約12'000 U/ml。上文指定之量對應於最初添加至調配物中之玻尿酸酶之量。如例示性調配物中所證實,最終調配物
中所量測到之玻尿酸酶濃度可能在特定範圍內變化。因此,例如,添加12'000 U/ml酶之後立即量測到之實際量測玻尿酸酶(HE)濃度展示在12355 U/ml至15178 U/ml之間變化(參見表1調配物A至F及表3調配物H)。如下文進一步概述,玻尿酸酶以組合之最終調配物形式存在或以用於共投與之形式(例如共調配物)存在。本發明調配物之重要問題在於,在其即將使用及/或注射時,其具有隨附申請專利範圍中所述之組成。玻尿酸酶與抗HER2抗體之比率(w/w)範圍為1:1'000至1:8'000,或範圍為1:4'000至1:5'000或約1:6'000。
玻尿酸酶可源自動物、人類樣品或基於下文進一步描述之重組DNA技術製造。
在某些實施例中,本發明之高濃度穩定醫藥抗HER2抗體調配物具有以下組成之一:
a)100至150 mg/ml抗HER2抗體,例如選自曲妥珠單抗、帕妥珠單抗及T-DM1之群的抗HER2抗體;1至50 mM組胺酸緩衝液,例如pH值為約5.5之L-組胺酸/HCl;15至250 mM穩定劑,其為例如α,α-海藻糖二水合物,及視情況選用作為第二穩定劑之濃度為5至25 mM之甲硫胺酸;約0.01至0.08%非離子型界面活性劑;及>150至16'000 U/ml、更尤其1'000至16'000 U/ml玻尿酸酶,諸如rHuPH20,例如濃度為約2'000 U/ml或約12'000 U/ml。
b)120±18 mg/ml抗HER2抗體,例如選自曲妥珠單抗、帕妥珠單抗及T-DM1之群的抗HER2抗體;10至30 mM或約20 mM組胺酸緩衝液,諸如pH值為約5.5之L-組胺酸/HCl;150至250 mM或約210 mM穩定劑,其為例如α,α-海藻糖二水合物,及視情況選用作為第二穩定劑之濃度為5至25 mM或5
至15 mM或約10 mM的甲硫胺酸;約0.01至0.08%非離子型界面活性劑;及1'000至16'000 U/ml或1'500至12'000 U/ml、約2'000 U/ml或約12'000 U/ml玻尿酸酶,諸如rHuPH20。
c)約120 mg/ml抗HER2抗體,例如選自曲妥珠單抗、帕妥珠單抗及T-DM1之群的抗HER2抗體;10至30 mM或約20 mM組胺酸緩衝液,諸如pH值為約5.5之L-組胺酸/HCl;150至250 mM,例如約210 mM穩定劑,其為例如α,α-海藻糖二水合物,及視情況選用作為第二穩定劑之濃度為5至25 mM或5至15 mM或約10 mM的甲硫胺酸;約0.01至0.08%非離子型界面活性劑;及1'000至16'000 U/ml或1'500至12'000 U/ml或更尤其約2'000 U/ml或約12'000 U/ml玻尿酸酶,諸如rHuPH20。
d)約120 mg/ml抗HER2抗體,例如選自曲妥珠單抗、帕妥珠單抗及T-DM1之群的抗HER2抗體;約20 mM組胺酸緩衝液,諸如pH值為約5.5之L-組胺酸/HCl;約210 mM α,α-海藻糖二水合物及視情況選用作為第二穩定劑之約10 mM甲硫胺酸;0.04或0.06%聚山梨糖醇酯20;及約12'000 U/ml玻尿酸酶,諸如rHuPH20;及尤其下文指定之調配物A。
e)約120 mg/ml抗HER2抗體,例如選自曲妥珠單抗、帕妥珠單抗及T-DM1之群的抗HER2抗體;約20 mM組胺酸緩衝液,諸如pH值為約5.5之L-組胺酸/HCl;約210 mM α,α-海藻糖二水合物及視情況選用作為第二穩定劑之10 mM甲硫胺酸;0.04或0.06%聚山梨糖醇酯20;及約2'000 U/ml玻尿酸酶,諸如rHuPH20;及尤其下文指定之調配物X。
f)凍乾調配物,其包含:120 mg/ml抗HER2抗體,例如選自
曲妥珠單抗、帕妥珠單抗及T-DM1之群的抗HER2抗體;20 mM組胺酸緩衝液,諸如pH值為約5.5之L-組胺酸/HCl;210 mM α,α-海藻糖二水合物及視情況選用作為第二穩定劑之10 mM甲硫胺酸;約0.04至0.06%非離子型界面活性劑;及尤其下文指定之調配物Y。此等調配物可用1'000至16'000 U/ml,或1'500至12'000 U/ml,或更尤其約2'000 U/ml或約12'000 U/ml玻尿酸酶(諸如rHuPH20)復原。
在另一實施例中,本發明之高濃度穩定醫藥抗HER2抗體調配物具有表1、3及4中所指定組成之一,其中調配物C、D、E及F因為實例及表1中所概述之不太適宜之特性而為次佳。
已提出使用少量可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白(sHASEGP)可有利於治療性蛋白質及抗體之皮下注射;參見WO 2006/091871。已展示添加該等可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白(組合調配物形式或藉由共投與達成)有利於向下皮層投與治療性藥物。藉由使細胞外間隙中之玻尿酸(Hyaluronan)HA快速解聚,sHASEGP降低間質之黏度,從而增加液壓傳導,且使得可向皮下組織安全且舒適地投與較大體積。sHASEGP經由降低間質黏度而誘導之液壓傳導增加使得可獲得更大分散,從而可能增加皮下投與之治療性藥物的全身生物可用性。
因此,本發明之包含可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白的高濃度穩定醫藥調配物尤其適合於皮下注射。熟習此項技術者顯然應瞭解,該包含抗HER2抗體及可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白之調配物可經提供而以一種單一組合調配物形式或者以可在即將皮下注射之前混合的兩種各別調配物之形式投與。或者,抗HER2抗體及可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白可在身體不同部位、較佳在彼此緊鄰之部位以各別注射
液形式投與。亦可以連續注射液形式注射本發明之調配物中所存在的治療劑,例如首先注射可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白,繼而注射抗HER2抗體調配物。此等注射亦可以相反次序執行,即首先注射抗HER2抗體調配物,繼而注射可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白。若抗HER2抗體及可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白以各別注射液形式投與,則該等蛋白質中一者或兩者必須具有隨附申請專利範圍中所指定濃度的緩衝劑、穩定劑及非離子型界面活性劑,但不包括玻尿酸酶。可隨後例如在pH值為約6.5之L-組胺酸/HCl緩衝液、100至150 mM NaCl及0.01至0.1%(w/v)聚山梨糖醇酯20或聚山梨糖醇酯80中提供玻尿酸酶。詳言之,在pH 6.5之20 mM L-組胺酸/HCl緩衝液、130 mM NaCl、0.05%(w/v)聚山梨糖醇酯80中提供玻尿酸酶,如下文表1之調配物G中所特別例示。
如上所述,可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白可視為抗HER2調配物中之另一賦形劑。可將可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白在製備抗HER2調配物時添加至抗HER2調配物中,或可在即將注射之前添加。或者,可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白可以各別注射液形式提供。在後者之情況下,可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白可在各別小瓶中以凍乾形式(其必須在進行皮下注射之前用適合之稀釋劑復原)由製造商提供,或可以液體調配物形式由製造商提供。抗HER2調配物及可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白可以各別實體形式獲得,或亦可以包含注射組分與適於其皮下投與之說明書的套組形式提供。亦可提供適於復原及/或投與一或兩種調配物之說明書。
因此,本發明亦提供由醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體或該抗體與適量至少一種玻尿酸酶之混合物的高濃度穩定醫藥調配物組成的套組形式的醫藥組合物,該套組包含注射組分與適於其皮下投藥之
說明書。
本發明之另一態樣係關於注射裝置,其包含本發明之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物。該調配物可由醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體或該等抗體分子與下述適合之賦形劑的混合物組成,且可另外包含組合調配物或用於共投與之各別調配物形式的可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白。
先前技術中已知多種抗HER2抗體。該等抗體較佳為單株抗體。其可為所謂的嵌合抗體、人類化抗體或全人類抗體。其可為全長抗HER2抗體;具有相同生物活性之抗HER2抗體片段;包括該等抗體或片段之胺基酸序列變異體及/或糖基化變異體。已知人類化抗HER2抗體之實例,根據INN名稱為曲妥珠單抗及帕妥珠單抗。另一適合之抗HER2抗體為T-DM1,其為由huMAb4D5-8(HERCEPINTM)及類美登素(maytansinoide,即DM1=N2'-去乙醯基-N2'-(3-巰基-1-側氧基丙基)-美登素(maytansine);一種高度有效之抗微管劑)組成之抗體-毒素結合物,該結合物(具有MCC連接子)目前正在開發中以用於轉移性乳癌。其他具有各種特性之HER2抗體描述於以下文獻中:Tagliabue等人,Int.J.Cancer,47:933-937(1991);McKenzie等人,Oncogene,4:543-548(1989);Cancer Res.,51:5361-5369(1991);Bacus等人,Molecular Carcinogenesis,3:350-362(1990);Stancovski等人,PNAS(USA),88:8691-8695(1991);Bacus等人,Cancer Research,52:2580-2589(1992);Xu等人,Int.J.Cancer,53:401-408(1993);WO 94/00136;Kasprzyk等人,Cancer Research,52:2771-2776(1992);Hancock等人,Cancer Res.,51:4575-4580(1991);Shawver等人,Cancer Res.,54:1367-1373(1994);Arteaga等人,Cancer Res.,54:3758-3765(1994);Harwerth等人,J.Biol.Chem.,267:15160-15167
(1992);美國專利第5,783,186號;及Klapper等人,Oncogene,14:2099-2109(1997)。最成功之治療性抗HER2抗體為曲妥珠單抗(由Genentech Inc.及F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd以商標名HERCEPINTM銷售)。關於HER2抗原及針對其之抗體的更多詳情描述於許多專利及非專利公開案中(對於適合之概述,參見美國專利第5,821,337號及WO 2006/044908)。
抗HER2抗體例如係選自曲妥珠單抗、帕妥珠單抗及T-DM1之群,且亦可由抗HER2抗體(諸如曲妥珠單抗與帕妥珠單抗或T-DM1與帕妥珠單抗)之混合物組成。已發現帕妥珠單抗與曲妥珠單抗之組合在患有轉移性HER2陽性乳癌且在先前曲妥珠單抗療法期間已惡化之患者中具有活性且具有良好耐受性[參見例如Baselga,J.等人,Journal of Clin.Oncol.第28卷(7)2010:第1138-1144頁]。在本文中,本發明之調配物例示為具有抗HER2抗體曲妥珠單抗。術語「曲妥珠單抗」、「帕妥珠單抗」及「T-DM1」涵蓋滿足在選自由美國、歐洲及日本組成之國家之群的國家或領土獲得相同或生物上類似產品之銷售授權所需要求的所有相應抗HER2抗體。曲妥珠單抗具有EP-B-590058中定義之CDR區。帕妥珠單抗具有WO 01/00245中所定義之CDR區。發現曲妥珠單抗在BT-474抗增殖檢定[Nahta,R.等人,「The HER-2-targeting antibodies Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab synergistically inhibit the survival of breast cancer cells」,Cancer Res.2004;64:2343.2346]中之活性介於0.7-1.3×104 U/mg之間。T-DM1描述於WO 2005/117986中。
歐洲已批准HERCEPINTM(曲妥珠單抗)用於如下治療具有過度表現HER2之腫瘤的轉移性乳癌(MBC)患者:
- 單一療法,其用於治療已針對轉移性疾病接受至少兩種化學療
法方案之患者。先前化學療法必須包括至少一種蒽環黴素(anthracycline)及紫杉烷(taxane),除非患者不適合於此等治療。激素受體陽性患者亦必須已在激素療法中失敗,除非患者不適合於此等治療。
- 與太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel)組合以治療尚未針對轉移性疾病接受化學療法且蒽環黴素不適合之彼等患者。
- 與多西他賽(docetaxel)組合以治療尚未針對轉移性疾病接受化學療法之彼等患者。
- 與芳香酶抑制劑組合以治療先前尚未用曲妥珠單抗治療之停經後激素受體陽性MBC患者。
歐洲亦批准曲妥珠單抗在手術、化學療法(新輔助化學療法或輔助化學療法)及放射療法(若適用)之後用於治療具有過度表現HER2之腫瘤的MBC患者,用於治療HER2陽性早期乳癌(EBC)患者。
此外,目前正開發曲妥珠單抗以用於治療胃癌。
目前批准曲妥珠單抗之兩種給藥方案(表1);對於轉移性乳癌(MBC)與早期乳癌(EBC),每週一次(q1w)及每3週一次(q3w)。在q1w給藥方案中,速效劑量為4 mg/kg,繼而2 mg/kg之後續劑量。在q3w給藥方案中,速效劑量為8 mg/kg,繼而6 mg/kg之後續劑量。
如上所述,用於靜脈內投與之HERCEPINTM(曲妥珠單抗)目前以小瓶中之凍乾形式銷售。在歐洲銷售之調配物中,各小瓶含有凍乾含有以下組分之6.25 ml填充體積之滅菌水溶液之後獲得的乾燥殘餘物:150 mg曲妥珠單抗(實際156.3 mg以確保復原之後可自最終產物中移出150 mg之標稱量)、3.50 mg L-組胺酸鹽酸鹽、2.25 mg L-組胺酸、141.9 mg α,α-海藻糖二水合物、0.63 mg聚山梨糖醇
酯20。溶解之凍乾劑含有約24 mg/ml曲妥珠單抗、5 mM L-組胺酸/HCl(pH 6.0)、60 mM α,α-海藻糖二水合物、0.01%聚山梨糖醇酯20。隨後將溶液添加至輸液中,接著經90分鐘向患者投與輸液(在MBC中,若耐受性良好,則可隨後經30分鐘給與輸液)。
先前技術中已知多種可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白。為進一步詳細說明該等可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白之功能、作用機制及特性,提供以下背景資訊。
皮下(下皮層)間質性基質由包埋於黏彈性葡糖胺聚糖凝膠內之纖維狀蛋白網路構成。玻尿酸(HA)(非硫酸化重複線性二醣)為皮下組織之突出葡糖胺聚糖。HA由纖維母細胞以高分子量兆道爾頓黏性聚合物形式分泌於間質中,其隨後在淋巴及肝臟中經由溶酶體玻尿酸酶及外切醣苷酶之作用局部降解。身體中約50%玻尿酸由皮下組織產生,每公克濕重組織中可見約0.8 mg玻尿酸[前述Aukland K.及Reed R.]。據估計,平均70公斤成人含有15公克HA,其中每日轉換30%(合成及降解)[Laurent L.B.等人,「Cataboiism of hyaluronan in rabbit skin takes place locally,in lymph nodes and liver」,Exp.Physiol.1991;76:695-703]。作為下皮層基質之膠狀組分的主要成分,HA對下皮層基質之黏度起重要作用。
葡糖胺聚糖(GAG)為細胞外基質(ECM)之線性複合多醣。GAG之特徵為N上經取代之己糖胺及糖醛酸(在玻尿酸(HA)、硫酸軟骨素(CS)、軟骨素(C)、硫酸皮膚素(DS)、硫酸乙醯肝素(HS)及肝素(H)的情況下)或半乳糖(在硫酸角質素(KS)的情況下)之重複二醣結構。除HA以外,所有現存之GAG均共價結合於核心蛋白質。GAG與其核心蛋白質一起在結構上稱作蛋白聚糖(PG)。
在哺乳動物中,玻尿酸(HA)主要存在於結締組織、皮膚、軟
骨及滑液中。玻尿酸亦為眼睛玻璃體之主要成分。在結締組織中,與玻尿酸結合之水合水在組織之間產生水合基質。玻尿酸在與細胞運動相關之生物現象(包括快速發育、再生、修復、胚胎發生、胚胎發育、創傷癒合、血管生成及腫瘤形成)中起重要作用[Toole,Cell Biol.Extracell.Matrix,Hay(編),Plenum Press,New York,1991;第1384-1386頁;Bertrand等人,Int.J.Cancer 1992;52:1-6;Knudson等人,FASEB J.1993;7:1233-1241]。另外,玻尿酸含量與腫瘤侵襲性相關[Ozello等人,Cancer Res.1960;20:600-604;Takeuchi等人,Cancer Res.1976;36:2133-2139;Kimata等人,Cancer Res.1983;43:1347-1354]。
HA可見於許多細胞之細胞外基質、尤其柔軟結締組織中。已賦予HA各種生理功能,諸如在水及血漿蛋白質內穩定中[Laurent T.C等人,FASEB J.,1992;6:2397-2404]。HA產生在增殖細胞中增加且其可在有絲分裂中起作用。其亦與移動(locomotion)及細胞遷移有關。HA在細胞調節、發育及分化中似乎起重要作用[前述Laurent等人]。
HA已廣泛用於臨床醫學中。已證實其組織保護及流變特性適用於眼部手術(例如在白內障手術期間保護角膜內皮)。血清HA為肝臟疾病及各種發炎病狀(諸如類風濕性關節炎)的診斷手段。HA積累所致之間質性水腫可能造成各種器官之功能障礙[前述Laurent等人]。
玻尿酸蛋白相互作用亦與細胞外基質或「基質(ground substance)」之結構有關。
玻尿酸酶為一群存在於整個動物界中之一般中性或酸活性酶。玻尿酸酶在受質特異性及作用機制方面不同(WO
2004/078140)。存在三種一般類別之玻尿酸酶:
1.哺乳動物型玻尿酸酶(EC 3.2.1.35),其為內-β-N-乙醯基己糖胺酶,其中四醣及六醣為主要終產物。其具有水解與轉醣苷酶活性,且可降解玻尿酸及硫酸軟骨素(CS),一般C4-S及C6-S。
2.細菌玻尿酸酶(EC 4.2.99.1)降解玻尿酸且以不同程度降解CS及DS。其為內-β-N-乙醯基己糖胺酶,藉由主要產生二醣終產物之β-消去反應操作。
3.來自水蛭、其他寄生蟲及甲殼類之玻尿酸酶(EC 3.2.1.36)為經由水解β-1-3鍵產生四醣及六醣終產物之內-β-葡萄醣醛酸酶。
哺乳動物玻尿酸酶可進一步分成兩組:中性活性及酸活性酶。人類基因組中存在六種玻尿酸酶樣基因HYAL1、HYAL2、HYAL3、HYAL4、HYALP1及PH20/SPAM1。HYALP1為假基因,且HYAL3尚未展示對任何已知受質具有酶活性。HYAL4為軟骨素酶且對玻尿酸展現極小活性。HYAL1為原型酸活性酶,且PH20為原型中性活性酶。酸活性玻尿酸酶(諸如HYAL1及HYAL2)一般在中性pH值(亦即pH 7)下缺乏催化活性。舉例而言,在活體外,超過pH 4.5,HYAL1具有極小催化活性[Frost I.G.及Stern,R.,「A microtiter-based assay for hyaluronidase activity not requiring specialized reagents」,Anal.Biochemistry,1997;251:263-269]。HYAL2為活體外具有極低比活性之酸活性酶。
玻尿酸酶樣酶之特徵亦可為一般經由糖基磷脂醯肌醇錨鎖定於質膜之玻尿酸酶樣酶(諸如人類HYAL2及人類PH20)[Danilkovitch-Miagkova等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U SA,2003;100(8):4580-4585;Phelps等人,Science 1988;240(4860):1780-1782],及一般可溶之玻尿酸酶樣酶(諸如人類HYAL1)[Frost,
I.G.等人,「Purification,cloning,and expression of human plasma hyaluronidase」,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.1997;236(1):10-15]。然而,物種與物種之間存在變化:例如,牛PH20極鬆弛地連接於質膜且並未經由磷脂酶敏感性錨錨定[Lalancette等人,Biol.Reprod.,2001;65(2):628-36]。牛玻尿酸酶之此獨有特徵使得可以萃取物形式(WydaseTM、HyalaseTM)使用可溶性牛睪丸玻尿酸酶以供臨床使用。其他PH20物質為脂質錨定酶,在不使用清潔劑或脂肪酶的情況下,其一般不溶。舉例而言,人類PH20經由GPI錨錨定於質膜。嘗試製備不向多肽中引入脂質錨的人類PH20 DNA構築體會產生無催化活性酶或不溶性酶[Arming等人,Eur.J.Biochem.,1997;247(3):810-4]。天然存在之獼猴精子玻尿酸酶以可溶性與膜結合形式存在。儘管64 kDa膜結合形式在pH 7.0下具有酶活性,但54 kDa形式僅在pH 4.0下有活性[Cherr等人,Dev.Biol.,1996;10;175(1):142-53]。因此,PH20之可溶性形式通常在中性條件下缺乏酶活性。
如上所述且根據WO 2006/091871中之教示,可將少量可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白(sHASEGP)引入調配物中以有利於向下皮層投與治療性藥物。藉由使細胞外間隙中之HA快速解聚,sHASEGP降低間質之黏度,從而增加液壓傳導,且使得可向皮下組織安全且舒適地投與較大體積。sHASEGP經由降低間質黏度而誘導之液壓傳導增加使得可獲得更大分散,從而可能增加皮下投與之治療性藥物的全身生物可用性。
當注射於下皮層中時,sHASEGP使HA解聚侷限於皮下組織中之注射部位。實驗證據展示,在小鼠中,sHASEGP在間質間隙中以13至20分鐘之半衰期局部失活,CD-1小鼠中單次靜脈內劑量之
後,血液中無可偵測之全身性吸收。在小鼠及獼猴的血管腔隙內,sHASEGP分別展示2.3分鐘及5分鐘之半衰期,其中劑量多達0.5 mg/kg。皮下組織中,sHASEGP之快速清除及HA受質之不斷合成使得其他共注射分子之短暫及局部主動滲透增加,該等作用在投藥後24至48小時內可完全逆轉[Bywaters G.L.等人,「Reconstitution of the dermal barrier to dye spread after Hyaluronidase injection」,Br.Med.J.,1951;2(4741):1178-1183]。
除對局部流體分散之作用以外,sHASEGP亦充當吸收增強劑。大於16千道爾頓(kDa)之大分子主要經由擴散自毛細管吸收中排除,且主要經由引流淋巴結吸收。因此,皮下投與之大分子(諸如治療性抗體(分子量為約150 kDa))必須穿越間質性基質,然後才能到達引流淋巴管以隨後吸收於血管腔隙中。藉由提高局部分散性,sHASEGP使許多大分子之吸收率(Ka)增加。相對於在無sHASEGP之情況下皮下投藥,此使得峰值血液濃度(Cmax)增加且可能使生物可用性增加[Bookbinder L.H.等人,「A recombinant human enzyme for enhanced interstitial transport of therapeutics」,J.Control.Release 2006;114:230-241]。
動物來源之玻尿酸酶產品在臨床上已使用超過60年,主要用於提高其他共投與藥物之分散及吸收且用於皮下灌注(大體積流體之皮下注射/輸注)[Frost G.I,「Recombinant human hyaluronidase(rHuPH20):an enabling platform for subcutaneous drug and fluid administration」,Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery,2007;4:427-440]。關於玻尿酸酶作用機制之詳述已詳細描述於以下刊物中:Duran-Reynolds F.,「A spreading factor in certain snake venoms and its relation to their mode of action」,CR Soc Biol Paris,1938;
69-81;Chain E.,「A mucolytic enzyme in testes extracts」,Nature 1939;977-978;Weissmann B.,「The transglycosylative action of testicular hyaluronidase」,J.Biol.Chem.,1955;216:783-94;Tammi,R,Saamanen,A.M.,Maibach,H.I.,Tammi M.,「Degradation of newly synthesized high molecular mass hyaluronan in the epidermal and dermal compartments of human skin in organ culture」,J.Invest.Dermatol.1991;97:126-130;Laurent,U.B.G.,Dahl,L.B.,Reed,R.K.,「Catabolism of hyaluronan in rabbit skin takes place locally,in lymph nodes and liver」,Exp.Physiol.1991;76:695-703;Laurent,T.C.及Fraser,J.R.E.,「Degradation of Bioactive Substances:Physiology and Pathophysiology」,Henriksen,J.H.(編)CRC Press,Boca Raton,FL;1991.第249-265頁;Harris,E.N等人,「Endocytic function,glycosaminoglycan specificity,and antibody sensitivity of the recombinant human 190-kDa hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis(HARE)」,J.Biol.Chem.2004;279:36201-36209;Frost,G.I,「Recombinant human hyaluronidase(rHuPH20):an enabling platform for subcutaneous drug and fluid administration」,Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery,2007;4:427-440。歐洲國家批准之玻尿酸酶產品包括Hylase®「Dessau」及Hyalase®。美國批准之動物來源之玻尿酸酶產品包括VitraseTM、HydaseTM及AmphadaseTM。
玻尿酸酶產品之安全性及功效已廣泛確定。所鑑別出之最顯著安全性風險為過敏(hypersensitivity、allergenicity),認為此安全性風險與源自動物之製劑純度不足有關[Frost,G.I.,「Recombinant human hyaluronidase(rHuPH20):an enabling platform for subcutaneous drug and fluid administration」,Expert Opinion on
Drug Delivery,2007;4:427-440]。應注意,源自動物之玻尿酸酶的批准劑量在英國、德國及美國存在差異。在英國,作為皮下或肌肉內注射之佐劑的常用劑量為1500單位,直接添加至注射劑中。在美國,用於此目的之常用劑量為150單位。在皮下灌注時,使用玻尿酸酶輔助皮下投與相對大體積之流體。在英國,一般每500至1000 ml流體給與1500單位玻尿酸酶以供皮下使用。在美國,認為每公升皮下灌注液150單位為適合的。在德國,認為150至300單位適用於此目的。在英國,藉由添加1500單位加速局部麻醉劑之擴散。在德國及美國,認為150單位適用於此目的。儘管存在劑量差異(英國之劑量為美國之十倍),但並未報導分別在美國及英國銷售之源自動物之玻尿酸酶產品安全概況的明顯差異。
2005年12月2日,Halozyme Therapeutics Inc.收到FDA對重組人類玻尿酸酶rHuPH20(HYLENEXTM)之可注射調配物的許可。FDA批准150單位劑量之HYLENEXTM用於以下指示之皮下投與:
- 作為佐劑以提高其他注射藥物之吸收及分散
- 用於皮下灌注
- 作為皮下尿路攝影術之佐劑以改良X射線造影劑(radiopaque agent)之再吸收。
作為該法規回顧(regulatory review)之一部分,已確定rHuPH20具有與先前批准之源自動物之玻尿酸酶製劑相同的提高其他注射藥物之分散及吸收的特性,但具有改良之安全概況。詳言之,相較於源自動物之玻尿酸酶,使用重組人類玻尿酸酶(rHuPH20)使可能之污染動物病原體及傳染性海綿狀腦病之風險減至最低。
可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白(sHASEGP)、其製備方法及其在醫藥
組合物中之用途已描述於WO 2004/078140中。WO 2006/091871中提及使用可溶性玻尿酸酶醣蛋白與各種例示性抗體(諸如曲妥珠單抗)的組合。
下文進一步概述之詳細實驗研究展示本發明之調配物意外地具有有利之儲存穩定性,且滿足健康管理機構許可之所有必需要求。
本發明調配物中之玻尿酸酶例如藉由提高活性物質之吸收而促進抗HER2抗體傳遞至全身循環(其充當滲透增強劑)。玻尿酸酶亦藉由可逆性水解玻尿酸(皮下間質組織之細胞外組分)而促進治療性抗HER2抗體經由皮下施用途徑傳遞於全身循環中。水解下皮層中之玻尿酸暫時開放皮下組織間質間隙中之通道,從而改良治療性抗HER2抗體於全身循環中的傳遞。另外,該投藥法可降低人類之疼痛,且減少皮下組織體積造成之腫脹(volume derived swell)。
玻尿酸酶在局部投與時具有完全局部作用。換言之,玻尿酸酶在數分鐘內局部失活且代謝,且尚未發現具有全身或長期作用。玻尿酸酶在進入血流數分鐘內即快速失活,因此實際上無需在不同玻尿酸酶產物之間執行擬似之生物分佈研究。此特性亦使任何可能之全身安全顧慮減至最低,因為玻尿酸酶產物不能作用於遠端部位。
所有玻尿酸酶之一致特徵為其使玻尿酸解聚之能力,與化學結構、物種來源、組織來源或源自相同物種及組織之藥品批次之差異無關。其不同尋常之處在於儘管其具有不同結構,但活性相同(除效能以外)。
本發明調配物之玻尿酸酶賦形劑之特徵為對本文所述之穩定
醫藥調配物中的抗HER2抗體之分子完整性無不利影響。此外,玻尿酸酶僅改變抗HER2抗體向全身循環之傳遞,但沒有任何可以提供或造成全身吸收抗HER2抗體之治療作用之特性。玻尿酸酶不可全身生物利用,且在本發明之穩定醫藥調配物所推薦儲存條件下,不會不利地影響抗HER2抗體之分子完整性。因此,其應視為本發明抗HER2抗體調配物的賦形劑。因為其不發揮治療作用,故其代表醫藥形式中除治療活性抗HER2抗體以外之成分。
由先前技術已知多種適於本發明之玻尿酸酶。較佳酶為人類玻尿酸酶,最佳酶稱作rHuPH20。rHuPH20為藉由水解N-乙醯基葡糖胺之C1位置與葡糖醛酸之C4位置之間的β-1,4鍵使玻尿酸解聚的中性及酸活性β-1,4糖基水解酶家族之成員。玻尿酸為結締組織(諸如皮下間質組織)及某些特化組織(諸如臍帶及玻璃狀液)之細胞內基質中存在的多醣。玻尿酸之水解暫時降低間質組織之黏度且促進注入流體或局部滲出液或滲出物之分散,從而有利於其吸收。玻尿酸酶之作用為局部且可逆的,其中組織玻尿酸之完全復原在24至48小時內發生[Frost,G.I.,「Recombinant human hyaluronidase(rHuPH20):an enabling platform for subcutaneous drug and fluid administration」,Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery,2007;4:427-440]。經由水解玻尿酸增加結締組織滲透性與玻尿酸酶提高共投與分子之分散及吸收之能力的功效有關。
人類基因組含有數種玻尿酸酶基因。僅PH20基因產物在生理學細胞外條件下具有有效玻尿酸酶活性,且充當展布劑,而酸活性玻尿酸酶不具有此特性。
rHuPH20為目前可用於治療用途之第一個且僅有之重組人類玻尿酸酶。天然存在之人類PH20蛋白具有將其錨定於質膜之連接
於羧基端胺基酸的脂質錨。Halozyme開發之rHuPH20酶為截短型缺失變異體,其羧基端缺乏負責脂質連接之該等胺基酸。此產生類似於牛睪丸製劑中存在之蛋白質的可溶性中性pH值活性酶。該rHuPH20蛋白用分泌過程期間自N端移出之35個胺基酸的信號肽合成。成熟rHuPH20蛋白含有與一些牛玻尿酸酶製劑中存在之胺基酸序列直系同源的真實N端胺基酸序列。
PH20玻尿酸酶(包括源自動物之PH20及重組人類rHuPH20)藉由水解N-乙醯基葡糖胺之C1位置與葡糖醛酸之C4位置之間的β-1,4鍵而使玻尿酸解聚。四醣為最小消化產物[Weissmann,B.,「The transglycosylative action of testicular hyaluronidase」,J.Biol.Chem.,1955;216:783-94]。此N-乙醯基葡糖胺/葡糖醛酸結構不存在於重組生物產物之N連接型聚糖中,因此rHuPH20不能影響與其一起調配之抗體(諸如曲妥珠單抗)的糖基化。rHuPH20酶本身每分子具有六個N連接型聚糖,其中核心結構類似於單株抗體中存在之核心結構。如所預期,此等N連接型結構不隨時間變化,證實rHuPH20對此等N連接型聚糖結構缺乏酶活性。rHuPH20之短半衰期及玻尿酸之持續合成使得酶對組織產生短及局部之作用。
在本發明之皮下調配物中為賦形劑的玻尿酸酶可藉由使用重組DNA技術製備。以此方式可確保始終獲得相同蛋白質(一致胺基酸序列)且避免過敏反應(例如由污染自組織萃取期間共純化之蛋白質所致之過敏反應)。本文例示之調配物中所用的玻尿酸酶為人類酶,即rHuPH20。
rHuPH20(HYLENEXTM)之胺基酸序列為吾人所熟知且可以CAS登錄號75971-58-7獲得。近似分子量為61 kDa。
已在天然來源之哺乳動物玻尿酸酶與來自人類及其他哺乳動
物之PH-20 cDNA純系之間執行多個結構及功能比較。PH-20基因為用於重組產物rHuPH20之基因;然而重組藥品為PH-20基因所編碼之完整蛋白質的447個胺基酸截短型式。在任一比較中胺基酸序列之結構類似性極少超過60%。功能比較展示rHuPH20之活性極類似於先前批准之玻尿酸酶產品之活性。此資訊與已往50年期間之如下臨床發現一致:與玻尿酸酶之來源無關,玻尿酸酶單位之臨床安全性及功效相等。
在本發明之抗HER2抗體皮下調配物中使用rHuPH20使得可投與較大體積之藥品,且可能促進皮下投與之曲妥珠單抗吸收於全身循環中。
本發明之穩定醫藥調配物的滲透壓度為330±50 mOsm/kg。
本發明之穩定醫藥調配物基本上不含可見(人眼檢測)粒子。次可見粒子(如由光阻法(light obscuration)所量測)應滿足以下標準:
- 每小瓶10 μm之粒子的最大數目-> 6000
- 每小瓶25 μm之粒子的最大數目-> 600。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供調配物用於製備適用於治療個體之可接受抗HER2抗體治療之疾病或病症(例如癌症或非惡性疾病)之藥物的用途,其包含向個體投與有效治療該疾病或病症之量的本文所述之調配物。抗HER2抗體可與化學治療劑同時或依序共投與。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種治療個體之可接受抗HER2抗體治療之疾病或病症(例如癌症或非惡性疾病)的方法,其包含向個體投與有效治療該疾病或病症之量的本文所述之調配物。癌症或非惡性疾病一般涉及表現HER2之細胞,以便本發明之治療性醫藥皮下調配物中的HER2抗體能夠結合於受影響之細胞。可用本發明
之調配物治療之各種癌症或非惡性疾病列於下文進一步描述之定義部分中。
本發明之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之穩定醫藥調配物可以皮下注射形式投與,其中投藥重複數次,時間間隔為3週(q3w)。注入流體之全部體積在大多數情況下在1至10分鐘、較佳2至6分鐘、最佳3±1分鐘之時段內投與。在接受曲妥珠單抗單一療法之輔助EBC患者及MBC患者(其中未給與其他靜脈內(IV)化學治療劑)中,該皮下投藥使得患者可在家自投藥的便利性增加。此可改良順應性且降低/消除與靜脈內投藥有關之成本(即靜脈內投藥之護理成本、躺椅(day-bed)租費、患者移動等)。本發明之皮下投藥很可能與輸注相關反應之頻率及/或強度降低相聯繫。
向調配物中添加玻尿酸酶可增加可安全且舒適地皮下投與之注射體積。在正常情況下,注射體積為1至15 ml。已觀察到投與本發明之調配物可提高治療性抗體之分散、吸收及生物可用性。經由皮下途徑投與之大分子(亦即>16 kDa)優先經由引流淋巴液吸收至血管腔隙中[Supersaxo,A.等人,「Effect of Molecular Weight on the Lymphatic Absorption of Water-Soluble Compounds Following Subcutaneous Administration」,1990;2:167-169;Swartz,M.A.,「Advanced Drug Delivery Review,The physiology of the lymphatic system」,2001;50:3-20]。從而,此等大分子引入全身循環中之速率相對於靜脈內輸注減緩,因此可能使輸注相關反應之頻率/強度降低。
產生本發明之皮下曲妥珠單抗調配物需要在製造製程之純化的最後步驟中有高抗體濃度(約120 mg/ml)。因此,向曲妥珠單抗之習知製造製程中添加另一製程步驟(超濾/透濾)。根據WO
97/04801中之教示,本發明之高濃度穩定醫藥抗HER2抗體調配物亦可以穩定蛋白質調配物形式提供,其可用適合之稀釋劑復原以產生抗HER2抗體高濃度之復原調配物。
本發明之HER2抗體皮下調配物主要用於治療癌症。其中術語「癌症」及「癌性」係指或描述哺乳動物之特徵通常為不受調控之細胞生長的生理學病狀。癌症之實例包括(但不限於)癌瘤、淋巴瘤、胚細胞瘤(包括神經管母細胞瘤及視網膜母細胞瘤)、肉瘤(包括脂肪肉瘤及滑膜細胞肉瘤)、神經內分泌腫瘤(包括類癌、胃泌素瘤及胰島細胞癌)、間皮瘤、神經鞘瘤(包括聽神經瘤)、腦脊髓膜瘤、腺癌、黑色素瘤及白血病或淋巴惡性疾病。該等癌症之更特定實例包括鱗狀細胞癌(例如上皮鱗狀細胞癌)、肺癌(包括小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、肺腺癌及肺鱗狀癌)、腹膜癌、肝細胞癌、胃癌(包括胃腸癌)、胰腺癌、膠質母細胞瘤、子宮頸癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、膀胱癌、肝腫瘤、乳癌、結腸癌、直腸癌、結腸直腸癌、子宮內膜或子宮癌、唾液腺癌、腎癌、前列腺癌、陰門癌、甲狀腺癌、肝癌、肛門癌、陰莖癌、睾丸癌、食道癌、膽道腫瘤以及頭頸癌。
本專利說明書中所用之術語「約」意欲規定所提供之特定值可在某種程度上變化,諸如意謂既定值中包括範圍為±10%、較佳±5%、最佳±2%之變化。
「過度表現」HER受體之癌症為相較於相同組織類型之非癌性細胞,細胞表面具有顯著較高含量之HER受體(諸如HER2)的癌症。該過度表現可能由基因擴增或由轉錄或轉譯增加所致。可在診斷性或預後性檢定中藉由評估細胞表面上所存在之HER蛋白含量增加(例如經由免疫組織化學檢定;IHC)來判定HER受體過度表
現。或者或另外,可例如經由螢光原位雜交(FISH;參見WO 98/45479)、南方墨點法(Southern blotting)或聚合酶鏈反應(PCR)技術(諸如即時定量PCR(RT-PCR))量測細胞中編碼HER之核酸的含量。亦可藉由量測生物流體(諸如血清)中脫落之抗原(例如HER細胞外域)來研究HER受體過度表現[參見例如1990年6月12日頒佈之美國專利第4,933,294號;1991年4月18日公開之WO 91/05264;1995年3月28日頒佈之美國專利5,401,638;及Sias等人,J.Immunol.Methods 1990;132:73-80]。除上述檢定以外,熟練的從業人員可使用各種活體內檢定。舉例而言,可使患者體內之細胞暴露於視情況用可偵測標記(例如放射性同位素)標記之抗體,且可例如藉由外部掃描放射能或藉由分析取自先前暴露於抗體之患者的活檢組織來評估患者中抗體與細胞之結合。
相反地,「不過度表現HER2受體」之癌症為相較於相同組織類型之非癌性細胞,不表現高於正常含量之HER2受體的癌症。
「過度表現」HER配位體之癌症為相較於相同組織類型之非癌性細胞,產生顯著較高含量之該配位體的癌症。該過度表現可能由基因擴增或由轉錄或轉譯增加所致。可藉由評估患者中(例如腫瘤活檢組織中)配位體(或編碼其之核酸)的含量,或藉由各種診斷性檢定(諸如IHC、FISH、南方墨點法、PCR或此項技術中熟知之活體內檢定)來診斷性判定HER配體之過度表現。
預期本發明之HER2抗體皮下調配物亦可用於治療各種非惡性疾病或病症,諸如包括自體免疫疾病(例如牛皮癬);子宮內膜異位;硬皮病;再狹窄;息肉,諸如結腸息肉、鼻息肉或胃腸息肉;纖維腺瘤;呼吸道疾病;膽囊炎;神經纖維瘤;多囊性腎病;發炎疾病;皮膚病,包括牛皮癬及皮膚炎;血管病;涉及血管上皮
細胞異常增殖之病狀;胃腸潰瘍;蒙尼柴爾氏症(Menetrier's disease)、分泌型腺瘤或蛋白質損失症候群;腎病;血管生成病;眼病,諸如年齡相關之黃斑變性、疑似眼組織漿菌症(presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome)、來自增生性糖尿病性視網膜病的視網膜新血管生成、視網膜血管生成、糖尿病性視網膜病或年齡相關之黃斑變性;骨相關病變,諸如骨關節炎、佝僂病及骨質疏鬆症;繼腦缺血事件之後的損傷;纖維化或水腫疾病,諸如肝硬化、肺部纖維化、肉狀瘤病(carcoidosis)、甲狀腺炎、全身性高黏滯症候群(hyperviscosity syndrome systemic)、朗奧韋氏症(Osier Weber-Rendu disease)、慢性閉塞性肺病,或繼灼傷、創傷、輻射、中風、低氧或局部缺血之後的水腫;皮膚過敏反應;糖尿病性視網膜病及糖尿病性腎病;古立安-白瑞症候群(Guillain-Barre syndrome);移植物抗宿主疾病或移植物排斥;佩吉特氏症(Paget's disease);骨或關節發炎;光老化(例如由UV輻射人類皮膚所致);良性前列腺肥大;某些微生物感染,包括選自腺病毒、漢他病毒(hantaviruse)、伯氏疏螺旋體菌(Borrelia burgdorferi)、耶爾森氏菌屬(Yersinia spp.)及百日咳博多氏桿菌(Bordetella pertussis)之微生物病原體;由血小板凝集所致之血栓;生殖病狀,諸如子宮內膜異位、卵巢過度刺激症候群、先兆子癇、功能失調性子宮出血病或月經過多;滑膜炎;動脈粥樣瘤;急性及慢性腎病(包括增生性腎小球腎炎及糖尿病誘發性腎病);濕疹;肥厚性瘢痕形成;內毒素性休克及真菌感染;家族性腺瘤性息肉病;神經退化性疾病(例如阿茲海默氏症(Alzheimer's disease)、AIDS相關之癡呆、帕金森氏症(Parkinson's disease)、肌萎縮性側索硬化症、色素性視網膜炎、脊髓性肌肉萎縮及小腦退化);骨髓發育不良症候群;再生不
能性貧血;缺血性損傷;肺、腎臟或肝臟纖維化;T細胞介導之過敏性疾病;嬰兒肥厚性幽門狹窄;泌尿阻塞症候群;牛皮癬性關節炎;及橋本氏甲狀腺炎(Hasimoto's thyroiditis)。本文療法之例示性非惡性適應症包括牛皮癬、子宮內膜異位、硬皮病、血管病(例如再狹窄、動脈粥樣硬化、冠狀動脈病或高血壓)、結腸息肉、纖維腺瘤或呼吸道疾病(例如哮喘、慢性支氣管炎、支氣管擴張(bronchieactasis)或囊腫性纖維化)。
若適應症為癌症,患者可用抗體調配物與化學治療劑之組合治療。組合投藥包括使用各別調配物或單一醫藥調配物共投藥或同時投藥,及以任一次序連續投藥,其中較佳存在一段兩種(或所有)活性劑同時發揮其生物活性的時間。因此,化學治療劑可在投與本發明之抗體調配物之前或之後投與。在此實施例中,至少一次投與化學治療劑與至少一次投與本發明之抗體調配物之間的時段較佳為約1個月或1個月以下,且最佳為約2週或2週以下。或者,化學治療劑及本發明之抗體調配物可以單一調配物或各別調配物形式同時向患者投與。
用該抗體調配物治療將會改善癌症或疾病之病徵或症狀。舉例而言,若所治療疾病為癌症,則該療法可改善存活率(總存活率及/或無進展存活率)且/或可產生目標臨床反應(部分或全部)。此外,用化學治療劑與抗體調配物之組合治療可對患者產生協同或大於加和之治療效益。
所投與調配物中之抗體通常為裸抗體。然而,所投與之抗體可與細胞毒性劑結合。免疫結合物及/或其所結合之抗原隨後被細胞內在化,從而使免疫結合物殺滅其所結合之癌細胞之治療功效增強。在一實施例中,細胞毒性劑靶向或干擾癌細胞中之核酸。
該等細胞毒性劑之實例包括類美登素、刺孢黴素(calioheamicin)、核糖核酸酶及DNA核酸內切酶。臨床上最先進之免疫結合物為WO 2003/037992中所述之曲妥珠單抗-類美登素免疫結合物(T-DM1),尤其免疫結合物T-MCC-DM1,其化學名稱為N2'-去乙醯基-N2'-(3-巰基-1-側氧基丙基)-美登素-4-順丁烯二醯亞胺基甲基-環己基-1-羧基-曲妥珠單抗。
對於皮下傳遞,調配物可經由適合裝置投與,諸如(但不限於)注射器;注射裝置(例如INJECT-EASETM及GENJECTTM裝置);輸注泵(諸如Accu-ChekTM);注射筆(諸如GENPENTM);無針裝置(例如MEDDECTORTM及BIOJECTORTM);或經由皮下貼片傳遞系統投與。適於本發明調配物之傳遞系統描述於WO 2010/029054中。該裝置包含約5至約15 ml或更尤其5 ml本發明之液體調配物。
對於預防或治療疾病,抗體之適當劑量將取決於欲治療疾病之類型(如上所定義)、疾病之嚴重性及病程、抗體是出於預防性抑或治療性目的而投與、先前療法、患者之臨床病史及其對抗體之反應及主治醫師之判斷。宜一次性地或經一系列治療向患者投與抗體。視疾病之類型及嚴重性而定,無論例如藉由一或多次各別投藥抑或藉由連續輸注,每公斤體重約1 μg至50 mg(或更尤其每公斤體重約0.1 mg至20 mg)抗HER2抗體均為投與患者之候選初始劑量。更特定言之,抗體之劑量應在每公斤體重約0.05 mg抗HER2抗體至每公斤體重約10 mg抗HER2抗體之範圍內。若投與化學治療劑,則通常以關於其已知之劑量或視情況降低之劑量(由於該等藥物之組合作用或可歸因於投與該化學治療劑之負性副作用(negative side effect)所致)來投與。可根據製造商之說明書或如熟練的從業人員憑經驗確定來使用該等化療劑之製備及給藥方案。
該化學療法之製備及給藥方案亦描述於Chemotherapy Service編,M.C,Perry,Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore,MD(1992)中。
可與抗體組合之其他治療方案包括(但不限於)第二(第三、第四等)化學治療劑(換言之,不同化學治療劑之「混合物(cocktail)」);另一單株抗體;生長抑制劑;細胞毒性劑;化學治療劑;靶向EGFR之藥物;酪胺酸激酶抑制劑;抗血管生成劑;及/或細胞激素等;或其任何適合之組合。
除上述治療方案以外,患者可手術移除癌細胞及/或經受放射療法。
在本發明之另一實施例中,提供一種製品,其含有本發明之醫藥調配物且提供其使用說明書。此製品包含容器。適合之容器包括例如瓶子、小瓶(例如多室或雙室小瓶)、注射器(諸如多室或雙室注射器)及試管。容器可由多種諸如玻璃或塑膠之材料形成。容器容納調配物且容器上之標籤或與容器結合之標籤可指示使用說明。容納調配物之容器可為允許重複投與(例如,2至6次投與)復原調配物之多用途小瓶。製品可另外包括由商業及使用者觀點出發所需之其他材料,其包括其他緩衝劑、稀釋劑、過濾器、針、注射器及具有使用說明書之包裝插頁。
術語「醫藥調配物」係指如下製劑:其形式使活性成分之生物活性有效且不含有對調配物所投與之個體具有不可接受之毒性的其他組分。該等調配物為滅菌的。
「滅菌」調配物為滅菌的或不含所有活性微生物及其孢子。
「穩定」調配物為如下調配物,其中該調配物中之所有蛋白質在所欲儲存溫度(例如2-8℃)下儲存之後基本上均保持其物理穩定性及/或化學穩定性及/或生物活性。在儲存之後,需要調配物基
本上保持其物理及化學穩定性以及其生物活性。儲存期一般基於調配物之所欲存放期進行選擇。此外,調配物應在調配物冷凍(至例如-70℃)及融化之後(例如在1、2或3次凍融循環之後)為穩定的。此項技術中可獲得各種用於量測蛋白質穩定性之分析技術,且該等技術回顧於例如Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery,247-301,Vincent Lee編,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,Pubs.(1991)及Jones,A.Adv.Drug Delivery Rev.10:29-90(1993)中。可在所選溫度下量測穩定性持續所選時段。穩定性可以如下多種不同方式定性及/或定量地評估,包括:評估凝集物形成(例如使用尺寸排阻層析,量測濁度及/或目測);藉由使用陽離子交換層析或毛細管區帶電泳評定電荷異質性;胺基端或羧基端序列分析;質譜分析;SDS-PAGE分析,其用於比較經還原抗體與完整抗體;肽定位(例如胰蛋白酶或LYS-C)分析;評估抗體之生物活性或抗原結合功能;等。不穩定性可能涉及以下中之任一者或多者:凝集、去醯胺化(例如Asn去醯胺化)、氧化(例如Met氧化)、異構化(例如Asp異構化)、截短(clipping)/水解/斷裂(例如鉸鏈區斷裂)、丁二醯亞胺形成、未配對之半胱胺酸、N端延伸、C端加工、糖基化改變等。本文之「去醯胺化」單株抗體為如下單株抗體,其中其一或多個天冬醯胺殘基已藉由轉譯後修飾而修飾成例如天冬胺酸或異天冬胺酸。
如本文所用之術語「提供5.5±2.0之pH值的緩衝劑」係指如下試劑:其規定包含其之溶液因其酸/鹼共軛組分之作用而耐受pH值變化。本發明調配物中所用之緩衝液具有約5.0至約7.0或約5.0至約6.5或約5.3至約5.8的pH值範圍。約5.5之pH值毫無疑問最適合。控制pH值在此範圍中之緩衝劑之實例包括乙酸鹽、丁二酸鹽、葡糖
酸鹽、組胺酸、檸檬酸鹽、甘胺醯甘胺酸及其他有機酸緩衝液。最適合之本發明緩衝液為組胺酸緩衝液,諸如L-組胺酸/HCl。
「組胺酸緩衝液」為包含胺基酸組胺酸之緩衝液。組胺酸緩衝液之實例包括組胺酸氯化物、組胺酸乙酸鹽、組胺酸磷酸鹽、組胺酸硫酸鹽。實例中鑑別為最適合之組胺酸緩衝液為組胺酸氯化物緩衝液。該組胺酸氯化物緩衝液藉由用稀鹽酸滴定L-組胺酸(游離鹼,固體)製備。詳言之,組胺酸緩衝液或組胺酸氯化物緩衝液之pH值為5.5±0.6,pH值更尤其為約5.3至約5.8,且pH值最尤其為5.5。
「等張」意謂受關注之調配物具有與人類血液基本上相同之滲透壓。等張調配物一般具有約250至350 mOsm之滲透壓。等張性可使用蒸氣壓或凝固點降低型滲壓計量測。
本文之「醣」包含一般組成(CH2O)n及其衍生物,包括單醣、二醣、三醣、多醣、糖醇、還原糖、非還原糖等。本文中醣之實例包括葡萄糖、蔗糖、海藻糖、乳糖、果糖、麥芽糖、聚葡萄糖、丙三醇、聚葡萄糖、赤藻糖醇、甘油、阿拉伯糖醇、木糖醇、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、蜜二糖(mellibiose)、松三糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖、水蘇糖、麥芽糖、乳酮糖、麥芽酮糖、葡萄糖醇、麥芽糖醇、乳糖醇、異麥芽酮糖等。特定言之,本文所述之調配物包含非還原二醣作為穩定劑,諸如選自海藻糖(例如α,α-海藻糖二水合物之形式)及蔗糖之群的醣。
在本文中,「界面活性劑」係指表面活性劑,例如非離子型界面活性劑。本文之界面活性劑之實例包括聚山梨糖醇酯(例如聚山梨糖醇酯20及聚山梨糖醇酯80);泊洛沙姆(poloxamer)(例如泊洛沙姆188);Triton;十二烷基硫酸鈉(SDS);月桂基硫酸鈉;辛基醣
苷鈉;月桂基-、肉豆蔻基-、亞油基-或硬脂基-磺酸基甜菜鹼;月桂基-、肉豆蔻基-、亞油基-或硬脂基-肌胺酸;亞油基-、肉豆蔻基-或鯨蠟基-甜菜鹼;月桂醯胺基丙基-、椰油醯胺基丙基-、亞油醯胺基丙基-、肉豆蔻醯胺基丙基-、棕櫚醯胺基丙基-(palmidopropyl-)或異硬脂醯胺基丙基-甜菜鹼(例如月桂醯胺基丙基甜菜鹼);肉豆蔻醯胺基丙基-、棕櫚醯胺基丙基-或異硬脂醯胺基丙基-二甲基胺;甲基椰油醯基牛磺酸鈉或甲基油基牛磺酸二鈉;及MONAQU ATTM系列(Mona Industries,Inc.,Paterson,New Jersey);聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇及乙烯與丙二醇之共聚物(例如氧化異丙烯(pluronic)、PF68等);等。已分別發現聚山梨糖醇酯20(PS20)及聚山梨糖醇酯80(PS80)尤其適合於本文所述之調配物。
本文中之術語「抗體」係在最廣泛意義上使用且尤其涵蓋全長單株抗體、多株抗體、由至少兩個全長抗體形成之多特異性抗體(例如雙特異性抗體)及抗體片段,只要其展現所需生物活性即可。
如本文所用之術語「單株抗體」係指由一群實質上均質之抗體獲得之抗體,亦即構成該群之個別抗體除可在產生單株抗體期間產生之可能變異體(一般存在少量該等變異體)以外為一致的且/或結合相同抗原決定基。相較於通常包括針對不同決定子(抗原決定基)之不同抗體的多株抗體製劑,各單株抗體係針對抗原上之單一決定子。除其特異性以外,單株抗體之有利之處亦在於其通常未經其他免疫球蛋白污染。修飾語「單株」指示係由一群實質上均質之抗體獲得之抗體特徵,且不應被理解為需要藉由任何特定方法產生抗體。舉例而言,欲用於本發明之單株抗體可藉由首次由Köhler等人,Nature,256:495(1975)描述之融合瘤方法來製備,
或可藉由重組DNA方法(參見例如美國專利第4,816,567號)來製備。「單株抗體」亦可使用Clarkson等人,Nature,352:624-628(1991)及Marks等人,J.Mol.Biol.,222:581-597(1991)所述之技術自噬菌體抗體文庫分離。
「抗體片段」包含全長抗體之一部分,尤其包含其抗原結合區或可變區。抗體片段之實例包括Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2及Fv片段;雙功能抗體;線性抗體;單鏈抗體分子;及由抗體片段形成之多特異性抗體。
「全長抗體」為包含抗原結合可變區以及輕鏈恆定域(CL)及重鏈恆定域(CH1、CH2及CH3)之抗體。恆定域可為天然序列恆定域(例如人類天然序列恆定域)或其胺基酸序列變異體。詳言之,全長抗體具有一或多種效應子功能。
本文之「胺基酸序列變異」抗體為胺基酸序列不同於主要種類抗體的抗體。通常,胺基酸序列變異體應與主要種類抗體具有至少約70%同源性,且較佳其與主要種類抗體至少約80%、更佳至少約90%同源。胺基酸序列變異體在主要種類抗體之胺基酸序列內或相鄰的某些位置具有取代、缺失及/或添加。本文之胺基酸序列變異體的實例包括酸性變異體(例如去醯胺化抗體變異體)、鹼性變異體、一或兩條輕鏈上具有胺基端前導延伸序列(例如VHS-)之抗體、一或兩條重鏈上具有C端離胺酸殘基之抗體等,且包括重鏈及/或輕鏈之胺基酸序列變異之組合。本文中備受關注之抗體變異體為一或兩條輕鏈上包含胺基端前導延伸序列、視情況另外包含其他胺基酸序列及/或相對於主要種類抗體之糖基化差異的抗體。
本文之「糖基化變異」抗體為如下抗體,其中與其連接之一或多個碳水化合物部分不同於連接於主要種類抗體之一或多個碳
水化合物部分。本文之糖基化變異體之實例包括改以G1或G2寡醣結構替代G0寡醣結構連接於其Fc區之抗體、一或兩個碳水化合物部分連接於其一或兩條輕鏈之抗體、無碳水化合物連接於抗體之一或兩條重鏈的抗體,等等,及糖基化變化之組合。此外,術語「糖基化變異體」亦包括糖基工程改造抗體,諸如EP 1'331'266及USP 7'517'670中所述者。
抗體「效應子功能」係指可歸因於抗體之Fc區(天然序列Fc區或胺基酸序列變異Fc區)的彼等生物活性。抗體效應子功能之實例包括:C1q結合;補體依賴性細胞毒性(CDC);Fc受體結合;抗體依賴性細胞介導之細胞毒性(ADCC);吞噬作用;及細胞表面受體(諸如B細胞受體;BCR)之下調等。
視全長抗體之重鏈恆定域的胺基酸序列而定,其可歸屬於不同「類別」。有五大類全長抗體:IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG及IgM,且此等類別中有數種可進一步分成亞類(同型):例如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA及IgA2。對應於抗體之不同類別的重鏈恆定域分別稱作α、δ、ε、γ及μ。不同類別免疫球蛋白之次單位結構及三維組態已為吾人所熟知。
本文之單株抗體的「生物活性」係指抗體與抗原結合且產生可在活體外或活體內量測之可量測生物反應之能力。該活性可為拮抗(例如若抗體為HER2抗體)或促效活性。在一項實施例中,以帕妥珠單抗為例,生物活性係指所調配抗體抑制人類乳癌細胞株MDA-MB-175-VII增殖之能力。
本文之術語「單株抗體」尤其包括所謂的嵌合抗體,其中重鏈及/或輕鏈之一部分與源自特定物種或屬於特定抗體類別或亞類之抗體中的相應序列一致或同源,而該(等)鏈之其餘部分與源自另
一物種或屬於另一抗體類別或亞類之抗體中的相應序列一致或同源;以及該等抗體之片段,只要其展現所需生物活性即可(美國專利第4,816,567號;及Morrison等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 81:6851-6855(1984))。本文中所關注之嵌合抗體包括「靈長類化」抗體,其包含源自非人類靈長類動物(例如舊大陸猴(Old World Monkey)、猿(Ape)等)之可變域抗原結合序列及人類恆定區序列。
非人類(例如齧齒動物)抗體之「人類化」形式為含有源自非人類免疫球蛋白之最小序列的嵌合抗體。一般而言,人類化抗體為如下人類免疫球蛋白(接受者抗體),其中來自接受者高變區之殘基經具有所需特異性、親和力及/或能力的來自非人類物種(諸如小鼠、大鼠、兔或非人類靈長類動物)高變區(供者抗體)之殘基置換。在一些情況下,人類免疫球蛋白之構架區(FR)殘基經相應非人類殘基置換。此外,人類化抗體可包含不存在於接受者抗體或供者抗體中的殘基。進行此等修飾以進一步改進抗體之效能。一般而言,人類化抗體將包含至少一個且通常兩個可變域之實質上全部,其中所有或實質上所有高變環對應於非人類免疫球蛋白之彼等者,且所有或實質上所有FR為人類免疫球蛋白序列之彼等者。人類化抗體視情況亦將包含至少一部分免疫球蛋白恆定區(Fc),通常為人類免疫球蛋白之恆定區。對於更多詳情,參見Jones等人,Nature 321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature 332:323-329(1988);及Presta,Curr.Op.Struct.Biol.2:593-596(1992)。
人類化HER2抗體包括:如美國專利5,821,337表3中所述之huMAb4D5-1、huMAb4D5-2、huMAb4D5-3、huMAb4D5-4、huMAb4D5-5、huMAb4D5-6、huMAb4D5-7及huMAb4D5-8或曲妥珠單抗(HERCEPTINTM);人類化520C9(WO 93/21319)及人類化
2C4抗體,諸如本文以下進一步描述之帕妥珠單抗。
出於本文之目的,「曲妥珠單抗」、「HERCEPTINTM」及「huMAb4D5-8」係指針對4D5抗原決定基之抗HER2抗體。該抗體較佳包含例如WO 2006/044908圖14中所揭示之輕鏈及重鏈胺基酸序列。
「抗原決定基4D5」為HER2細胞外域中與抗體4D5(ATCC CRL 10463)及曲妥珠單抗結合之區域。此抗原決定基接近HER2之跨膜域,且在HER2之域IV內。為篩選結合於4D5抗原決定基之抗體,可執行常規交叉阻斷檢定,諸如Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Harlow及David Lane編(1988)中所述之檢定。或者,可執行抗原決定基定位以評定抗體是否結合於HER2之4D5抗原決定基(例如,HER2之大概殘基529至大概殘基625(包括端點)之區域中之任何一或多個殘基)。「抗原決定基7C2/7F3」為HER2細胞外域之域I內胺基端處與7C2及/或7F3抗體結合之區域。為篩選結合於7C2/7F3抗原決定基之抗體,可執行常規交叉阻斷檢定,諸如「Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual」(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Harlow及David Lane編(1988))中所述之檢定。或者,可執行抗原決定基定位以確定抗體是否結合於HER2上之7C2/7F3抗原決定基(例如,HER2之大概殘基22至大概殘基53之區域中的任何一或多個殘基)。
本文之「帕妥珠單抗」及「rhuMAb 2C4」係指結合於2C4抗原決定基的抗體,其較佳包含WO 2006/044908中所揭示之可變輕鏈及可變重鏈胺基酸序列,更尤其WO 2006/044908圖2中所揭示之人類化2C4型574。
「抗原決定基2C4」為HER2細胞外域中抗體2C4所結合之區
域。為篩選結合於2C4抗原決定基之抗體,可執行常規交叉阻斷檢定,諸如Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Harlow及Lane編(1988)中所述之檢定。或者,可執行抗原決定基定位以評定抗體是否結合於HER2之2C4抗原決定基。抗原決定基2C4包含HER2細胞外域之域II的殘基。2C4及帕妥珠單抗在域I、II及III之接合處結合於HER2之細胞外域(Franklin等人,Cancer Cell 5:317-328(2004))。
「生長抑制劑」在本文中使用時係指在活體外或活體內抑制細胞(尤其表現HER之癌細胞)生長之化合物或組合物。因此,該生長抑制劑可為顯著降低S期中表現HER之細胞的百分比之藥劑。生長抑制劑之實例包括阻斷細胞週期進程(在除S期以外之階段)之藥劑,諸如誘導G1停滯及M期停滯之藥劑。典型M期阻斷劑包括長春花類(vincas)(長春新鹼(vincristine)及長春鹼(vinblastine))、紫杉烷(taxane)及topo II抑制劑(諸如小紅莓(doxorubicin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、道諾黴素(daunorubicin)、依託泊苷(etoposide)及博來黴素(bleomycin))。能使G1停滯之彼等藥劑亦擴溢為能使S期停滯,例如,DNA烷化劑,諸如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、潑尼松(prednisone)、達卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)、二氯甲基二乙胺(mechlorethamine)、順鉑(cisplatin)、甲胺喋呤(methotrexate)、5-氟尿嘧啶及阿拉伯糖苷(ara-C)。其他資訊可見於「The Molecular Basis of Cancer」,Mendelsohn及Israel編,第1章,標題為「Cell cycle regulation,oncogenes,and antineoplastic drugs」,Murakami等人(WB Saunders:Philadelphia,1995),尤其第13頁中。
「生長抑制性」抗體之實例為彼等結合於HER2且抑制過度表現HER2之癌細胞生長之抗體。較佳生長抑制性HER2抗體在約0.5
至30 μg/ml之抗體濃度下使細胞培養物中SK-BR-3乳房腫瘤細胞之生長抑制達20%以上,且較佳達50%以上(例如約50%至約100%),其中在SK-BR-3細胞暴露於抗體之後六日測定生長抑制(參見1997年10月14日頒佈之美國專利第5,677,171號)。較佳生長抑制性抗體為鼠類單株抗體4D5之人類化變異體(例如曲妥珠單抗)。
「治療」係指治療性處理及防治性或預防性措施。需治療者包括已患有疾病之彼等者以及有待預防疾病之彼等者。因此,在本文中欲治療之患者可已診斷為患有疾病或可能易患疾病或對疾病敏感。
如本文所用之術語「細胞毒性劑」係指一種能抑制或阻止細胞之功能及/或導致細胞破壞之物質。該術語意欲包括放射性同位素(例如,At211、I131、I125、Y90、Re186、Re188、Sm153、Bi212、P32及Lu之放射性同位素)、化學治療劑及毒素(諸如細菌、真菌、植物或動物來源之小分子毒素或酶活性毒素,包括其片段及/或變異體)。
「化學治療劑」為適用於治療癌症的化合物。化學治療劑之實例包括:烷化劑,諸如塞替派(thiotepa)及環磷醯胺(CYTOXANTM);烷基磺酸鹽,諸如白消安(busulfan)、英丙舒凡(improsulfan)及哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);氮丙啶,諸如苯佐多巴(benzodopa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、米特多巴(meturedopa)及尤利多巴(uredopa);乙烯亞胺及甲基三聚氰胺(methylamelamine),包括六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、三伸乙基三聚氰胺、三伸乙基磷醯胺(trietylenephosphoramide)、三伸乙基硫代磷醯胺(triethiylenethiophosphoramide)及三羥甲基三聚氰胺;乙醯精寧(acetogenin)(尤其布拉他辛(bullatacin)及布拉他辛酮
(bullatacinone));δ-9-四氫大麻酚(屈大麻酚(dronabinol,MARENOLTM));β-拉帕酮(beta-lapachone);拉帕醇(lapachol);秋水仙鹼(colchicine);樺木酸(betulinic acid);喜樹鹼(camptothecin)(包括合成類似物拓朴替康(topotecan,HYCAMTINTM)、CPT-11(伊立替康(irinotecan),CAMPTOSARTM)、乙醯喜樹鹼、東莨菪亭(scopolectin)及9-胺基喜樹鹼);苔蘚蟲素(bryostatin);卡利他汀(callystatin);CC-1065(包括其阿多來新(adozelesin)、卡折來新(carzelesin)及比折來新(bizelesin)合成類似物);鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin);足葉草酸(podophyllinic acid);替尼泊苷(teniposide);自念珠藻環肽(cryptophycin)(尤其自念珠藻環肽1及自念珠藻環肽8);多拉他汀(dolastatin);多卡米辛(duocarmycin)(包括合成類似物KW-2189及CB1-TM1);艾榴素(eleutherobin);水鬼蕉鹼(pancratistatin);匍枝珊瑚醇(sarcodictyin);軟海綿素(spongistatin);氮芥(nitrogen mustard),諸如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥(chlornaphazine)、氯磷醯胺、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)、二氯甲基二乙胺(mechlorethamine)、氧化二氯甲基二乙胺鹽酸鹽、美法侖(melphalan)、新恩比興(novembichin)、膽固醇對苯乙酸氮芥(phenesterine)、潑尼莫司汀(prednimustine)、曲洛磷胺(trofosfamide)、尿嘧啶氮芥(uracil mustard);亞硝基脲(nitrosurea),諸如卡莫司汀(carmustine)、氯脲黴素(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、尼莫司汀(nimustine)及雷莫司汀(ranimustine);抗生素,諸如烯二炔抗生素(例如,刺孢黴素(calicheamicin),尤其刺孢黴素γ1I及刺孢黴素ωI1(參見例如Angew.Chem Intl.Ed.Engl.,33:183-186(1994));達內黴素(dynemicin),
包括達內黴素A;埃斯培拉黴素(esperamicin);以及新制癌菌素(neocarzinostatin)發色團及相關色蛋白烯二炔抗生素發色團)、阿克拉黴素(aclacinomysin)、放線菌素(actinomycin)、氨茴黴素(authramycin)、偶氮絲胺酸(azaserine)、博萊黴素、放線菌素C(cactinomycin)、卡拉比辛(carabicin)、洋紅黴素(carminomycin)、嗜癌黴素(carzinophilin)、色黴素(chromomycin)、放線菌素D(dactinomycin)、道諾黴素、地托比星(detorubicin)、6-重氮基-5-側氧基-L-正白胺酸、小紅莓(包括ADRIAMYCINTM、(N-嗎啉基)-小紅莓、氰基(N-嗎啉基)-小紅莓、2-(N-吡咯啉基)-小紅莓、鹽酸小紅莓脂質體注射劑(DOXILTM)、脂質體小紅莓TLC D-99(MYOCETTM)、聚乙二醇化脂質體小紅莓(CAELYXTM)及去氧小紅莓)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、依索比星(esorubicin)、依達比星(idarubicin)、麻西羅黴素(marcellomycin)、絲裂黴素(mitomycin)(諸如絲裂黴素C)、黴酚酸(mycophenolic acid)、諾拉黴素(nogalamycin)、橄欖黴素(olivomycin)、培洛黴素(peplomycin)、泊非黴素(potfiromycin)、嘌黴素(puromycin)、三鐵阿黴素(quelamycin)、羅多比星(rodorubicin)、鏈黑黴素(streptonigrin)、鏈佐星(streptozocin)、殺結核菌素(tubercidin)、烏苯美司(ubenimex)、淨司他汀(zinostatin)、佐柔比星(zorubicin);抗代謝物,諸如甲胺喋呤、吉西他濱(gemcitabine,GEMZARTM)、喃氟啶(tegafur,UFTORALTM)、卡培他濱(capecitabine,XELODATM)、埃坡黴素(epothilone)及5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);葉酸類似物,諸如迪諾特寧(denopterin)、甲胺喋呤、蝶羅呤(pteropterin)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate);嘌呤類似物,諸如氟達拉濱(fludarabine)、6-巰基嘌呤、噻咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫鳥嘌呤(thioguanine);嘧啶類似
物,諸如安西他濱(ancitabine)、阿紮胞苷(azacitidine)、6-氮尿苷、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、雙去氧尿苷(dideoxyuridine)、去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine)、依諾他濱(enocitabine)、氟尿苷(floxuridine);抗腎上腺劑,諸如胺魯米特(aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)、曲洛司坦(trilostane);葉酸補充劑,諸如夫羅林酸(frolinic acid);醋葡醛內酯(aceglatone);醛磷醯胺醣苷(aldophosphamide glycoside);胺基乙醯丙酸;恩尿嘧啶(eniluracil);安吖啶(amsacrine);貝司他布(bestrabucil);比生群(bisantrene);埃達曲卡(edatraxate);得弗伐胺(defofamine);秋水仙胺(demecolcine);地吖醌(diaziquone);艾弗尼辛(elfornithine);依利醋銨(elliptinium acetate);依託格魯(etoglucid);硝酸鎵;羥基脲;香菇多糖(lentinan);羅尼代寧(lonidainine);類美登素(maytansinoids),諸如美登素(maytansine)及美登木素(ansamitocin);米托胍腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);莫比達摩(mopidanmol);硝爾靈(nitraerine);噴司他汀(pentostatin);蛋胺氮芥(phenamet);吡柔比星(pirarubicin);洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone);2-乙基醯肼;丙卡巴肼(procarbazine);PSKLTM多醣複合物(JHS Natural Products,Eugene,OR);雷佐生(razoxane);根瘤菌素(rhizoxin);西佐喃(sizofiran);鍺螺胺(spirogermaraium);細交鏈孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid);三亞胺醌(triaziquone);2,2',2"-三氯三乙胺;單端孢黴烯族毒素(trichothecene)(尤其T-2毒素、韋拉庫林A(verracurin A)、桿孢菌素A(roridin A)及安奎定(anguidine));烏拉坦(urethan);達卡巴嗪(dacarbazine);甘露莫司汀(mannomustine);二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol);二溴衛矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);
伽托辛(gacytosine);阿拉伯糖苷(「Ara-C」);塞替派;紫杉醇(taxoid),例如太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel,TAXOLTM)、太平洋紫杉醇之白蛋白工程改造奈米粒子調配物(ABRAXANETM)及多西他賽(docetaxel,TAXOTERETM);苯丁酸氮芥(chloranbucil);6-硫鳥嘌呤;巰基嘌呤;甲胺喋呤;鉑類藥劑,諸如順鉑、奧賽力鉑(oxaliplatin)及卡鉑(carboplatin);防止微管蛋白聚合形成微管之長春花類,包括長春鹼(VELBANTM)、長春新鹼(ONCOVINTM)、長春地辛(vindesine)(ELDISINETM,FILDESINTM)及長春瑞濱(vinorelbine,NAVELBINETM);依託泊苷(VP-16);異環磷醯胺;米托蒽醌;甲醯四氫葉酸(leucovovin);諾凡特龍(novantrone);依達曲沙(edatrexate);道諾黴素(daunomycin);胺基喋呤(aminopterin);伊班膦酸鹽(ibandronate);拓撲異構酶抑制劑RFS 2000;二氟甲基鳥胺酸(DMFO);類視黃素,諸如視黃酸,包括貝瑟羅汀(bexarotene,TARGRETINTM);雙膦酸鹽,諸如氯屈膦酸鹽(clodronate)(例如BONEFOSTM或OSTACTM)、依替膦酸鹽(etidronate,DIDROCALTM)、NE-58095、唑來膦酸(zoledronic acid)/唑來膦酸鹽(zoledronate)(ZOMETATM)、阿侖膦酸鹽(alendronate,FOSAMAXTM)、帕米膦酸鹽(pamidronate,AREDIATM)、替魯膦酸鹽(tiludronate,SKELIDTM)或利塞膦酸鹽(risedronate,ACTONELTM);曲沙他濱(troxacitabine)(一種1,3-二氧雜環戊烷核苷胞嘧啶類似物);反義寡核苷酸,尤其彼等能抑制與異常細胞增殖有關之信號傳導路徑中之基因表現的反義寡核苷酸,諸如PKC-α、Raf、H-Ras及表皮生長因子受體(EGF-R);疫苗,諸如THERATOPETM疫苗及基因療法疫苗,例如ALLOVECTINTM疫苗、LEUVECTINTM疫苗及VAXIDTM疫苗;拓撲異構酶1抑制劑(例如
LURTOTECANTM);rmRH(例如ABARELIXTM);BAY439006(索拉非尼(sorafenib);Bayer);SU-11248(Pfizer);哌立福新(perifosine)、COX-2抑制劑(例如塞來昔布(celecoxib)或依託昔布(etoricoxib))、蛋白體抑制劑(例如PS341);硼替佐米(bortezomib,VELCADETM);CCI-779;替吡法尼(tipifarnib,R1 1577);蕾莎瓦(orafenib)、ABT510;Bcl-2抑制劑,諸如奧利默森鈉(oblimersen sodium)(GENASENSETM);匹杉瓊(pixantrone);EGFR抑制劑(參見以下定義);酪胺酸激酶抑制劑(參見以下定義);及上述任一者之醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酸或衍生物;以及上述兩者或兩者以上之組合(諸如CHOP,即環磷醯胺、小紅莓、長春新鹼及潑尼松龍(prednisolone)之組合療法的縮寫;及FOLFOX,即利用奧賽力鉑(ELOXATINTM)與5-FU及甲醯四氫葉酸之組合的治療方案的縮寫)。
在此定義中亦包括用於調節或抑制激素對腫瘤之作用的抗激素劑,諸如具有混合之促效劑/拮抗劑特徵的抗雌激素,包括他莫昔芬(NOLVADEXTM)、4-羥基他莫昔芬、托瑞米芬(toremifene,FARESTONTM)、艾多昔芬(idoxifene)、曲洛昔芬(droloxifene)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene,EVTSTATM)、曲沃昔芬(trioxifene)、雷洛昔芬(keoxifene)及選擇性雌激素受體調節劑(SERM)(諸如SERM3);無促效劑特性之純抗雌激素,諸如氟維司群(fulvestrant,FASLODEXTM)及EM800(該等藥劑可阻斷雌激素受體(ER)二聚,抑制DNA結合,增加ER轉換及/或抑制ER含量);芳香酶抑制劑,包括類固醇芳香酶抑制劑(諸如福美司坦(formestane)及依西美坦(exemestane,AROMASINTM))及非非類固醇芳香酶抑制劑(諸如阿那曲唑(anastrazole,ARIMIDEXTM)、來曲唑(letrozole,FEMARATM)
及胺魯米特)及其他芳香酶抑制劑(包括伏羅唑(vorozole,RIVISORTM)、乙酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate,MEGASETM)、法屈唑(fadrozole)、咪唑(imidazole));排卵素釋放激素促效劑,包括亮丙瑞林(leuprolide,LUPRONTM及ELIGARDTM)、戈舍瑞林(goserelin)、布舍瑞林(buserelin)及曲普瑞林(tripterelin);性類固醇類,包括助孕素(progestine)(諸如乙酸甲地孕酮及乙酸甲羥孕酮(medroxyprogesterone acetate))、雌激素(諸如己烯雌酚(diethylstilbestrol)及普力馬林(premarin))及雄激素/類視黃素(諸如氟甲睾酮(fluoxymesterone)、全反視黃酸及芬維A胺(fenretinide));奧那司酮(onapristone);抗孕酮;雌激素受體下調劑(ERD);抗雄激素,諸如氟他胺(flutamide)、尼魯米特(nilutamide)及比卡魯胺(bicalutamide);睾內酯酮(testolactone);及上述任一者之醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酸或衍生物;以及上述兩者或兩者以上之組合。
如本文所用之術語「靶向EGFR之藥物」係指結合於EGFR且視情況抑制EGFR活化之治療劑。該等藥劑之實例包括結合於EGFR之抗體及小分子。結合於EGFR之抗體之實例包括MAb 579(ATCC CRL HB 8506)、MAb 455(ATCC CRL HB8507)、MAb 225(ATCC CRL 8508)、MAb 528(ATCC CRL 8509)(參見美國專利第4,943,533號,Mendelsohn等人)及其變異體,諸如嵌合225(C225或西妥昔單抗(Cetuximab);ERBITUXTM)及重新構建的人類225(H225)(參見WO 96/40210,Imclone Systems Inc.);結合II型突變EGFR之抗體(美國專利第5,212,290號);如美國專利第5,891,996號所述結合EGFR之人類化及嵌合抗體;及結合EGFR之人類抗體,諸如ABX-EGF(參見WO 98/50433,Abgenix)。抗EGFR抗體可與細胞毒性劑結合,從而產生免疫結合物(參見例如
EP-A-659439,Merck Patent GmbH)。結合於EGFR之小分子之實例包括ZD 1839或吉非替尼(Gefitinib)(IRESSATM;Astra Zeneca)、CP-358774或埃羅替尼鹽酸鹽(Erlotinib HCl)(TARCEVATM Genentech/Roche/OSI)及AG1478、AG1571(SU 5271;Sugen)。
「酪胺酸激酶抑制劑」為在某種程度上抑制酪胺酸激酶(諸如HER受體)之酪胺酸激酶活性的分子。該等抑制劑之實例包括前一段中所述之靶向EGFR之藥物以及小分子HER2酪胺酸激酶抑制劑(諸如TAK1 65(購自Takeda)),雙重HER抑制劑,諸如EKB-569(購自Wyeth,其優先結合EGFR,但抑制過度表現HER2與EGFR之細胞、GW572016(購自Glaxo,其為一種口服HER2及EGFR酪胺酸激酶抑制劑)、及PKI-166(購自Novartis);泛HER抑制劑,諸如卡奈替尼(canertinib,CI-1033;Pharmacia);Raf-1抑制劑,諸如反義藥劑ISIS-5132(購自ISIS Pharmaceuticals),其抑制Raf-1信號傳導;不靶向HER之TK抑制劑,諸如甲磺酸伊馬替尼(GLEEVACTM,購自Novartis);MAPK細胞外調節激酶I抑制劑CI-1040(購自Pharmacia);喹唑啉,諸如PD 153035,即4-(3-氯苯胺基)喹唑啉;吡啶幷嘧啶;嘧啶幷嘧啶;吡咯幷嘧啶,諸如CGP 59326、CGP 60261及CGP 62706;吡唑幷嘧啶;4-(苯基胺基)-7H-吡咯幷[2,3-d]嘧啶;薑黃素(二阿魏醯基甲烷(diferuloyl methane),4,5-雙(4-氟苯胺基)酞醯亞胺);含有硝基噻吩部分之泰伏汀(tyrphostine)類;PD-0183805(Warner-Lamber);反義分子(例如彼等結合於編碼HER之核酸的反義分子);喹喏啉(美國專利第5,804,396號);曲伏司汀(tryphostin)(美國專利第5,804,396號);ZD6474(Astra Zeneca);PTK-787(Novartis/Schering AG);泛HER抑制劑,諸如CI-1033(Pfizer);阿非尼他(Affinitac,ISIS 3521;Isis/Lilly);PKI
166(Novartis);GW2016(Glaxo SmithKline);CI-1033(Pfizer);EKB-569(Wyeth);塞馬西尼(Semaxinib,Sugen);ZD6474(AstraZeneca);PTK-787(Novartis/Schering AG);INC-1C11(Imclone);或任一以下專利公開案中所述者:美國專利第5,804,396號;WO 99/09016(American Cyanamid);WO 98/43960(American Cyanamid);WO 97/38983(Warner Lambert);WO 99/06378(Warner Lambert);WO 99/06396(Warner Lambert);WO 96/30347(Pfizer,Inc);WO 96/33978(Zeneca);WO 96/3397(Zeneca);及WO 96/33980(Zeneca)。
「抗血管生成劑」係指在某種程度上阻斷或干擾血管產生之化合物。抗血管生成因子可例如為結合於涉及促進血管生成之生長因子或生長因子受體的小分子或抗體。本文中之較佳抗血管生成因子為結合於血管內皮生長因子(VEGF)之抗體,諸如貝伐單抗(AVASTINTM)。
術語「細胞激素」為由一個細胞群體釋放之作為細胞間介體作用於另一細胞的蛋白質之通用術語。該等細胞激素之實例為淋巴激素、單核球激素及傳統多肽激素。細胞激素包括生長激素,諸如人類生長激素、N-甲硫胺醯基人類生長激素及牛生長激素;副甲狀腺激素;甲狀腺素;胰島素;前胰島素;鬆弛素;前鬆弛素;醣蛋白激素,諸如促濾泡激素(FSH)、促甲狀腺激素(TSH)及促黃體激素(LH);肝生長因子;纖維母細胞生長因子;泌乳素;胎盤生乳素;腫瘤壞死因子α及腫瘤壞死因子β;苗勒抑制物質;小鼠促性腺激素相關肽;抑制素;活化素;血管內皮生長因子;整合素;血小板生成素(TPO);神經生長因子,諸如NGF-β;血小板生長因子;轉型生長因子(TGF),諸如TGF-α及TGF-β;胰島素
樣生長因子I及胰島素樣生長因子II;紅血球生成素(EPO);骨誘導因子;干擾素,諸如干擾素α、干擾素β及干擾素γ;群落刺激因子(CSF),諸如巨噬細胞-CSF(M-CSF);顆粒球-巨噬細胞-CSF(GM-CSF);及顆粒球-CSF(G-CSF);介白素(IL),諸如IL-1、IL-1α、IL-2、IL-3、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-7、IL-8、IL-9、IL-10、IL-11、IL-12;腫瘤壞死因子,諸如TNF-α或TNF-β;及其他多肽因子(包括LIF及kit配位體(KL))。如本文所用之術語細胞激素包括來自天然來源或來自重組細胞培養物之蛋白質及天然序列細胞激素之生物活性等效物。
術語「有效量」係指提供所需作用之量。在調配物成分(諸如本發明之玻尿酸酶)的情況下,有效量為以一定方式提高共投與之抗HER2抗體分散及吸收以使抗HER2抗體可以上述治療有效方式起作用所需的量。在醫藥藥物的情況下,其為活性成分有效治療患者疾病的量。在疾病為癌症之情況下,有效量之藥物可減少癌細胞數目;減小腫瘤大小;抑制(亦即在某種程度上減緩且較佳為阻止)癌細胞浸潤至周邊器官中;抑制(亦即在某種程度上減緩且較佳為阻止)腫瘤轉移;在某種程度上抑制腫瘤生長;及/或在某種程度上減輕一或多個與癌症相關之症狀。就藥物可防止現有癌細胞生長及/或殺滅現有癌細胞而言,其可具有細胞生長抑制性及/或細胞毒性。有效量可延長無進展存活率,產生目標反應(包括部分反應(PR)或完全反應(CR)),增加總存活時間及/或改善一或多個癌症症狀。
根據本發明調配之抗體較佳為基本上純的且需要基本上均質(亦即未污染蛋白質等,其中本發明調配物中之玻尿酸酶不應被認為是本發明之抗HER2單株抗體的污染蛋白質)。「基本上純」之抗
體意謂如下組合物,以該組合物之總重量計,其包含至少約90重量%抗體,較佳至少約95重量%之抗體。「基本上均質」之抗體意謂如下組合物,以該組合物之總重量計,其包含至少約99重量%抗體。
藉由參考以下實例而更全面地瞭解本發明。然而,該等實例不應視為限制本發明之範疇。所有文獻及專利引用以引用的方式併入本文中。
圖1調配物A至F(參見上表1)8週之後藉由尺寸排阻HPLC偵測到之關於低分子量(LMW)物質的穩定性。如此圖所示,PS20調配物A、C及E在儲存於30℃下之後展示略優於PS80調配物B、D及F之穩定性;圖2調配物A至F(參見上表1)8週之後藉由尺寸排阻HPLC偵測到之關於高分子量(HMW)物質的穩定性。如此圖所示,含有海藻糖且未添加氯化鈉之調配物A及B在儲存8週之後的HMW少量提高;圖3 8週之後關於濁度之穩定性。如此圖所示,含海藻糖之調配物A及B展示低濁度;而含NaCl之調配物C至F展示高得多之濁度。含有海藻糖以及NaCl之調配物E及F展示中等濁度。儲存8週之後未觀察到明顯提高;及圖4藉由在環境溫度下使用板錐黏度測定法(plate-cone viscosimetry)量測到之液體調配物A至F(參見下表1)之黏度。所有調配物均處於低黏度範圍,此使得可皮下注射。
實例進一步藉由附圖來說明,其展示以下實驗結果。
根據本發明皮下投與之抗HER2調配物的產生依據是下文使用下述一般製備及分析方法及檢定所提供的實驗結果。
A)製備調配物之組分
藉由產生重組蛋白質一般已知之技術製造曲妥珠單抗。在細胞培養物中自主細胞庫擴增如EP-B-590058中所述製備的經遺傳工程改造中國倉鼠卵巢細胞(CHO)株。自細胞培養液收集曲妥珠單抗單株抗體,且使用固定化蛋白質A親和層析、陽離子交換層析(例如SP-Sepharose FF)、過濾移除病毒污染物之步驟(例如PVDF膜(由Milipore以名稱Viresolve過濾膜銷售)),繼而陰離子交換層析(例如Q-Sepharose FF)及超濾/透濾步驟來純化。為製備此等實例之調配物,在pH值為約6.0之20 mM組胺酸緩衝液中提供濃度為約100 mg/ml之曲妥珠單抗。
藉由產生重組蛋白質一般已知之技術製備rHuPH20。該製程起始於融化來自工作細胞庫(WCB)或主細胞庫(MCB)之細胞,且經由在一系列旋轉式燒瓶中細胞培養擴增繼而在生物反應器中擴增。產生階段完成之後,藉由過濾使細胞培養液澄清,隨後用溶劑/清潔劑處理以使病毒失活。隨後藉由一系列管柱層析製程純化蛋白質以移除製程及產物相關雜質。執行病毒過濾步驟,隨後濃縮過濾本體(filtered bulk),調配成最終緩衝液:10 mg/mL rHuPH20,於20 mM L-組胺酸/HCl緩衝液(pH 6.5)、130 mM NaCl、0.05%(w/v)聚山梨糖醇酯80中。將rHuPH20本體儲存在低於-70℃下。
本發明調配物之其他賦形劑廣泛用於實踐中且為熟習此項技術者已知。因此本文無需對其進行詳細說明。
如下產生根據本發明皮下投與之液體藥品調配物。
為製備液體調配物,針對含有預期緩衝液組成之透濾緩衝液交換曲妥珠單抗的緩衝液,且若需要藉由透濾濃縮成約150 mg/ml之抗體濃度。透濾操作完成之後,向抗體溶液中添加儲備溶液形式之賦形劑(例如海藻糖、rHuPH20)。隨後添加50至200倍儲備溶液形式之界面活性劑。最後,用緩衝液調節蛋白質濃度至下文進一步描述之特定調配物中所指定的約110 mg/ml、120 mg/ml或130 mg/ml之最終曲妥珠單抗濃度。
所有調配物經由0.22 μm低蛋白質結合過濾膜滅菌過濾,且無菌填充於用塗佈有ETFE(乙烯與四氟乙烯之共聚物)之橡膠塞及鋁質卷邊蓋(alucrimp cap)封閉之6ml滅菌玻璃小瓶中。填充體積為約3.0 ml。將此等調配物儲存在不同氣候條件(5℃、25℃及30℃)下持續不同時間間隔,且藉由震盪(在5℃及25℃下以200 min-1之震盪頻率震盪1週)及凍融應力法進行應力處理。在施加應力測試之前及之後藉由以下分析方法分析樣品:1)UV分光光度法;2)尺寸排阻層析(SEC);3)藉由離子交換層析(IEC)分析;4)藉由溶液之濁度分析;5)分析可見粒子;及6)分析rHuPH20活性。
在Perkin Elmer λ35 UV分光光度計上,在240 nm至400 nm之波長範圍內執行UV光譜法,用於測定蛋白質含量。用相應調配物緩衝液稀釋純蛋白質樣品至約0.5 mg/ml。根據方程式1計算蛋白質
濃度。
針對320 nm下之光散射校正280 nm下之UV光吸收,且乘以稀釋因子,其中稀釋因子由稱量出之純樣品及稀釋緩衝液之質量及密度確定。分子除以比色管路徑長度d及消光係數ε之乘積。
使用尺寸排阻層析(SEC)偵測調配物中之可溶性高分子量物質(凝集物)及低分子量水解產物(LMW)。在具有Waters W2487雙重吸光度偵測器且配備有2根並列(in row)TosoHaas TSK Gel SuperSW3000,4.6×300管柱之Waters Alliance 2695 HPLC儀器上執行該方法。藉由等度溶離譜,使用50 mM磷酸鈉、420 mM高氯酸鈉(pH 7.0)作為移動相分離完整單體、凝集物及水解產物,且在280 nm之波長下偵測。
執行離子交換層析(IEC)以偵測調配物中改變曲妥珠單抗之淨電荷的化學降解產物。為此,用羧肽酶B消化曲妥珠單抗。該方法使用配備有UV偵測器(偵測波長214 nm)及Dionex ProPacTM WCX-10分析型陽離子交換管柱(4×250 mm)的適合HPLC儀器。分別使用10 mM磷酸鈉緩衝水溶液(pH 7.5)及100 mM NaCl作為移動相A及B,流速為0.8 ml/min。
為測定濁度,在室溫下使用HACH 2100AN濁度計量測乳白濁度(FTU,濁度單位)。
藉由使用Seidenader V90-T目測儀器分析樣品之可見粒子。
rHuPH20作為玻尿酸酶之活體外酶檢定用作活性檢定。該檢定係基於玻尿酸(玻尿酸鈉)結合於陽離子沈澱物時不溶性沈澱物之形成。藉由將rHuPH20與玻尿酸受質一起培育,隨後用酸化血清
白蛋白(馬血清)沈澱未消化之玻尿酸來量測酶活性。在640 nm之波長下量測濁度,且因酶對玻尿酸受質具有活性而產生之濁度降低為酶活性之量度。使用用rHuPH20檢定參考標準物之稀釋液產生之標準曲線進行該程序,且自曲線讀取樣品活性。
執行其他實驗,包括以下變化:
- pH值自約5.0變化至約6.0
- 蛋白質含量自約110 mg/ml變化至約130 mg/ml
- 界面活性劑自約0.02%變化至約0.06%
- 穩定劑(甲硫胺酸)自約5 mM變化至約15 mM
下表1中提供液體抗HER-2藥品調配物(調配物A至X)之組成及穩定性測試結果,其中使用以下縮寫:ffp:=無粒子;effp:=基本上無粒子;wafp:=具有數個粒子F/T:=冷凍/融化;skg:=震盪;nd:=未測到
下文指定之調配物展示可提供具有高濃度之兩種不同蛋白質的液體調配物。相較於凍乾調配物,該等調配物可以較大簡易性及較低成本製備。此外,該等調配物易於處理,因為無需溶解凍乾之終產物(復原)(即用)。已發現表1、3及4中所指定之調配物亦適用於調配無玻尿酸酶之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物。因此,在一態樣中,本發明亦關於具有指定成分但無玻尿酸酶之調配物。
如上對於液體調配物所述製備約60 mg/ml之曲妥珠單抗溶液。所有賦形劑均以上述液體調配物之半濃度添加。將調配物經由0.22 μm過濾膜滅菌過濾且以等量無菌分配於20 ml滅菌玻璃小瓶中。用適用於凍乾製程且塗佈有ETFE(乙烯與四氟乙烯之共聚物)之橡膠塞將小瓶部分封閉,且使用表2中所報導之冷凍乾燥循環凍乾。
將產物首先自室溫冷卻至約5℃(預冷卻),繼而以約1℃/min之板冷卻速率進行冷凍步驟到-40℃,繼而在-40℃下進行保持步驟約2小時。在約-25℃之板溫度及約80微巴之腔室壓力下執行第一乾燥步驟約76小時。隨後,開始第二乾燥步驟,其中以0.2℃/min之溫度勻變(temperature ramp)自-25℃變為25℃,繼而在25℃下在約80微巴之腔室壓力下進行保持步驟至少5小時。
在Usifroid SMH-90 LN2冷凍乾燥器(Usifroid,Maurepas,France)或LyoStar II冷凍乾燥器(FTS Systems,Stone Ridge,NY,USA)中進行凍乾。將冷凍乾燥樣品儲存在不同氣候條件(5℃、25℃及30℃)下持續不同時間間隔。用注射用水(WFI)將凍乾小瓶復原至2.65 ml之最終體積,得到等張調配物,其中抗體濃度為約120 mg/ml。冷凍乾燥餅之復原時間為約10分鐘。在環境溫度下培育復原液體樣品24小時之時期後分析復原樣品。
樣品再次藉由以下上述分析方法分析:1)UV分光光度法;2)尺寸排阻層析(SEC);3)離子交換層析(IEC);4)分析溶液之濁度;及5)分析可見粒子。
下表3中提供調配物Y之穩定性測試結果,其中使用以下縮寫:ffp:=無粒子;effp:=基本上無粒子;nd:=未測到
Claims (26)
- 一種用於皮下注射之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其實質上由下列所組成:a. 120±18 mg/ml抗HER2抗體,該抗HER2抗體係選自曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab)、帕妥珠單抗(Pertuzumab)及T-DM1之群或該等抗體之組合;b.提供pH值5.5±0.6之1至50 mM組胺酸緩衝劑;c. 1至500 mM穩定劑或兩種或兩種以上穩定劑之混合物;及d. 0.01至0.08%非離子型界面活性劑。
- 如請求項1之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其中該組胺酸緩衝液為20 mM組胺酸/HCl。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其中該穩定劑為醣。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其中該穩定劑為α,α-海藻糖二水合物或蔗糖。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其中該穩定劑為15至250 mM或210 Mm之α,α-海藻糖二水合物或蔗糖。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其中該穩定劑為15至250 mM或210 mM之α,α-海藻糖二水合物或蔗糖,且以甲硫胺酸用作第二穩定劑。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其中該穩定劑為15至250 mM或210 mM之α,α-海藻糖二水合物或蔗糖,且以濃度為5至25 mM之甲硫胺酸用作第二穩定劑。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配 物,其中該非離子型界面活性劑為選自由聚山梨糖醇酯20、聚山梨糖醇酯80及聚乙烯-聚丙烯共聚物組成之群的聚山梨糖醇酯。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其中該穩定劑為15至250 mM或210 mM之α,α-海藻糖二水合物或蔗糖,且以濃度為5至25 mM之甲硫胺酸用作第二穩定劑,及其中該非離子型界面活性劑為選自由聚山梨糖醇酯20、聚山梨糖醇酯80及聚乙烯-聚丙烯共聚物組成之群的聚山梨糖醇酯。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其中該聚山梨糖醇酯之濃度分別為0.02%(w/v)、0.04%(w/v)或0.06%(w/v)。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其實質上由下列所組成:120 mg/ml之曲妥珠單抗,pH值5.5之20 mM之L-組胺酸/HCl,210 mM之α,α-海藻糖二水合物,10 mM之甲硫胺酸,及0.04%之聚山梨糖醇酯20。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其在冷凍及融化下呈穩定。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其係用於以150至16'000 U/ml或以2'000或12'000 U/ml之玻尿酸酶復原(reconstitution)。
- 如請求項1或2之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物,其係用於以150至16'000 U/ml或以2'000或12'000 U/ml之rHuPH20復原。
- 一種如請求項1至14中任一項之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物的用途,其係用於製備適用於治療個體之可接受抗HER2抗體治療之之疾病或病症的藥物。
- 如請求項15之用途,其中該疾病或病症為癌症或非惡性疾病。
- 如請求項16之用途,其中該癌症為胃癌、轉移性乳癌或早期乳癌。
- 一種注射裝置,其包含如請求項1至14中任一項之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物。
- 如請求項18之注射裝置,其中該醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物係與150至16'000 U/ml或與2'000或12'000 U/ml之玻尿酸酶共投與。
- 如請求項18之注射裝置,其中該醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物係與150至16'000 U/ml或與2'000或12'000 U/ml之rHuPH20共投與。
- 如請求項18至20中任一項之注射裝置,其中該醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物與化學治療劑同時或依序共投與。
- 一種套組,其包含一或多個含有如請求項1至14中任一項之醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物的小瓶及指示向患者皮下投與該調配物之說明書。
- 如請求項22之套組,其進一步包含一或多個含有玻尿酸酶的小瓶及指示向患者皮下投與該醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物及150至16'000 U/ml或與2'000或12'000 U/ml之該玻尿酸酶之說明書。
- 如請求項22之套組,其進一步包含一或多個含有rHuPH20的小瓶及指示向患者皮下投與該醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物及150至16'000 U/ml或與2'000或12'000 U/ml之rHuPH20之說明書。
- 如請求項23或24之套組,其進一步包含向患者皮下投與該醫藥學活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物及150至16'000 U/ml或與2'000或12'000 U/ml之該玻尿酸酶之注射裝置。
- 如請求項23或24之套組,其進一步包含向患者皮下投與該醫藥學 活性抗HER2抗體之高濃度穩定醫藥調配物及150至16'000 U/ml或與2'000或12'000 U/ml之rHuPH20之注射裝置。
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TWI841849B (zh) * | 2017-01-17 | 2024-05-11 | 美商建南德克公司 | 皮下her2抗體調配物 |
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