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TW200817526A - High strength alloys - Google Patents

High strength alloys Download PDF

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Publication number
TW200817526A
TW200817526A TW96113918A TW96113918A TW200817526A TW 200817526 A TW200817526 A TW 200817526A TW 96113918 A TW96113918 A TW 96113918A TW 96113918 A TW96113918 A TW 96113918A TW 200817526 A TW200817526 A TW 200817526A
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TW
Taiwan
Prior art keywords
weight
composition
formation
alloy
temperature
Prior art date
Application number
TW96113918A
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English (en)
Other versions
TWI437105B (zh
Inventor
Randy Carl John
Dong Sub Kim
Philip James Maziasz
Michael Leonard Santella
Joachim Hugo Schneibel
John Paul Shingledecker
Vinod Kumar Sikka
Harold J Vinegar
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Shell Int Research
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Publication of TW200817526A publication Critical patent/TW200817526A/zh
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Publication of TWI437105B publication Critical patent/TWI437105B/zh

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B1/00Layered products having a non-planar shape
    • B32B1/08Tubular products
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/002Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/013Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/013Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
    • B32B15/015Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium the said other metal being copper or nickel or an alloy thereof
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B9/00Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
    • B32B9/002Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising natural stone or artificial stone
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B9/00Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
    • B32B9/04Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B9/045Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/02Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10GCRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G11/00Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/10Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/12Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/14Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/24Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/28Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/30Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with cobalt
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B36/00Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
    • E21B36/04Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using electrical heaters
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/17Interconnecting two or more wells by fracturing or otherwise attacking the formation
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/2401Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/243Combustion in situ
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/28Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05FSYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10Regulating voltage or current 
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/20Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
    • B32B2307/202Conductive
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/20Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
    • B32B2307/208Magnetic, paramagnetic
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/001Austenite
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/004Dispersions; Precipitations
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/005Ferrite
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/002Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/007Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Co
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S166/00Wells
    • Y10S166/902Wells for inhibiting corrosion or coating

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Description

200817526 九、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明大致上關於金屬組成。特別地,本發明關於在 高溫及/或低溫下具有高強度之金屬合金。 【先前技術】 由地下岩層獲得之碳氫化合物常作為能源、原料和消 費性產ΠΠ之用。對於可獲得的碳氫化合物資源之耗盡和生 產製造的碳氫化合物之整體品質衰退的關注而造成能更有 效回收、處理及/或使用可獲得的碳氫化合物資源之方法的 發展。原位程序可用於自地下岩層中將碳氫化合物質移 除。在地下岩層中之碳氫化合物質之化學及/或物理性質可 能需要改變以使其可輕易地自地下岩層中被移除。化學及 物理性質的改變可包括在地下岩層中產生可移除流體、碳 氫化合物質之組成改變、溶解度改變、密度改變、相變及/ 或黏滞度改變之原位反應。流體可為但不限定於氣體、液 體、乳化物、!灸體及/或其流動性質與液態流相似之固體顆 粒流。 在地下岩層中可形成一井眼。在某些具體實例中,可 在井眼中設置或製作-套管或其他管線系統。在某些具體 ㈣中,在井眼中可使用一種可擴増的管件。可在井眼中 安置加熱器以在原位程序中加熱地下岩層。 將熱能施加在油母頁岩地下岩層中的方法係描述於授 予 Ljungstrom 之 usp 2 923 535 及授予 Van Meurs 等人之 6 200817526 USP 4,886,1 18中。可將熱能施加在油母頁岩地下岩層中以 使油母頁岩地下岩層中之油母岩質在高溫下分解。熱能亦 可使地下岩層斷裂而增加該地下岩層之通透性。增加的通 透性可使地下岩層流體流至生產井,流體可由此處自油母 頁岩地下岩層中移除。由Ljungstrom揭示的某些程序中, 舉例而言,將含氧之氣體媒介引入可通透之地下岩層中, 較佳地當其經預熱步驟後仍為加熱狀態下為之,以進行燃 燒。 一種熱源可用以加熱地下岩層。可使用電力加熱器以 輻射及/或傳導方式加熱地下岩層。電力加熱器可阻抗性地
加熱一元件。授予 Germain 之 USP 2,548,360 ;授予 Eastlimd 專人之 USP 4,716,960,以及授予 Van Egmond 之 USP 5,〇65,818說明一種設置於井眼中之電力加熱元件。授予 Vinegar等人之USP 6,〇23,554說明一種設置於套管中之電 力加熱元件。加熱元件所產生的輻射能源可加熱該套管。 授予Van Meurs等人之USP 4,570,715說明一種電力 加熱元件。該加熱元件具有一導電核心、一由絕緣材料構 成之圍繞層和一環繞金屬鞘。該導電核心在高溫下可具有 相對低的電阻。該絕緣材料在高溫下則具有相對較高的電 阻、抗壓強度和熱傳導性。絕緣層可抑制由核心至金屬鞘 所產生的電弧。金屬鞘可具有在南溫下相對較高之抗張強 度和抗潛變性質。授予Van Egmond之USP 5,060,287說明 一種具有銅鎳合金核心之電力加熱元件。 加熱器可由鍛造不鏽鋼製得。授予Maziasz等人之usp 7 200817526
7,153,373 以及授予 Maziasz 等人之 US 2004/0191 109 號 USP 申請案公告說明經修飾的237不鏽鋼作為鑄造微結構或細 粒薄層和箔片。 如上之概述,已有許多文獻致力於發展用以經濟地由 含碳氫化合物岩層中生產碳氫化合物、氫及/或其他產物之 加熱态、方法和系統。然而,在目前,仍有很多含碳氫化 合物岩層無法經濟地由其中生產碳氫化合物、氫及/或其他 產物。因此,仍有需要改良的金屬以用於可由各種含碳氫 化a物石層中生產奴氫化合物、氫及/或其他產物之方法和 糸統的加熱器。 【發明内容】 在本文中說明的具體實例大致上關於一或多種金屬組 成。在某些具體實例中,說明使用含有該金屬組成之 的系統和方法。 在某些具體實例中’ 一種金屬合金組成可包括由【 量%至22重量%之鉻;由5曹暑%$ ”舌田〇 重里/〇至13重量%之鎳;介於 3重1 %和1 〇重量〇/間之桐· 間之銅,由1重量%至10重量%之錳, 由0.3重量%至i重量%之 , 鈮;由0.5至2重量%之辑.^ 至K5重量%之 鎢,以及由38重量%至03重量〇/ 之鐵。 〇 在某些具體實例中’一種金屬合金組成可 …2重量%之絡·,由5重量%至9重 重 重量%及6重量%之銅…·”量%…量二 8 200817526 由1至10重量%之猛;由0.5至K5重量 量%至74重晋。/夕钟. 螞,由36重 垔里之鐵,以及奈米氮化物之 和銅的比例介於約1/1〇和ι〇/ι之間。 其中鶴 在某些具體實例中,本發明說明—種 件和-環繞該產熱元件之 -熱兀 份地由一材料_ # …杰糸統,其至少部 + 亥材料包含:由18重量%至U重4 从鉻,由5重量%至14重量%之鎳;φι 量%之銅;曰 里/。至10重 钔由0.5重量%κ5重量%之銳 7〇·5重量%之鐵;以及奈米氮化物之析出物。重里至 在某些具體實例中,本發明說明一 層之系統,1包括—^ Μ” 用於加熱地下岩 製得,物少部份地由-材料 二至二r由18重…^ 05番=。之錄;由1重量%至10重量%之銅;由 •.里/〇至1.5重量%之铌;* 36重量%至7〇.5重量%之 鐵,以及奈米氮化物之析出物。 在進一步之具體實例中,特定呈 、體貝例之特徵可與其 =體貫例之特徵合併。舉例而言,—具體實例之特色可 努任何其他具體實例之特色合併。 在進-步之具體實例中,使用任何在本文中說明之方 法、系統和加熱器以處理地下岩層。 二、在進一步之具體實例中,額外的特徵可加入本文中所 說明之特定具體實例中。 【實施方式】 9 200817526 得利於以下詳盡說明和引用之所附圖A可使本發明之 優點對於熟習本項技術者而言更為顯而易見。 以下說明大致上關於用於處理岩層中碳氮化合物的系 統和方法。此類岩層可經由處理而產生碳氫化合物產物、 氫及其他產物。 又抓電(AC ),’意指大體上以正弦方式反轉方向之時 變型電流。AC係在鐵磁導體中產生集膚效應電流。 “AH比重”意指在15.5t (崎)下之Αρι比重。趟 比重係如ASTMD6822方法所制定者。 “裸金屬,,和“裸露金屬,,意指延伸構件之金屬,复不包 含—經設計而用於在該延伸構件之所有操作溫度範圍内提 供電性絕緣予該金屬之電絕緣層,例如礦物絕緣層。裸全 屬和裸露金屬可包含一金屬,其包括一防蚀劑,例如天欽 氧化層、披覆氧化層及/或薄膜。裸金屬和裸露金屬包括帶 有聚合物或其他形式電絕緣層之金屬,其在延伸構件之典 型操作溫度下無法保持其電絕緣性。此類材料可置於金屬 上,且可在使用加熱器時被熱劣化。 “碳數”意指在分子中之碳原子數目。碳氫化合物流體 可包括各種帶有不同碳數之碳氫化合物。碳氫化合物流體 可以其碳數分佈而說明之。碳數及/或碳數分佈可藉 沸點分佈及/或氣-液層析法決定之。 不 “第X攔元素,,或“多個X搁元素,,意指元素週期表中第 X攔之-或多種元素’及/或元素週期表中第χ攔之—或多 種元素之-或多種化合物,其中x對應於元素週期表之二 200817526 數(舉例而言,13-18)。舉例而言,“第15攔元素,,意指 來自元素週期表第15攔之元素及/或來自元素週期表第15 攔之一或多種元素之化合物。 “居里溫度”為超過某溫度後,一鐵磁性材料失去其全 部鐵磁性質時之溫度。除了超過居里溫度後失去全部鐵磁 性質之外,當增大的電流通過該鐵磁性材料時,該鐵磁性 材料將開始失去其鐵磁性質。 “流體壓力’’為在岩層中流體產生之壓力。“靜岩壓,,(有 日可思‘靜石應力”)為在岩層中之壓力,其相等於上壓岩 塊所造成每單位面積之重量。“靜水壓,,為在岩層中由水柱 產生之壓力。 “岩層’’包括一或多個含碳氫化合物層、一或多個非碳 氫化合物層、一表土層及/或一下伏岩層。“碳氫化合物層” 思指在岩層中含有碳氫化合物之地層。碳氫化合物層可包 含非碳氫化合物質和碳氫化合物質。“表土層,,及/或“下伏 石層包括一或多種不同形式之不可滲透物質。舉例而言, $土層及/或下伏岩層可包括岩石、頁岩、泥岩或濕性/緊 密碳酸岩。在原位熱處理程序之某些具體實例中,表土層 或下伏石層可包括含碳氫化合物層,其相對不可滲透且 並未處於在原位熱處理程序中造成表土層及/或下伏岩層之 含碳氫化合物層之性皙$ & ^ _ 性貝產生顯者改變之溫度下。舉例而 吕’下伏岩層可包含i姿十山 貝石或泥石,但在原位熱處理程序中, 並不容許將下伏岩層加熱至熱裂解溫度。在某些案例中, 表土層及/或下伏岩層可為精具渗透性。 11 200817526 石層流體”意指存在於岩層中之流體,且可包括熱裂 解流體、合成氣體、流動的碳氫化合物和水(蒸汽)。岩 層流體可包括碳氫化合物流體以及非碳氫化合物流體。術 語“流動流體”意指在含碳氫化合物岩層中之流體,其在該 石層經熱處理後具有流動性。“生成流體,,意指由岩層中移 除之流體。 “熱源”為任何實質上藉由傳導及/或輻射熱傳遞而提供 熱里至至少一部分岩層之系統。舉例而言,一熱源可包括 電力加熱器,例如設置於管道中之一絕緣導體、一延伸構 件及/或一導體。熱源亦可包括藉由在岩層外部或裡面燃燒 燃料而產熱之系統。該系統可為表面燃燒器、井内氣體燃 燒裔、無燄分佈式燃燒器、以及自然分佈式燃燒器。在某 些具體貫例中’提供至一或多種熱源或產生於一或多種熱 源中之熱能可由其他來源之能量供給。其他來源之能量可 直接加熱岩層,或可將該能量施加至可直接或間接加熱該 岩層之轉移媒介中。應瞭解一或多種提供熱能至岩層之熱 源可使用不同來源之能量。因此,舉例而言,對於某種岩 層而言,某些熱源可由電阻加熱器供給熱能,某些熱源可 由燃燒提供熱能’而某些熱源則可由一或多種其他能量來 源&供熱能(舉例而言,化學反應、太陽能、風能、生質 旎或其他再生能源)。化學反應可包括放熱反應(舉例而 口,氧化反應)。熱源亦可包括一提供熱能至加熱場所(如 加熱器井)之附近及/或環繞區域之加熱器。 加熱器為任何用於在一井中或一鄰近井眼區域中產 12 200817526 …、之系、、先或熱源。力口熱器可為但不限定於秋 燒器、與岩層中或產自該岩層之物質反應之燃燒器、:及/或 其合併物。 “重經”為黏稠之碳氫化合物流體。重烴可包括高黏滞 性破氯化合物流體’如重油、焦油及/或瀝青。重烴可包括 碳和氫,以及較低濃度之硫、氧和氮。額外的元素亦可以 微量存在於重烴中。重煙可卩Αρι比重進行分類。重煙通 常具有低於20。之API比重。重油,舉例而言,通常具有 10-20。之API比重’而焦油則通常具有低於1〇。之剔比 重。重烴之黏滯度在15t下通常高於⑽叩。重煙可包括 芳香性或其他雜環碳氳化合物。 重烴可在相對可渗透的岩層中發現。舉例而言’相對 滲透性岩層可包括包覆於沙岩或碳酸岩中之重烴。“相對可 渗透的,,係關於岩層4其部份而定義為1〇毫達西(miuid㈣丫) 或更大之平均渗透度(舉例而言,1〇5戈1〇〇毫達西)。“相 對低滲透的,,係、關於岩層或其部份而^義為低於1〇毫達 西之平均滲透度。i達西等於〇·99平方微米。不可渗透層 通常具有低於0.1毫達西之滲透度。 包括重烴之某形式岩層亦可為但不限定於天然礦蝶或 天然瀝青礦。“天然礦蠟,,典型而言出現在實質上為管狀且 寬可為數公尺、長為數公里、深為數百公尺之岩脈中。“天 然瀝青礦”包括帶有芳香性組成之固態碳氫化合物,且典型 而言出現在大型岩脈中。在由岩層如天然礦壤和天缺遞青 礦中回收碳氫化合物之原位方法可包括使其㈣而形成液 13 200817526 態碳氫化合物及/或由岩層進行碳氫化合物之溶液採礦。 “碳氫化合物”一般而言定義為主要由碳和氫原子組成 之分子。碳氫化合物亦可包括其他元素,例如,但不限定 於鹵素'金屬元素、氮、氧及/或硫。碳氫化合物可為但不 限定於油母質、瀝青、焦瀝青”由、天然礦蠟和瀝青礦。 碳氳化合物可位於地殼礦物岩基中或附近。岩基可包括但 不限定於沈積岩、砂岩、矽岩、碳酸岩、矽藻岩以及其他 多孔性岩基。“碳氫化合物流體,,為包含碳氫化合物之流體。 碳氫化合物流體可包括、包覆或夹帶於非碳氫化合物流體 如風氣、氮氣、—氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氯、水和氨中。 原位轉化程序”意指經由熱源加熱含碳氫化合物岩 ^而使至夕σ卩刀之石層溫度提高並超過熱裂解溫度, 進而使熱裂解流體得以在該岩層中生成之程序。 原位熱處理程序”意指以熱源加熱含碳氯化合物岩 層,而使至少一部分之岩層溫度提高並超過熱裂解溫产, ,而產生含碳氫化合物物質之流動性流體、減黏及/或熱裂 解以使机動性流體、減黏流體及/或熱裂解流體在該岩層 中生成之程序。 、、、色碟¥體”意指任何可導電且全部或部份覆蓋有電絕 緣物質之延伸材料。“油母質”為固態、不溶性碳氫化合物, 其係經天轉解而轉化,且主要含有碳、氫、氮、氧和硫。 煤和油頁岩為含有油母質之典型物質實例。“瀝青,,為實質 亡可:容:二硫化碳之非結晶性固體或黏稠性碳氫化合物 貝/由為3有可凝結性碳氮化合物之混合物的流體。 200817526 “調變直流電(DC),,意指任何在鐵磁導體中產生集膚 效應電流且貫質上非正弦時變型之電流。 “氮化物”意指氮和元素週期表中—或多種其他元素之 化合物。氮化物包括但不限定於氮化矽、氮化硼或氮化鋁。 ‘‘凡素週期表”意指由國際純粹暨應用化學聯合會 (IUPAC )於2003年U g具體指定之元素週期表。在本 案之範疇中,元素週期表中金屬之重量、元素週期表中金 屬化合物之重量、元素週期表中元素之重量、或元素週期 表中元素化合物之重量係以金屬^量或元素重量計算之。 舉例而言,假如每公克觸媒使用〇1公克M〇〇3,則在觸媒 中經汁异而得之鉬金屬重量為每公克觸媒纟Ο.,公克之 在目金屬。 熱裂解’’為因加熱而使化學鍵斷裂。舉例而言,熱裂 解可包括僅以加熱方式而將—化合物轉化成—或多種其他 物質。可將熱能轉移至一岩層區域而造成熱裂解。 “熱裂解流體,,或“熱裂解產物,,意指實質上在使碳氫化 合物熱裂解過程中所產生的流體。經熱裂解反應產生的流 體可與岩層中其他流體混合。該混合物將被視為熱裂解流 體,熱裂解產物。如本文中使用的,“熱裂解區,,意指經反 應j正進行反應以形成熱裂解流體之一體積之岩層(舉例 而。’相對可渗透的岩層,如焦油砂岩層)。 /儿陷”為相對於一表面起始高度下,一部份岩層之向 下運動。 θ ^ 焦油’,為在15°C下一般具有高於1〇,00() cp之黏滯度 15 200817526 =黏稠性碳氫化合物。焦油之比重—般為高於ι 〇〇〇。隹 油可具有低於10。之API比重。 … '、、、油y石層4 —種岩層,其中之碳氫化合物主要以 域焦油之形式包覆於確物粒架構或其他主岩中(舉 * σ y石或蚊酸岩)。焦油砂岩層之實例包括像是加 旱大亞伯達省境内之三籀盎s · 山猛』 —種石層· Athabasca岩層、Grosmont 石 和 Peace River 岩 μ · L7 这 a 士人 4
之⑽岩層。以及位於委内瑞拉〇rin_belt :限溫加熱器般意指在不使用外部控制(如溫度控制 …源調節器、整流器或其他裝置)之情況下,在高於一 二定溫度下調控熱輪出(舉例而言,降低熱輸出);加 益。限溫加熱器可為AC (交流電)或調 截 斷式”)DC (直流電)電阻加熱器。 “丨而。截 ♦面為一材料之性質,其描述當介於該材料之兩 :面間具有特定溫差時,熱能在該兩表面間之穩態流動 及/或岩層中流體之膨脹 及/或岩層中流體溫度之 之提高/降低所造成之斷 “熱斷裂”意指在岩層中因岩層 或收、纟佶,反過來因加熱而導致岩層 k南/降低,及/或岩層中流體壓力 裂。 p. ^ , θ ^ 工果增效應電流且其 強度Ik日寸間改變之電流。時變電流句上 樹亩、☆币,、 括父^電(AC )和調 、交直流電(DC )。 電流時,在低於居 限溫加熱器之“降載率,,為當給定一 16 200817526 里溫度下之最大AC或調變DC之阻抗與在高於居里溫度 下之最小阻抗之比率。 術m井眼意指岩層中之孔眼,其係經由鑽孔或在該 地層中插入一導管而形成。井眼可具有實質上為圓形之截 面,或其他形狀之截面。如本文中所使用的,當意指在岩 層中之開口時,可連同術語“井眼,,交替地使用術語“井,,和 “開口,,。 圖1描述一種用於處理含碳氫化合物岩層之原位熱處 理系統之一部分之具體實例示意圖。原位熱處理系統可包 括屏障井200。屏障井係用以在處理區周圍形成一屏障。 ΰ亥屏障可防止流體流進及/或流出該處理區。屏障井包括但 不限定於抽水井、真空井、擷取井、灌注井、灌漿井、冷 凍井或其組合。在某些具體實例中,屏障井2〇〇為抽水井。 抽水井可將液態水移除及/或防止液態水進入將要加熱或正 在加熱之部份岩層中。在圖1所描述之具體實例中,顯示 屏障井200僅沿著熱源202之一邊延伸,但該屏障井典型 而吕係環繞整個所使用或释被使用之熱源202以加熱岩層 之處理區。 熱源202係設置於至少一部分之岩層中。熱源202可 包括加熱器,例如絕緣導體、導管内導體加熱器、表面燃 燒器、無燄分佈式燃燒器及/或自然分佈式燃燒器。熱源2〇2 亦可包括其他形式之加熱器。熱源202提供熱能至至少一 部分之岩層中以加熱該岩層中之碳氫化合物。能量可經由 供給線204而供給至熱源202中。供給線204可因應不同 17 200817526 形式之用於加教岩芦夕—七夕乂上 一 …石層之或多個熱源而在結構上有所 同。用於熱源之供給線2〇4可傳送電力予電力加熱器 輸送燃料予燃燒器或可輸送在岩層中循環之熱交換流體。 在某些具體實例中,用於原位熱處理程序中之電力可由— 核月b ^電薇或多個核能發電廠提供。核能的使用可減少或 消除由原位熱處理程序中排放之二氧化碳。 當岩層經加熱後,輸入岩層之熱能可導致岩層的膨脹 和地質力學運動。熱源係於抽水程序開始前、與其同時或 在其過程中開啟。電腦模擬可模擬岩層之熱反應。電腦模 擬可用以發展用於啟動岩層中熱源之模式和時間序列,以 使該岩層之地質力學運動不至於負面影響岩層中之熱源、 生產井和其他裝置之功能。 加熱岩層可能造成該岩層之滲透度及/或孔隙度增加。 滲透度及/或孔隙度之增加可能起因於水的蒸發和移除、碳 氫化合物之移除及/或斷裂之產生而使岩層中之質量減少。 因為岩層滲透度及/或孔隙度之增加,使得流體在岩層之受 熱部份中較易流動。因為滲透度及/或孔隙度之增加,流體 在岩層之受熱部份中可流經該岩層並流動一段可觀的距 離。可觀距離可超過1000公尺,其係根據諸多因素,例 如岩層之滲透度、流體之性質、岩層之溫度和容許流體流 動之壓力梯度而決定之。流體在岩層中流動一段可觀距離 之能力可使生產井206在岩層中之間隔相對地較遠。 生產井206係用以自岩層中將岩層流體移除。在某些 具體實例中,生產井206包括一熱源。在生產井中之熱源 200817526 可在生產井處或附近加熱一或多個部份之岩層。在某些原 位熱處理程序之具體實例中,每公尺之生產井由生產井處 所供給予岩層之熱量低於每公尺之熱源由熱源處供給予岩 層而加熱該岩層之熱量。由生產井處提供予岩層之熱量可 藉由使鄰近生產井之液相流體蒸發和將之移除而增加該生 產井鄰近岩層之滲透度,及/或藉由形成巨大及/或微小斷 裂而增加生產井鄰近岩層之滲透度。 生產井中可設置超過一個熱源。當來自鄰近熱源之重 () m «熱能充分地加熱岩層而使由生產井加熱岩層之效益被抵 銷時,可將位於生產井較低處之熱源關閉。在某些具體實 例中’當位於生產井下部之熱源關閉後,在生產井上部之 熱源可維持在開啟狀態。在井上部之熱源可防止岩層流體 之凝結和回流。 在某些具體實例中,在生產井2〇6中之熱源可使岩層 中之岩層流體以氣相方式移除。在生產井處或經由生產井 1 s;提供熱能可:(1)當生產流體在生產井中移動而接近表 土層時,防止此生產流體凝結及/或回流;(2)增加輸入 石層之熱能;(3 )相較於不含熱源之生產井而言,增加 由生產井而來之產率;(4)防止生產井中高碳數化合物 (C6及以上)之凝結,及/或(5)增加在生產井處或鄰近 處之岩層滲透度。 1層中之底層壓力可對應於岩層中所產生之流體壓 ★田石运又熱邠份之溫度增加時,受熱部份之壓力可因 i體之產生和水之蒸發而增加。控制將流體自岩層中移除 19 200817526 之速率可用以控制岩層中之壓力。岩層中壓力可在許多不 同位置中決定,例如鄰近於或在生產井處、鄰近於或在熱 源處、或在監測井處。 在某些含碳氫化合物岩層中,由岩層進行碳氳化合物 之生產被抑制,直到岩層中至少某些碳氫化合物已被熱裂 解為止。當岩層流體達到選定品質時,岩層流體即可由岩 層中生成。在某些具體實例中,選定品質包括至少為2〇。、 3〇°或40。之API比重。抑制產出直到至少某些碳氫化合物 被熱裂解時可提高重烴轉化成輕烴之轉化率。抑制起始產 出可使岩層之重烴產出量降至最低。大量產出重烴可能需 要叩貝的設備及/或降低生產設備的壽命。 在某些含碳氫化合物岩層中,可在岩層受熱部份達到 貫質苓透度之前,將岩層中之碳氫化合物加熱至熱裂解溫 度。一開始缺乏滲透度可防止所產生之流體被輸送至生產 井206處。在起始加熱過程中,鄰近熱源2〇2之岩層流體 壓力可能增咼。增高的流體壓力可經由一或多個熱源2〇2 而被釋出、監測、改變及/或控制。舉例而言,選定之熱源 2〇2或個別之洩壓井可包括用以將某些流體自岩層中移除 之洩壓閥。 ' 在某些具體實例中,雖然生產井206之開口通道咬任 何其他洩壓裝置尚未存在於岩層中,仍可容許熱裂解^體 或其他由岩層產生之流體經膨脹後產生之壓力提高。可六 δ午流體壓力增咼並接近靜岩壓。當流體接近靜岩壓時,在 έ石厌鼠化合物石層中可形成斷裂。舉例而言,斷裂可在山 20 200817526 層受熱部份中自熱源202至生產井206處形成。在受熱部 份產生之斷裂可緩解該處部份之壓力。岩層中壓力可能必 須維持在低於一選定壓力下,以防止不必要的產出、表土 層或下伏岩層之斷裂及/或岩層中碳氫化合物之焦化。 在熱裂解溫度到達後,且容許由岩層之產出時,可改 又石層之壓力以變更及/或控制所產生岩層流體之組成,以 及控制岩層流體中可凝結性流體與非凝結性流體之百分 2及/或控制正產出之岩層流體之API比重。舉例而言, 壓力降低可能造成較大量可凝結性流體成分之產出。可凝 結性流體成分可包含較大量之烯烴。 在某些原位熱處理程序之具體實例中,岩層中壓力可 維持=足以促進API比重高於2〇。之岩層流體之產出的高 ㈣態。維持岩層中增高的壓力可防止岩層在原位熱處理 =耘中/儿卩曰。維持岩層中增高的壓力可促使岩層中流體之 =相產出。氣相產出可使用於輸送產自岩層中流體之集流 (J & =尺寸減小。維持增高的壓力可降低或消除壓縮表面岩 、l體以在木流官道中輸送該流體至處理設施之需求。 口所^ ^層受熱部份中維持增高的壓力可令人驚訝地造成 么貝提同且分子量相對較低之碳氫化合物大量地產出。可 ,[力以使產自岩層之流體中碳數超過選定值之化合物 :量:至最低。選定之碳數可為至多25、至多20、至多12 二,二J。某些高碳數化合物可能夾帶於岩層蒸汽中,並 i :: /飞而自岩層中移除。在岩層中維持增高的壓力可防 门及數化合物及/或多環碳氫化合物夾帶於蒸汽中。高碳 21 200817526 數化合物及/或多環碳氫化合物仍可留滯於岩層液相中—段 顯著之時間。該顯著時間可提供充裕之時間以使該化合物 經由熱裂解而形成較低碳數之化合物。 咸信相對較低分子量碳氫化合物之生成,部份係基於 内生性之生成以及在含碳氫化合物岩層中氫氣的反應所 致。舉例而t,維持一增高的壓力可迫使在熱裂解過程中 產生,氫氣進入岩層内之液相中。使該部份加熱至熱裂解 溫度範圍内之溫度可使岩層中之錢化合物熱裂解而生成 液相熱裂解流體。生成的液相熱裂解流體成分可包括雙鍵 及/或自由基。液相中之氫氣(h2)可使生成之熱裂解流體 中之雙鍵減少,因而降低由所生成之熱裂解流體之聚合反 應或形成長鏈化合物之能力。此外,%亦可中和存在於所 生成熱裂解流體中之自由基。因此,在液相中之Η〗可防止 所生成之熱裂解流體互相產生反應及/或與岩層中其他化合 物產生反應。 可將由生產井206產出之岩層流體經集流管2〇8輸送 至處理δ又施210。岩層流體亦可由熱源2〇2產出。舉例而 言,流體可由熱源202產出以控制鄰近於熱源之岩層壓力。 由”、、源202產出之流體可經由管線或管路輸送至集流管 〇8或者,產出之流體可經由管線或管路直接輸送至處 理設施210。處理設施210可包括分離單元、反應單元、 升、、單元、燃料至、/尚輪、儲存槽及/或其他用於處理產出 之岩層流體的系統和單元。處理設施可由產自岩層之碳氫 化合物之至少一部份形成運輸燃料。 22 200817526 限溫加熱器可在結構上為及/或可包括當該加熱器處於 某-溫度下時能提供自動限溫性質之材料。在某些具體實 例中,使用鐵磁性材料於限溫加熱器中。鐵磁性材料可在 處於或鄰近該材料之居里溫度下自我限制溫度,以在當施 加時變電流於該材料上時,在處於或鄰近居里溫度下提供 較少的熱量。在某些具體實例中,限溫加熱器中鐵磁性材 料在-選定溫度下之自我限制溫度大約是居里溫度。在某 些具體實例中,選定的溫度係在居里溫度之饥内、说 内、2(TC内或1代内。在某些具體實例中,鐵磁性材料係 與其他材料(舉例而士,古撞& ^,丨 V牛例而5,咼導電性材料、高強度材料、抗 蝕材料、或其組合)結合以提供各種電及/或機械性質。限 溫力口熱器中某些部位可具有較該限溫加熱器其他部位為低 的电阻(由不同幾何形狀及/或使用不同之鐵磁性及/或非 鐵磁性材料而造成)。且右 …種材料及/或尺寸之限溫加熱 时使八可由4加熱器各部位產生所需之熱輸出。 限溫加熱ϋ可較其他加熱器更為可#。限 不易因岩層中之埶點而姑斤斗、▲ t ‘、、、為罕乂 κρ ”、、.·,而故1^或失效。在某些具體實例中, 限溫加熱器可使岩層在實質上均勻地加敎。 例中,限溫加熱器可藉由著 二,、體只 均熱輸出下操作,而使盆 阿的千 哭在卜著力孰哭入/有效地加熱岩層。限溫加熱 时在4加熱㈡全長下以較高的平均熱 乃因假如沿著該加熱器上任何 進仃知作’此 該加埶号之最大握# 點之/皿度超過或將要超過 .、、、為之最场作溫度時,其 熱器—般,給予加熱器之電力並不需降低^;3疋瓦數加 个而降低至整個加熱器。 23 200817526 當接近加熱器之居里溫度時,由限溫 熱輸出可在不調整g “、、杰某邛份產生之 動地降低。熱輸出可自動地降低广之情況下自 某部份之電性質(Y 一 /、係由於限溫加熱器上 較大部份之加熱程序 欠所致。因此,在 給。 有更夕的電力可由限溫加熱器供 在某些具體眚Μ + 、 中,备以時變電流充能限γ# 包括限溫加熱器之系 隈/皿加熱态%, '^糸統一開始可提供第一 在接近、位於或汽於Λ ^ …、輸出,而然後 一減少的(第二埶^ ^ ^ 居里,皿度下,提供 溫加熱器開始自我限制 …出係在低於限 例中,第一輸°在某些具體實 …檢出係在低於限溫加埶哭中 里溫度5(TC、75γ 1ηΛ。 —中鐵磁性材料之居 C、1〇〇C或以51下之熱輸出。 限溫加熱器可由在井口處 調變直流電)而進行充^ „ ,子欠電机(父流電或 、、四加埶哭n/ 井口處可包括一用以供電予限 /皿力…、口口之电源和其他組件 哭及/哎雷衮哭、 調變組件、變壓 口口及:¾電谷)。限溫加熱器 層之加熱器之一。 巧干夕用以加熱一部分岩 、在某些具體實例中,限溫加熱器包括一作為 或鄰近效應力σ熱5|之導f # 、木 y Μ …… 其係當時變電流供電至該導體 守。集膚效應限制了電流透進該導體内部的深 磁性材料而言,隼膚兮虛备 、、载 *膚效應係由該導體之磁導率所控制。鐵 磁性材料之相對磁導率典型而言介於μ卩_之間(兴 例而言,鐵磁性材料之相對磁導率典型而言為至少1〇,: 24 200817526 可能至少50、100、500和1〇〇〇或更高)。當鐵磁性材料 之’皿度提歼至尚於居里溫度及/或當施加的電流增加時,鐵 磁性材料之磁導率實質上減少,且集膚深度快速擴增(舉 例而言,集膚深度係以磁導率平方根之倒數擴增)。磁導 率之減少導致在鄰近、位於或超過居里溫度及/或當供應電 ^乓加日守,導體之Ac或調變Dc電阻減小。當限溫加熱 态經由實質上為恆定電流之電源供電時,接近、達到或高 於居里溫度之加熱器部份之熱量消耗可減少。不在或不接 居里咖度之限,皿加熱器區域可經由集膚效應加熱而進行 控制’以使該加熱器因較高之阻性負載而具有高熱消耗。
#居里溫度加熱器已被用於軟銲設備、醫療用加熱器和 烤相之加熱元件(舉例而言’比薩烤箱)。某些此類用途 係揭示於授予Lam〇me等人之usp W79,575 ;授予 He·11611等人之㈣5,〇65,5〇!;和授予Yagnik等人之USP ,732中。而授予Whltney等人之USP 4,849,611則說 硬數個分立且隔開的加熱單元,其包括有—反應性元 、-電阻加熱元件、和一溫度應答元件。 使用限溫加熱器以加熱岩層中碳氫化合物之優點為可 ^只導體具有在所需操作溫度範圍中之居里溫度。在 壯^作溫度㈣㈣行操作’可在使限溫加熱器及其他 :::溫f維持於低於所設計的限制溫度之情況下使實質 蝕:、:二:層巾。所设計的限制溫度為對於某些性質如侵 二:及/或形變產生不利影響之溫度。限溫加熱器之溫 又^可防止位於岩層中低熱導率“熱點”鄰近處之加熱 25 200817526 器加熱過度或燒毀。在某些具體實例中,限溫加熱器可根 據用於該加熱器之材料而在高於25它、37t、、25q °C、500°C、700t:、80(rc、9〇〇〇c 或高達 n3rc 之溫度下 降低或控制熱輸出及/或抵抗熱能。 限溫加熱器可使注入岩層中之熱能多於由恆定瓦數加 熱器所能提供者,此乃因輸入限溫加熱器之能量不需因供 予鄰近加熱器之低熱導率區域而受到限制。舉例而言,在 Green River油母頁岩中,最低處富含油母頁岩層與最高處 富含油母頁岩層間之熱導率有至少係數為3的差異。當加 熱此一岩層時,相較於因在低熱導率層之溫度而受限之具 有常規加熱器岩層而言,實f上有較多的熱量轉移至具有 限溫加熱器之岩層巾。沿著常規加熱器全長之熱輸出需供 應予低熱導率層,以使該加熱器不致於在低導熱率層產生 過熱且燒毀現象。對於限溫加熱器而言,鄰近於在高溫下 之低熱導率層之熱輸出將減少,但該限溫加熱器之未 處於高溫下之部份將仍提供高熱輸出。因為用於加熱含碳 氫化合物岩層之加熱器典型而言長度較長(舉例而士,= 少^、⑽m、则m、5⑽m、lkm或長達iQk^, 限溫加熱器中大部分之長度皆在低於居里溫度下操作,而 僅極少部份位於或接近該限溫加熱H之居里溫度。 使用限溫加熱器可有效地傳遞熱量至岩層中 熱傳可減少將岩層加熱到所需溫度之時間。舉例而:,在
Green River油母頁岩中, ° 田使用加熱态井間隔為12 m具 之卷規恆定瓦數加熱器時,熱裂解典型而言需t Μ年至、 26 200817526 1 〇年的加熱時程。對 ^ , ^ J …、口°間隔而吕,限溫加埶器 可在加熱器裴置溫度維 …、 下而猶H 维持於低於该波置所設計之限制溫度 下而獲仔較大的平均埶 較大平均敎輸出,由::出使用由限溫加熱器所提供之 幹出而:、、: 定瓦數加熱器所提供之較低平均熱 二 …、可使岩層之熱裂解較早發生。舉例而言,在 一⑽油母頁岩中,使用加熱器井間隔為12m長之 限溫加熱器可使埶别紐 τ , 4解在5年内發生。限溫加熱器可抵銷
確的井間隔或鑽孔而導致加熱器井間過於靠近而導 致的熱點。:某些具體實例中,限溫加熱器可使設置間隔 ,之力…、°°井&時間之熱輸出提高,或可限制間隔距離 太乙之加熱态井之熱輸出。限溫加熱器亦供給較多的電力 予鄰近於表土層和下你山麻 田布下伙石層之區域,以補償這些區域之溫 度喪失。 士限溫加熱器可有利地使用於許多形式之岩層中。舉例 而。纟焦油砂岩層中或含有重烴之相對可滲透性岩層 中:限溫加熱器可用以提供一可控制的低溫度輸出,以; 低流體的黏滞度、使流體流動及/或增加位於或靠近井眼或 在岩層中之流體之徑向流。限溫加熱器可用於防止因靠近 岩層之井眼區域過度加熱而使岩層過度焦化之現象。 在某些具體實例中,使用限溫加熱器可消除或減少對 於昂貴的溫度控制電路的需求。舉例而言,使用限溫加熱 器可消除或減少執行溫度紀錄的需求及/或在加熱器上使用 固定式熱電偶之需求以監測在熱點上產生過熱之可能性。 在某些具體實例中,限溫加熱器係由沃斯田不鏽鋼製 27 200817526 得這些沃斯田鋼可包括以面心立方(fcc )沃斯田相為主 相之合金。fcc沃斯田相可經由調控Fe-Cr-Ni及/或 FelsCivNi》辰度而安定化。沃斯田相之強度可經由在晶 格中引入其他合金而增加。對於低溫應用而言,強度可經 由加可加強fcc晶格強度之合金元素而提高。此種提高 強度的方式可稱為“固溶體強化”。然而,當使用溫度提高 曰守’在沃斯田相中之合金元素可反應而形成新的相如 M23C6 ’其中M包括可形成碳化物之鉻和其他元素。其他 相可在含有元素週期表第4-13攔元素之沃斯田鐵中形成。 此類素之實例包括但不限定於鈮、鈦、釩、鎢、鋁或其 混合物。各種相在所需使用溫度範圍下之大小和分佈以及 其穩定性決定了不鏽鋼之機械性質。奈米尺度之析出分散 物如碳化物可在高溫下產生最高的強度,但基於碳化物之 尺寸’其可能變得不穩定且變粗大。含有奈米尺度之析出 分散物之合金在至少75(rc之溫度下可能不穩定。由於加 熱為可將地下岩層加熱至至少700°C之溫度,因而由能耐 受700 °C溫度之強度經改質的合金製得之加熱器是必須 的。 在某些具體實例中,含有錳、銅和鎢且合併有鈮、碳 和氮之鐵、鉻和鎳合金儘管在高溫溶解退火或加工下,仍 可維持較細緻的顆粒大小。此種行為有利於在銲接材料中 減少熱影響區。較高的溶解退火溫度對於達成最佳的奈米 金屬碳化物(MC )而言極為重要。舉例而言,碳化铌奈米 碳化物在高溫潛變操作過程中可強化,而此種效應可經由 28 200817526 • l ° 良的6金組成而提高(結構穩定之較細緻奈米碳化 ) 在包括經改質金屬組成且經鍛造加工之管線和防護 筒2用中,產生可在700它至80(rc之操作中具有時效硬 化犯力之不鏽鋼。假如經改質的合金在高溫加工前先經冷 應變,^ 、° /、有更咼的時效硬化能力,但此種冷預應變 對於良好的高溫性質或時效硬化而言非必須的。某些先前 技術之合金,例如NF709需要進行冷預應變以達到良好的 _ 高溫潛變特,W:,& & & # _ , f 荷性而此為其一種缺點,特別因為在當此種合 金經銲接後,在銲接之熱影響區中即喪失冷預應變之優 點。其他先前技術合金反而會被冷預應變負面影響其高溫 強度和長期耐用性。因此,冷預應變在例如施工規範中可 能是被限制或不被允許的。 在某些新合金組成之具體實例中,該合金可經(舉例而 言)20%之冷加工,且其在8〇(rc下之降伏強度之改變量較 门J、、、二L火之合金在8〇〇它下之降伏強度而言不超過。 〇 本文中描述之經改質的合金適用於低溫應用,舉例而 ° Sa冷應用中。具有強度且在(舉例而言)-50°C至-200°C 之溫度下具有足夠延展性之經改質的合金亦可在較高溫度 下,與彳夕常用於酷冷應用中之合金如2〇1LN和Yusi3〇 相比,杈能保持其強度,因此,對於如可能因火而導致失 效之液化天然氣操作而言,經改質的合金較其他材料能在 鄰近火場處使其強度保持較長之時間。 一種經改質的合金組成可包括以重量計為:18%至22% 之鉻5/()至13%之鎳(以及在某些具體實例中,以重量計 29 200817526 由5%至9°/°之鎳)、1%至10%之銅(以及在某些具體實例 中,鬲於2%至6%之銅)、1%至1〇〇/0之錳、〇 3%至1%之 石夕〇·5/()至1 ·5%之銳、0.5%至2%之嫣、以及剩餘實質上 為鐵(舉例而言,47·8%至68·12%之鐵)。在某些具體實 例中,該組成可包括其他成分,舉例而言,〇·3%至1%之 鉬、0.08%至〇·2%之碳、0.2%至〇 5%之氮或其混合物。典 型而言存在於鋼中的其他不純物或次要成分亦可存在於該 組成中。此一經改質的合金可用於以熱形變、冷形變及/或 銲接形成如加熱器之殼件、框架或強度構件之情況中。在 某些具體實例中,經改質的合金包括以重量計為:2〇%之 絡、3%之銅、4%之錳、0.3%之鉬、0.77%之鈮、13%之鎳、 〇·5/ί>之碎、1%之嫣、之碳和0.26%之氮、以及剩餘 貫質上為鐵。在某些具體實例中,經改質的合金包括以重 S計為:19%之鉻、4.2%之猛、0.3%之鉬、〇·8%之鈮、12.5% 之鎳、0.5%之矽、0.09%之碳、〇·24%之氮、以及剩餘實質 上為鐵。在某些具體實例中,經改質的合金包括以重量計 為:21%之鉻、約3°/。之銅、約8%之錳、約〇·3%之鉬、約 0.8%之鈮、約7%之鎳、約0.5%之矽、約1%之鎢、約〇13〇/〇 之碳、約0·37%之氮、以及剩餘實質上為鐵。在某些具體 實例中,經改質的合金包括以重量計為:20%之鉻、4.4% 之銅、4.5%之猛、0.3%之銦、0.8%之銳、7%之錄、〇·5% 之石夕、1 %之嫣、0·24%之碳和〇·3%之氮、以及剩餘實質上 為鐵。在某些具體實例中,經改質的合金可改變短含量、 鎳含量、W/Cu比例、Mo/W比例、C/N比例、Μη/Ν比例、 30 200817526
Mn/Nb比例、Mn/Si比例及/或Mn/Ni比例,以提高高温硫 化之耐受度、增加高溫強度及/或降低成本。舉例而言,對 於需具有穩定沃斯田母相、在6〇〇至9〇〇下具有高強度、 且為穩定的奈米碳化物和奈米碳氮化物微結構之經改質的 锻造合金而言,經改質的鍛造合金可包括存在於經改質的 鍛造合金中之合金元素組合,其可達成以下比例(使用重 量 %) ·· a)Mo/W—0.3 至 0.5 ; b)W/Cn—0.25 至 0_33 ’· c)C/N—
〇·25 至 〇·33 ; d)Mn/Ni-0.3 至 1·5 ; e)Mn/N-20 至 25 ; f)Mn/Nb-5至13 ;和g)Mn/Si—4至2〇 ;以及碳加上氮為〇 3 重量%至0.6重量%。 經改質的鍛造合金組成可包括前述段落說明之組成和 於USP 7,153,373中所揭示的組成。該經改質的鍛造合金 組成可包括在8GG°C下至少& 3·25重量%之析出物。該經 改質的鍛造合金組成可為經時效處理或熱加工及/或冷加工 者。由於此種時效處理或熱加工及/或冷加工之結果,經改 質的鍛造合金組成(舉例而言,Nbc、富含Cr之) 可包含奈米碳氮化物析出物。此種碳氮化物之析出物尚未 被發現存於如⑨USP 7,153,373中所揭示之鑄造組成中, 而咸信其係在對該組成進行熱加工及/或冷加工過程中形 成。該奈米碳氮化物之析出物可包括尺寸為由5奈米至 ^米、由10奈米至90奈米、或由20至8〇奈米之顆粒。 延些鍛造合金可具有包括但不限定於在時效處理(無應 力)或潛變(應力<0.5降伏應力(YS))過程中形成之奈米 碳化物(舉例而言,NbC、富含&之ΜΑ)之微結^。、 31 200817526 該奈米碳化物之析出物可包括尺寸為由5奈米至1〇〇奈 米、由10奈米至90奈米、或由20奈米至80奈米之顆粒。 該微結構可能為原本合金組成和鍛造過程細節兩者所致。 在溶解退火材料中,此種奈米尺度之顆粒濃度可能不高。 奈米尺度之顆粒可能受到溶解退火溫度/時間(在高於1 1 % t下、具較長退火時間之更多且更為細緻之分散物)以及 受到在溶解退火處理後之冷或熱預應變(冷加工)之影響。 冷預應變可在晶粒中製造出能作為奈米碳化物孕核位置之 ( 差排網絡。經溶解退火之材料開始時具有之冷加工。 彎曲、延伸、纏繞、滾軋或型鍛可產生(舉例而言)5_15%之 冷加工。奈米碳化物對於降伏強度或潛變強度之影響可為 基於近距的差排固定點(更高濃度,更細緻分散)而提供 固定差排所導致之強度,而提供更高強度(顆粒為差排爬 登或滑移之障礙)。 舉例而言,經改質的鍛造合金在8〇〇。(:下經時效處理 1000小時後,其基質中可包括奈米氮化物(舉例而言,氮 ^ 化鈮鉻(NbCrN))連同奈米碳化物。奈米氮化物析出物可 包括尺寸為由5奈米至100奈米、由1〇奈米至9〇奈米、 或由2 0奈米至8 0奈米之顆粒。氮化銳鉻經分析式電子顯 微鏡已分析出其富含鈮和鉻,而經電子繞射分析知其為正 方氮化物相(兩種氮化物皆為立方晶相)。X射線能量散 佈定量分析顯示,針對經改質的合金組成而言,這此奈米 尺度之氮化物顆粒可具有以重量計之以下組成:63%之鈮、 28%之鉻、和6。/。之鐵,而其他成分每種皆低於15%。在 32 200817526 類似組成之經時效處理之鑄造不鏽鋼中並未觀察到此類氮 化鈮鉻,因而其顯然是直接由鍛造過程中所得。 在某些具體實例中,經改質的鍛造合金可包括微結構 之混合4勿(舉例而言’ |米碳化物和奈米氮化物之混合 物)。微結構之混合物可在提高的溫度,例如,舉例而古, POO-HHHTC下,使這些合金組成之強度得以改善。在^些 具體實例中’經改質的合金可具有在下超過35 — 或30 kpsi之降伏強度。 在某些具體實例中,經改質的合金可經由加工而製得 锻造材料。加工過程可包括以下之步驟。可由經改質的合 金鑄造出-種離心鑄管。可將一區塊由禱造物中移除,且 在至少S 1250。。之溫度下處理,舉例而|,3巧、時。經熱 處理之區塊可在至少為120(rc之溫度下經熱軋至約一半: 厚度(原本厚度英对之一半),在m mot之溫度 下退火15分鐘,之後進行噴砂處理。經喷砂處理之區塊 可經冷軋至約原本鑄造厚度之三分之—厚度。經冷札之區 塊可在(舉例而言)含有氬覆層之空氣中且在至少為125(TC 之溫度下,退火-段(舉例而言)!小時之時間,之後在含 有虱覆層之空氣中且在至少$ 125〇。。之溫度下,給予最终 :加的熱處理。另一種可選擇的程序包括任何以下程序: 一開始在至少4 12崎之溫度下使鑄造合金板均質一段 而。)1-1/2小時之時間;在至少為12〇〇。匸之溫度下熱 原本鑄k厚度之二分之二,·以及使經冷乳之合金板在 至少為1200t之溫度下退火1小時。經改質的合金可在(舉 33 200817526 例而言)1200°C下,與y 1 7一 牛列而言,以22.9 mm(0·9英口寸)之心軸 從和 34.3 mm ( 1.35 波 4、 、呀)之模徑擠押出以製造高品質管。 舉例而言,锻造枯4 & 材枓可經由雷射銲接或鎢氣體電弧銲 接方式銲接。因此, ..子可、、、坐由將合金板滾軋並將縫隙銲 接而製得。 在較南溫度,例& 。 如1250 C下使經改質的合金退火可改 ° °亥合金的性能。在-較高之溫度下,有較多的相進入溶 液中’而在冷卻時析出至能確實促成其性能(例如高溫潛變 和抗張強度)之相中。在高於125(rc,例如13贼下進行 ^可以是有益的°舉例而言’相對於在12G(TC下存於經 改質的合金中相而言,經計算而得在13〇吖下存於經改質 的合金中之相可降低〇.〇8%。因此,進行冷卻時,更有用 之析出物可多產出〇 ()8%。經改質的合金可具有優於傳統 合金之高溫潛變強度和抗張強度。舉例而言,含有錳、氮、 銅和鎢之鈮安定化不鏽鋼合金可具有改進的高溫潛變強度 和抗張強度,或實質上相對於傳統合金如347H而言為2 進的。 ° 經改貝的合金在高溫下(舉例而言,7〇〇t、 或超過iooo°c)可具有相對於標準不鏽鋼合金例如 3 04H而a較為提高的強度。較為優越的的高溫潛變破裂強 度(舉例而言,在800°C、90(TC、或i25(TC下)可經由 在合金中之:(a)組成;(b)因高溫處理誘導形成之穩定且顆 粒細緻的微結構;以及(c)經時效處理而誘導形成之析出於 構而改善。舉例而言,析出結構包括,可強化晶粒邊界之 34 200817526 u米蛱化物和強化晶粒内部之奈米碳化物。存有除了 〇、 萊維氏(laves )、G和χ相以外的相可促成高溫性能。穩 疋的微結構可由適當的成分選擇而達成。高溫時效處理或 潛變誘導產生的微結構可具有最小量或沒有金屬間〇、莱 維氏、和χ相。金屬間σ、萊維氏、和χ相可削弱合金之強 度性能,因而一般而言其為不需要的相。 在800°C下,經改質的合金可包括提供強度之以重量 计至少為3%或至少為3·25%之微米碳化物、其他相及/或 穩定且晶粒細緻之微結構。在9〇〇〇c下,經改質的合金可 包括提供強度之以重量計為至少為15%、至少為2%、至 )為3%、至少為3.5%或至少為5%之微米碳化物、其他相 及/或穩定且晶粒細緻之微結構。這些數值可較對應於347h 或Super 3 04H不鏽鋼在900°C下之數值為高。在125〇〇c下, 經改質的合金可包括提供強度之以重量計為至少為〇.5%之 微米碳化物、其他相及/或穩定且晶粒細緻之微結構。所得 較高重量百分比之微米碳化物、其他相及/或穩定且晶粒細 緻之微結構,以及排除〇和萊維氏相,可說明經改質的合 金所具有之較優良的高溫性能。 具有相似於經改質的合金或較其為優良之高溫性能之 a金可在提鬲的溫度下進行相行為之模擬,以及在(舉例而 言)9〇〇。〇下選擇保留除了 〇和萊維氏相外以重量計至少為 15%、至少為2。/。或至少為2·5%之相之組成而獲得。舉例 而言,一穩定的微結構可包括以重量計為··近乎碳含量玉❽ 倍之鈮、由1%至12%之錳以及由〇_15至〇 5%之氮。鋼和 35 200817526 鎢可包含於該組成中以提高穩定的微結構之含量。針對用 於經改質合金之元素之選擇可使加工程序能經由各種不同 方法進行,且即便在至少125(rc下經熱處理後,其仍可產 生穩定且細緻的晶粒大小。許多先前技藝的合金在如此高 溫退火時易於發生顯著的顆粒粗大,但此經改質的合金卻 可藉此高溫處理而改良。在某些具體實例中,可控制晶粒 大】、以達成所需的咼溫抗張和潛變性能。在經改質的合金 中之穩定的晶粒結構可降低晶粒邊界滑動,且其可為相對 於市售合金而言在溫度超過(舉例而言)65(rc下能提供較佳 強度之貝獻因素。非限制性實例由下文提出。 金A行為之模擬 為决疋含有可確貫地提高物理性質之的相數量之組 成,而進行不同經改質的合金組成之合金相行為模擬。例 Cu、Z、M(C,N)、M2(C,N)和M23C6之組成可使脆化相 如〇、σ、萊維氏和%相之相數量減至最低。尚可能有其他 2 口而包3某種成分。舉例而言,矽典型地包含於不鏽鋼 口金中以改善其加工特性,而鎳和鉻則典型地包含於合金 中以提供抗蝕能力。當包含兩種成分而達成相同結果時, 則包含較不昂貴的成分可能為有益的。舉例而言,在某種 長度上’猛可在不犧牲其性能下取代鎳,❿這種取代可降 低合金在現今成分價袼下的成本。 經發現,類似於上述合金中總相含量之效應可約略以 下述方程式表示: σΓ=1.0235(ΤΡ〇 + 5.5603 36 200817526 其中80(TC下經過1〇〇〇小時之潛變破裂強度,其係以 千磅每平方英吋(ksi)表示,而Tpc為組成中經計算的 總相含量。此估計進一步經由在TPC項中僅包含相、 z相、M(C,N)相、M2(C,N)相和M23C6相(即“所需相,,)之 含量且以此為根據進行常數之計算而改進。此估計之另一 種改進法可為僅使用在退火溫度和8〇(rc下存在之所需相 間之差異。因此,不考慮在退火程序中不進入溶液中之成 分,因為其在提高的溫度下並不會顯著地增加合金的強 度。舉例而言,在退火溫度下根據平衡計算而存在之Cu 相、z相、M(C,N)相、M2(C,N)相和M23C6相之含量扣除經 計算後在80(TC下存在之含量可為合金之i重量%,或其 可為合金之1.5重量%或合金之2重量%,而產生具有良好 高溫強度之合金。再者,退火溫度可為12〇〇χ:,或其可為 1250°C,或其可為υοοί。 可經由進一步對於不同金屬之添加或減量進行模擬而 瞭解經改質的合金之性質,以決定更改該金屬含量對於合 金相含量之影響。舉例而言,根據圖2,使用以重量計之 以下起始組成·· 20%之鉻、3%之鋼、4%之錳、〇·3%之鉬、 0·8/。之鈮、12.5%之鎳、0.5%之矽、1%之鎢、〇1%之碳和 〇·25%之元素氮,當以改變的鉻含量進行模擬後產生在 °C 下被包含的 M23C6、M(C,N)、M2(C,N)、z、Cu、χ、萊 維氏、G和σ相。繪於各個圖2-12中之這些相之含量為在 8〇〇c下經計算後的這些相之含量。在圖2_12中,曲線 心才g M23C6、曲線222意指]V[2(C,N)相、曲痒224意指z 37 200817526 相、曲線226意指Cu相、曲線228意指〇相、曲線23〇音 才曰χ相、曲線232意指G相、曲線234意指萊維氏相、且 曲線236意指M(C,N)相。 圖2描述在合金中相之重量百分比對鉻之重量百分 比。如圖所示,當鉻含量由20重量%至3〇重量%時,相刀、 222、224和226之重量百分比相對而言仍保持不變,而〇 相228則在鉻含量高於2〇.5重量%時線性地增加。因此,
Ο 由模擬結果,鉻含量在介於合金之2〇重量%和2〇 5重量% 間可為合適的。 圖3描述在合金中相之重量百分比對矽(s〇之重量 百分比。如圖3所示,改變矽在合金中之含量導致対目228 出現在虽石夕超過1>2重量%時,而义相23〇則出現在當石夕超 k 1.4重里%時。G相232出現在當石夕超過重量%時, 且隨石夕含量增高而增高。隨著石夕重量百分比的提高,相 /22和224相對而言仍保持不變,而可預測&相以 稍U立曰加。σ相228、χ相230和G相232的出現暗指在 ☆合金中矽含量低於12重量%可為合適的。 百八圖4描述在合金令所形成相之重量百分比對鶴之重量 》ϋ 4所不’改變鎢在合金中之重量百分比導致 :相228出現在當鹤為14重量%時。萊維氏相234出現在 二為^重量。Λ時,且隨鶴之重量百分比提高而增加。 為合適I杈擬預測在此合金中’鎢含量低⑤1,3重量%可 圖 述在σ金中所形成相之重量百分比對鈮之重量 38 200817526 百分比。如圖5所示’模擬預測當合金中鈮之重量百分比 提南直到合金中之鈮含量達到155重量%之前時,z相224 之重望百分比為線性提咼。當鈮含量由〇1重量%增加至i ·4 重ϊ%時,M2(C,N)相222相當線性地減少。乂“匕州相222 的減少係由Z相224、Cu相226和M23c6相22〇之增加而 補伯。合金中之鈮超過1.5重量%時,口相228快速增加, Z相224減少,M23Cj 220減少,而M(C,N^ 236則出 現。因此,合金中鈮含量在至多為15重量%時可使相22〇、 222、224和226之重量百分比達到最大,且可避免使合金 中所形成之σ相228之重量百分比達到最小。為了使合金 可進行熱加工,經發現至彡〇·5重量%之銳是合適的。因 此’在某些具體實例中,該合金含有由G 5重量%至15重 量%或由0.8重量%至1重量%之銳。 圖6描述所形成相之重量百分比對碳之重量百分比。 如圖6所示’當合金中碳之重量百分比由q提高至〇屬時, 可預測:相228之重量百分比減少。當合金中碳之重量百 刀比提回至至# 〇·5日守,可預測Μ〗。相22〇為線性地增 加。當合金中碳之重量百合卜担 里曰刀比k间時,可預測M2(C,NMg 222、Z 相 224 和 Cu 相 6相對而言仍保持不變。由於σ 相228在當碳為0.06重量%以後開始減少,因而在合金中 碳含量為0.06重量%至〇_2重量%時可為有益的。 圖7描述所形成相之重量百分比對氮之重量百分比。 如圖7所示’當合金中氮含量由。重量%提高至(Μ5重量 %時’ _ 228含量由7重量%降低至。重量%,m(c,n)相 39 200817526 236 3里由1重量❶/〇降低至0重量%,M23c6相220含量由 〇重置%提兩至19重量°/。,且Z相224含量由0重量〇/〇提 冋至I·4重里%。當合金中氮含量超過0.15重量%時,M2(C,N) 相222出現’且隨著合金中氮含量之增加而增加。因此, 口至中氮3里在〇15重量%至〇·5重量%之範圍内可為有 益的。 圖8描述所形成相之重量百分比對鈦(Ti)之重量百 刀比。如圖8所示,鈦之重量百分比由0.19改變至1時可 促使合金中σ相228之重量百分比由〇提高至7·5。因此, 合金中鈦之含量低於〇·2重量%時可為合適的。如圖所示, 當欽含量由0重量%提高至〇·2重量%時,M(C,N_ 236 之重夏百分比出現提高的現象,M2(C,N)相222之重量百 分比出現降低的現象,而z相224之重量百分比出現降低 的現象。M2(C,N)相222和Z相224含量之減少似乎抵銷 M(C,N)相236重量百分比之提高。因此,在合金中可非為 了提高相之含量以改進合金之性質而含有鈦。 圖9描述所形成相之重量百分比對銅之重量百分比。 如圖9所示,當合金中銅之重量百分比提高時,m23c6相 220、M2(C,N)相222和Z相224之重量百分比並無顯著改 變。當合金中銅含量提高至超過2·5重量%時,Cu相226 顯著地增加。因此,在某些具體實例中,合金中含有超過 3重量。/〇之銅為合適的。在某些具體實例中,合金中含有1〇 重量%之銅為有益的。 圖1 0描述所形成相之重量百分比對錳之重量百分比。 200817526 如圖ίο所示,當合金中錳含量改變時並不會大幅影響合 金中之有益相m23c6相220、M2(c,Nps 222、z相224和
Cu相之重s百分比。因此,锰之含量可因降低成本之目的 或其他原因而改變,且其不致顯著地影響到合金之高溫性 能,而合金中錳含量可接受的範圍為2重量。/◦至1〇重量0/〇。 圖11描述所形成相之重量百分比對鎳之重量百分比。 士圖11所示,當合金中鎳含量提高至超過8·4重量%時,
I硯察到σ相228之減少。當合金中犯含量由8重量。/〇提 咼至17重量%時,Cu相226幾乎為線性地減少直至其消 失=當鎳為17重量%時,且可預測M2(C,N)相222之重量 百刀比有少s提鬲之現象。由此模擬結果,合金中鎳含量 為10重量。/。至15重量%時,或在其他具體實例中,錄含 :為12重量%至13重量%時,可避免_以的形成,同 4其在腐錄質上之改善可抵銷任何因相減少所 造成的不利效果。 _ U钿述所形成相之重量百分比對鉬之重量百分比。 ^二戶斤示,當合金中^重量百分比改變時,合金中 咖=目=23c6 相 220、m2(c,n)相 222、z 相 224 和 Cu 相 曰4之置百分比相對而言仍保持不變。當合金中Mo含 置超過㈣重量%時,合金中_ 228 3 無顯著變介下骷—t 不5C相230在其他相 的人旦 增加。在某些具體實例中,合金中翻 3里可因而限制在至多為0.5重量%。 根據表
製備合金A至N 當測量為可執行時,所測 41 200817526 得之組成包含於表1中。針對所列之組成计鼻合金中之、<c> 相含量。 表1 合金 重量% ___ Cr Cu Μη Mo Nb Ni Si W C N Ti 800 ^ r 之 A 目標值 20 — 4 0.3 0.8 12.5 0.5 — 0.09 0.25 — 實際值b 19 — 4.2 0.3 0.8 12.5 0.5 -- 0.09 0.24 — B C 目標值 20 3 4 0.3 0.8 13 0.5 1 0.09 0.25 — 實際值-lb 20 3 4 0.3 0.77 13 0.5 1 0.09 0.26 _Z_ 實際值-2b 20.35 2.94 4.09 0.28 0.76 12.52 0.44 1.03 0.09 0.23 實際值-3b,e 18.78 2.94 2.85 0.29 0.65 12.75 0.39 1.03 0.10 0.23 0.004 一—- 目標值 20 4.5 4 0.3 0.8 12.5 0.5 1 0.15 0.25 _· 實際值-lb 18.74 4.37 3.68 0.29 0.77 13.00 0.43 1.18 0.11 0.17 0.002 實際值_2e,b 20.48 4.75 4.13 0.30 0.07 12.81 0.52 1.18 0.17 0.14 0.01 目標值 20 4.5 4 0.3 0 12.5 0.5 1 0.2 0.5 0 Ε 目標值 20 4 4 0.5 0.8 12.5 0.5 1 0.1 0.3 __ 實際值 18.84 4.34 3.65 0.29 0.75 12.93 0.43 1.21 0.09 ^ 0.2 0.002 F 目標值 20 3 1 0.3 0.77 13 0.5 1 0.09 0.26 ^45_ 實際值b 18.97 2.88 0.92 0.29 0.74 13.25 0.43 1.17 0.05 0.12 <0.001 G H 目標值 20 4.5 4 0.3 0.8 7 0.5 1 0.2 0.5 實際值e 20.08 4.36 4 0.3 0.81 7.01 0.5 1.04 0.24 0.31 0.008 9£__ 目標值 21 3 3 0.3 0.80 7 1 2 0.1 0.4 實際值e 21.1 2.95 3.01 0.31 0.82 6.98 0.51 2.06 0.13 0.32 <0.001 13A6l_ I 目標值 21 3 8 0.3 0.80 7 0.5 1 0.1 0.5 實際值e 21.31 2.94 7.95 0.31 0.83 7.02 0.52 1.05 0.13 0.37 0.003 J 目標值 20 4 2 0.5 1.00 12.5 1 1 0.20 0.50 實際值e 19.93 3.85 2.13 0.5 0.99 12.11 1.08 1.01 0.23 0.29 0.022 ^---- K 目標值 20 3 4 0.3 0.77 13 0.5 1 0.09 0.26 實際值e 18.94 2.96 4.01 0.31 0.81 13.05 0.52 1.03 0.12 0.35 0.018 L 目標值 20 3 4 0.3 0.10 13 0.5 1 0.09 0.26 ---- 實際值b 20.06 2.96 3.95 0.3 0.12 12.93 0.59 1.03 0.11 0.25 0.005 M ΤΓ 目標值 20 3 4 0.3 0.50 13 0.5 1 0.09 0.26 ------- _ 貫際值b 20.11 2.93 3.98 0.3 0.51 12.94 0.5 1.03 0.12 0.13 <〇 001 N 目標值 20 3.4 4 1 0.80 12.5 0.5 2 0.1 0.3 ^V/. V/V 1
使用貝際组成計算而得;b經非消耗性電弧炼煉;c經元 素補償而重新熔煉;d包含L7%(J相和155%萊維氏相;£ 經感應溶煉;f包含3.9%σ相和ι.7%χ相;g包括1.7% 〇相 和1.55%萊維氏相。 42 200817526 含親之熱加士資你j 為了決定合金進行熱加卫之能力,表i中合金C、D、 Μ之忒樣係由電狐溶鍊法將1碎試樣炫成 25.4 mmx25.4 mmvini ^ r λ ^
Xl01·6 mm ( 1英吋xl英吋Χ4英吋)之鑄 塊。將熱頂端切除並將f^ 將某些收縮的下部移除後,每個試樣 皆在1200。(:下均曾]| α士 ^ 、 小守,然後在1200°C下以中等熱能 將其熱軋至12.7 mm ( 〇 s芷#、七广— 、、、 、 C 〇·5央于)之厚度。然後將該試樣冷
軋成6.3 4 mm 放a斗、X
•夬寸)厚之a金板,並在1200°C下直 空退火1小時。 八 當熱軋時,合金D (〇重量%之鈮)產生破裂以致於益 法:其滾軋成12.7 mm(0.5英时)厚。可將合金[(Ο·。 重量%之銳)進行熱軋,但裂痕由試樣之邊緣部位延伸至 該試樣中央部位處,使得其在經如此之熱軋後成為較不適 用之材料。可將合金Μ(〇·51%之Nb)進行熱軋,而不產 生裂痕或其他問題。其他試樣皆可在無任何問題存在下, 使用上述步驟進行加工而產生6·35 mm (〇·25英吋)且無 之合金板。已發現··在合金組成令含有甚至為〇〇7重 里/〇之銳時可顯著地降低合金在熱加工過程中產生裂痕之 趨勢。含有至少〇·5重量%鈮之合金可包含於鍛造合 以改進諸如可熱加工性之性能。某些合金可含有以重量叶 為由〇.5%至i_2%之鈮,由〇.6%至1〇%之鈮,或由〇里以 至0.9%之鈮以改進該合金之性能。 〇 之實例 根據表1之合金Α和Β之試樣係由兩種不同方 43 200817526 加工。程序A包括在12〇〇°c之、、田_下推γ ^ ^ *牛稱 ^之/皿度下進仃—熱處理和一退 ^驟程序Β包括在125(rc之溫度下進行_熱處理和一 於較高的熱處理和退火溫度,當在較高溫度 張強度測量值之改進。_°金…強度和極限抗
,120(TCa度下之程序係由以下達成:使内徑1524咖 (6英吋)、# 3.81 cm(1.5英吋)之離心鑄管之區段在 12〇〇t下均質1>5小時;然後,將合金a之一區段在丨糊 C下熱軋至25.4mm(1m,而合金B則熱札至⑶咖 (3/4英吋);在冷卻至室溫後,使該等合金板在12⑼。c 下退火15分釦,然後,使該等合金板冷軋至13 97〇 55 英才)之厚度。使經冷軋之合金板在含氬包覆層之空氣中 及1200 C下退火1小時。使經退火之合金板在含氬包覆層 之空氣中及1250。(:下最後一次退火!小時。此程序在本文 中意指程序A。 在較咼的熱處理和退火溫度下之程序與上述步驟不同 (/ 處為在12 5 0 C之溫度下將該鑄板均質3小時而不是i. 5小 時;在1200°C下,使其由38.1 mm ( i.5英吋)之厚度熱 乾至19.05 mm( 0.75英吋)之厚度;使所得之合金板在12〇〇 C下退火15分鐘,之後將其冷軋至13·97 mm ( 0.55英吋) 之厚度。此程序在本文中即為程序B。 圖13-17描述不同金屬之降伏強度和極限抗張強度。 在圖13中,數據23 8顯示經程序a處理之合金A之降伏 強度,而數據240則顯示其極限抗張強度。數據242顯示 44 200817526 經程序B處理之合金B之降伏強度,而數據244則顯示其 極限抗張強度。數據246顯示347H不鏽鋼之降伏強度, 而數據248則顯示其極限抗張強度。 在圖14中,數據2 5 0顯示經程序A處理之合金G之 降伏強度。數據252和254顯示合金Η和I之降伏強度。 數據256顯示經程序Α處理之合金Β之降伏強度。數據258 顯示經程序B處理之合金B之降伏強度。數據246顯示347H 不鏽鋼之降伏強度。 在圖15中,數據260顯示經程序A處理之合金G之 極限抗張強度。數據262和264顯示合金Η和I之極限抗 張強度。數據266顯示經程序Α處理之合金Β之極限抗張 強度。數據268顯示經程序B處理之合金B之極限抗張強 度。數據248顯示347H不鏽鋼之極限抗張強度。 在圖16中,數據270和272顯示合金J和K之降伏 強度。數據2 5 6顯示經程序A處理之合金B之降伏強度。 數據258顯示經程序B處理之合金β之降伏強度。數據246 顯示347H不鏽鋼之降伏強度。、 在圖17中,數據274和276顯示合金J和K之極限 抗張強度。數據266顯示經程序α處理之合金B之極限抗 張強度。數據268顯示經程序β處理之合金B之極限抗張 強度。數據248顯示347H不鏽鋼之極限抗張強度。 經較高溫下處理之合金之極限抗張強度和降伏強度兩 者皆較347H不鏽鋼為大。相較於347H而言有相當程度的 改進可見於合金八、;6、〇、1^、1、%[和;^中。舉例而言, 45 200817526 合金A、B、G、Η、I、J和K保持其抗張特性至測試溫度 為1000°C時。對於需要20 ksi之降伏強度之應用而言,合 金A、B、G、Η、I、J和κ可提供至少增加25 0°C所需的 降伏強度。在測試溫度下,對於降伏和極限抗張強度間之 差異為5 1^丨之情況而言,合金八、;8、0、11、1、][和^^ 可在950°C和1000X:之溫度下使用,相對地,347H僅能在 870°C下使用。 使經程序A和程序B處理之合金B試樣進行應力破裂 測試,其結果製表於表2中。由表2可發現,具有較高退 火溫度之程序B造成破裂所需時間有47%至374%之改進。 表2 應力 (MPa) 由程序B 之改進率 程序A之壽 命(小時) 程序B之壽 命(小時) 溫度 (°C ) 800
轰慶古―士和時故處理後之高溫降俠實相丨 將一經程序B處理之合金b之試樣在經25%、5%和 1 0 /。冷加工後以及在不經冷加工之情況下,使其在75〇它 下進行時效處理i 〇〇〇小時。在經時效處理後,每個試樣 皆進行其在75〇r下之抗張強度和降伏強度之測試。結果 46 200817526 製表於表3中。由表3可知,顯著增加的降伏強度係起因 於冷加工和高溫時效處理。在750°C下之極限抗張強度僅 稍微地降低,其乃由於高溫時效處理和冷加工所致。只經 退火之試樣和只經時效處理之試樣之降伏強度和極限抗張 強度亦在室溫下進行測試。時效處理造成在室溫下之降伏 強度由307 MPa提高至318 MPa。而高溫時效處理則造成 極限抗張強度由720 MPa降至710 MPa。 表3 經退火 經時效 處理 2.5%冷加工且經 時效處理 5%冷加工且經時 效處理 10%冷加工且經 時效處理 降伏強度, MPa 170 212 235 290 325 極限抗張強 度,MPa 372 358 350 360 358 這些特性可和與之競爭之合金如347H進行比較,而 在(舉例而言)僅10%冷加工下,347H合金顯著地喪失高溫 性能。由於在原位熱處理程序中有用的管件和加熱器之製 造過程中通常需要冷加工以進行其製造,某些高溫性能的 改進,或至少使高溫性能顯著喪失之情況不致存在下,其 可成為具有這些特性之合金之重要優勢。當這些特性經由 高溫時效處理而有所改進,或至少不致於降低時,可為特 別有利的。 潛變實例 47 200817526 將合金試樣在800°C下置於癉+ & 刀為100 MPa且含0.1% 氧氣之氣氣之測試環境中。每個試樣首先在UOOt下進行 退火1小時。表4顯示達到破裂時所需之時間、在破裂時 之伸長量和總相含量,其中總相含量為已知。 表4 合金 破裂時間 (小時) 伸長量 (%) 800°C下之總 相含量% ------ 備註 B 283 7.6 4.4 B 116 5.6 4.4 B 127 3.9 4.4 ~—-—, 10 %冷加工 B 228 3.1 4.4 10 %冷加工 B 185 2.3 4.4 雷射銲接 C 60 5.3 5.45 C 137 3.6 5.45 重複試驗 E 165 5.1 5.3 -— F 24 6.6 2.45 G 178 11.3 9.6 Η 183 9.8 總數13.46 良相7_86 '〜----- I 228 12.6 9.45 J 240 19.7 8.95 Κ 123 14.2 5.62 -—-- Ν 147 7.4 8.85 48 200817526
剛收到的 剛收 經退火 冷應變10% 冷應變^0% 冷應變15% 冷應變j0% 冷應變_20% 剛收到的 將經改進之合金B之一气、士 人泰其、, < 樣進行滾軋加工並滾軋成一 二;之::其縫隙銲接而形成1徑為31一(125 以測nr然後’切割該管件並將其重新銲接成-體 接後之強度。填充金屬為故黯編-3,且鲜接 k私係使用氬遮蔽氣體並通過一 350。。之各次間最大溫度三·欠 < 預熱最低溫度和- °c下測試經銲接管件之切片之、'既^成。在44·8 MPa和9〇〇 變量下失戈@破% 潛變失效。經測量在5.5%應 又里下失效而破裂所需之時 包括環繞該銲接物周圍之埶 ’、時。由此可證明, 言,其強度並無顯著減弱現:響…接物較基本合金而 本發明各層面之進一步修飾 於熟習本項技術者而言從本說明書之觀具體只例對 易見。 曰I親點看來可變得顯而 49 200817526 因此’本說明書可理解為僅是例示性,且是為了教示 熟習本項技術者實施本發明之一般性方式。應瞭解在本文 中本發明所顯示且說明的形體係被視為是當前較佳的具體 貫例。其他元素及材料可用以代替本文中所例示和說明 者’本發明某些部份及程序可徹底改變,且本發明之某些 特欲可單獨地被利用,而在獲得本發明說明書之益處後, 有這二白如可顯見於热習本項技術者之層面。如以下申 明專利範圍所描述者,可在不背離本發明之精神和範疇下 又於本文中所描述之元素。此外,應瞭解在本文中單獨 ^述的特徵在某些具體實例中可被合併。 【圖式簡單說明】 /圖1顯示一種用於處理含碳氫化合物岩層之原位熱處 理系統之一部份之具體實例示意圖。
〜圖2描述在一合金中相之重量百分比對鉻重量百分比 之實驗計量圖; 圖3描述在一 之實驗計量圖; a金中相之重量百分比對石夕重量百分比 分比對鎢重量百分比 分比對鈮重量百分比 分比對碳重量百分比 圖4描述在一合金中相之重量百 之貫驗計量圖; 圖5描述在一合金中相之重量百 之實驗計量圖; 圖6描述在一合金中相之重量百 之實驗計量圖; 50 200817526 圖7描述在一合金中相之重量百分比對氮重量百分比 之實驗計量圖; 圖8描述在一合金中相之重量百分比對鈦重量百分比 之實驗計量圖; 圖9描述在一合金中相之重量百分比對銅重量百分比 之實驗計量圖; 圖10描述在一合金中相之重量百分比對錳重量百分比 之實驗計量圖; 圖11描述在一合金中相之重量百分比對鎳重量百分比 之實驗計量圖; 圖12描述在一合金中相之重量百分比對鉬重量百分比 之實驗計量圖; 圖13描述不同金屬之降伏應力與極限抗張強度。 圖14描述不同金屬之降伏應力。 圖1 5描述不同金屬之極限抗張強度。 圖16描述不同金屬之降伏應力。 圖17描述不同金屬之極限抗張強度。 雖然本發明容許各式修飾及另可選擇之形體,其特定 具體實例係以在圖式中之實例方式顯示且可在本文中詳細 地4田述。圖式可能不照比例緣製。然而,應瞭解圖式及其 詳盡說明並非意圖將本發明限制於所揭示的特定形體,但 相反地’其意欲藉由所附之申請專利範圍而涵蓋所有包含 於本發明之精神與範疇中之修飾、等同物及另可選擇物。 51 200817526 【主要元件符號說明】 200 屏障井 202 熱源 204 供給線 206 生產井 208 集流管 210 處理設施 220 M23C6相曲線 222 M2(C,N)相曲線 224 Z相曲線 226 Cu相曲線 228 σ相曲線 230 χ相曲線 232 G相曲線 234 萊維氏相曲線 236 M(C,N)相曲線 238 經程序A處理之合金 Α之降伏強度 240 經程序A處理之合金 A之極限抗張強度 242 經程序B處理之合金 B之降伏強度 244 經程序B處理之合金 B之極限抗張強度 246 347H不鏽鋼之降伏強度 248 347H不鏽鋼之極限抗張強度 250 經程序A處理之合金 G之降伏強度 252 合金Η之降伏強度 52 200817526 254 合金I之降伏強度 256 經程序A處理之合金B之降伏強度 258 經程序B處理之合金B之降伏強度 260 經程序A處理之合金G之極限抗張強度 262 合金Η之極限抗張強度 264 合金I之極限抗張強度 266 經程序Α處理之合金Β之極限抗張強度 268 經程序B處理之合金B之極限抗張強度 270 合金J之降伏強度 272 合金K之降伏強度 274 合金J之極限抗張強度 276 合金K之極限抗張強度 53

Claims (1)

  1. 200817526 十、申請專利範面: 1 · 一種組成,其包括: 以重量計由18%至22%之鉻; 以重量計由5%至13%之鎳; 以重量計介於3%至10%之銅; 以重量計由1%至10%之錳; 以重量計由〇_3%至1%之矽; 以重量計由0.5%至1.5%之鈮; 以重量計由〇·5至2%之鎢;以及 以重量計由38%至68%之鐵。 2·根據申請專利範圍第1項之組成,其中該組成具有 在800C下鬲於35 ksi之降伏強度。 3 ·根據申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成,其中該組成 在經退火後,因經2〇%之冷加工而使其在8〇〇。〇下之降伏 強度之改變量低於20%。 4 ·根據申凊專利範圍第1或2項之組成,其進一步包 括以重量計為由0.2%至0.5%之元素氮。 5 ·根據申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成,其進一步包 括以重量計為由〇 3%至之鉬。 6·根據申請專利範圍第1或2項之組成,其進一步包 括以重量計為由〇.〇8%至〇.2%之碳。 7.根據申凊專利範圍第1或2項之組成,其中該組成 包括奈米氮化物析出物。 8·根據申請專利範圍帛7項之組成,其中該奈米氮化 54 200817526 物析出物包括顆粒,且 _奈米間之最大尺寸。二顆拉大部分具有一範圍在5至 據t請專利範圍第7項之組成,其中該組成進— v匕括示米碳化物析出物。 I 0 ·根據申請專利範圚筮 ,,,α 摩圍弟9項之組成,其中該奈米碳化 物包括顆粒,且這此顆 b ^ θθ 二顆粒大部刀具有一範圍在5至200夺 米間之最大尺寸。 不
    II ·根據申請專利範圚筮;十 ^ ^ j乾圍弟1或2項之組成,其中當該組 成在800°C下時,i含右 八a有以重s计至少為3·25〇/〇之析出物。 。12_根據申請專利範圍第η項之組成,其中存於_ C下之以重量計至少為2 %之析出物為Cu、M(C,N)、M2(C,N) 或 Nl 2 3 C 6 相。 3.根據申哨專利範圍第11項之組成,其中該組成係 在火概度下經退火處理,且該組成在8〇〇〇c下較其在 退火溫度下包括以重量計至少多丨1.5%之CU、M(CN)、 m2(c,nm M23C6 相。 14.根據申請專利範圍第13項之組成,其中該退火温 度至少為1250°C。 15·根據申請專利範圍第13項之組成,其中該退火溫 度係介於1300°c和該組成熔點之間。 16·根據申凊專利範圍第1或2項之組成,其中當該組 成在800 C下日守,其含有以重量計至少為之析出物。 17·根據巾請專利範圍第1或2項之組成,其中當該組 成在800。。下時,其含有以重量計至少為8 %之析出物。 55 200817526 18.—種組成,其包括·· 以重量計由18%至22%之鉻; 以重量計由5%至9%之鎳; 以重量計由1%至6%之銅; 以重量計由〇 · 5 %至1 · 5 %之銳; 以重量計由1%至10%之錳; 以重量計由〇_5至1.5%之鎢; 以重量計由36%至74%之鐵;以及
    Ο 奈米氮化物之析出物,其中鶴與銅之比例介於約丨/ i 〇 和10/1之間。 1 9 ·根據申請專利範圍第1 8項之組成,其中銅與錳之 比例介於約1/5和5/1之間。 20·根據申請專利範圍第18或19項之組成,其中該奈 米氮化物包括顆粒,且這些顆粒大部分具有一範圍在5至 100奈米間之最大尺寸。 21·根據申請專利範圍第18或19項之組成,其中當該 組成在80(TCTa夺,其含有以重量計至少& 3 25%之 物。 22.根據中請專利範圍第18或19項之組成,其中 組成在8 0 0 C下時,含右!^舌旦斗 “ 3有以重里汁至少為4。/〇之析出物。 23·根據申請專利範圍第18或19 。 / 組成’其中在认 800 C下之以重量計至少為2%之析出物 ; M2(C,N)或 m23c6 相。 w u、 (,N)、 24·根射請專利範圍第18或19項<組成,其中· 56 200817526 成已進行冷加工處理至至少約丨〇(3/❶之程度。 25.根據申請專利範圍第18或19項之組成,其中該組 成已進行熱加工處理至至少約1 之程度。 、26·根據申請專利範圍第18或19項之組成,其中該組 成已進行熱時效處理。 27· —種加熱器系統,其包括: 一產熱元件;以及 至少部份環繞該產熱元件之防護筒,其中該防護筒 之至少一部分係由一材料製成,該材料包括·· 以重量計由18%至22%之鉻; 以重里叶由5 %至14 %之鎳; 以重量計由1%至1〇%之銅; 以重量計由〇·5%至1.5%之鈮; 以重量計由36%至7〇·5%之鐵;以及 奈米氮化物之析出物。 項之加熱器系統,其中該 28·根據申請專利範圍第27 產熱tl件為一種電力產熱元件。 27或28項之加熱器系統
    以重量計由18%至22%之鉻; 29·根據申請專利範圍第27 中该產熱元件為一種碳氫化合物 以重量計由1〇%至14%之鎳; 以重量計由1%至10%之鋼; 57 200817526 以重量計由〇·5%至1.5%之鈮; 以重量計由36%至7〇 5%之鐵;以及 奈米氮化物之析出物。 3 1 ·根據申請專利範圍第30項之系統,其進一 +勺 -加罐系、统’以使一加熱媒介經由該管件循環::熱 地下岩層。 …、 32. 根據申請專利範圍第31項之系統, 介包括水蒸汽。 .、、、系
    U 33. 根據申請專利範圍第31項之系統,其中該加熱媒 介包括二氧化碳。 入/4·根據申請專利範圍第31項之系統,其中該加熱媒 介係在表面處藉由與氦進行熱交換而被加熱。 35.根據申請專利範圍第34項之系統,其中氦係在一 核能反應器令被加熱。 36·根據申請專利範囷第3〇或31項之系統其中該系 統進一步包括一作為熱源之電力加熱元件。 37·根據申請專利範圍第3〇或31項之系統,其中該管 件係經由銲接一材料之滚軋板而形成一管件。 38·根據申請專利範圍第37項之系統,其中該銲接包 括雷射銲接。 39·根據申請專利範圍第37項之系統,其中該銲接包 括氣體遮蔽鎢弧銲接。 40. 一種組成,其包括·· 以重量計由18%至22%之鉻; 58 200817526 以重量計由11%至14%之鎳; 以重量計至多3%之銅; 以重量計由1%至10%之錳; 以重量計至多0.75%之矽; 以重量計由〇.5%至1·5%之鈮; 以重量計由〇·5至15%之鎢;且 其中4材料能被冷加工處理而製成一鍛造材料。 41·根據申請專利範圍第4〇項之組成,其中該 被熱加工處理。 Τ枓月匕 42·根據申請專利範圍第4〇或41項之組成,其進一步 包括以重量計為由0.07%至0.1 5%之碳。 43.根據申請專利範圍第40或41項之組成,其進一步 包括以重量計為由0.2%至0.5%之氮。 ^ 44·根據申請專利範圍第4〇或4i項之組成,其進一步 包括鐵。 45·—種加熱地下岩層之方法,其包括: "又置一或多個加熱器系統,其中在至少一加熱器系統 中之一部分係由根據申請專利範圍第1至26項中任一項 及/或申請專利範圍第4〇至44項中任一項之組成所製成, 且其中至少一加熱器系統為根據申請專利範圍第27至39 項中任一項之加熱器系統;且 使來自一或多個加熱器系統之熱能加熱地下岩層之至 少一部分。 46.根據申請專利範圍第45項之方法,其進一步包括 59 200817526 鬌 提供熱能予該岩層,使得在該岩層中之至少某些碳氫化合 物得以流動及/或被熱裂解。 47.根據申請專利範圍第45或46項之方法,其進一步 包括由該岩層中生產至少一部分之碳氫化合物。 十一、圈式: 如次頁
    60
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