SU1745149A1 - Method of preparation of excess-moisture soils for cultivation of forest crops - Google Patents

Abstract

Summary of Invention Lay drainage network. The soil is removed and spread evenly between the channels. The distance between the ditches is 4–50 m, the depth is 0.3–1.5 m. The soil between the ditches is loosened and used under 2–20 lanes of crops. 1 hp f-ly, 3 ill.

Description

The invention relates to reforestation and forest cultivation in the system of forestry and agriculture and can be used to create forest crops under conditions of temporarily over-wetted, long-term and permanently over-wetted soils, namely cuttings in the plains of taiga and mixed zones forests, as well as the mosaic conditions of these zones,

The aim of the invention is the cultivation of high-density plantations, due to the improvement of crop growth conditions, the provision of comprehensive mechanization of subsequent reforestation, thanks to the possibility of unimpeded movement of machinery during sowing or planting, agrotechnical and silvicultural care, control of pests and diseases, as well as fighting forest fires.

The goal is achieved by the fact that in the method of preparing excessively wetted soils for forest crops, including laying a drainage network in the form of ditches, the distribution of removable soil in the inter-canal space and the formation

the sown or seating areas, the distribution of soil between the trenches is carried out by its uniform spreading, and the sown or landing places are formed by treating the interchannel space by loosening the bands. The ditches are laid with a depth of 0.3-1.5 m and the distance between them is 4-50 m. used for laying 2-20 loosened streaks under forest cultures. The loosened strips are laid predominantly in double parallel rows with a center-to-center distance greater than the width of the tractor.

FIG. Figure 1 shows a variant of preparing the background and the soil, consisting in laying ditches after 6-12 meters and loosening the soil in the inter-avanche space in double parallel rows in 3-6 meters; in fig. Figure 2 shows a variant of planting the planting material by means of a two-row tree-planting machine with double parallel rows with a spacing of 3-6 m and axes of ditches 6-12 m in FIG. 3 depicts a variant of agrotechnical care for doubles (L

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parallel rows of forest crops through a two-way cultivator,

Figures 1 to 3 show the zero surface 1 of the soil (daily cutting surface), ditch 2, interchannel space 3, bulk soil4 taken out of the ditches and scattered across the interchannel space, strips 5 loosened during soil preparation, the tillage b, the crops created 7, sowing or planting unit 8, strip 9, treated with one section of the cultivator, unit 10 for agrotechnical care of forest cultures.

The proposed method for creating forest crops in over-wet cuttings includes the following process steps:

1. Preparation of background cuttings for the production of forestry work, which consists in cleaning the forest area from unrealized low-grade wood and logging residues in the presence of stumps in the cutting of no more than 600 pcs / ha, strip or continuous clearing of logging for forest crops from stumps, deadwood, unrealized low-waste rifles and felling residues by chemical, mechanical, biological and other methods with the number of stumps more than 600 pieces / ha.

Stumps can be destroyed by chemical or biological means, exploded using explosives, uprooted by mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or electro-hydraulic driven stoppers, driven in or cut (bitten, milled) flush with the soil, crushed at a depth of root mass, cleaved or combed from the soil by means of root scrubbers.

The width of the strips to be cleared is provided for up to 3.5 m, in each specific case it depends on the chosen technological scheme for the creation of forest crops.

The strips are cleared as straightforwardly as possible and with a predetermined spacing, in order to subsequently ensure high-performance machinery in most reforestation production processes and ensure mechanized hauling of wood during thinning without additional cutting of cuttings for tractors with whips or assortments.

2. Cutting ditches 2 to collect excess water in them or to drain 1 excess water from the silvicultural area to the nearest receiving water.

The cutting of the trenches 2 is carried out in 4-50 m depth of 0.3-1.5 m. The depth of the ditches and the distance between them are determined by the forest conditions of the area

and the habitats of crops, as well as the breed composition of the crops created.

The direction of the ditches 2 is prescribed before the strip clearing of the clearings. Ditches are laid on natural drains with

0 in such a way that they collect water and divert it to natural or artificial water intakes.

On fresh cuttings under drainage ditches, they preliminarily clear

5 tracks, for example, lifting machines. Stumps, deadwood, unrealized low-grade wood and logging residues are removed from the cleared pistes. The width of the cleared tracks is determined depending on the size of the designed water drainage channels and means of mechanization of their device.

In areas where the carrying capacity of the soil provides the permeability of wringing machines on ordinary caterpillars, the tracks under the drainage ditches are laid simultaneously with the strip clearing of the entire area of logging for plantations or with a small gap along

0 time.

On wetland soils with constant excessive moisture, which prevent tractors with ordinary caterpillars from being eliminated, routes for drainage

5 ditches are cleared by spreading machines on wide track. Under these conditions, for the preliminary drainage of the site, the clearing of the trails and the laying of drainage ditches along them are made 1-2 years before

0 lane clearing of clearings and preparation of soil for forest cultures. The depth and frequency of ditching depends on the topography of the land, the state of the soil, and the type of crops created.

5 In temporarily overwetted areas, the requirements of continuity in length, as well as the requirements for providing the necessary bottom slope and input to the receiving waters, are not always imposed on the ditches.

0 Soil 4 removed from the ditches 2 is scattered on the sides of them, preferably in an even layer and over the entire width of the inter-trench space 3. For laying ditches 2 they use eksvavil, grooved plows and ditches with passive-active or active soil gutters, removed from ditches.

3. Preparation of the soil for forest crops, which consists in laying 2–20 loosened streaks on the intercanavial space with simultaneous or preliminary removal, destruction, or mixing of moss, lateral and outdated ground cover with the soil.

The method of soil preparation is chosen in relation to the type of vegetation conditions, the type of growing conditions, the type of forest crops and the method of crop production (sowing of seeds or planting of planting material).

If there are more than 600 pieces per hectare, the soil is prepared only on previously cleared strips.

The movement of the aggregate 6 in the preparation of the soil is carried out along the interchannel space 3, mainly between the strips cleared under forest cultures.

Soil preparation is carried out mainly at the level of the zero surface, moreover, with machines and tools having working bodies as working tools of rippers, cover meters, disk plows, cutters and other loosening tools working according to the principle of continuous rather than periodic action.

For most conditions, these guns must process at least two parallel strips simultaneously, i.e. Soil preparation should be carried out mainly in double parallel stripes. At the same time, the width between the rows of the treated bands is provided for more than the width of the tractor by an amount not less than twice the total value of the protective zone and the band worked out on each side of the row of crops for agrotechnical care of forest cultures.

Soil preparation can also be carried out using one-size soil-cultivating tools, but under the condition that the specified aisles are observed, which is easily achieved using markers.

Under certain conditions, strip soil preparation is permitted with tools that create micro-elevations or micro-lows that are insignificant in height, such as PLD-1.2, PKL-70 plows or FLSH-1.2 mills.

The technological operations following the preparation of the soil consist in sowing of seeds or planting of planting material, agrotechnical and silvicultural care of the crops created, control of pests and forest diseases, and repair of ditches.

At the same time, sowing of seeds or planting of planting material 7 (seedlings, saplings, cuttings) is carried out in a prepared soil.

Seeding and planting operations are allowed at the same time as soil preparation operations,

The movement of the unit 8 during sowing and planting works is carried out along the same aisles along which the tractor has moved during the preparation of the soil. Sowing of seeds and planting of crops 7. basically, they are produced by double parallel rows in the middle of parallel strips 5, processed during soil preparation

Sowing and planting can be carried out by well-known sowing and planting machines, for example, SLP-1,3, PLA-2M and SLP-2 planters, as well as other machines.

The subsequent agrotechnical use of the created crops 7 consists in mowing grass and overgrown low-value breeds, loosening the soil, rolling (crushing, sticking to the soil) or chemical destruction of weeds on lanes 9 near rows of crops 7, etc.

For the movement of the aggregates 10, use the same passages along which the tractors moved in preparing the soil, sowing and planting crops.

These works can, t be performed by machines and implements such as rotary mowers, milling and disc cultivators, rollers, etc.

Silvicultural leaves are carried out in the form of clarifications, cleansing, thinning, walk-through and sanitary cutting.

For the movement, the machinery uses basically the same passages along which the tractor moved during previous operations, for example, during two-row soil preparation, two-field seed and planting, as well as during agrotechnical care of two-row crops.

For these operations, you can use a variety of motor units, tractors with hydraulic manipulators or skidders, etc. For example, electric saws, Friendship gasoline saws, etc. can be used to cut and open trees. Cutting off branches from tree trunks that have fallen to the ground can be used. For cutting low-value hardwoods, knapsack units such as PA-1, Secor, Arum and others can be used. For loading and skidding of wood, you can use any tractors with sufficient traction with lifting gear, for example, a D Tel unit, tractors TDT-55,

TDT-75, T-5L with skidding and lifting equipment;

The control of pests and diseases of the forest is carried out by spraying trees with poisonous liquid or dusting with poisonous mists (aerosols).

For the mechanization of this work, special machines are used, for example, sprayers, pollinators and aerosol generators.

For the movement, the machinery uses, basically, the same passages along which the tractor moved during the agrotechnical care of the created crops, as well as logging, care for them.

Ditch repairs are carried out as they are shallowed and overgrown. These operations are carried out by the same machines and tools that were used for the initial laying of ditches. You can also use special machines for these purposes.

The movement of the aggregates is carried out mainly along the same tracks as during the initial laying of the ditches, i.e. over the ditches. To carry out these operations, no additional preparation of the tracks is required (cutting the cuttings, clearing the strips from stumps and felts).

The proposed method has a significant positive effect.

When using the proposed method, it is possible to grow high-density plantations due to the fact that

The laying of the ditches 2 in combination with the uniform spreading of the soil 4 over the inter-canal space 3 leads in time to the convex shape of the zero surface of the soil 1 in the inter-canal space 3 due to the greatest subsidence of the soil in places with a greater degree of drainage, i.e. near the ditch

The evenness or convexity of the microrelief in the interchannel space 3 provides for a faster discharge of excess surface moisture (topwater) into the ditches, as well as a more uniform heating of the soil in comparison with the presence of multiple layers, mounds or ridges in the interchannel space that impede fast runoff of upper water and besides creating some shading for the surrounding surface.

Location conditions are created in the form of a wide inter-canal cluster with a smooth or slightly convex surface, and not in the form of narrow isolated microweights, i.e. all intercanal space 3 acts as a very wide

microelevation in the form of a ridge rising above the water in ditches.

Due to the uniformity of the microrelief in the intercanavian space 3 (a kind of wide micro-elevation above the water in the ditches), more equalized conditions are created for the development of the root systems of cultivated trees, while in the cultures on narrow ridges and hills the root system

Over time, it becomes bare due to water and wind erosion of soil mounds or ridges, shrinkage of the soil as it dries out, due to the increasing transpiring capacity of growing trees and compacted by wind swaying of trees.

Separate soil preparation in strips 5 (separate from laying ditches 2) contributes to a better warming up of the soil in the root layer, which is important in cold climates, unhindered development of tens of lateral roots (spruce, fir, cedar) in the upper unmixed soil horizon, the retention of the associated moisture, in the loosened mail strip 5 for a longer vegetation period, which allows to obtain a high growth of cool, even for dry years.

0 When using the method provided the creation of the necessary conditions for the development of crops 7 in any year, dry or wet. In a wet year, the excess moisture from the root-soil layer is removed to a skill. In the dry year, moisture is sufficient due to the large moisture capacity of the loosened soil, as well as the ability of the trees to collect moisture from the near-dry space. Creation of crops 7 at the level of

0 zero soil surface 1 with the location of the roots in the upper soil horizon. Due to the rarer network of trenches 2, power was supplied from all sides to a distance of several tens of meters,

5 of the richest upper soil layers (the zone of root nutrition is comprehensive, the roots of crops spread unimpededly in any direction at a distance of up to several tens of meters).

0 The creation of a more uniform thermal, air, water and nutrient regime of the soil throughout the entire inter-canal space 3, due to the regulation of the water regime, the leveling of the soil surface.

The occurrence of bare roots of growing trees 7 is excluded due to cessation of water and wind erosion, as well as due to the exclusion of soil shrinkage as the drying effect on the soil of the growing forest decreases.

The possibility of uniform placement and a sufficiently large number of sown or planting areas in the silvicultural area is provided.

It is possible to create wind-blown forest crops 7 due to sowing of seeds or planting of planting material in parallel rows,

Conditions for the development of crops 7 are provided (curved plantings do not grow on the level surface of intercantile spaces 3, they grow only on the slopes of slopes and ravines, along the steep banks of reservoirs, and also along the edges of the scenes and ditches.

The possibility of a sharp increase in labor productivity, as well as a reduction in operating and economic costs, is ensured by the fact that the possibility of complex mechanization and automation of all technological processes up to felling of main use is ensured, thanks to the creation of cultures of 7 parallel parallel and straight lines to ensure the possibility of proper movement of the units between them at high working speeds; the possibility of unimpeded movement of equipment 8 and 10 in dual spaces between cultures; the use of crop spaces for moving small-sized machinery without cutting out special routes when performing all technological processes, in particular, on agrotechnical and forestry care, combating pests and forest diseases, as well as controlling metalfire fires; the cultivation of pristine forest plantations, easily treatable in power-saw benches and suitable for the construction of timber structures.

The regulation of the water regime in the soil layer is carried out in the most efficient way simultaneously in all three planes of the coordinate system: across the width of the plot by creating crops 7 in accordance with a number of moisture-loving people, for example, near ditches 2 — the most drought-resistant (pine) 2 slightly more moisture-loving (larch) at a slightly longer distance from the ditches, 2 more moisture-loving ones (spruce, fir) at even greater distance from the ditches, 2 the most moisture-loving hardwoods (aspen, birch, alder and der BL - sponge type Canadian poplar) at the part length and depth of the groundwater through the discontinuous and continuous trenches 2; in closed lows - artificial or natural reservoirs.

The possibility of simultaneous preparation of the soil for two rows of crops, simultaneous creation of two parallel rows of crops at 5 sowing or planting and the possibility of carrying out agrotechnical care for two rows of crops at the same time is provided.

The possibility of high-performance maintenance thinning and conservation measures is ensured due to the absence of the necessary cutting through of special glades for the movement of machinery.

Provided the ability to use small and low power

5 technology class 0.6-3.0 gs between crops 7 with most technological processes maturing use for over-wetted conditions only cumbersome

0 swamp equipment capable of moving over ditches (tractors of class 4-6-6.0, i.e., and more).

In many zones, it is possible to use more economical forest tractors, instead of tracked ones, because of their movement not over the trenches, but in the interchannel space at the level of the zero surface of the soil (wheeled tractors are less expensive, more durable, faster during transportation, can be easily moved on asphalt roads and railway crossings).

Provided the ability to use

5 of the most common technological complex in most of the conditions of forest growth are dlinirovannyh, as well as temporarily overwetted, long-term and permanently over-moistened clearings (of the same type.

0 machines for soil preparation 6, planting 8, agrotechnical care 10, etc.). For the mosaic conditions of the taiga zone, this is of fundamental importance. A single technological complex and a minimum number of machines can create cultures in most forest conditions. The difference consists in preparatory operations aimed at the relative leveling of the water regime throughout the entire forest area, for which in excessively wetted areas. .. Continuous ditches 2 are laid, in temporarily watery areas they are limited to laying intermittent channels, in the drained areas these preparatory operations are completely absent.

All subsequent operations (soil preparation, planting and agrotechnical care) in all

The conditions for forest growth are performed by a single complex of machines.

Thus, in contrast to the known, the proposed method is more expensive at the initial moment due to the separation of the operations for laying ditches 2 and preparing the soil in strips 5, but more effective for maturing and ripe age.

The known methods are cheap in the initial period (which is tempting), but entail a rise in the cost of work in the future because of the impossibility of applying complex mechanization to other types of work and the forced use of a large number of differently-designed equipment.

When using the proposed method, reliable protection of nature is ensured, due to less soil compaction due to the rectilinear movement of the aggregates, the possibility of carrying out forest work in the inter-canal spaces with less energy-intensive and less heavy machinery, less damaging the soil.

In addition, thinning is provided as well as measures for the conservation and protection of the forest without additional

chopping trails, preventing large-scale forest fires over large areas, due to alternating coniferous and hardwoods, the possibility of rapid extinguishing of fires due to the presence of passages for equipment between rows of crops, as well as the possibility of effective control of pests and diseases of the forest constant aisles for technology between rows of cultures.

Claims (2)

1. A method of preparing over-moistened soils for forest crops, including laying a drainage network in the form of ditches, distributing the soil to be removed over the inter-canal space and forming seats, which, in order to improve the growth conditions of the crops, distribute the soil between the ditches by uniformly scattering it, and the seats are formed by processing the interchannel space by loosening the bands. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ditches are laid with a depth of 0.3-1.5 m with a distance between them of 4-50 m, and the interchannel space is used to create 2-20 bands under the culture. 4 g  / J -.S-f5jk T W-30H,  xrWTw T f: Ј x. Rm 3.0-6.0m FIG. : Ј 3.0-6.0m VO-12.0m ABOUT