RU2019072C1 - Method for cultivation of row crop cultures - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: in cultivation of row-crop cultures the method involves applying fertilizer concurrently with main cultivation and mixing said fertilizer with soil to the depth of plow layer, then making beds for row crop cultures. While sowing or planting the crops, the soil is compacted in row spaces. Agromechanical management is conducted by loosening the soil with subsurface tilling implements, simultaneously compacting the row spaces. The depth and width of boardless loosening are set to suit the dimensions and expected accretion of root systems. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 3 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and forestry, can be used in the cultivation of agricultural and forest crops in areas without insurmountable obstacles in the form of stumps, stones, etc.

 The primary area of application is the cultivation of row crops, as well as forest plantation crops on uprooted areas and lands that have been abandoned from agricultural use.

 A device for subsurface cultivation of the soil is known, including a frame, slitherese and cultivating elements, while the slitherer is equipped with a duct, and the axis and cultivating elements are in communication with the duct.

 There is a method of applying fertilizers to the soil, including cutting slots in the soil inclined in the longitudinally-vertical plane and distributing fertilizers into them in horizontal parallel rows, while additionally cutting inclined slots in the longitudinally-vertical plane, which are arranged crosswise to the main inclined slots and distributed into fertilizers in horizontal parallel rows, while a horizontal gap is cut above the inclined slots and the fertilizers are distributed in parallel rows and.

 A known method of creating rocker steam, including tape sowing rocker plants, cultivating the soil between the wings and cutting rocker bands, while simultaneously cutting the roots of the rocker plants, introduce the amount of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers that is missing to the level of pure steam fertility to the same depth as pure steam, moreover fertilizers are applied to the width of the spread of the roots of the rocker plants.

 A known method of applying fertilizers, including the distribution of a mixture of mineral fertilizers in the soil and their incorporation, in which at least half of the nitrogen contained in the fertilizer mixture is applied in ammonium form.

 Thus, all the mentioned methods of growing crops include abundant fertilization during continuous tillage.

 The disadvantages of such methods include the insufficiently high return on fertilizers and pesticides due to their leaching from the soil by atmospheric precipitation and due to weed consumption, due to the impossibility of fast and complete assimilation by the crop plants of the entire applied dose of fertilizers and due to the lack of techniques for preserving fertilizers in soil until the right period.

 Known technological systems for growing and harvesting seedlings in open ground. The complexes include applying fertilizers and mixing them with the soil to the depth of the arable horizon by plowing, milling or disking, sowing seeds or planting planting material and carrying out agrotechnical cares.

The disadvantages of this technological complex include:
insufficiently high return on fertilizers and pesticides due to their leaching from the soil by atmospheric precipitation and due to weed consumption, due to the impossibility of rapid assimilation by cultivated plants of the entire applied dose, and also due to the lack of techniques for preserving it in the soil until the desired period;
the lack of the possibility of stage-by-stage feeding of plants with fertilizers introduced during the main or additional preparation of the soil;
the need for a variety of different technological operations.

 A known method of cultivating crops by decompression and cultivation of heavy waterlogged soils, including cutting furrows and creating ridges, while deep cultivating loosely produce chisel implements directly below the ridge, where they create a loose base from the subsoil in the form of a trapezoidal cross-section, and the location of the ridges and row-shaped troughs Furrows are stored annually for the entire rotation period of the crop rotation. This technical solution is the closest to the intended purpose.

Despite the presence of undoubtedly high advantages, the known method has a number of serious drawbacks, namely the impossibility of creating always sufficiently favorable soil conditions for the growth of crops, in particular:
insufficiently high return on fertilizers and pesticides due to their washing out of the soil by precipitation and due to weed consumption, due to the impossibility of quick and complete assimilation by the crop plants of the entire applied dose of fertilizers and due to the lack of techniques for preserving fertilizers in the soil until the right period;
the lack of the possibility of stage-by-stage feeding of plants with fertilizers introduced during the main or additional preparation of the soil;
insufficiently high efficiency of weed control due to loosening of the soil in the aisles, and not under the rows of crops, and chisel, and not flat-cutting working bodies.

 The aim of the invention is to improve the soil conditions of crop growth.

 This goal is achieved by the fact that in the method of cultivating crops, which includes primary and secondary tillage for ordinary crops by forming micro-elevations in the form of ridges or ridges, sowing seeds or planting planting material and conducting agrotechnical cares by creating a loose base under the rows of crops from soil and subsoil periodic loosening in combination with the movement of the aggregate wheels between the rows, before the main tillage, for example, before plowing or milling, fertilizers are applied and then they are mixed with the soil to the depth of the arable horizon, when sowing or planting crops, the soil between rows is compacted, and the loosening is carried out in a moldless manner with flat-cutting tools, densifying the row-spacings, while the depth and width of loosening are set in accordance with the size of the root systems of crops, taking into account the expected growth to next agrotechnical care, and at the final stage of care - taking into account the growth until the end of the growing season.

 Figure 1 shows the technological method for primary or secondary tillage with the simultaneous application of fertilizers; figure 2 - cutting micro-elevations in the form of ridges with the simultaneous landing of planting material; in FIG. 3 - sections of walkways with loosened rows of crops and compacted row spacings after the first (a), second (b) and third (c) agrotechnical cares.

 Symbols adopted on the schemes: 1 - soil, 2 - fertilizers introduced into the soil 1, 3 - planting material (seeds), 4 - micro-elevations of the soil (ridges, ridges), 5 - row spacing or row spacing, 6 - soilless loosening of soil under in rows of crops, 7 - flat-cutting working body of the tool for subsurface tillage, 8 - rollers for compaction of the soil.

The proposed method of cultivating row crops includes the following technological operations:
fertilizer application
mixing fertilizers with soil to the depth of the arable horizon by plowing, milling or disking,
the formation of micro-elevations in the form of ridges or ridges with simultaneous or subsequent sowing of seeds or planting of planting material in them,
carrying out agrotechnical cares by subsurface loosening of the soil under the rows (ridges or ridges) of crops with simultaneous compaction of the soil in the aisles or rows.

 The method is as follows.

 First, fertilizers (peat, manure, composts) are applied to the soil surface. In the main tillage 1, fertilizers are mixed with the soil to the depth of the arable horizon by plowing, deep milling and (or) disking. Following this, additional processing of the soil is carried out to profile passages, for example, on damp and wet soils, cutting ridges or ridges is performed, as well as sowing of seeds or planting of planting material and compaction of the soil in the aisles 5 by means of rollers 8, while the operation of sowing seeds or planting planting material is produced by known methods, for example, before additional tillage, simultaneously with it or after it, and operations for compaction of the soil between rows are performed during additional processing soils and (or) when sowing seeds, planting planting material.

 When carrying out agrotechnical treatments, the depth and width of the moldless cultivation 6 are set in accordance with the total sizes of the roots of crops 3 in depth and width, as well as the expected growth of roots in depth and width until the next agrotechnical care, and at the final stage until the end of the growing season.

For example, if before the first agrotechnical care: the root width at the top is b ₁ , the root width at the bottom is from ₁ , the root length is h ₁ . The root growth from the first to the second technical maintenance will be: in width in the upper part - a ₁ , in width in the lower part - d ₁ , in length g ₁ , then the moldless loosening of 6 soil 1 during the first agricultural care is carried out: in the upper part - width b ₁ + a ₁ , in the lower part - width c ₁ + d ₁ , depth h ₁ + g ₁ .

At the next agrotechnical care, soilless loosening 6 of soil 1 is again performed (Fig.3b) with an increase in width and depth due to row spacing 5, from which layers of compacted soil (with fertilizer preserved in it) are cut off and transferred to a loosened state. The depth and width of subsurface cultivation 6 is set in accordance with the total sizes of the roots of crops 3 in depth and width, as well as the expected growth of roots in depth and width until the next agrotechnical care. Therefore, during the second agrotechnical care, soilless loosening of the soil 1 is carried out: in the upper part - to the width b ₁ + a ₁ + a ₂ , in the lower part - to the width c ₁ + d ₁ + d ₂ , to the depth h ₁ + g ₁ + g ₂ , where a ₂ , d ₂ , g ₂ is the expected root growth between the second and third agrotechnical cares.

 At the final stage of agrotechnical care also produce moldless loosening 6 of the soil 1, again loosening the remainder of the row-spacing 5 (figv).

, где f - увеличение ширины безотвального рыхления с каждым последующим агротехническим уходом, см;
S - ширина междурядий культур, см;
b₁ - первоначальная ширина рыхления по верху, см;
ν - планируемое количество агротехнических уходов за сезон в зависимости от условий развития культур, раз.Thus, the depth and width of subsurface cultivation each time is set greater than the depth and width of the distribution of crop roots by the value of their expected growth in depth and width until the next agrotechnical care, i.e., depending on the total number of agrotechnical cares determined by the conditions of the habitat of crops, the size of row spacing and weather conditions. In the most general form, this dependence is displayed by the formula:
f =

, where f is the increase in the width of subsurface cultivation with each subsequent agrotechnical care, cm;
S - row spacing of crops, cm;
b ₁ - the initial width of loosening on top, cm;
ν - the planned number of agrotechnical cares per season, depending on the conditions of crop development, times.

=

= 20 см ,
Приведенная формула в принципе может быть уточнена применительно к различной динамике развития культур на каждом этапе их выращивания.For example, when growing potatoes with a row spacing of 90 cm, the total number of agrotechnical cares is ν = 3 and the initial loosening width is b ₁ = 30 cm, the average degree of increase in the width of subsurface cultivation is on average
f =

=

= 20 cm
The above formula, in principle, can be refined in relation to the different dynamics of crop development at each stage of their cultivation.

 The ratio of the width and depth of cultivation depends on the type of crop and is directly dependent on the ratio of the width of the root system to its length.

 Thus, the introduction of fertilizers and their mixing with the soil 1 during the main tillage 1 provides uniform nutrition of crops 3, eliminates weathering and surface discharge of them along with storm water. Due to the soilless loosening of 6 soil 1 with implements 7 for soilless tillage during agrotechnical care under rows (ridges, ridges) of 4 crops 3, and not in row spacing 5, more intensive growth of crops 3 (roots and root crops) occurs in the rows of crops, and not from row spacing with dense soil 5, in connection with which their damage decreases sharply during subsequent agrotechnical cares and during harvesting.

 Due to compaction during agrotechnical soil care by rollers 8, between rows 5 of crops 3, conservation of fertilizers (and pesticides) from erosion by storm water, weathering and assimilation of weeds occurs.

 Due to the gradual increase in the width of the soil 6, loosened by tools for non-moldboard cultivation, the conservation is gradually reduced and the re-conservation of fertilizers and toxic chemicals is increased, which ensures their most rational expenditure and the most complete assimilation by crops.

 Using the proposed method of growing crops allows you to: annually increase the growth of forest crops and crop yields due to the most complete return on fertilizers; provide anti-erosion treatment by creating subsoil irregularities (with different densities); to provide high labor productivity when harvesting row crops by ensuring that tractors can move along densified aisles; to ensure good preservation of harvested crops by eliminating their damage during harvesting (since tubers are not located in compacted aisles, but in loosened ridges).

Claims (1)

 METHOD OF CROP CULTIVATION, including the main tillage by creating ridges for ordinary crops, agrotechnical care by creating a loose base under the rows of crops from the subsoil by periodic loosening in combination with the movement of the aggregate wheels between rows, characterized in that, in order to improve soil conditions for crop growth , at the same time as the main tillage, fertilizers are applied and mixed with soil to the depth of the arable horizon, when sowing or planting crops, the soil between rows is compacted, and the soil is loosened They are carried out in a non-moldable manner with flat-cutting type tools, densifying row spacings at the same time, and the depth and width of cultivation are set in accordance with the size of the root systems of crops, taking into account the expected growth until the next care, and at the final stage of care, growth until the end of the growing season.

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