RU2850072C1 - Landscape-tiered type meliorative drainage-humidification system - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the reclamation of wetlands, ecology and agro-reclamation of natural resources, and is aimed at improving the environmental sustainability of reclaimed wetland agricultural landscapes. The system includes an open conductive network in the form of cascading storage channels in the form of modules of differentiated drainage intensity, equipped with lower reach regulators at the source and upper reach regulators at the mouth. Along the drainage boundary with the protected undrained part of the wetland, a protective dam has been constructed with water outlets controlled by lower and upper reaches regulators, and drainage channels equipped with upper reaches regulators at their mouths, which act as hydraulic screens. The first of the storage canal modules, located in the headwaters of the bog, has been preserved in its natural state, the second, following the slope of the massif, has been constructed to maintain the groundwater level at 0.3-0.5 m from the ground surface and is intended for the possible cultivation of valuable forest and shrub species and berry bushes, the third, with a groundwater level of 0.6-0.8 m, is designed for meadow and pasture use, and the fourth, with a groundwater level of 0.9-1.1 m, is designed with closed drainage for field and vegetable crop rotations.

EFFECT: creation of protected areas of the marshland and the formation of an ecological framework for the reclaimed and protected marshland agricultural landscape with a regulated water regime and areas of varying ecological stability, including elements of the ecological framework: fields, meadows, forests, marshes and water bodies, which increases the stability and level of ecological sustainability of the marsh agricultural landscape by 1.5-2 times, extending the life of peat soils.

1 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The proposed invention relates to agriculture, namely to swamp reclamation, ecology and agro-ameliorative nature management, and is aimed at increasing the environmental sustainability of reclaimed swamp agricultural landscapes.

The problem of peatland drainage is associated with a reduction in the lifespan of peat soils due to the mineralization of peat organic matter and carbon dioxide emissions. In general, drained agricultural landscapes are characterized by lower environmental sustainability compared to natural peatlands.

To extend the life of peat soils, a set of measures is recommended, including moistening of drained peat soils, land application, increasing the share of perennial grasses in crop rotations, environmental measures and technologies, including preserving raised bogs in their natural state (Maslov B.S. Guide to long-term agricultural use of drained peat soils of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation / B.S. Maslov, A.V. Kolganov, V.A. Shamanaev et al. - M: CNTI "Meliovodinform", 1999. - 98 p.).

The considered set of measures mainly relates to the operational stage of drainage and does not allow taking into account such an important indicator of sustainability as the intensity of the reclamation impact.

One of the general shortcomings of environmental technologies in the drainage of peat bogs is the fact that the impact on the ecological sustainability of the drained agricultural landscape of such an important factor as the loss of organic matter as a result of peat mineralization, the intensity of which is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to peat moisture, is not taken into account.

The problem that the proposed invention is aimed at solving is to increase the environmental sustainability of the reclaimed marsh agricultural landscape as a whole and to preserve part of it in a natural state with the possibility of managing the wetland regime.

The closest to the proposed one is a reclamation system of the recycling type (Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2233075 C1, IPC ⁷ A01G 25/00, Drainage and humidification reclamation system / P.I. Pylyonok, V.V. Borodychev, A.M. Saldayev, published on July 27, 2004, Bulletin No. 21), consisting of cascaded drainage water storage channels, allowing for the multiple reuse of drainage water for moistening drained lands through subsurface moistening and sprinkling, which is taken as a prototype.

A significant drawback of this system is the lack of ability to manage the water regime of adjacent protected areas of the marshland.

The proposed melioration drainage and humidification system of a landscape-tiered type, including closed drainage and an open conductive network in the form of cascaded drainage water storage channels equipped with lower pool regulators at the source and upper pool regulators at the mouth, in which a protective dam with water outlets controlled by lower and upper pool regulators and diversion channels equipped with upper pool regulators at the mouth and performing the function of hydraulic screens are constructed along the drainage boundary with the protected undrained part of the swamp, will eliminate the said shortcomings, while the drainage water storage channels are made in the form of modules of differentiated drainage intensity, the first of which, located in the source part of the swamp, is preserved in its natural state, the second along the slope of the massif is made with the maintenance of a groundwater level of 0.3-0.5 m from the earth's surface and is intended for the possible cultivation of valuable forest shrub species and berry bushes, the third - with the maintenance of a groundwater level of 0.6-0.8 m, designed for grassland use; the fourth - with the maintenance of a groundwater level of 0.9-1.1 m, designed with closed drainage for field and vegetable crop rotation.

The technical result of the proposed invention is the formation of an ecological framework for a drained bog agricultural landscape, including the preservation of a portion of the natural bog massif with a regulated water regime and the creation of areas of differentiated drainage intensity and, consequently, varying ecological stability, incorporating elements of the ecological framework: field, meadow, forest, bog, and water bodies. This significantly improves the stability of the agricultural landscape. This reduces the rate of degradation of peat bog soils, reduces the loss of organic matter from the peat of reclaimed bogs, and enables the beneficial use of the preserved portion of the bog for the cultivation of bog berries (cranberries, blueberries, etc.).

The essence of the proposed invention is that the proposed melioration system, along the drainage boundary, is equipped with a dam with water outlets in the dam body and regulators of the upper and lower pools, as well as hydraulic screens along the downstream slope of the dam in the form of channels with an adjustable water level in them, and cascade-arranged modules of drainage water storage channels of varying depths of incision and water levels in them, ensure differentiated melioration intensity of the swamp agricultural landscape as a whole and the preservation of part of it in a natural state with the possibility of controlling the wetland regime.

The proposed invention is illustrated by drawings, where Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal section of the proposed system along the thalweg of a swamp massif from the protected part of the swamp through a dam at the drainage boundary and further through cascaded modules of drainage water storage channels to a water intake; Fig. 2 shows a plan of the proposed system.

The proposed landscape-tiered drainage and humidification system includes a protective dam (1) constructed along the drainage boundary with the protected, undrained portion of the swamp, with outlets controlled by regulators in the lower pool (3) and upper pool (4), and cascading drainage water storage channels (2) constructed as modules with differentiated drainage intensity. The first of these is located at the headwaters of the swamp and is preserved in its natural state. The second, along the slope of the massif, maintains a groundwater level of 0.3-0.5 m above the ground surface and can be used for growing valuable forest shrubs and berry bushes. The third dam, with a groundwater level maintained at 0.6-0.8 m, is designed for grassland use; the fourth, with a groundwater level maintained at 0.9-1.1 m, is designed with closed drainage 5 for more intensive drainage for field and vegetable crop rotations (Fig. 1). Along the downstream slope of the dam, diversion channels 6 are constructed, the mouths of which are equipped with upstream regulators 4, which allows maintaining the required water level in them to form a hydraulic screen along the drainage boundary (Fig. 2). Diversion channels 6 are connected to channels 7 enclosing the melioration system and represent open collectors with water discharge through upstream regulators 4 into a water intake 9.

The landscape-tiered melioration drainage and humidification system operates as follows.

When the water level rises, for example, in spring or during the summer-fall rain flood, excess water from the undrained portion of the marsh flows through the outlets of dam 1 with upstream regulators 4 into the diversion channels 6, connected to the enclosing channels 7 of the drainage system. Excess water in the modules of storage channel 2 flows through the upstream regulators 4 on the diversion channels into channel 7 and then into the intake 9. If the water level in the modules of storage channel 2 falls, water flows from the undrained marsh section through the open regulator 3 of the downstream of dam 1 and, through the regulators 3 of the downstream of each module, gradually fills the entire cascade to the required level in each module. Unwanted excess water in the last module with the closed drainage system 5 can be diverted directly to the water intake 9 through the upper pool regulator 4. When the water level in the marsh area drops to the norm, the regulators 3 of the lower pool in the dam body and 4 of the upper pool - at the mouths of the diversion channels 6 are closed, while the water level in the diversion channels 6, which in this case work as hydraulic screens, rises.

During the winter period, all the valves of the control structures are fixed in the open position and are put into operation after the peak of the spring flood has passed.

Thus, the proposed melioration drainage and humidification system of the landscape-tiered type allows for the creation of protected areas of the swamp massif and the formation of an ecological framework of the reclaimed and protected swamp agricultural landscape with a regulated water regime and areas of varying ecological stability, including elements of the ecological framework: field, meadow, forest, swamp and water bodies, which allows for an increase in the stability and level of ecological sustainability of the swamp agricultural landscape by 1.5-2 times, extending the lifespan of peat soils.

Claims (1)

A melioration drainage and humidification system of a landscape-tiered type, including closed drainage and an open conductive network in the form of cascaded drainage water storage channels equipped with lower pool regulators at the source and upper pool regulators at the mouth, characterized in that along the drainage boundary with the protected undrained part of the swamp, a protective dam is constructed with water outlets controlled by lower and upper pool regulators, and diversion channels equipped with upper pool regulators at the mouths and performing the function of hydraulic screens, while the drainage water storage channels are made in the form of modules of differentiated drainage intensity, the first of which, located in the source part of the swamp, is preserved in a natural state, the second along the slope of the massif is made with the maintenance of a groundwater level of 0.3-0.5 m from the earth's surface and is intended for the possible cultivation of valuable forest shrub species and berry bushes, the third - with the maintenance of a groundwater level The 0.6-0.8 m water level is designed for grassland use, the fourth - with the maintenance of the groundwater level of 0.9-1.1 m is designed with closed drainage for field and vegetable crop rotation.