RU2708554C1 - Machine for harvesting root vegetables and onion - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture; machine building.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agricultural machine building. Machine comprises frame (1), undercutting plow (2), running wheels (3), screwing mechanism (4) for adjusting the depth of digging, disc knife (5), main (6) and auxiliary (7) separating elevators, tops stretching (8) and supporting (10) rollers, cylindrical cleaner (11) of soil impurities with receiving roller (12), convergent tray (13), former-scraper bar, roll maker (14), tops remover (15) of vegetal impurities and reduction gear (16) of working elements. Undercutting plow (2) is made with support plate, guides and rods with pushers. Auxiliary bar separation elevator (7) is arranged on electric cylinders (17) and is made in the form of shakers (9) and supporting (10) rollers located on both sides with alternation along length and width and mismatch phases of their lifting and lowering. Cylindrical cleaner (11) of soil impurities is made with possibility of rotation towards side of bulbs passing, receiving roller (12) – with possibility of rotation in opposite direction. Former-scraper bar is made with spiral periphery along its entire length with cross-section in the form of a segment with the same angular pitch and height of lifting. Beginning and end of each coil are located on one cylinder generatrix with offset.

EFFECT: higher quality of work during harvesting by 5–7 % and reduced injury of root and tuber roots and onions.

1 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agricultural machinery, and in particular to machines for harvesting root crops, mainly onions.

A known machine for harvesting root crops, onions and garlic (RF patent for the invention No. 2175182, IPC A01D 27/04, 2001), containing a device for cutting tops, a cutter for preparing the bed - loosening the soil, destroying weeds in the rows of plants and a device for extracting harvested crops from the soil and stacking them in a roll on a prepared bed. Following the knives for cutting the tops, a device was installed in the direction of the row of plants for the additional purification of root crops from the remains of the tops in the form of a rotating drum. On the surface of the drum along the perimeter of the circle, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, flexible elements - pests are articulated. After digging the comb augers, a device was mounted for selecting products from the rolls and separating impurities from harvested crops with loading of commercial products into vehicles. The separating device is made in the form of canes longitudinally arranged at an angle to the soil surface, fixed with the possibility of changing the space between them. The fingers of the inclined conveyor located above the separating reed surface extend in the spaces between the reeds and are made of flexible material.

A disadvantage of the known machine is the relative complexity of the design, metal consumption, i.e. a large number of devices and mechanisms that require additional traction.

Closest to the technical nature of the claimed device is a prototype machine for harvesting onion sets (RF patent for invention No. 2585481, IPC A01D 17/00, 2016), consisting of a frame, a digging share, running wheels, a screw mechanism adjusting the depth of digging, a disk knife, the main and auxiliary separating elevators, top-draw and supporting rollers, a cylindrical soil impurity cleaner with a pick-up roller, a narrowing tray, a shaper-bed former, For felling, topper of plant impurities and gear drive of working bodies.

The machine is equipped with active three-arm shakers on the main and auxiliary separating elevators, a frame with an impurity descent tray and a shaper-bed former installed under it, consisting of spiral and cylindrical rollers with a hydraulic drive, in addition, the first roller of the soil impurity cleaner is installed with a displacement in a vertical plane relative to subsequent.

Significant disadvantages of the known machine are low quality indicators when harvesting onion sets: the impossibility of changing the depth of digging onion sets depending on soil density, soil unloading when the formation moves along the elevator due to the high angle of elevation of the elevator cascades on the bypass rollers, the absence of tossing soil formation, which worsens the separation of shallow soil, low ability to clean onion sets from soil lumps, the formation on the surface of the bed of a hole-shaped profile, where bulbs formed, accumulation of bulbs occurs and in the process of selection, an increased rise of soil to the separating organs is carried out, which is fraught with the loss of bulbs, due to the inability to produce a qualitative selection of them.

The technical task of the invention is to improve the quality of work when harvesting root crops and onions, by changing the depth of digging of onions depending on soil density, the absence of soil unloading when the formation moves along a bar elevator, providing shaking and topping of the soil formation, to improve the separation of shallow soil, the ability to clean onions from soil lumps, in the process of selection and implementation of the lifting of soil to the separating organs, to reduce the loss of bulbs, in connection with improving the quality of their selection.

The stated technical problem is achieved by the fact that the machine for harvesting root crops and onions, consisting of a frame, a digging ploughshare, running wheels, a screw mechanism for adjusting the depth of digging, a circular knife, the main and auxiliary separating elevators, topper traction and supporting rollers, a cylindrical soil impurity cleaner with a receiving a roller, a narrowing tray, a shaper, a bed forger, a shaper, a topper of vegetable impurities and a gear drive for working bodies, According to the invention, the digging share is made with a base plate, guides and rods with pushers, an auxiliary bar separating elevator is placed on electric cylinders and is made in the form of shakers and supporting rollers located on both sides with alternating length and width and mismatch of the phases of their lifting and lowering , a cylindrical soil impurity purifier is made to rotate in the direction of bulb gathering, the pickup roller is rotatable in the opposite direction, Tel lozheobrazovatel formed with peripherally disposed along its length a helical surface with a cross section in a segment with identical angular pitch and height of lifting, the beginning and end of each helix are located on the same generatrix of the cylinder with offset.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

In FIG. 1 - shows a machine for harvesting root crops and onions, side view; figure 2 is the same, a top view.

The machine for harvesting root crops and onions consists of a frame 1, a digging share 2, running wheels 3, a screw mechanism 4 for adjusting the depth of digging, a circular knife 5, a main 6 and an auxiliary 7 separating elevators, toppers 8, shakers 9 and supporting 10 rollers, a cylindrical cleaner 11 soil impurities with a pick-up roller 12, a narrowing tray 13, a shaper-bed former, a shaper 14, a topper 15 of vegetable impurities and a gearbox 16 for driving the working bodies.

The machine for harvesting root crops and onions is made with a digging share 2 with a base plate, guides and rods with pushers. The auxiliary rod separating elevator 7 is placed on the electric cylinders 17 and is made in the form of shakers 9 and supporting 10 rollers, on both sides with alternating lengths and widths and mismatch of the phases of their lifting and lowering, mounted on frame 1 with a tray 18 of impurities located. The cylindrical soil impurity cleaner 11 is rotatable in the direction of bulb going, the pickup roller 12 is rotatable in the opposite direction. The shaper-bed forger is made with active spiral 19 and cylindrical 20 rollers. The drive of each roller 19 and 20 is hydraulic. The shaper-loader is made with a spiral surface peripherally located along its entire length, with a cross section in the form of a segment with the same angular pitch and lifting height, while the beginning and end of each spiral are located on one generatrix of the cylinder with an offset.

The first roller 12 (receiving) of the soil impurity cleaner 11 is installed with a displacement in the vertical and horizontal planes relative to the rear drum 21 of the auxiliary 7 separating elevator.

A machine for harvesting root crops and onions, for example, onion harvesting works as follows.

In the process of moving the machine along the field, the running wheels 3 move along the row spacings. Flat disk knives 5 cut a layer dug up by a ploughshare 2 to a depth of 5 ... 10 cm of a comb with a bow and prevent its collapse. When the flat share 2 meets dense soil layers located under the onion heap roll, an increase in cutting resistance occurs. The flat share 2 moves back relative to the frame 1 along the guides of the base plate overcoming the force of spring resistance to compression, there is a decrease in the depth of digging (the share 2 is deepened). If the resistance forces and deformation of the elastic element are equal, the rod displacement stops and the flat share 2 is deepened. When the soil density decreases and, accordingly, the cutting resistance forces decrease, the rod moves forward relative to the frame 1 along the guides, which ensures an increase in the depth of digging. Copying the relief of the surface of the field of the corresponding density is governed by a change in the deformation force of the elastic element.

Then the trimmed mass of the heap enters the main 6 and auxiliary 7 separating elevators, where the bulbs are separated from the ground, heap and stones. On the main separating elevator 6 is the separation of bulbs from large-sized impurities. Moreover, after passing through the main separating elevator 6, part of the plant impurities is preliminarily cleaned on the tops 14. When the heap moves along the auxiliary bar separating elevator 7, the onion is separated from soil impurities that are comparable in size to the bulbs. As the mass moves along the bar elevator 7, the shakers 9 and supporting 10 rollers provide for the bow to move to the center of the bar elevator 7. The electric cylinders 17 allow you to adjust the angle of the canvas of the auxiliary separating elevator 7 by vertical movement of their rod. Changing the installation angle of the auxiliary separating elevator 7, depending on the amount of onion heap delivered, allows intensifying the process of separating onions from soil lumps.

From the auxiliary bar separating elevator 7, onions and remaining clods of soil and weeds fall on the roller separator 11 to separate the bulbs and root crops from soil lumps.

When the onion heap falls from the auxiliary separating elevator 7 onto the rollers 11 and 12, due to the height difference between the auxiliary separating elevator 7, the primary roller 12 and the cleaner rollers 11, the non-separated soil lumps are destroyed. Bulbs with a lower mass in comparison with soil lumps acquire a longer flight range and move to further separation from small soil impurities. Lumps of soil with greater mass rush into the technological gap and are carried to the field surface. Small soil impurities that did not separate when interacting with the pick-up roller 12 pass into the technological gaps formed between the separating rollers 11 of the cleaner, and the bulbs cleared of soil lumps and small soil impurities go to the field surface.

Then the bow, moving along the rollers of the cleaner 11, gets into the narrowing trays 13. In this case, the flow of the harvested mass is narrowed and laid on the rolled surface. This surface is pre-prepared by a shaper-bed former, consisting of active spiral 19 and cylindrical 20 rollers, located under the rollers of the cylindrical cleaner 11.

During the rotational-translational movement of the spiral roller 19 along the field, it compacts the soil with its cylindrical surface to the optimal value, and with segments made symmetrically with respect to the transverse axis in the form of protrusions, it creates a wave relief on the soil surface, while not displacing the soil and not impacting it . A smooth cylindrical roller 20, mounted behind the spiral roller 19, seals and forms restrictive rollers located at the edges of the harvested field surface. In this case, the outer diameter of the cylindrical roller 20 is larger than the diameter of the spiral roller 19.

The proposed machine for harvesting root crops and onions will provide the required quality performance in fields of various configurations with slopes of up to 5 ° with soil hardness of up to 2.5 MPa, its density of up to 1.2 g / cm ³ and humidity from 18% to 26%. Compared with the prototype will ensure the execution of technological operations:

- a digging of the soil layer at the plantings of root crops and onions to a depth of 25 cm from the surface of the ridge with the width of the ridge at the base of 165 cm with a deviation of ± 5 cm;

- selection of root crops and onions from rolls with a roll width of 165 cm at the base with a deviation of ± 5 cm;

- primary separation of soil impurities and plant residues;

- separation of soil and plant impurities at the first bar elevator with an asymmetric arrangement of shakers, with an axial distance adjustable between the axes of the shakers;

- regulation of the angle of inclination of the canvas of the second bar elevator by vertical movement of the rod of electric cylinders;

- the formation of a profiled bed for laying root crops in the roll, with a roller-bed forger, consisting of a cylindrical and spiral roller with a passive drive;

- laying root crops in the roll (with two-phase harvesting of root crops and onions).

The machine for harvesting root crops and onions is adapted for the installation of interchangeable adapters and working bodies, making it possible to use it on different rows and row plantings of root crops and onions.

The use of a machine for harvesting root crops and onions will allow, in comparison with the prototype, to increase the quality indicators of work during harvesting by 5-7% and to reduce injury to root crops and onions.

Claims (1)

Machine for harvesting root crops and onions, consisting of a frame, a digging ploughshare, running wheels, a screw mechanism for adjusting the depth of digging, a circular knife, main and auxiliary separating elevators, topper traction and supporting rollers, a cylindrical soil impurity cleaner with a pick-up roller, a narrowing tray, a shaper bed builder, roll educator, topper of vegetable impurities and gear drive of the working bodies, characterized in that the digging share is made with plate, guides and rods with pushers, an auxiliary rod-type separating elevator is placed on electric cylinders and is made in the form of shakers and supporting rollers located on both sides with alternating length and width and mismatch of phases of their raising and lowering, a cylindrical soil impurity cleaner is made with the possibility of rotation in the direction of the onion bulbs, the pickup roller - with the possibility of rotation in the opposite direction, the shaper-bed forger is made with a peripheral location along the entire length of the spiral surface with a cross section in the form of a segment with the same angular pitch and height of rise, while the beginning and end of each spiral are located on the same generatrix of the cylinder with an offset.

Images