RU2647135C1 - Method of evaluating the feazability of the combat task for missile complexes grouping - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: rocketry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to weapons, namely, to missiles. Invention can be used in assessment and analysis of the effectiveness of existing and future missile systems, preparation of offers for their improvement. Technical result of the invention is achieved by creating an analytical model of the dynamics of changing the composition of the grouping combat resource at all stages of its combat employment, addition of the model of changing the grouping combat resource by a stage of dispensing combat equipment, taking into account the combat grouping resource at each stage of its combat employment in those components of missile systems (launchers, missiles, stages of dispensing, combat equipment), which are directly affected by enemy's means and in the event of failures of which the losses of the group combat equipment are formed.

EFFECT: technical result of the invention is to provide acceptable operational and accuracy characteristics of the method for assessing the feasibility of the combat mission of grouping missile systems with any type of combat equipment.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of armaments, namely to missiles.

The invention can be used in assessing and analyzing the effectiveness of existing and promising missile systems, preparing proposals for their improvement.

One of the main indicators of the level of implementation by a group of missile systems (missiles) of its combat mission is the number of striking elements of combat equipment (BO) (hereinafter referred to as BO elements) delivered to enemy targets [Volkov EB, Norenko A.Yu. Missile confrontation. M .: SIP RIA, 2001. - 168 p.]. The combat mission of the RK grouping is considered feasible if the number of BO elements delivered to enemy targets is not less than the specified number. As a rule, the minimum number of BO elements for a guaranteed destruction of enemy targets is taken as a given number of BO elements.

The final result of assessing the feasibility of the combat mission of the RK grouping using the above indicator should be expressed in the number of BO elements delivered to the enemy’s targets. The change (decrease) in the number of BO elements from their initial composition is a consequence of the loss of the combat resources of the RK grouping from the effects of enemy means on the components of the RK and the failure of various elements of the RK. The combat resource of a grouping of the Republic of Kazakhstan refers to launchers (launchers), missiles, stages of dilution (CP) of combat equipment and elements of combat equipment that a group has.

There is an approach to assessing the feasibility of a combat mission of a grouping, which is based on a simulation of the processes of confrontation between belligerents [Asymptotic expansions for the probability of ruin in the classical risk process with a low security load // Review of Applied and Industrial Mathematics, vol. 7, no. 1, 2000. - 178 p. White A.F. Formalization of information warfare processes in military automation equipment // Strategic stability, No. 4, 2011. - p. 2-7]. This approach provides an acceptable reliability of the obtained evaluation results. However, along with this advantage, it also has disadvantages. One of them is an excessively large amount of computational operations. This leads to a significant limitation of the practical application of this method. Using computational tools of modern performance, the method can be implemented in an acceptable time only on individual scenarios of grouping and a limited set of initial data. Another disadvantage of the method is its unsuitability for solving synthesis problems due to the lack of parametric communication of the model for changing the resource of the RK grouping during combat use with the parameters of the operational and technical characteristics of the elements of the RK.

Close in technical essence to the claimed method is the method described in [Volkov EB, Norenko A.Yu. Missile confrontation. M .: SIP RIA, 2001. - 168 p.]. It is based on the representation of the number of BO elements that have achieved their goals in the form of a product:

where n _d is the number of BO elements that have achieved goals;

R _to - the reliability of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

R _bu - the probability of bringing the team to launch missiles;

R _g - the willingness of the Republic of Kazakhstan to launch missiles;

R _f - vitality of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

n is the initial number of BO elements on combat duty in the RK group.

The advantage of this method is the high efficiency of obtaining the result of assessing the feasibility of a combat mission. But at the same time, he is not without flaws. These include:

- the lack of consideration of various laws of the distribution of the intensity of the enemy’s impact on the Republic of Kazakhstan, a missile and BO elements in the process of confrontation between warring parties;

- the inability to present the dynamics of changes in the combat resource of the group in the process of its combat use.

The first of these drawbacks reduces the reliability of the results of the assessment of the feasibility of a combat mission under various scenarios of warfare. The second drawback does not reflect the impact of the operational and technical characteristics of the elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the final result of the assessment. All this significantly limits the scope of the considered method and reduces the level of confidence in the obtained evaluation results.

The closest technical solution to the claimed method is the method described in the work [Vasilenko V.V., Kazakov G.V., Kotyashev N.N. Evaluation of the functional stability of the grouping of intercontinental ballistic missiles and ensuring the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to it // Cosmonautics and Rocket Engineering, 2011, no. 1 (62), p. 139-147]. It is taken as a prototype.

This method is based on an analytical representation of the dynamics of changes in the composition of the combat equipment of the group caused by its losses due to failures of the components of the missile systems and the enemy’s impact on the Republic of Kazakhstan, missiles and BO elements during the combat use of the group. The method is devoid of the above disadvantages of other known evaluation methods. It allows you to quickly and with reasonable accuracy to obtain an assessment of the feasibility of the combat mission of the RK group. However, the model inherent in the method of changing the combat equipment of the group during the confrontation between the warring parties adequately describes the change in the surviving composition of the combat elements provided that the defeat or failure of one combat resource unit (launcher, missile, dilution stage, combat element) corresponds to a decrease in combat-ready combat elements by one unit. This condition is fulfilled only for a grouping of missiles equipped with missiles with one BO element.

For missiles having more than one BO element, the loss of PU, missiles, and dilution stages results in the loss of several BO elements. In this case, the ratio between the lost resource during its defeat or failure and the number of BO elements lost in this case varies depending on the stage or time of the loss of the combat resource. So, for example, the loss of one launcher before the launch of the missile, as well as the loss of one missile in flight at the active launch site, leads to a reduction in the combat-ready elements of the combat group by a number corresponding to the number of elements of the combat missile on the rocket. A more complex correlation between the lost amount of the combat resource and the remaining number of BO elements exists at the site of breeding of BO elements. Loss of CP during flight in this area leads to different amounts of lost BO elements, depending on the time of occurrence of the event of damage or failure of the SR. The number of lost BO elements varies from zero to the total number of BO elements on the rocket and is equal to the number of non-separated BO elements from CP by the time this event occurs. Owing to the indicated features of the site for the breeding of BO elements, the stage of combat use corresponding to this site requires a separate analysis. In the prototype method, this step is not allocated.

Thus, taking into account the combat resource of the grouping in the elements of combat units at all stages of combat use, as well as the lack of taking into account the features of the stage of breeding of elements of combat units, which is proposed in the prototype method, there will be an erroneous result of assessing the feasibility of the combat mission of the grouping of missiles with missiles containing multi-element combat units.

The purpose and technical result of the invention is to provide acceptable operational and accuracy characteristics of a method for assessing the feasibility of the combat mission of a grouping of the Republic of Kazakhstan with any type of combat equipment (monoblock, with sequential separation of the elements of the BO, with parallel separation of the elements of the BO).

The technical result of the invention is achieved:

- the creation of an analytical model of the dynamics of changes in the composition of the combat life of the group at all stages of its combat use, taking into account the impact on the group of enemy assets and the failure of components of missile systems in the process of bringing an order to launch missiles, prelaunch preparation of missiles for launch, flight of missiles and combat equipment elements;

- addition to the model for changing the combat resource of the grouping by the stage of breeding combat equipment, which shows the specific features of the ratio of the number of lost stages of breeding of combat equipment and the number of elements of military equipment lost at the same time;

- taking into account the combat resources of the group at each stage of its combat use in those components of missile systems (launchers, missiles, reconnaissance stages, striking elements of military equipment), on which the enemy’s means are directly affected and if they fail, losses of the striking elements of the group’s combat equipment are formed ;

The proposed approach to accounting for combat resources at the stages of combat use and the introduction of an additional stage adequately reflect the actual losses of the combat resources of the group, and therefore exclude the receipt of an erroneous result of assessing the feasibility of the combat mission of the group of the RK with any type of military equipment.

The essence of the invention is as follows.

The whole process of confrontation between the warring parties is divided into several stages. At each stage, the group’s combat resource loss is determined as a result of exposure to enemy means and the failure of elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan due to their unreliability. The stages differ in the ways the enemy affects the combat resource of the group, the results of such an impact, the features of changing the composition of the combat resource due to the effects of the enemy and the failure of elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to these signs, it is advisable to distinguish 4 stages of confrontation between the parties.

The first stage (t ₀ ≤t≤t _c ) is characterized by a change in the combat life of the group (launchers and missiles) in the process of bringing the order to launch missiles to launchers, prelaunch preparation of missiles for launch and missile launch. This stage extends from the moment (t ₀ ) of detecting the launches of the enemy’s missiles or from issuing an order to launch missiles of the RK group (whichever comes first) to the start (t _c ) of the group of missiles. At this stage, the enemy’s impact on launchers, command posts and communications and combat command and control facilities is possible. The loss of one launcher corresponds to the loss of one missile. The final result of the stage is the number of rockets launched.

The second stage (t _c <t≤t _aw ) is characterized by a decrease in the level of the combat resource of the group (missiles) during the flight of missiles in the active launch site (AUV). The duration of this stage is determined by the time from the moment (t _c ) of the launch of the missiles to the completion of the active section of the launch (t _aw ). The completion of the AUV is the separation of the dilution stage from the rocket (for missiles with sequential separation of the BO elements) or the separation of the BO elements (for monoblock missiles and missiles with the parallel separation of the BO elements). The result of the stage is the number of surviving missiles, the last stages of the removal of which regularly completed the separation of the stage of dilution or elements of BO.

The third stage (t _auv <t≤t _aura ) is characterized by a decrease in the level of the combat resource of the group (breeding stages and elements of combat equipment) during the CP flight at the active breeding site (AUR). The duration of this step is determined by the time from the beginning (t _ay ) to the completion (t _ayp ) of the active breeding site. The completion of the AUR is the separation from CP of all elements of BO. The result of the third stage is the number of BO elements that have regularly separated from the breeding stage. In this case, the number of separated BO elements from one breeding stage will be proportional to the duration (time) of the occurrence of the event of CP loss as a result of exposure to enemy means or its failure. The faster the CP loss event occurs, the smaller the number of BO elements will have time to separate from it during its regular functioning.

For monoblock missiles and missiles with parallel separation of BO elements, the third stage is absent. For such missiles, the number of surviving BO elements at the beginning of the fourth stage (t _out ) will be equal to their number at the time of completion of the second stage (t _out ).

The fourth stage (t _ayt <t≤t _dbo ) is characterized by a change in the combat resource of the group (elements of combat equipment) during the flight of elements of the BO. The beginning of the third stage is the moment (t _out ) of separation of the elements of the BO from the last stage of the rocket, and the end is the moment of delivery of the elements of the BO to the target (t _dbo ).

A quantitative change in the composition of the combat resource at any stage of grouping is determined by the dependence on the following factors:

- the intensity of the impact of enemy funds on the grouping of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

- vulnerabilities of the components of the Republic of Kazakhstan, missiles, dilution stages and BO elements when exposed to enemy means;

- reliability of the components of the Republic of Kazakhstan, missiles, dilution stages and BO elements.

The intensity of the impact of enemy means on the RK group is described by the distribution density ϕ (t) of the probabilities P _in (t) of the effects of time t,

where ϕ (t) ≥0;

T - the duration of the impact of enemy means on the elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan (missiles, stages of dilution, elements of BO).

With continuity ϕ (t) and at sufficiently small Δt, the probability of affecting the resources is approximately equal to the product ϕ (t) ⋅Δt (up to small ones of a higher order).

The decrease in the combat resource Δn (t) is proportional to a certain coefficient α of the vulnerability of the combat resource and the intensity of the impact ϕ (t) on the RK grouping. By tending Δt to zero, taking into account the negativity of the first derivative, a first-order differential equation of the form is obtained in the limit:

or

Integrating the last expression, we get the dependence:

The resulting equation, together with the initial conditions C (entry in the Cauchy form), determines the change in the function n (t) - the number of combat-ready resource of the group at any point in time of the considered stage of application of the group.

From expression (4), an arbitrary constant C is determined under the conditions: t ₀ = 0, n (t ₀ ) = n _n , where n _n is the combat resource of the group at the beginning of the stage of the confrontation between the parties.

Given that the second term of expression (5) is equal to zero, we obtain an expression for determining an arbitrary constant C:

Substituting the expression (6) in the formula (4), find the dependence for determining the particular solution:

where t _n , t _to - the start and end time of the analyzed stage of application of the grouping.

The coefficient α is proportional to the probability of vulnerability of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the initial volume of the resource:

where R _W - survivability of the elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan involved in the considered stage of the combat use of the group. The survivability index characterizes the share of launchers (missiles, dilution stages, BO elements) that have retained their combat readiness after enemy action.

Substituting expression (8) into formula (7), we find the dependence n _B (t) of the change in the combat ready resource of the group on the enemy’s influence as a function of time:

Some of the combat resources from the number that have retained their combat readiness in the process of exposure to enemy means will not be able to fulfill the task of the stage due to failures of elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The losses of the grouping resource for this reason are determined taking into account the characteristics of the reliability of the elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan involved in the considered stage.

The formula dependence of the change in the combat readiness of a group due to failures of the elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan involved in the stage is obtained by analogy with the derivation of the dependence of the quantitative composition of the combat readiness on the intensity and time of the enemy’s impact (expressions (2) ... (9)). As a result of these transformations, an expression is obtained characterizing the change in the combat-ready resource of the group, taking into account losses from the influence of the enemy and failures of elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Its appearance is similar to expression (9):

where n (t) is the quantitative composition of the combat-ready resource of the RK grouping as a function of time, the change of which occurs due to the influence of the enemy and the failure of elements of the RK;

R _pk - the reliability of the elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan involved in the combat use of the group;

P _from (t _n ≤t≤t _k ) is the probability distribution function of the failure of the elements of the RK involved in the stage.

Substituting expression (9) into formula (10), we obtain a general expression for describing the change in the grouping resource during each stage of the confrontation of the warring parties, taking into account the impact of the enemy and the failure of elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan:

Based on the formula (11), the final dependencies of the change in the combat ready resource of the group at all stages of its combat use are obtained:

where n _c (t) is the number of combat-ready launchers (missiles) of the RK grouping as a function of time from the start of hostilities to the start of grouping missiles;

n _BD - the initial number of launchers (missiles) of the RK group on alert;

To _g is the coefficient of readiness of the Republic of Kazakhstan for launching missiles (the probability that at the time of the order to launch the complex is ready to launch the missile at the scheduled time);

R _hr - survivability of the elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan involved in prelaunch and missile launch;

P _in1 (t ₀ ≤t≤t _c ) is the probability distribution function of the enemy’s impact on launchers, command posts and objects of communications and combat control;

P _bu - the likelihood of bringing order to launch missiles to launch group settings;

R _pu - reliability of PU elements and missiles involved in prelaunch missile preparation and launch;

P _from1 (t ₀ ≤t≤t _C ) is the probability distribution function of the failures of the elements of the RK involved in prelaunch and missile launch;

n _aw (t) is the number of combat-ready missiles of the RK grouping as a function of time during the flight of a rocket at AUV;

n _c (t _c ) is the number of launchers of the RK group from which the missiles were launched, which is equivalent to the number of missiles launched;

P _JR - survivability of the rocket;

P _B2 (t _c <t≤t _ayw ) is the probability distribution function of the enemy’s impact on a rocket in flight;

R _p - the reliability of the rocket;

P _from2 (t _c <t≤t _auv ) is the probability distribution function of the failure of missile systems when flying on AHC;

n _aura (t) is the number of combat-ready stages of breeding of BO of the grouping of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a function of time at the site of breeding of BO elements;

n _aw (t _aw ) is the number of dilution steps that have successfully separated from the carrier;

R _JSR - survivability of the breeding stage;

P _B3 (t _auv <t≤t _ayp ) is the probability distribution function of the enemy’s impact on the flight dilution stage;

R _cf - the reliability of the breeding stage;

P _from3 (t _auv <t≤t _auur ) is the probability distribution function of the failures of the breeding stage systems when flying on the AUR;

n _dbo (t) - the number of combat-ready elements of the BO of the RK grouping as a function of time on the flight section of the BO elements;

n _out (t _out ) - the number of elements of the BO grouping of the Republic of Kazakhstan, successfully separated from the rocket;

P _robo - survivability of the elements of BO;

P _B4 (t _out <t≤t _dbo ) is the probability distribution function of the enemy’s impact on the elements of the BO in flight;

R _bo - the reliability of the elements of BO;

P _from4 (t _out <t≤t _dbo ) is the probability distribution function of failures of systems of BO elements in their flight.

The initial information about the surviving combat resource of the group at the beginning of the stages described by expressions (13) and (14) is the amount of the combat resource at the time the previous stages were completed. The initial composition of the combat resource for calculating the last stage described by expression (15) does not follow directly from the results of the previous stages. This is due to the following. At the first three stages, the combat resource is taken into account in launchers, missiles, and withdrawal stages, each of which makes the same contribution (the number of BO elements on a rocket) to the group’s total combat resource. At the last stage, the change in the combat resource represented in the elements of combat equipment is calculated. The initial quantity of the surviving combat resource n _out (t _out ) of the grouping at the beginning of the last stage is determined by the following formula:

where n _aw (t _aw ) - the number of combat-ready missiles at the time of the end of the AUV

n _bo is the number of BO elements on one rocket;

Δn _bo is the number of BO elements of the group lost on the AUR (for missiles equipped with missiles with sequential separation of BO elements);

To _warhead - a sign of the type of the head of the rocket:

To determine the number of BO elements lost on the AUR (Δn _bo ), it is necessary to compare the times of CP loss with the times of separation of BO elements from them. From this comparison, the number of BO elements that have not separated from CP at the time of its loss is determined. To simplify the calculation, we assume that CP losses due to enemy action and CP system failures, as well as the moments of separation of BO elements from CP are distributed evenly throughout the ASD.

The following algorithm is proposed for determining the number of BO elements lost on the AUR.

Step 1. From the results obtained in the calculation according to formulas (12) ... (14), determine:

- the amount of CP lost on the AUR:

- the duration of the plot breeding elements BO:

- time interval between CP losses:

- the time interval between the departments of the elements of BO:

Step 2. Set the initial values of the parameters for the calculation:

Δn _bo = 0 is the number of lost BO elements;

i = 1 - number of the lost CP, i = (1, ..., Δn _cp );

J = 1 - the number of the BO element, separated from CP, j = {1, ..., n _bo }.

Step 3. Determine the ratio of the times of loss of the i-th CP and separation of the j-th elements of the BO from it by monitoring the fulfillment of the condition:

Step 4. If condition (22) is satisfied, then the loss of the i-th CP occurs before the separation of the j-th element of the BO. As a result of this, together with CP, the elements of the BW that have not separated from it will be lost. Their number is determined from the expression:

Correct the total number of lost BO elements of the grouping by the number of BO elements lost together with the i-th CP:

Increase the number of lost CP:

If i≤Δn _cf , go to step 3. Otherwise, go to step 6.

Step 5. If condition (22) is not satisfied, then increase the number of the separated element of BO:

If j≤n _bo , go to step 3. Otherwise, go to step 6.

Step 6. Complete the calculations.

The value Δn _bo obtained in the process of implementing the above algorithm characterizes the number of BO elements lost on the AUR. Using this value, using the formula (16), find the initial number of combat-ready combat elements at the beginning of the last stage of the combat use of the group.

By the value of n _dbo at the time of approaching the elements of the battlefield to the targets (t _dbo ), they conclude that the combat mission of the RK group is feasible. When the condition is met:

The combat mission of the RK group is considered feasible.

Here, n _dbo (t _dbo ) is the number of combat-ready elements of the _battlefield delivered by the RK group to enemy targets;

n _dbo.min - the minimum number of BO elements needed to perform the combat mission of the RK grouping.

The probability distribution functions of the effects on the elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the enemy’s assets P _B1 (t ₀ ≤t≤t _c ), P _B2 (t _c <t≤t _auv ), P _B3 (t _auv <t≤t _aup ) P _B4 (t _ayt < t≤t _dbo ) and failures of the elements of the RK P _ot1 (t ₀ ≤t≤t _c ), P _from2 (t _with <t≤t _auv ), P _from3 (t _auv <t≤t _auur ) P _from4 (t _out < t≤t _dbo ) can be specified by any theoretical law of distribution of the parameters of the effects or by experimental frequency polygons with their subsequent approximation.

Having a set of initial data characterizing the RK grouping, the type and parameters of the probability distribution functions of enemy actions, it is possible to use the dependencies (12) ... (15) and the above algorithm to construct the trajectory of changing the combat resource of the RK group during its combat use.

As an example, we consider the various laws of the distribution of the probability of the enemy’s impact on the RK systems at the stages of the combat use of the grouping: before the launch of the rockets, the normal law of the distribution of the probability of impacts; in active areas of missile flight (AUV and AUR) - uniform distribution; on the flight section of the BO elements, the exponential probability distribution. For failures, suppose that they are evenly distributed throughout any stage. As a result, we obtain a set of expressions for determining the number of combat-ready combat resource of a group at any point in time of the period of confrontation between belligerents:

where t _e1 , t _e2 , t _e3 , t _e4 - the duration of stage 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively;

n _c (t _e1 ), n _aw (t _e2 ), n _aup (t _e3 ), n _dbo (t _e4 ) - the number of combat-ready combat resource of the group at each stage of its combat use as a function of the duration of the stage;

m, σ, λ are the parameters of the probability distribution functions of the enemy’s impact at various stages of the combat use of the RK group.

Having set the values of the parameters of the initial data included in expressions (28) ... (31), one can obtain from these expressions the number of combat-ready combat resource of the group at any moment in time of its combat use. Several values of the amount of such a resource, obtained with a given discreteness in time, will represent the trajectory of the change in the combat resource of the RK group during the confrontation of the warring parties.

Formula dependencies (12) ... (15) allow us to obtain an assessment of the feasibility of the combat mission of a grouping of the same type of Republic of Kazakhstan. This is due to the fact that the expressions (12) ... (15) use the parameters of efficiency, reliability, survivability, which have different values for different types of RK. An assessment of the feasibility of the combat mission of the entire RK group is found by summing up the results of the estimates obtained for several groups of the same type at synchronized time points during the period of confrontation between the parties. At the same time, missiles of the same type are included in each private group.

The proposed method is as follows.

1. Set a set of source data to assess the feasibility of the combat mission of the grouping of the same type of Republic of Kazakhstan:

- the composition of the combat resource of the group:

• the number of PUs in the group;

• the number of BO elements on one rocket;

- operational characteristics of all systems involved in hostilities;

- technical characteristics of the group:

• survivability of the elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

• reliability of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its elements;

- view of the distribution functions of the probability of the enemy’s impact on the components of the RK group at each stage of its combat use;

- the values of the parameters of the probability distribution functions of the enemy;

- the type and values of the parameters of the probability distribution functions of failures of the elements of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

2. Using a given set of initial parameters, formulas (12) ... (15) give the values of the quantitative composition of the combat-ready resource of the group with the necessary discreteness in time throughout the confrontation of the warring parties.

3. The obtained values are presented in a form convenient for subsequent processing and analysis (for example, in graphical and / or tabular form).

4. If necessary, the operations in paragraphs 1 ... 3 are performed for groups of other types of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

5. The generalized values of the combat-ready resource of the entire RK group in the dynamics of its change are determined as the sum of the saved quantity of the combat resource of several groups of the same type at synchronized time points of the period of the confrontation between the parties.

Using the proposed method allows you to quickly and with reasonable accuracy to assess the level of implementation by the RK group of its combat mission under various scenarios of warfare based on the available quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the group.

Claims (1)

A method for assessing the feasibility of the combat mission of a grouping of missile systems with any type of military equipment, the basis of which is an analytical model of the dynamics of changes in the composition of the combat resources of the group at all stages of its combat use, taking into account the impact on the grouping of enemy means and the failure of components of missile systems in the process of bringing an order to launch missiles, prelaunch preparation of missiles for launch, flight of missiles and striking elements of military equipment, characterized in that the model of change in combat the group’s resources are supplemented by the stage of breeding the elements of combat equipment, and the group’s combat resource at each stage of its combat use is expressed in those components of missile systems (launchers, missiles, reconnaissance stages, affecting elements of military equipment) that are directly affected by enemy means and when failures which form losses of the damaging elements of the combat equipment of the group.