RU2589224C2 - Method for biomelioration of dry lands with subsoil solonetz layer - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to biomelioration of agricultural lands. Method involves creation of 0.02 to 0.07 m thick liquid manure layer in soil layer, formation of water-regulating screen in subsoil layer, which is impermeable during precipitations, and permeable for plant roots during drought. Land plot is examined, striped, different-depth (0.65 to 1.0 m) preliminary soil cultivation in levels is performed, and at angle to its direction, main treatment of strip layer is performed. Base of screen is created with cross section of cosine shape and additional horizontal sections in extreme points of base profile. Strips are treated with subsurface, adjustable by depth, cutting of upper soil layer, and simultaneous treatment of underlying layer of soil and subsoil solonetz with application of chemical improver onto detached lumps. Layer is formed of liquid manure in hollow between trimmed soil layer and processed one with application of improver. Placement of organic and mineral mixture is performed using inertial and pressure feeding through hollows of different-depth, of 0.45 to 0.75 m, parabolic posts of volume tillers and between them, behind knives under dumps. Water regulating screen is placed below solonetz layer in form of two symmetric coupled layers with curvilinear surface and placing connections level above of edges.

EFFECT: method improves control of water volumes accumulated over screens for consumption of plant root systems, increases productivity of agricultural lands with simultaneous creation of conditions to reduce soil solonetz growth and preservation of surface layer without destruction of soil aggregates, and provides reduced period of melioration works, acceleration of effective operation of meadows, and ploughed field on dry lands.

4 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of bio-reclamation of agricultural land with the presence of spots of solonetzic soil, complexes of solonetz and subsoil layers of solonetz, namely, for work in meadows and arable land with desalination of soil, loosening of lenses of solonetz, sowing seeds, the accumulation of water and the simultaneous disposal of a pre-ground organic mixture biomass. The proposed method, in particular, relates to the creation of a water control screen with the introduction of an ameliorant into loosened soil and subsoil boundary layers during deep-level processing of solonetz layers, removal of salts from the upper soil layer, sowing seeds, and more specifically to cultivating grass mixtures from salt-tolerant plants on the lighthouse strip ( for example, amaranth - with a height of 0.6-3.0 m or licorice - 0.5-1.5 m, lanceolate reed - 0.6-1.3 m, long-leaf Veronica - 0.6-0.8 m) and as a cover crop in the row-spacing sowing of cereal plants (barley the fifth - 0.5-0.6 m high or annual bluegrass - 0.08-0.1 m), and legumes above the screen on the treated strip (clover - 0.08-0.5 m high or small alfalfa - 0 , 1-0.25 m), corn and annual cereals (rye, wheat).

The essence of the problem is that in order to restore the functioning of meadows and arable land on fallow and rainfed lands, along with the prevention of salt transfer to the soil surface during capillary transpiration, preservation of the surface soil layer is required to eliminate the possibility of wind and water erosion, and tillage and meadows with the introduction of liquid manure and an aqueous solution with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms into the solonetzic soil, treatment of the soil layer and subsoil soil with the introduction of ameliorant, of various depths volumetric loosening of the soil with the creation of an active screen below the layer of solonetz lens, accumulating an excess of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, regulating the amount of water above the screen for the development of the root mass of plants, from a mixture of seeds sown on treated strips, which will increase the productivity of reclaimed dry lands.

There is a method of complex reclamation of solonetzic soils under irrigation conditions, including: soil agro-reclamation inspection of the site, sowing winter crops, harvesting grain while chopping straw and spreading it across the field, after which liquid manure and land reclamation agent, phosphogypsum, are applied to the soil and embedded in the soil to a depth of 28-30 cm by discing using heavy disc tools, sowing and cultivating Sudan grass as a phytomeliorant, and the amount of chopped straw is not less than its 5-6 t / ha, liquid manure - at the rate of 40 t / ha, and phosphogypsum - at the rate of 6 t / ha (RU, US Pat. No. 2317667, IPC АВВ 79/02, Bull. No. 6).

The disadvantage of this method is the high duration of replacement in the soil absorbing complex of an excessive amount of sodium cations by calcium ions. Destruction of turf and stubble during mechanical processing of the surface layer causes the development of processes of wind erosion of the soil. At the same time, to increase the efficiency of reclamation, it is necessary to use large doses of chemical reclamants, which significantly increases the cost of reclamation.

A known method of chemical reclamation of chernozem solonetzic soils, including: soil agro-reclamation survey of the site and the preparation of a draft for reclamation, chemical reclamation and surface patching with peeling or milling with simultaneous cutting of sod or stubble, the main tillage combined with plowing with a three-tier plow at each hulls are produced in accordance with the project for land reclamation differentially depending on the depth and thickness of solonetz horizon, and after land reclamation processing and leveling of the arable land surface, one-year fallowing of reclaimed land, sowing and cultivation of salt and salt-tolerant crops, phytomeliorants - sorghum, Sudan grass, rye, bonfire and sweet clover under the cover of mustard, corn, barley are carried out (RU No. 2084096 , АВВ 79/00, published July 20, 1997).

This invention can be used in the chemical reclamation of chernozemic soils with high complexity (more than 25% of the area) of solonetzes of small, medium and deep medium and multi-sodium, magnesium, high solonchak, chloride-sulfate and sulfate heavy mechanical compositions with close occurrence of groundwater or overhead in areas with an annual precipitation of at least 350 mm or under irrigation. The disadvantage of this method is the high duration due to one-year fallow and the subsequent long-term alternation of mixtures of phytomeliorants, the destruction of stubble or turf during mechanical processing of the soil, the inability to use in rainfed meadows, and the surface application of chemical ameliorant worsens the work of machine operators and requires special means for their protection.

A known method of biomelioration of clay and loamy soils, including the creation in the arable horizon at a depth of 0.1 ... 0.2 m of a biologically active water-regulating layer based on a mixture of the following composition, vol.%: Organic components: humus - 30-36; plant residues - 9.8-9.71; nitrogen-fixing microorganisms - 0.12-0.15; growth stimulants - 0.08-0.14; mineral soil: montmorillonite additives - 10-4; clay - the rest (RU No. 2125583, С09К 17/40, published on January 27, 1999).

This invention can be used only on irrigated lands with strip removal of the soil layer from 0.25 to 0.30 m into the shaft with the formation of a trough with slopes of 1: 1 and loosening of its bottom to a depth of 0.3 m, followed by laying on the loose surface of the layer organic components with the addition of montmorillonite and applying a clay layer of at least 0.05 m on it with a coating of decaying organic matter, on top of which soil from the previously formed shaft is sprinkled and sowing of seeds treated with growth stimulants is carried out. (Maksimenko V.P. [et al.], Modes of integrated land reclamation. Recommendations. - M .: VNIIGiM, 2000, p. 48 ... 50). The disadvantage of this method is the inapplicability in rainfed meadows, the destruction of soil aggregates and their irrational movement in the shaft and vice versa, difficulties in laying on the slopes of the trough a mixture of a water-regulating layer due to imperfections in the slope profile, preventing a screen with a gutter-shaped form, the need for surface application of ameliorant to the strip with operating water control screen, which requires special means of respiratory protection of machine operators.

A known method of reclamation of sandy and sandy loam soils, including laying in the soil horizon in a dusty form, a layer of variable water holding capacity with a trapezium base at a depth of 0.5 ... 1.2 m, slopes with a laying 1: 1 based on a mixture of the following composition, vol.%: organic components: plant residues - 50; mineral soil: montmorillonite 5-2; clay - 45-48 (SU No. 1555337, С09К 17/00, 1990, Bull. No. 13).

This invention can be used to accumulate the required amount of water and regulate the ratio of rational phases of the soil: solid, liquid and gaseous, when draining excess water into the soil under the screen, which is waterproof during atmospheric precipitation, watering plants and with the permeability of the screen during drought, inter-irrigation periods (Puninsky Yu.S., Kizyaev BM, Puninsky BC [et al.], Recommendations for the biological reclamation of degraded agricultural land. - M .: VNIIGiM, 1999, p. 9 ... 11). The disadvantage of this method is the need for many years of alternating mixtures of phytomeliorants, laying at a depth below 0.02 ... 0.05 m of a flat layer of organomineral biologically active fertilizer mixture (OMBAUS) with a thickness of 0.1 ... 0.3 m, imperfection of the bottom profile and slopes of the screen base, preventing obtaining a gutter-shaped form of the stacked screen.

The proposed shortcomings can be eliminated by the proposed method for bioreclosure of rainfed lands with a subsoil layer of solonetz, including the creation of a thin layer of 0.02 ... 0.07 m of liquid manure in the soil layer, which prevents the rise of water during its capillary transpiration with the removal of salts and provides desalination of the overlying soil with carbon dioxide gases when decomposing manure, containing the formation in the subsoil layer of the water control screen during atmospheric precipitation, impermeable and accumulating the necessary amount of water s for irrigated cultivation of plants and draining excess water into the soil beneath the screen, exceeding the volume of free pores, moreover, a screen permeated by plant roots during drought, providing a screen base with a transverse cosine profile and additional horizontal sections of different lengths at extreme points of the base profile, according to the invention, the method comprises conducting an inspection of a site of different depths from 0.65 to 1.0 m of preliminary loosening of the soil and at an angle to its direction the main processing ejection of strips with subsurface cutting of the topsoil that is depth-controlled by depth, simultaneous treatment of the underlying soil and subsoil with the addition of chemical ameliorant to the separated lumps, the formation of a layer of liquid manure in the cavity between the cropped soil and processed with the introduction of ameliorant, laying organic-mineral mixture with inertial-pressure supply through the cavities of different depths from 0.45 to 0.75 m of parabolic racks of volumetric cultivators and knives between them under the dumps with cosine hot form, with additional preliminary grinding of the mixture with its composition, vol.%: 35 ... 50 plant residues and humus, 3 ... 10 montmorillonite (floridine or bentonite type), 15 ... 40 marine mixed deposits (silt, silt, sand ), 15 ... 37 clay, as well as the implementation of the creation of a gap on the lighthouse strip to a depth below the bed of the solonetz without closing the upper part of the gap and forming between them the main strip with a width that is a multiple of the capture of the gun or aggregate, and strip cultivation of plants when completing processing with the simultaneous introduction of a solution with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, loose phosphoric and potassium mineral fertilizers, sowing on the treated strip above the screen a mixture of grass seeds (alfalfa, clover, sweet clover) and a cover grain crop (rye, wheat, corn), and on the lighthouse strip of seeds drought-resistant halophytes (for example, amaranth, veronica longifolia, licorice, lanceolate reed, bluegrass, barley) treated with growth stimulants.

An analysis of the patent and technical documentation did not reveal a similar implementation of the method of bioreclosure of rainfed lands with a subsoil layer of solonetz, showed that the invention is new, does not follow explicitly from the prior art.

The aim of the invention is to accelerate the restoration of the effective functioning of degraded fallow meadows, arable land with salt licks, obtaining saline soil on reclaimed rainfed lands with a supply of moisture and nutrients, which increase the yield of cultivated plants that prevents wind erosion.

The technical result of the invention is the reduction of the terms of biomelioration of degraded lands with the presence of spots of solonetzic soil, complexes of solonetz and subsoil lenses of the solonetz, a change in the ratio of solid, liquid, gaseous phases of the soil when saturated with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that improve the development of a seeded mixture of herbs, integumentary grains and halophytes, which ensures increasing the productivity of agricultural land with rainfed cultivation of plants while desalinizing soils.

A new technical result from the application of the proposed method of bio-reclamation in meadows and arable land with desalinization of the soil is achieved by creating a thin layer of 0.02 ... 0.07 m of liquid manure on the treated strip in the soil layer, which is formed in the cavity between the undercut soil layer and the treated with the introduction of a chemical ameliorant on the separated lumps, this layer prevents the rise of water during its capillary transpiration with the removal of salts and promotes the desalinization of the overlying soil by carbon dioxide gases during decomposition of manure, in addition, a water-regulating organomineral screen with impermeability during atmospheric precipitation is additionally created in the subsoil layer to accumulate the required amount of water for rain-fed cultivation of plants, draining excess water into the soil under the screen, exceeding the volume of free pores, while the screen is penetrated by plant roots during drought , and the screen base is formed with a transverse profile of a cosine shape and additional horizontal sections at the extreme points of the base profile, which o provides control of water accumulation and horizontal capillary moisture transfer to the roots of the plants, and the method comprises making a gap on the lighthouse strip to a depth below the bed of solonetz without closing the upper part of the gap to condense moisture and the width of the strip equal to the capture of the sowing implement or aggregate, this gap leads the products of chemical reactions from the reclaimed layer, and the presence of completion of the processing with the simultaneous introduction of a solution with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, bulk phosphoric and potassium mineral fertilizers, sowing on a strip of a mixture of grass seeds and cover crops, and on a lighthouse strip of halophytes seeds (for example, amaranth or alfalfa, clover or sweet clover) treated with growth stimulants, accelerates soil cultivation and reduces the time for bioreclamation of degraded lands.

In addition, the use in the method of the invention of the inertial-pressure supply of an organomineral mixture to the base of the screen allows it to be laid through cavities of different depths from 0.45 to 0.75 m of parabolic racks of volumetric cultivators and between them behind knives under dumps with a cosine shape, moreover after the preliminary grinding of the components and preparation of the mixture, with its composition, vol.%: 35 ... 50 plant residues and humus, 3 ... 10 montmorillonite (floridine or bentonite type), 15 ... 40 mor mixed mixed type of deposits (a mixture of silt, silt, sand), 15 ... 37 clay, which provides favorable water, air and nutritional conditions for the development of the root mass of plants.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, where in FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the formation of a strip for biomelioration operations of meadows and arable land with solonetzes, top view; in FIG. 2 is a diagram of steps in sections of a strip processing layer, side view.

The proposed method from the start to sowing includes: soil irrigation and drainage inspection of the site with stubble or sod 5 (Fig. 2), solonetzic soil 6 (Fig. 2), the subsoil lens of the solonetz 8 (Fig. 2), sunflower soil 9 (Fig. 2). Preliminary strip longline loosening (Step 1. Section along AA, Fig. 2) to a depth of H _p . The device on the lighthouse strip 3 (Fig. 1) of the boundary slit 2 (Fig. 1) with a depth of N _d with a distance of L _d with the depth of the soil N _ps with a cavity of 10 (Step 2. Section along _BB , Fig. 2). Separate main processing of the strips (Stage 3. Fig. 2) including: subsoil and subsoil depositing of ameliorants on the separated lumps, laying of an organic thin layer 11 (Fig. 2) in solonetzic soil 6 (Fig. 2) without destroying the soil aggregates of the surface layer, stubble and turf 5 (Fig 2). Laying in the subsoil layer below the solonetz of the water-regulating 14 (Fig. 2) organomineral screen (Step 4. Fig. 2) with the introduction of 13 (Fig. 2) into the soil simultaneously loose phosphoric and potassium mineral fertilizers and a solution with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Cultivation of plants (Step 5. Fig. 2), including sowing seeds and their vegetation with the consumption of water over the screen.

The method is as follows. On the reclaimed area, after an irrigation and drainage survey, on which a strip loosening of 0.65 to 1.2 m long trench loosening 1, 4 (Fig. 1) was made, the lighthouse strips are split with slots 2 (Fig. 1), the main lighthouse strips are made processing the working width L _op at an angle to the direction 4 (Fig. 1) of loosening 7 (Fig. 2). Initially, in the strip between the cracks 2, a subsurface depth-independent cutting of a layer of brackish soil with a depth of H _ps is performed and the lower part of the trimmed soil is crushed together with the underlying soil and solonetz layer while mixing with ameliorant, and liquid manure is fed to the treated ameliorant mass 12 (Fig. 2) with the laying of an organic thin 0.02-0.07 m layer 11 (Fig. 2), at the same time an inertial-pressure feed of the organomineral mixture is made with the laying of the water control screen 14 (Fig. 2) on a base with a transverse opine of cosine form and additional horizontal sections at extreme points. The screen 14 is stacked in the form of two symmetric conjugate layers with a curved surface and the excess of the level of conjugation above the level of the edges. After the main processing is performed on the strip, 13 (Fig. 2) is applied to the surface soil layer 6 (Fig. 2) of loose phosphoric and potassium mineral fertilizers and to the turf 5 (Fig. 2) of a solution with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, while sowing on the treated strip mixtures of legumes 15 (Fig. 2) and in their row-spacing of cover crops 16 (Fig. 2) from a mixture of herbs and grains, and on the lighthouse strip of salt-tolerant seeds of drought-tolerant plants treated with growth stimulants (for example, amaranth, veronica longifolia, licorice, wayne a lancet, bluegrass, barley). The next adjacent passage along the processed strip of width L _op is performed in parallel with the indentation by a distance b _k equal to 1.1 ... 1.5 of the length of the horizontal capillary moisture transfer.

Thus, the proposed method of biomelioration of rainfed lands with a subsoil layer of solonetz allows for work to increase the productivity of rainfed agricultural lands while creating conditions for reducing soil salinization, regulating the volume of water accumulated above the screens for consumption by the plant root system, and maintaining the surface layer with turf without the destruction of soil aggregates, provides a reduction in the time of reclamation work, accelerating the restoration of effective functions onirovaniya meadows, arable land on dry land.

Claims (4)

1. The method of biomelioration of rainfed lands with a subsoil layer of solonetz, characterized in that it involves the creation of a thin layer of liquid manure in the soil layer of 0.02-0.07 m, the formation of a water control screen in the subsoil layer that is impermeable during atmospheric precipitation and permeable by plant roots during a drought, it includes a site survey, a strip of different depths from 0.65 to 1.0 m preliminary tier loosening of the soil and, at an angle to its direction, the main processing of the strip layer, and involves the creation of the base of the screen with a transverse profile of a cosine shape and additional horizontal sections at the extreme points of the base profile and processing of strips with non-moldable depth-cutting cutting of the upper soil layer, simultaneous processing of the underlying soil layer and the subsoil solonetz with the introduction of a chemical ameliorant on the separated lumps, the formation of a layer of liquid manure in the cavity between the undercut soil layer and treated with the introduction of ameliorant, laying organic-mineral mixture with inertia ion-pressure supply through the cavities of different depths from 0.45 to 0.75 m of parabolic racks of volumetric cultivators and between them behind the knives under the dumps, while the water control screen is laid below the solonetz layer in the form of two symmetrical conjugated layers with a curved surface and the excess of the level of mates above edge level. 2. The method of biomelioration of rainfed lands with a subsoil layer of solonetz according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains laying in the water-regulating screen of the organic-mineral mixture with its composition, vol.%: 35-50 plant residues and humus, 3-10 montmorillonite (floridine or bentonite species), 15-40 marine mixed type of deposits (a mixture of silt, silt, sand), 15-37 clay, and involves the preliminary mechanical grinding of the components of the mixture. 3. The method of biomelioration of rainfed lands with a subsoil layer of solonetz according to claim 1, characterized in that it is performed on the lighthouse strip with the creation of a boundary gap with a cavity at the bottom, and with a depth below the bed of the solonetz without closing the upper part of the slot and with a strip width equal to seizing a seed implement or implement. 4. The method of biomelioration of rainfed lands with a subsoil layer of solonetz according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains strip cultivation of plants when a mixture of leguminous grass seeds (alfalfa, clover, sweet clover) and cover crops (rye, wheat) is sown on the treated strip above the screen , corn) with the simultaneous introduction of loose phosphoric and potassium mineral fertilizers into the soil, a solution with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, and seeds of drought-resistant halophytes (for example, amaranth, veronica d linole leaf, licorice, lanceolate reed, bluegrass, barley), treated with growth stimulants.

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