RU2567008C1 - Method of conservation treatment of soil and disc harrow for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to methods and devices for soil treatment. The method comprises loosening the soil with cutting of discontinuous furrows along the movement, with jumpers along their length. Loosening is performed with alternating bands with maintenance of plant residues on the field surface and bands with plant residues embedded in the soil. The depth of discontinuous furrows is made of no less than 10 cm. On the sides of the jumpers the wells are formed. The length of the furrow portion bounded with the jumpers is greater than the jumper length at least three times. The width of the subsurface loosened band is 0.25÷0.8 m and is greater than the width of the furrow. The total band width with embedded plant residues and placed on it discontinuous furrow and wells does not exceed 0.4 m. The harrow comprises rows of disc working bodies. The discs of the following row are placed in the row-spacing of the previous row discs. The disc working bodies are designed as double disc sections, the vertical axis of rotation of the section and the shaft axis with discs lie in one plane. The double disc sections are provided with needle and spherical discs. The spherical discs of the rear row of sections are made with a cutout in the sector of 50÷90° to the depth of 0.4÷0.6 the radius R of the disc, the rear row sections in width of the harrow are biased towards the sphere concavity of the discs of the previous row by the value not exceeding the width of the spherical disc with a cutout facing with the concavity to the spherical disc of the previous row adjacent along the movement.

EFFECT: such technology and constructive implementation enable to prevent soil erosion by reducing runoff, and to ensure the accumulation of moisture in the soil layer.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to methods and devices for tillage.

A known method of anti-erosion tillage is hole drilling, which provides for the creation of water-holding irregularities - holes on its surface to prevent surface runoff and greater moisture accumulation in the soil (V.F. Strelbitsky. Disk tillage machines M., "Engineering". 1978. - S. 46-49).

A disadvantage of the known method is that hole-making is performed by a hole-forming machine (hole maker) only on dump agricultural fields potentially susceptible to deflation, and on slopes greater than 3 °, the depth and capacity of the holes after the hole-forming device are insufficient for effective water retention.

Needle harrows are known for loosening the top soil layer while preserving plant debris on its surface (AP Gribanovsky et al. Anti-erosion machines complex. Agropromizdat. 1989. - P.50-53). During the operation of such harrows, a soil-protective mulch is maintained on the field, preventing deflation, contributing to the accumulation of snow and reducing moisture loss by evaporation. However, the needle-shaped harrows do not create water-holding irregularities, and in the spring on the field covered with mulch, the ripening of the soil and the beginning of work are delayed for several days.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed method is the soil cultivation method chosen as a prototype — intermittent furrowing, which is performed by a special plow (Auth. Certificate. USSR No. 292604 A01B 13/16). The intermittent furrowing performed by the plow provides moisture accumulation more than sinking, however, it also requires energy-intensive dump plowing with furrowing, and after the method is completed, furrow filling (leveling irregularities) and subsequent processing are complicated. The surface of the field, devoid of plowing the soil protective mulch cover, is subject to deflation (wind erosion).

Known disk implements, with disks or double-disk sections arranged in transverse rows. Such soil-protective mulch tools are mixed with the treated layer, embedded in the soil and do not create water-holding irregularities on the surface of the field (US Pat. RF 2427119 АВВ 21/08 - prototype of the device).

The objectives of the technical solutions are to provide conditions for the accumulation of soil moisture and to prevent surface runoff, erosion and deflation of the soil by creating a water-retaining nanorelief and strip conservation of soil-protective mulch, as well as performing erosion control of the soil in one pass.

The tasks are achieved by the fact that in the method of anti-erosion tillage, which consists in loosening the soil with cutting discontinuous furrows along the length of the bridges, according to the invention, loosening is performed by alternating strips with fields stored on the surface and strips embedded in the soil plant residues, the depth of the intermittent furrows is not less than 10 cm, holes are formed on the side of the bridges, while the length of the furrow section bounded by the bridges is at least three times the length of the bridle, the width of the dump loosely loosened strip 0.25 ... 0.8 m and more than the width of the furrow, and the total width of the strip, with the planted residues and placed on it with an intermittent groove and holes, does not exceed 0.4 m. In addition, the plant remains in the soil without loosening from the treated layer is extracted to the surface of the field.

The objectives are achieved in that a disk harrow containing rows of disk working bodies, in which disks of the next row are located between the disks of the previous row of disks, and disk working bodies are made in the form of two-disk sections, in which the vertical axis of rotation of the section and the axis of the shaft with disks lie in one plane, according to the invention, the double-disk sections are equipped with needle and spherical disks, and the spherical disks of the rear row of sections are cut out in a sector of 50 ... 90 ° to a depth of 0.4 ... 0.6 of the radius of the disk, section and rear rows of harrow widths biased towards the concavity of the sphere discs previous row by an amount not exceeding the widths of the spherical disc with cut-facing concavity to the adjacent downstream spherical disc previous row. In addition, the diameter of the spherical disk is larger than the diameter of the needle.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

In FIG. 1 schematically shows a method of anti-erosion tillage - a top view of alternating strips cultivated without soil and with plant residues embedded in the soil and furrows in them: A — section of a strip of field treated with needle and spherical disks of the front row; B - section of the field strip after soil cultivation; B is a top view of the processed fragment of the field; in FIG. 2 shows a disc harrow, top view; in FIG. 3 is the same side view.

When performing the method of anti-erosion tillage in one pass of the aggregate, the soil is initially loosened with alternating strips of soil without loosening 1 needle discs, untreated 2, with continuous furrows 3 created by spherical disks, and not loosened 4 with ridge 5 from soil thrown from furrow 3 onto untreated strip 4. On strips 1, mulch or stubble 6 is tilted by needle discs, on strips 2 - untouched standing stubble 7, and on strips 4 - partially covered (covered) soil from a groove of 3 st Trash 8 or other plant debris. Then the strips are loosened loosely loosened 1, untreated 2, furrow 3 and so on.

Then, strips 2 are loosened with needleless disks, and discontinuous grooves 9 of at least 10 cm depth with jumpers 10 formed by the section of the disk cut are cut into strips 4 with spherical disks with a cut. The soil from the ridges 5 and the furrows 9, cut into strips 4, the disc with the cutout moves into the groove 3, over which a ridge 11 is formed, interrupted by holes 12 located on the side of the bridge 10. The length of each section L of the furrow 9 is 1.4 ... 1.6 m and at least three times the length l of the bridge 10 separating the sections of the furrow. The total width of the adjacent loosely loosened strips 1 and 2, forming a loosely loosened strip, is at least 0.25 m (the width of the loosely loosened strip from 0.25 to 0.8 m) is greater than the width of the furrow 9. In the bands loosened loosely, brake needle discs from the treated layer additionally extract plant residues onto the field surface.

The total width of the strip with the planted residues (with intermittent furrow 9 and holes 12) does not exceed 0.4 m (0.25 ... 0.4 m).

Thus, according to the method, in strips loosened without soil, with a width of 0.25 to 0.8 m, plant residues are stored on the field surface. In the strips with the planted residues with a total width of 0.25 ... 0.4 m, the plant residues are embedded in the soil, mixed with the treated layer, and to prevent runoff and water collection during snowmelt and rainfall, intermittent furrows 9 of at least 10 depth are cut in these bands see wells 12 on the side of the jumpers 10. A ridge 11, created on the site of the groove 3 from the soil ejected from the strip 4 and the ridge 5 on it, also contributes to the retention of surface runoff.

The capacity of one section of the furrow 9 is about 15 l, the number of sections of furrows 9 (and holes) is about 5000 pcs / ha, which allows you to repeatedly collect in them and hold up to 75 t / ha of water, which corresponds to the conservation of 7.5 mm of precipitation. With a greater (up to 14 cm) depth of the furrows, their capacity increases by 1.5 times. The stubble and comb surface prevent soil deflation, the removal of fine earth and snow. After processing by the new method, the field is resistant to water erosion and deflation, while its moisture supply is significantly improved.

When performing the proposed method, tillage must be performed across the slope, and subsequent cultivation, for example, before sowing spring crops, in the diagonal direction. The proposed method of soil cultivation is recommended, first of all, for zones of joint manifestation of water and wind erosion (on slopes of more than 3 °).

The disk harrow for performing the proposed processing method comprises a frame 13 with a connecting device 14, at least two rows of disk working bodies in the form of double-disc sections: right 15 (front) and left 16 (rear), attached to the mechanisms of group adjustment of their angle of attack, made in in the form of a lanyard 17 and a rod 18, pivotally connected to the leashes 19 of the racks of sections 15 and 16.

The double-disk section 15 contains a needle disk 22 (⌀ 550 mm) mounted on a common shaft 20 and clamped by nuts 21, and a spherical disk 23 ⌀ 610 (⌀ 560 ... 610 mm) in the front row sections, and a needle disk 22 and spherical in the back row sections 24 ⌀ 610 (⌀ 560 ... 610 mm) with a notch to a depth of 0.4 ... 0.6 of the radius R of the disk in the sector 60 ... 90 °. The cutting part (outer ring) of the spherical discs is gear, and the diameter of these discs is larger than the diameter of the needle 22. In this case, the disks of sections 15 and 16 can have an inclination of up to 6 °. The shaft 20 is mounted on bearings located in the housing of the bearing assembly 25 of the section, mounted on a rotary column 26 with a pin 27 mounted in the sleeve of the frame 13. The column 26 may be a C-shaped spring, rigid, spring loaded or other type. The vertical axis of rotation of the section O (the axis of the finger 27, on which the section rotates when adjusting the angle of attack), and the axis k of the shaft 20 with the disks lie in the same plane, which allows, when changing the angle of attack, to preserve, to a sufficient extent, the specified overlap of the processed strips.

Spherical disks - solid 23 with a serrated blade and with a notch 24 are installed concave to the outside of the section. The needle disk 22 is made in the form of a flange with curved teeth. On the side of the extreme spherical discs 23 and 24, shields 28 are installed, limiting the rejection of soil beyond the boundaries of the cultivated headland.

Sections 16 of the rear row along the harrow grip width are offset relative to the front spherical disks 23 towards their concavity by an amount not exceeding the grip width of the notched spherical disk 24 when the section with the maximum angle of attack is installed, and the spheres are turned towards them.

The specified offset makes it possible to seal the grooves 3 from the front spherical disks 23 and overlap the processed strips.

The double-disk sections 15 and 16 are assembled so that the needle discs 22 work in a “passive” position, their teeth enter the soil with the convex side of the arc. For sections 15 installed with an angle of attack, in which, during operation, the spherical disk 23 is placed along the right of the rack, when looking at the section from the rear, the needle disk 22 rotates counterclockwise, and in sections 16 with a spherical disk 24 to the left of the rack, the needle disk 22 rotates clockwise.

During the operation of the disk harrow, the front row of the double-disk sections 15 loosens the soil with alternating strips 1, treated with needleless discs without cutting and untreated 2, then strips with continuous furrows 3 and 4 untreated, on which the plant remains are partially covered by ridge 5 from the soil of furrows 3. Then again alternate strip 1, loosened by needle discs 22, untreated 2, groove 3 and strip 4 with stubble partially dusted with soil ridge 5. In strips 1, treated with needle discs 22 and untreated 2, placed p home with them, vegetable residues, e.g. stubble, mulch, are stored on the field surface. The spherical discs 23 discard the soil toward their concavity on the untreated strip 4 and create ridges 5 on it, and grooves 3 are formed in their wake. Needle discs 22 do not discard the soil into the furrows 3. When installing a section with an angle of attack, the needle disk 22 in the section is located behind the spherical 23 and limits the width of the strip of soil discarded by the spherical disk 23 of the adjacent section. When installed on a common shaft spherical disk 23 and needle 22 with a smaller diameter, it is braked during operation. Due to the inhibition, the teeth of the needle disk 22 pick up plant residues located in the soil layer, and the disk 22, turning slowly, take them to the surface of the field.

Needle discs of the rear row of the double-disc sections 16 loosen the soil of non-loosened strips 2. The angle of attack of the discs 22 and 24 of the rear row is directed to the other side than the discs 22 and 23 of the front row. A spherical disk 24 of the back row, cutting the furrow, discards the soil from the ridge 5, created along the front disk 23 adjacent along, and from its discontinuous furrow 9 into the furrow 3 from the front spherical disk 23 and in its place creates an intermittent ridge 11 located along the created by it intermittent furrow 9. The portion of the spherical disk 24 with the cut-out does not discard the soil and forms a bridge in the furrow 9, interrupting the furrow 9. The length of the plot L of the furrow 9 is 3 ... 5 times longer than the length l of its bridge 10 and depends on the cutout and processing depth and diameter The disk re of 610 mm is equal to 1400 ... 1600 mm and. The deepening of the spherical disk 10 ... 15 cm

Needle discs 22 of the rear row of sections loosen the soil, preserving stripes of plant debris on the surface of the field. Needle discs 22, mounted on the same shaft with spherical 24, have a smaller diameter than spherical 24, therefore they are braked, plant debris is collected on the needles and removed from the soil layer to the field surface, thus creating an soil-protective mulch cover, and soil-protecting stubble is stored on the stubble agrofon scenes that prevent deflation and snow drift.

The strips treated with each type of disc of both rows are placed side by side and form alternating strips: loosened up without soil with plant residues on the surface (with stubble link, mulch) protecting the soil from deflation and with plant residues on which water-holding intermittent grooves 9 and holes 12 are placed preventing surface runoff and erosion, and soil ridges 11.

The application of the proposed method and disk harrow protects the soil from erosion and deflation and increases its moisture supply.

Claims (4)

1. The method of anti-erosion tillage, which consists in loosening the soil with cutting discontinuous along the furrows with jumpers along their length, characterized in that the loosening is performed by alternating strips with plant residues stored on the surface of the field and strips with plant residues embedded in the soil, and the depth intermittent grooves of at least 10 cm, and holes form on the side of the jumpers, while the length of the furrow section bounded by jumpers is at least three times the length of the jumper, the width is loosely loosened th band is 0,25-0,8 m and more furrow width and the overall bandwidth embedded with plant residues and placed on it a discontinuous groove and holes does not exceed 0.4 m. 2. The method of tillage according to claim 1, characterized in that in the soillessly loosened strips, the plant residues from the treated layer are removed to the surface of the field. 3. A disk harrow containing rows of disk working bodies in which disks of the next row are located between the disks of the previous row of disks, and disk working bodies are made in the form of two-disk sections, the vertical axis of rotation of which sections and the axis of the shaft with the disks lie in the same plane, characterized in that the double-disk sections are equipped with needle and spherical disks, moreover, the spherical disks of the rear row of sections are made with a cut in the sector 50-90 ° to a depth of 0.4-0.6 of the radius of the disk, sections of the rear row along the width of the harrow are offset us towards the concavity of the previous row drive sphere by an amount not exceeding the working width of a spherical disc with cut-facing concavity to the adjacent downstream spherical disc previous row. 4. Disc harrow according to claim 3, characterized in that the diameter of the spherical disk is larger than the diameter of the needle.

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