RU2437285C1 - Agent to improve crop capacity of wheat and potatoes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the sphere of agriculture. The agent contains an extract of fir greens produced when boiling fir greens with methyl tertiary butyl ether and treated by N,N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane, salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with N,N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane and an extract of a mixture of lichen of Usnea type produced by boiling of air dry raw materials in isopropyl alcohol, at the following ratio of components: extract of fir greens treated with N,N-tetramethyldiaminomethane - 97.50-98.75%; salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - 1.00-1.50%; with N,N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane; extract of Usnea lichen - 0.25-1.00%. ^ EFFECT: invention makes it possible to suppress development of fungous diseases and to increase crop capacity. ^ 6 tbl, 5 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to new tools for combating fungal diseases of wheat and potatoes and increasing their productivity.

At present, chemical fungicides are widely used in agriculture to combat the diseases of many crops, including wheat and potatoes, to increase their productivity.

Raxil company Bayer CropScience [Zinchenko V.A. Chemical protection of plants: tools, technology and environmental safety. - M.: Kolos, 2005.] - a chemical disinfectant of systemic action, used for seed dressing before planting, the active substance is tebuconazole. The drug increases the resistance of plants to many diseases - septoria, smut, root rot, etc. Despite the wide spectrum of action, Raxil has a drawback: its active substance tebuconazole is a synthetic chemical substance not found in nature. With the increasing use of such foreign substances, their residues or metabolic products can accumulate in objects of the natural environment, migrate along food chains and cause undesirable effects in wildlife, disastrously affect the natural flora and fauna, as well as polluting food, feed and drinking water affect human health.

Falcon - a multicomponent chemical fungicide of Bayer CropScience company [Zinchenko V.A. Chemical protection of plants: tools, technology and environmental safety. - M .: Kolos, 2005.], the main components of which are spiroxamine, tebuconazole, triadimenol. The effectiveness of the drug is ensured by the fact that its chemical fungicides belong to different classes of organic compounds. If it comes into contact with the skin, this drug may cause burning or itching; it is not recommended to get into the soil and water bodies, as it causes water pollution.

Chemical fungicide Maxim of the company "Syngenta" (Switzerland) [Tyuterev S.L. "Seed treatment with fungicides and other means of optimizing plant life", St. Petersburg: Plant Protection Center LLC, 2006] - the active substance fludioxonil. Fludioxonil belongs to a new class of chemical fungicides - the class of phenylpyrroles, effective as a contact fungicide to protect planting material; on potatoes - one of the best drugs against all types of scab and rot during storage, as well as rhizoctonia and late blight during the growing season. Despite its high efficiency, it has all the disadvantages characteristic of chemical fungicides - it accumulates in the soil, in wastewater, pollutes water bodies, violating the ecological status of the natural zone. These drugs in our experiments were selected as comparison drugs.

The closest to the claimed tool is registered with the State Chemical Commission of the Russian Federation and included in the "State catalog of pesticides and toxic chemicals approved for use in the Russian Federation" Novosil based on triterpenic acids obtained from fir needles by Siberian extraction with tert-butyl methyl ether and subsequent processing of the extract [RU 2108803, RU 2147400, TU 2449-003-0353895-01]. Novosil is an environmentally balanced herbal preparation with a number of unique properties:

- stimulates plant growth and reduces ripening time;

- improves fruit production and enhances fruit bearing;

- significantly reduces the damage caused by plant infections;

- improves the quality of plants grown, enhances sugar content, oiliness, reduces acidity and the amount of nitrates;

- suitable for soaking seeds in order to accelerate their germination and increase growth activity;

- Plants treated with this drug retain ovary better, especially at low temperatures.

The disadvantages of Novosil funds include insufficiently high efficiency, unstable depending on the year, and insufficiently high yield of agricultural crops.

The objective of the present invention is the creation on the basis of the extract of fir needles with the help of special additives a new effective means of a wide spectrum of activity, comparable in effectiveness with chemical fungicides.

The problem is solved by a composite tool containing an extract of fir greens obtained by boiling with methyl tert-butyl ether and treated with N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane, a salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane and an extract of a mixture of Usnea lichens obtained by boiling -dry raw materials in isopropyl alcohol, with the following ratio of components:

Treated Green Herb Extract N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane 97.50-98.75% 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid salt 0.50-1.50% with N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane Usnea Lichen Blend Extract 0.25-1.00%

The tool is prepared as follows. Extraction of air-dried fir green is carried out while boiling with methyl tert-butyl ether (three times for 4 hours), then the resulting extract is reacted with N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane (bisamine). The last operation converts the acidic components of the extract of fir greens into water-soluble amine salts. To the obtained amine salt of fir extract are added salts of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane (bisamine) (from 0.50 to 1.50%) and an extract of a mixture of Usnea lichens (from 0.25 to 1.00% )

Bisamine (N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane) is a liquid, boiling point 85 ° С, mixes with water in any proportions, has little toxicity, is a multi-ton product of the petrochemical industry, and is easily synthesized from aqueous solutions of formaldehyde and diethylamine. Its use as a plant growth stimulator is known [SU 1220157]. Salts of bisamine with carboxylic acids (formic and oxalic) exhibit fungicidal properties [SU 1643526]. Processing the extract of fir greens with bisamine allows to obtain amine salts of triterpenic acids, which increases their solubility in water, improves their fungicidal properties and bioavailability.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a substance with high biological activity, refers to synthetic plant growth regulators [Baskakov Yu.A., Shapovalov A.A. Plant Growth Regulators. M.: Knowledge, 1982]. Amine salt 2,4-D is widely used in agriculture as a herbicide that does not act on cereals, including wheat [Chkannikov DI, Sokolov MS The herbicidal effect of 2,4-D and other halo phenoxy acids. M .: Nauka, 1973].

An extract of a Usnea lichen mixture, obtained by boiling an air-dry mixture of lichens in isopropyl alcohol three times and containing usnic acid as a main component, a substance with powerful fungicidal properties. Known tool BIOCLADE [RU 2331194] based on an alcoholic extract of lichens of the genus Cladonia, the base substance of which is also usnic acid. When using the BIOCLAD means, grain collection increased relative to the control by 3.2 c / ha (when pickling with Raxil - by 2.4 c / ha).

Using lichen extract of the genus Usnea is more economical than extracts of lichen of the genus Cladonia, since lichens of the genus Usnea can be collected as waste from the logging industry. In addition, BIOKLAD, despite its high fungicidal activity, is not very convenient to use, since it is a powder that forms an unstable suspension with hot water.

The inventive tool is an aqueous solution of a mixture of components, which is very convenient to use. To treat seeds and vegetative crops, the mixture is diluted with water to the desired concentration and applied in amounts corresponding to the experiment.

The impact of experimental tools on the productivity of spring wheat and potatoes is assessed. The best performance compared to chemical dressing agents was shown by the agent, hereinafter referred to as BIUS, in which 1.5% of 2,4-D salt with bisamine and 1% of Usnea lichen extract were added to the salts of fir extract with bisamine.

The method of obtaining the inventive means BIUS and the results of experiments confirming its biological activity as a means of protecting wheat and potatoes from diseases and increasing yields are given below.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the new inventive means BIUS for pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds and spraying crops in the phase of tillering and heading.

The main elements of wheat cultivation technology in the experiment corresponded to generally accepted for the central forest-steppe Priobsky agrolandscape region [Resource and energy-saving technologies for spring wheat cultivation in the Novosibirsk region: Method. allowance / A.N. Vlasenko, V.K. Kalichkin, N.G. Vlasenko and others // RAAS. Sib. rest SibNIIZHim. - Novosibirsk, 2000. - 48 S.].

The effectiveness of the use of the new biological agent BIUS was studied in two univariate field experiments on crops of spring wheat Omskaya 30, placed on the steam precursor. BIUS was used for seed dressing before sowing (May 15) and spraying of crops in the tillering phase (June 18) and heading (July 16) of the culture (0.1 ml in 100 ml of solution). Chemicals - Raxil (0.5 l / t) and Falcon (0.6 l / ha) were used as standards. The experiment with seed dressing by the claimed agent was processed in the earing phase with Falcon (0.6 l / ha). The experiment was repeated four times, the placement of options for seed treatment was systematic, for the processing of crops - randomized (the area of plots was 50.4 and 25.2 m ² , respectively, to the treatments). During seed dressing, the flow rate of the working fluid was 10 l / t, while processing crops during the growing season - 200 l / ha.

Wheat yield, indicators of the structure of the crop and grain quality were determined by generally accepted methods [B. Armor. The methodology of field experience (with the basics of statistical processing of research results) / B.A.Dospekhov. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1985. - 351 p., Experimental work in field cultivation. M: Rosselkhozizdat, 1982. - 187 p.]. Harvesting in the experiments was carried out by direct combining with the Sampo 500 combine.

Productivity led to 14% humidity and 100% purity (GOST 1386.5 - 93) [Grain: Analysis methods. - M., 1996. - 142 p., Experimental work in field cultivation. M: Rosselkhozizdat, 1982. - 187 p.].

The invention is illustrated by the following examples.

Example 1. Obtaining the claimed funds.

320 g of air-dried fir greenery was charged into a 2-L round-bottom flask, poured with methyl tert-butyl ether (1200 ml) and refluxed for 4 hours. The extract is filtered off, the solvent is returned by simple distillation back to the flask with meal. The extraction operation is repeated 2 more times. After distillation of the solvent, the total extract was kept for 30 min on a rotary evaporator at 50 ° C. Get 24.75 g (7.73%) of a dark green glassy mass.

Determination of the acid number of the extract is carried out by neutralizing the free fatty acids contained in the sample of the studied extract with an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide (GOST 5476-80). Obtain 0.112 g KOH per 1 g of extract (which corresponds to 0.002 mol KOH per 1 g of extract).

Bisamine (N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane) is synthesized according to the method of [Organic Synthesis, Coll. Voll. 6, p. 474 (1988); Vol. 59, p. 153 (1979)] from aqueous solutions of formaldehyde and dimethylamine.

2.13 g of fir green extract (conventionally 0.004 mol of triterpene acids by the acid number of the extract) is dissolved with stirring in a mixture of 20 ml of ethyl alcohol and 10 ml of diethyl ether. 0.41 g (0.004 mol) of bisamine was added dropwise to a dark green solution, the solution was kept under stirring at room temperature for 3 hours. The solvent is distilled off on a rotary evaporator to obtain a dark green mass weighing 2.55 g, which is triturated with a spatula with 1.00 g of emulsifier (liquid soap). The resulting substance is dissolved in warm water (~ 40-50 ° C, 9.2 g of water) at the rate of 0.2 g of extract in 1 ml of solution.

The salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with bisamine is obtained by mixing the acid and amine in a ratio of 1: 1 by moles in an aqueous solution. In a conical flask, 0.85 g of a white powder of 2,4-D in 3.5 ml of water is charged, 0.40 g of bisamine is pinned to the resulting suspension with stirring on a magnetic stirrer. The white powder 2,4-D is completely dissolved, maintained with stirring for 3 hours. Obtain 5.16 g of a yellowish solution with 1.25 g of amine salt. Dilute to 10 g with water for ease of use.

An air-dry mixture of Usnea lichens (110 g) is crushed and extracted three times while boiling (for 4 hours) with isopropyl alcohol. From the combined extracts, the solvent is removed by simple distillation, traces of the solvent are removed on a rotary evaporator while keeping in the bath for 30 minutes. Obtain 7.6 g (6.9%) of a brown solid extract. The basic component of the extract is usnic acid (HPLC). A drop of liquid soap is added to 0.03 g of Usnea extract, thoroughly triturated with a spatula to a homogeneous tan mass, diluted with hot (50-60 ° C) water to 1.60 g.

1 ml of a solution containing 0.2 g of a mixture of fir extract with bisamine is taken with a pipette into a penicillin vial, 0.024 g of a solution of salt of 2,4-D with bisamine (0.003 g of salt, 1.5%) and 0.108 g of a solution of Usnea extract (0.002 g) are added by weight extract, 1.0%). A solution of dark green color is obtained, which is adjusted to 10 g by weight, a BIUS is obtained, which is then tested on agricultural plants.

Suppression of the development of root rot and the growth-promoting effect of the new agent in the treatment of wheat seeds before sowing and against the background of a decrease in the harmfulness of leaf-stem infections had an effect on wheat productivity (Table 1). In this case, a significant increase in yield was noted in the BIUS version - 1.5 t / ha (with Raxil - 1.7 t / ha). A significant increase in the mass of 1000 grains during seed treatment with BIUS - by 4.5 g in comparison with the control (in the version with Raxil - 2.8 g).

Table 1 The effect of wheat seed treatment on yield and weight of 1000 grains Option Productivity, t / ha Mass of 1000 grains, g absolute increase The control 4,5 0 42.8 BIUS 6.0 1,5 47.3 Raxil 6.2 1.7 45.6

Thus, in terms of the complex effect on wheat, seed treatment with BIUS is not inferior to Raxil.

The use of BIUS on vegetative wheat led to an increase in the mass of 1000 grains and crop yield (Table 2). Significant increase in grain harvest with the use of BIUS in the phase of tillering of wheat (by 12%). Spraying the crops with Falcon provided the maximum yield increase of 44.0% compared with the control.

table 2 The effect of crop processing on yield and weight of 1000 grains Option Productivity, t / ha Mass of 1000 grains, g absolute increase The control 2.5 0 33.9 Tillering spraying BIUS 2,8 0.3 35.9 Earing phase spraying BIUS 2.6 0.1 35.7 Falcon 3.6 1,1 38,2

Thus, the use of BIUS in the treatment of wheat seeds leads to an increase in crop yield by 1.5 t / ha, comparable to that when using chemical dressing, - 1.7 t / g

In addition to the BIUS product, tests were conducted on wheat crops of the products, the basis of which was an extract of green fir treated with the bisamine from Example 1, but with a different ratio of components. Specific tools and their test results are shown in examples 2-4.

Example 2

A 1 ml solution of Example 1 containing 0.2 g of a mixture of fir extract with bisamine is taken with a pipette into a penicillin vial, 0.016 g of a solution of 2,4-D salt with bisamine (0.002 g of salt, 1.0%) are added by weight, the sample volume is adjusted to 10 ml, get a homogeneous dark green solution. Data on the results of using the funds obtained in the conditions of example 2, see tables 3, 4.

Example 3

A 1 ml solution of Example 1 containing 0.2 g of a mixture of fir extract with bisamine was taken with a pipette into a penicillin vial, 0.027 g of Usnea extract solution was added by weight, which corresponds to 0.0005 g of extract (0.25%). Bring the sample volume to 10 ml, get a dark green solution. Data on the results of using the funds obtained in the conditions of example 3, see tables 3, 4.

Example 4

A 1 ml solution of Example 1 containing 0.2 g of a mixture of fir extract with bisamine was taken into a penicillin vial with a measuring pipette, the solution was adjusted to a volume of 10 ml, and a uniform dark green solution was obtained. Data on the results of using the funds obtained in the conditions of example 4, see tables 3, 4.

Table 3 The effect of wheat seed treatment on yield and weight of 1000 grains Option Productivity, t / ha Mass of 1000 grains, g absolute increase The control 4,5 0 42.8 The tool according to Example 2 5,4 0.9 44,2 The tool according to Example 3 5,6 1,1 44.1 The tool according to Example 4 5,6 1,1 44.5 Raxil 6.2 1.7 45.6

From the analysis of the data in table 3 it follows that the use of the funds according to examples 2-4 contributes to an increase in the yield of wheat by 0.9-1.1 t / g, however, these results are lower than those obtained with the BIUS and chemical dressing.

Table 4 The effect of crop processing on yield and weight of 1000 grains Option Productivity, t / ha Mass of 1000 grains, g absolute increase The control 2.5 0 33.9 Tillering spraying The tool according to Example 2 2.6 0.1 34.5 The tool according to Example 3 2.7 0.2 33.8 The tool according to Example 4 2.6 0.1 34.9 Earing phase spraying The tool according to Example 2 2.6 0.1 35.0 The tool according to Example 3 2.6 0.1 38,2 The tool according to Example 4 2.7 0.2 35.9 Falcon 3.6 1,1 38,2

The yield increase when using BIUS when spraying in the tillering phase (0.3 t / g) exceeds that for the funds in examples 2-4 (0.1-0.2 t / g), however, the action of Falcon when spraying wheat in the heading phase increases the crop yield higher than funds received - 1.1 t / g.

Thus, the treatment of spring wheat seeds with BIUS inhibits the development of diseases and increases grain collection by 1.5 t / ha. The effectiveness of BIUS is comparable to presowing seed treatment with Raxil - 1.7 t / ha. A reliable yield increase of 12% was obtained only from the use of BIUS in the phase of tillering wheat, while spraying the crops with the chemical fungicide Falcon ensures its growth by 44%.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the new inventive means BIUS for preplant treatment of potato tubers.

Field studies to identify the effect of BIUS on the phytosanitary state of potato plantings were carried out in a one-way field experiment on Lina cultivar. The repetition of the experiment is 3-fold, the treatment of tubers by spraying 1-3 days before planting. The working fluid flow rate is 30 l / t.

A reliable yield increase of 5.8 t / ha is provided by the BIUS tool, which exceeds the data of the standard (Maxim), where it is 5.0 t / ha.

Table 5 The effect of spring treatment of tubers on crop productivity and the quality of the new crop, t / ha Option Total t / ha Healthy tubers, t / ha The control 28,4 17.8 Maxim (0.4 l / t) 33,4 23.8 BIUS 34.2 26.3

In addition to increasing the yield, the above BIUS remedy improved the tubers of the new crop (Tables 5 and 6).

Table 6 The effect of spring processing of planting material on the prevalence of rhizoctonia in tubers of a new crop,% Option Sclerotic forms Healthy tubers The control 41.0 42.5 Maxim (0.4 l / t) 30,2 58.0 BIUS 28.6 56.6

The inventive tool described in Example 5, containing 1.5% 2,4-D salt with bisamine and 0.25% Usnea extract, also proved to be good in field trials.

Example 5

A 1 ml solution of Example 1 containing 0.2 g of a mixture of fir extract with bisamine is taken with a pipette into a penicillin vial, 0.024 g of a solution of salt of 2,4-D with bisamine (0.003 g of salt, 1.5%) and 0.027 g of a solution of Usnea extract are added by weight , which corresponds to 0.0005 g of extract (0.25%). Bring the sample volume to 10 ml, get a dark green solution.

A reliable yield increase in this case was 5.4 t / ha, which was at the standard level, where it was 5.0 t / ha. This inventive tool increased the yield of healthy tubers in the new crop by 3.5 t / ha, and also reduced the prevalence of sclerotic forms on them by 12%. (For the treating agent Maxim, these indicators were 6.0 t / ha and 11%.)

Thus, the inventive tool BIUS shows the best results in field trials on potatoes, increases the yield of healthy tubers in the new crop by 8.5 t / ha, and also reduces the prevalence of sclerotic forms on them by 12%. For the protectant Maxim, these indicators are 6.0 t / ha and 11%.

Claims (1)

An agent for controlling fungal diseases of wheat and potatoes containing an extract of fir greens obtained by boiling fir greens with methyl tert-butyl ether and treated with N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane, a salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane and an extract of a mixture of lichen genus Usnea, obtained by boiling air-dried raw materials in isopropyl alcohol, in the following ratio of components:
Treated Green Herb Extract N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane 97.50-98.75% 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid salt with N, N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane 1.00-1.5% Usnea Lichen Blend Extract 0.25-1.00%