RU2265299C2 - Method for cultivation of cultured plants on narrow constant beds - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, cultivation of cultured plant seedlings.

SUBSTANCE: method involves forming bed profile with passages in autumn; providing organic substrate bed on passage surfaces; periodically tilling bed soil to depth not in the excess of 7 cm in spring before planting of crops, said planting being provided preferably in two lines; after harvesting of crops, leveling bed and compacting its surface; in case of high degrading of soil, introducing useful bacteria and rain worm strains into organic substrate; during planting, introducing mineral fertilizers as feeding simultaneously with irrigating operation.

EFFECT: production of ecologically pure plant products at minimal labor intensity, reduced consumption of raw materials and decreased expenses.

3 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the cultivation of cultivated plants, mainly through seedlings.

A known method of cultivating potatoes by ridge-belt technology [1], which consists in the classical technology for cultivating row crops with plowing of chill, spring moisture closure, layer-by-layer cultivation, milling soil, cutting ridges with local fertilization, planting potatoes, row cultivation, chemical processing from bugs and late blight, hilling, mowing tops and harvesting potatoes.

The disadvantage of this method is intensive tillage, which quickly degrades from water, chemical and biological erosion. The impact of processing tools and equipment not only affects the agrophysical properties of the soil, but also significantly increases the cost of production. Local fertilizer application leads to the loss of humus, inhibits the entomofauna of the soil and does not guarantee the production of environmentally friendly products.

There is a known Mitlider method of cultivating vegetables in the open field [2], which consists in a balanced diet of plants with mineral fertilizers, while organic fertilizers are not used at all, and the vegetation of crops takes place in narrow permanent beds with wide passages that never dig.

The disadvantages of the method include the need for regular fertilizer irrigation, which significantly limits its application: the moistening method requires careful planning of the ridges, which requires large expenses for the preparation of the field. A careful dosage of mineral fertilizers requires special preparation. The method does not provide for the mechanization of technology, which limits its widespread use.

The objective of the invention is to obtain environmentally friendly crop products with minimal labor, raw materials and financial resources by mobilizing the energy potential of soil microorganisms and earthworms.

The problem is solved in that in the known method of cultivating cultivated plants on narrow constant ridges with balanced fertilizer nutrition, a ridge profile with passages is formed in the fall, a bed of organic substrate is formed on the surface of the passages, and in the spring, the ridges are periodically processed to a depth of not more than 7 cm , seedlings are planted mainly in two lines, while after harvesting the crops, the ridges are leveled and the surface is rolled.

In the case of high soil degradation, strains of beneficial bacteria and earthworms are introduced into the organic substrate.

Perhaps when planting as top dressing at the same time as watering, the introduction of mineral fertilizers.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, where in Fig.1 shows a ridge at the time of its preparation for winter, Fig.2 shows an example of planting seedlings and placement of potato tubers, in Fig. 3 - the order of restoration of ridges after mechanized harvesting of potatoes.

Position 1 shows the shape of the trapezoid ridge, 2 - a bed of organic substrate, 3 - seedlings, 4 - potato tubers.

The method is as follows. Immediately after harvesting grain crops, a ridge profile 1 is formed on the field by a bed-setter of existing structures. Then the aisles between the ridges are filled with organic fertilizers (manure, compost, sapropel, peat, sawdust, straw, etc.), which is covered with straw for thermal insulation (figure 1). It is very important that the bed of organic matter (mulch) is filled with earthworms in the fall, and the ridges are warmed up. In this state, the ridges go away in the winter. In the spring, before planting crops, the ridge is periodically cultivated to a depth of not more than 7 cm in order to destroy weeds in the “white thread” stage and preserve moisture reserves. Lack of plowing and dry passages allow you to sow crops at the earliest possible date. Planting seedlings is done by transplanters, mainly in two lines, the distance between which is from 30 to 60 cm (figure 2).

The main plant nutrition is provided by organic fertilizers that intensively mineralize microorganisms (fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria) and earthworms. However, in the spring, due to the slow movement of the soil solution, to ensure good seedlings and survival of seedlings, nitrogen and phosphoric fertilizers are used as top dressing at the same time as watering during planting.

Features of plant protection against weeds are that under the mulch, where the allelopathic effect acts, weeds do not grow. The surface of the ridges is never plowed over, and the seeds of the weeds are blown away and washed away by the rains into the aisles, all this facilitates the fight against weeds. The organization of plant pest control does not differ from existing technologies.

Harvesting is done without destroying the surface and shape of the ridges. When harvesting root crops (beets, carrots, radishes), the soil is cut with a plane cutter, passing at high speed, while the fruits are easily collected from the field surface. After the mechanized harvesting of potatoes, the best to name new ridges, over the former passages (offset 70 cm) (figure 3). Wide passages allow you to use various means of mechanization when harvesting crops without damaging the ridges. After harvesting the crops, the ridge is leveled, and the surface is dug up.

The advantage of this method is that the synthesis of fertilizers uses the energy of bacteria and earthworms, and the source material is organic waste from agricultural production (manure, compost, peat, sawdust, straw, etc.). At the same time, bacterial fertilizers are much cheaper than chemical, greener and easier to use.

The proposed method has the following features:

- organic matter is not buried in the soil, but a bed is formed in the aisles between the ridges, while seasonal mineralization processes occur simultaneously with the growth of crops, which significantly reduces the unproductive losses of nitrate nitrogen and contributes to the accumulation of humus in the arable horizon;

- instead of processing the soil with technical means, the preparation of the rooting layer for plant vegetation is carried out by bacteria and the entire entomofauna, which significantly improves the agrophysical properties of the soil in all respects;

- increase the biological activity of the soil is achieved due to the fact that under the protection of organic mulch creates an optimal microclimate with high humidity and constant temperature, which significantly improves the conditions for the development and reproduction of the entire biofauna;

- for a balanced nutrition of plants upon receipt of a physiologically balanced soil solution, the buffering ability of the soil itself is used. To increase the effectiveness of the impact of the soil absorbing complex on the solution, the transportation of the soil solution from the mineralization zone to the roots of plants is carried out in a horizontal plane;

- for horizontal transportation of the soil solution, a constant moisture gradient is organized due to evaporation and transpiration loss of moisture from the ridge and intense condensation of vaporous water from the air cooling in the surface layer of mulch;

- to increase moisture reserves and improve the agrophysical properties of the soil, earthworms are used by organizing their seasonal migrations and preserving their vertical passages under a layer of mulch to filter meltwater into lower horizons even through frozen soil.

Sources of information

1. Dorokhov A. and others. Potato cultivation in the city // Ural fields, 1990. - No. 8. - p.11.

2. The narrow ridges of the Mitlider on our land. Ugarova T.Yu.// New farmer, - 1994. - No. 1, - p.52-54 (prototype).

Claims (3)

1. A method of cultivating cultivated plants on narrow constant ridges with balanced fertilizer nutrition, characterized in that a ridge profile with passages is formed in the fall, a bed of organic substrate is formed on the surface of the passages, and in the spring, the ridges are periodically processed to a depth of not more than 7 cm, seedlings are planted mainly in two lines, while after harvesting the crops, the ridge is leveled, and the surface is rolled. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the case of high soil degradation, strains of beneficial bacteria and earthworms are introduced into the organic substrate. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that when planting as fertilizing, mineral fertilizers are applied simultaneously with watering.

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