RU2348136C2 - Biological method of row-and-strip cultivation of agricultural (mostly - cereal) crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: proposed method envisages soil surface tillage, afterharvesting residues compaction and planting of seeds in strips separated by passage bands. In case of winter crops sowing immediately after the forecrop has been harvested one performs application of beneficent bacteria strains and earthworms. After that one carries out the sowing combined with biological bed formation. The biological bed formation technique envisages compaction of the forecrop afterharvesting residues along the strip in the seed dispensing implement travel direction and its coverage with a thin stratum of soil removed from the surface of the sowing strip that was a passage band with the forecrop. Sowing is combined with guide slots being arranged on the passage band surface enabling precise guidance of the sowing implement travel during maintenance of vegetative crops and subsequent aftercrop sowing.

EFFECT: improved productivity of agricultural crops without application of chemicals.

2 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the cultivation of cultivated plants in a biological, non-repetitive, row-and-strip way.

A known method of continuous soil tillage, mainly under spring crops, by loosening it under a stubble layer with a flat-cutting paw and rolling stubble. The method is described in the invention (AS No. 1140695 from 09/28/83, AB 79/02).

The disadvantage of this method is that only black steam, chemical weeding, or periodic plowing of the fields is provided to combat the weediness of the fields. This not only increases the cost of grain production, but, most importantly, negates all the advantages of non-cultivating tillage, since its fertility increases with the long-term use of the method. In addition, herbicides and chemical fertilizers poison not only the products, but also the entire biofauna of the soil, which is concentrated on its surface during non-treatment. The contradiction of the method with existing agricultural techniques that increase the yield should be attributed to its disadvantages, which are the main obstacle to the widespread use of non-cultivating soil-protective agriculture.

There is a method of row-row cultivation of grain and row crops, developed and described by I.E. Ovsinsky in the book "New farming system."

The method is based on the principle of using the "original" behavior of plants (psychism), which he implemented by combining dense crops into strips alternating with empty passages of equal width, and he experimentally determined the optimal width of the strip and the number of rows in it. He preceded sowing crops, both grain and row crops, with shallow plowing to a depth of not more than 5 cm. Along with the high results achieved with the use of this technology, the method needs to be modernized according to the achievements of modern science and technology. The proposed method is adopted as a prototype.

The objective of the invention is to increase crop yields with minimal labor, raw materials and financial resources by mobilizing the energy potential of soil bacteria, earthworms, the root system and the "psychism" of plants for the optimal use of solar energy, atmosphere, soil and climate. This suggests eliminating energy-intensive deep plowing from the biological farming system with a dump plow, the production and application of high standards of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and other poisons, all that led to the degradation of the planet's biocenoses.

The problem is solved by the fact that in the known method of row-row cultivation of plants, mainly cereals, including non-irrigating cultivation of the soil, rolling stubble, sowing seeds in strips separated by aisles, and when sowing winter crops immediately after harvesting the previous culture, strains of beneficial bacteria are introduced into the field and earthworms, and then sowing is carried out and at the same time form a biological bed by rolling the stubble of the previous culture along the strip in the direction of movement of the sowing unit and sprinkling t nkim layer of soil removed from the surface of the seed bar, which was the previous passage culture.

To ensure the possibility of caring for the crops (top dressing, weeding, loosening the aisles, etc.) during the growing season and sowing subsequent plants, slit guides are cut on the surface of the aisles, which serve to accurately record the movement of the sowing unit in the row-spacing.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, in which Fig. 1 shows a biological bed 1 formed in passages of laminated stubble 2, sprinkled with soil 3, removed from the surface of the sowing strip 4, sealed bottom of the seed bed 5, sprinkled seeds 6 and guide slots 7 during growth .

figure 2 shows the mutual movement of the biological bed 1, sowing strip 4, the slit-guide 7 and growing in rows of plants 8 with respect to the previous culture, depicted in figure 1 in the process of growth.

The method is as follows.

Immediately after harvesting the previous crop, the fields are prepared for winter sowing. It should be borne in mind that in order to implement the method in full accordance with the system of biological farming, harvesting and threshing of the precursor grain must be carried out with a combine equipped with a straw chopper and, preferably, a caterpillar mover in order to uniformly spread the straw cutting and avoid deformation and compaction of the soil by the harvesting wheels equipment, since the soil is never plowed with a plow with a reversible blade. Accordingly, the method provides for the organization of field roads for transport equipment in order to prevent deformation of the field surface. However, deeper rolling of the stubble to the width of the passages under the formed biological bed is allowed. Preliminarily, strains of beneficial bacteria and earthworms are introduced into the field. Immediately after fertilizing, row-row sowing of winter crops is carried out with a seeder that sequentially and simultaneously rolls stubble, sprinkles it with a thin layer of soil removed from the sowing strip, forming a biological bed in the aisle, and sows seeds in thickened rows of compacted seed bed, followed by loosening sowing strip.

The fight against weediness of crops is carried out by cutting weeds with a cultivator paw in the aisles.

The advantage of the biological method of row-row cultivation of crops is that it eliminates the energy-consuming cultivation of the soil with a dump plow, the introduction of large doses of chemical fertilizers under the "planned" crop and the use of heavy equipment, since loosening, irrigation, aeration, drainage and fertilizing the root layer of the soil carry out soil bacteria, earthworms and the root system of plants. It is for the intensification of the natural soil-forming process that a biological bed of organic material is organized on the field, where nutrition and habitat space are provided for the entire soil biota, which greatly increases the number of its inhabitants. Human participation in soil cultivation is to preserve and increase its biological activity for the production of channels from the moves of worms and drains from the dried roots of plants, which create the ideal circulation of soil solution and gases, keeping the soil in a monolithic and capillary state that a person by technical means will never be able to implement.

The weed control is completely simplified, the seeds of which are removed from the sowing strip along with a thin layer of soil on the rolled stubble in the aisles. Obviously, weed seeds, isolated from moisture by the straw mat of the biological bed, will not germinate, and under the straw, where the allelopathic effect of decaying organic matter acts, weeds do not grow. Perennial weeds inhibit shading in the strip of thickened crops, and aisles are treated as needed, in addition, the alternation of sowing in the passages of the predecessor significantly simplifies the fight against weed fields.

The system of biological farming reduces the costs of non-renewable raw materials for food production by three or more times, and it guarantees the production of environmentally friendly products and eliminates the pollution of the human environment at all stages of the technological process. With rising energy prices, the competitiveness of biological farming products will grow exponentially, since the energy of the trophic unity of the living organism of the soil is renewable, and therefore inexhaustible.

Claims (2)

1. The biological method of row-row cultivation of plants, mainly cereals, including surface tillage, rolling stubble, sowing seeds in strips separated by aisles, characterized in that when sowing winter crops immediately after harvesting the previous culture, strains of beneficial bacteria are introduced into the field and earthworms, and then sowing is carried out and at the same time form a biological bed by rolling stubble of the previous culture along the strip in the direction of movement of the sowing unit and powder Ia thin layer of soil removed from the surface of the seed bar, which was the previous passage culture. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when sowing on the surface of the aisles, slits are cut - guides that serve to accurately direct the movement of the sowing unit when caring for vegetation and sowing subsequent crops to ensure that seeds are sown in the aisles of the previous culture.

Images