RU2120962C1 - Method and process line for production of vegetable oil from high-oil raw material - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: fat-and-oil industry. SUBSTANCE: method of producing vegetable (sunflower, mustard-seed, soya-bean, etc.) oil includes shelling of raw material, air blasting, crushing, heating of crushed material to remove free moisture, pressing, further disintegration and pressing of cake, primary and final purification of oil. Process line contains equipment needed to perform above- listed operations. EFFECT: increased yield of high-quality vegetable oil. 6 cl, 3 dwg, 2 tbl, 4 ex

Description

 The invention relates to the production of vegetable oil from high-oil raw materials, and can be used in the oil and fat industry, upon receipt, for example, sunflower, mustard, soybean, linseed and other oils.

 Known methods for producing vegetable oil from high-oil raw materials and a production line for implementing the method, see a. from. N 596614, from 11.04.75, C 11 B 1/06.

 In the known method, the grinding of sunflower kernels is carried out by grinding them on roller mills.

The disadvantage of this method is that when grinding the oil in the mint is distributed in the form of the thinnest films on the surface of the particles of the crushed core and is held on them by the enormous forces of molecular interaction (molecular field surface). The magnitude of these forces exceeds the pressure developed by most modern presses. To reduce the forces of molecular exposure, increase the oil yield, the peppermint is moistened to 9% humidity and subjected to heat and moisture treatment, heating it to a temperature of t = 106-110 ^o C in the roasting pan. At the same time, phosphatides, dissolved in oil, are biologically valuable substances, lose stable solubility in the presence of moisture, swell and coarsen, and subsequently, when cooled, precipitate. Thus, the thermal and thermal treatment significantly worsens the quality of the finished product: its biological value decreases, a precipitate forms, and the shelf life decreases.

Another disadvantage is the high-temperature heating of the crushed raw materials to 106-110 ^o C, while in hot oil in the presence of particles of free, unbound water, sugar-amine reactions occur, denaturation of protein substances, the transition of odorizing substances to oil.

 All of the above significantly affects the quality and biological value of the oil.

 It should also be noted that phosphatides in the bound state complicate the filtration process, since form a compressible precipitate on the filters, so the oil filtration is interrupted when even a small layer of sediment accumulates.

 In addition, with this technology, the physical purification of vegetable oil is very difficult, almost impossible. To bring the consumer properties of oil to GOST standards, its chemical purification (refining) is necessary, which increases the cost of technology and reduces the biological value of the oil. There is also known a method of producing vegetable oil from high-oil raw materials, mainly sunflower seeds and a production line for its implementation, which are closest to those claimed by their technical nature and achieved effect (prototype). See application N 93021467/13 of 04/23/93, C 11 B 1/06.

 The known method includes the collapse of the raw material with its winding and grinding, heating to remove free moisture and pressing the crushed raw materials, grinding the cake and pressing, primary and final cleaning of vegetable oil.

 A known production line for implementing the method includes machines for crushing, winding and grinding raw materials, a means for heating the crushed raw materials and removing free water from it, a press for squeezing the oil from the crushed raw materials, a device for crushing the cake, a press for squeezing the oil from the cake, devices for primary and final purification of vegetable oil.

 A disadvantage of the known technology is the grinding of raw materials by grinding on a roller device. When grinding, as indicated above, the oil is distributed on the surface of the particles of the mint in the form of thin films, the molecular forces of which are very high.

This complicates the further extraction of oil, significantly reducing its yield, and increases the oil content of oilcake. To reduce the forces that bind oil films to the surface of the mint particles and to bring the mint moisture to the required value, the known method uses mint roasting on fire roasters without wetting it. Heating without moisture, as in the proposed method, allows to obtain vegetable oil of high biological value, because the most biologically valuable substances - phosphatides without interaction with free moisture do not lose stable solubility in oil and do not precipitate. However, heating the raw materials in the roasting pan to temperatures above 100 ^o C leads to the loss of vitamins, protein denaturation, loss of some other biologically valuable substances, which reduces the biological value of vegetable oil. In addition, the lower layer of cores located on the roasting pan is not fully mixed and overcooked, which affects the color and taste of the finished product, as well as deteriorates the structure of the mint. The mint becomes insufficiently plastic and elastic for the development of friction between particles and the development of high pressure during pressing. Oilcake shell is not always obtained in the correct form, its thickness is 8-9 mm and it has a rather high oil content, about 15-18%. Accordingly, at insufficient pressures, the oil yield during pressing is also reduced. Heating on fire roasters degrades the quality of the mint also because the removal of free moisture by evaporation does not provide the same moisture content of the raw material throughout its volume.

 The objective of the invention is the creation of an economical technology for the production of vegetable oil, in which the preparation of raw materials for pressing would increase the yield of oil, its high palatability, and prevent the loss of biologically valuable substances and vitamins in it.

This problem is solved by the fact that, in the known method for producing vegetable oil from high-oil raw materials, including crushing the raw material, its winding and grinding, heating the crushed raw materials with the removal of free moisture from it, pressing the crushed raw materials, grinding and pressing the cake, primary and final cleaning of vegetable oil according to the invention, the raw material is ground by crushing it with a simultaneous obrushivaniya, heating the crushed material to produce 40-45 ^o C, with mechanical impurity (precipitate), separating the nye during primary cleaning forpressovogo and pomace oil is introduced into the compressible feed and cake, and free moisture removal is carried out natural ventilation raw material when it is moved to the press.

 At the same time, it is advisable to use the resulting vegetable oil when heating the crushed raw materials as a heat carrier.

 It is also advisable to ventilate the raw materials by pouring them from one technological equipment to another.

 The objective of the invention is also solved by the fact that in the well-known production line for the production of vegetable oil from high-oil raw materials, including connected to the conveying devices and installed during the technological process machines for shattering, winding and grinding raw materials, means for heating the crushed raw materials with the removal of free moisture from it, a press for pressing raw materials, a device for grinding oilcake, a press for squeezing oil from oilcake, filters for primary and final cleaning of vegetable oil, with According to the invention, a centrifugal crushing machine is used to grind the raw materials, the means for heating the crushed raw materials are made in the form of a heat jacket for circulating the coolant, covering the conveying screw and communicated with the reservoir for heating the coolant, and the device for grinding the cake is combined with a screw conveyor that feeds the cake for pressing .

 At the same time, it is advisable that the line be equipped with a means for supplying filtered mechanical impurities (sediment) to the feeders of screw presses, which can be performed, for example, in the form of feeding trays installed above the feeders and scraper conveyors for feeding sediment to the said feeding trays.

 It is also advisable to make the device for grinding the cake in the form of several screw conveyors fixed to their ends in the housing of the screw conveyor, cutting plates and feed sprockets, mounted rotatably on the shaft of the screw conveyor in front of each cutting plate.

 It is reasonable that the centrifugal rushny and winding machines were communicated with a pipe for pneumatic transportation of raw materials, and the air flow generated in the centrifugal rushny machine was used as a transporting agent.

 It is advisable to install at least two successive screw conveyors under each other before the press for pressing raw materials.

 The invention is further explained by the description of examples of the method on the production line, a general diagram of which is shown in FIG. one; in FIG. 2 schematically shows a General view of the device for grinding oilcake; in FIG. 3 - the same section along aa.

 The production line for the production of vegetable oil from oilseeds includes a centrifugal crushing machine 1 for crushing and crushing the raw material, connected by a pipe 2 for pneumatic conveying of the raw material with a winding machine 3, and the air flow created in the centrifugal grinding machine 1 is used as a transporting agent. at least two screw conveyors 4 are installed under the machine 3, transporting the crushed raw materials to the screw press 5. Around each of the screw conveyors 4 placed thermal jacket 6, in communication with the reservoir 7 for heating the coolant. An electric heating element 8 is installed in said tank 7. There is a pump 9 for pumping a heat carrier. The resulting vegetable oil is used as a heat carrier. The last of the cascade of said screw conveyors 4 is technologically connected with the feeder 10 of the screw press 5 for pressing the crushed raw materials. In the feeder 10, a agitator 12 is mounted to rotate from the drive 11, which serves to mix the components of the extruded raw materials and prevent arch formation, thereby ensuring a uniform outflow of raw materials to the feeding turns of the screw 13 of the press 5. The aforementioned screw press 5 is equipped with means installed at the output end of the screw 13 14 for regulating the thickness of the cake shell, made in the form of a truncated cone, facing a large base out. When this screw 13 is fixed with the possibility of axial movement. Under the screw press 5, a tank 15 is installed, into which pressed vegetable oil (forpress) flows down through openings (not shown) in the grain chamber. In the specified tank 15, a filter 16 is installed for purifying vegetable oil from the largest mechanical impurities (1st stage of primary cleaning). Such impurities are particles of nuclei, shells, husks, etc. There is also a filter 17 for finer purification of vegetable oil (the second stage of primary cleaning) and a pump (not shown) for pumping oil to the filter 17. The filtering material is, for example, a belting filter cloth, as well as a layer of filtered sediment, which has a loose porous structure and practically do not compress, since it does not contain phosphatides, proteins, mucus formed during the moisture-heat treatment of raw materials, which is mandatory in traditional technologies. Behind the screw press 5 for pressing raw materials, a screw conveyor 18 is installed for transporting the cake. In the housing 19 of the screw conveyor 18, cutting inserts 20 and feed sprockets 21 are mounted, mounted on the shaft 22 of the screw conveyor 18 in front of each cutting insert 20 and intended to be fed to the presses for grinding. Mentioned screw conveyor 18 is technologically connected with the feeder 23 of the press 24 for pressing the cake. Under the press 24 there is also a reservoir 25 for collecting oil cake, i.e. oil released during the pressing of crushed cake. In the indicated tank 25, a filter 26 is installed for cleaning the cake oil from the largest particles of cake, husk, etc. carried out by oil in the tank. The specified reservoir 25 is in communication with the aforementioned filter 17 for finer purification of oil cake. The production line also contains feeding trays 26, 27 and scraper conveyors 28, 29 installed above the feeders 10, 23 for feeding sludge released after the primary treatment to the trays 26, 27, and a filter press 30 for final oil cleaning.

The proposed method is implemented using the above process line as follows:
oilseeds, for example, sunflower seeds are brought down with simultaneous crushing on a centrifugal rushny machine 1. Due to the combination of operations, the method becomes more economical.

 The collapsed and crushed raw material through the pipe 2 is fed to the winding machine 3, and the air flow created in the centrifugal crushing machine 1 is used as a transporting agent, which also reduces the cost of the technology.

From the impacts during the crushing of nuclei and their winnowing on the particles of the nuclei, the pore channels open, which further improves the release of oil from the cells. When crushing the nuclei, in addition, there is no distribution of oil in the form of the thinnest films having tremendous molecular forces, as when grinding the nuclei on roller machines in the prototype method. This greatly facilitates the separation of oil from non-greasy components, increasing its yield. From the winding machine 3, the cleaned raw materials are transported by screw conveyors 4. Since around the conveyors 4 there is a heat jacket 6 in which the coolant circulated by the pump 9 from the tank 7 circulates, where the coolant is heated by electric heating to 140-170 ^o C, the feed is heated to 40 -45 ^o C. Excess unbound water is removed by airing when pouring heated raw materials from one screw conveyor 4 to another. In this case, the raw material has the same humidity throughout the volume, which positively affects the separation of oil. Raw materials are dried to a moisture content of 2%. At such a low temperature of raw materials and such humidity, vitamins do not break down, protein denaturation does not occur, odorizing substances do not pass into oil, do not lose stable solubility in oil and phosphatides do not precipitate, i.e., the oil does not lose its biological value, its high consumer qualities (color, taste, transparency, etc.). Heating the coolant below 40 ^o C is impractical, since it has almost no effect on the separation of oil during pressing, when heated above 45 ^o C melanoidin formation occurs, vitamins are partially lost.

Using the resulting vegetable oil as a coolant simplifies and reduces the cost of the technology, since it does not require special equipment to produce superheated steam and specially trained personnel to work on this equipment. Water cannot be heated to 140-170 ^o C, so it is not suitable as a coolant.

 The aforementioned two or more screw conveyors 4 feed the prepared raw materials to the feeder 10 where they also serve, by means of the feeding tray 26, the filtered sediment removed from the filter 16 by the scraper conveyor 28, and manually from the filter press 17.

 The filtered precipitate contains a sufficiently large amount of oil, so feeding it to pressing increases the yield of the product. In the feeder 10 of the press 5, the prepared raw material is mixed with an oil-containing sludge using a agitator-agitator 12, which is driven by the drive 11. In this case, the raw material becomes more plastic, which allows to develop high pressing pressures without critical loads on the screw 13 of the press 5 and to use narrower clearances on leaving the press 5, achieving a minimum thickness of the cake shell - 1.5-2 mm (in known technologies the thickness of the cake shell is not less than 8-9 mm), which significantly increases the oil yield (as by increasing the pressing pressure I, and due to the removal of oil from impurities obtained in the first and second stages of primary cleaning). Impurities separated after final cleaning go to waste.

 The cake shell hits the screw conveyor 18 to the feed sprockets 21, mounted on the shaft 22 of the conveyor 18, which pick up the cake in turn and each feed to the corresponding cutting plate 20, mounted in the housing 19 of the aforementioned screw conveyor 18. Since the device for grinding the cake is combined with the screw conveyor 18, and not placed on the output end of the screw 13 of the press 5, the latter does not experience additional loads, which also contributes to an increase in pressing pressure.

 The crushed cake is fed by the aforementioned screw conveyor 18 into the feeder 23 of the press 24 for pressing the cake. It also serves through the tray 27 and the conveyor 29 impurities that are filtered out after the initial cleaning of the oil cake: fine particles of oil cake, shells, etc., and also part of the impurities after the second stage of the primary cleaning and forpress and cake oils are fed. The cake and sediment are mixed, the mass becomes quite loose and plastic, which allows increasing the pressing pressure and increasing the oil yield both by increasing the pressing pressure and by reducing oil loss with the filtered precipitate. The pressed prepress and cake oils flow into the respective tanks 15, 25, where coarse oil is purified from the largest impurities by means of filters 16, 26. (First pre-treatment stage) further, both prepress and cake oil are supplied to the filter press 17 by a pump (not shown) and a finer purification of the oils is carried out. The impurities separated in the preliminary treatment are fed as described above for pressing.

 After the initial cleaning, the oil is fed to the filter press 30 for final cleaning. The unrefined oil obtained by the characterized technology in its organoleptic characteristics corresponds to refined (chemically refined) oil. And in terms of biological value, preservation of vitamins and shelf life, it exceeds refined oil and fried oil obtained by the prototype method.

 The following are specific examples of the method.

 Example 1

 Sunflower seeds in an amount of 180 kg with a moisture content of 7% were brought down with simultaneous crushing on a centrifugal treshing machine TsBSh and sifted on an A1-BIS-12 separator.

The yield of crushed raw materials (cores) was 150 kg, the huskiness of 8%. The crushed raw materials were transported with simultaneous heating and removal of free moisture to the 7x95A press. The cores were warmed up to 40 ^o C, aired by pouring from one conveyor to another (three conveyors were used). The heating and transportation times were 12 minutes. Humidity before pressing - 2%. The oil was pressed on a press of 7 x 95A at a pressure of 700 kg / cm ² . The squeezed oil flowing into the tank goes to the coarse filter, and then to the MF 100 filter press for finer cleaning.

 After filtering a certain amount of oil, when enough sediment had accumulated on the filtering fabric (belting), it was constantly removed using an ordinary scraper conveyor and fed into the feeding trays, from where the sediment went to the 7x95A press feeder. After pressing, the thickness of the shell of the cake was mainly 1.7 mm The oil content of the cake after the first pressing was 12%. Next, the cake was crushed on a grinder of its own design and fed to the press in a 7x95A press, also adding to the crushed cake cake, filtered after rough cleaning. Next, the oil was applied to a finer filter MF 100, where it was filtered together with forpress oil. The final oil purification was carried out on an MF 100 filter press. The oil yield was 63 kg. The oil has a high biological value, does not require refining, is perfectly stored throughout the year without losing transparency and high taste.

Example 2. The technology is similar to example 1, only the raw materials were heated to 45 ^o C. In this case, all technical and economic indicators, such as pressing pressure, shell thickness, oil content of the cake corresponded to the indicators of example 1.

 Example 3. The technology corresponds to example 1, only as a raw material used soybean seeds. The oil yield from 200 kg of seeds was 20 kg.

 Example 4. The technology corresponds to example 1, but mustard seeds were used as raw material. Moreover, the technological indicators correspond to those in example 1, the oil yield from 180 kg of raw materials amounted to 60 kg.

 Organoleptic indicators of sunflower oil are shown below in table 1. Table 2 shows the technical and economic indicators of the proposed technology.

Claims (6)

1. The method of obtaining vegetable oil from oilseed raw materials, including the crushing of raw materials, its winnowing and grinding, heating the crushed raw materials with the removal of free moisture from it, pressing crushed raw materials, crushing and pressing cake, primary and final cleaning of vegetable oil, characterized in that the raw materials comminuted by crushing it with a simultaneous obrushivaniya, heating the crushed material is carried out to 40-45 ^o C, with mechanical impurities separated in the primary purification forpressovogo pomace oils and administered compressible feed and cake, and removal of free moisture is carried raw natural ventilation during its transportation to the press.  2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that when heating the crushed raw materials, the resulting vegetable oil is used as a heat carrier.  3. The method according to PP. 1 and 2, characterized in that the ventilation of the raw materials is carried out by pouring it from one technological equipment to another.  4. A production line for obtaining vegetable oil from oilseeds, including machines for shattering, grinding and winding up raw materials connected by transporting devices and installed during the technological process, a means for heating the crushed raw materials, removing free moisture from it, a press for pressing raw materials, a device for grinding cake, press for squeezing the oil from the cake, filters for primary and final oil cleaning, characterized in that it is additionally equipped with a means for feeding the filter of impurities in the feeder of the respective presses and mixing them with raw materials, a centrifugal rushing machine was used to grind the raw materials, the resulting vegetable oil was used as a heat carrier, and the heating means was made in the form of a heat jacket covering the conveying screw and connected to the tank for heating the coolant, and transporting devices between the machine for grinding raw materials and the press installed at least two.  5. The production line according to claim 4, characterized in that the means for supplying filtered impurities to the screw press feeder are made, for example, in the form of feeding trays installed above the press feeders and scraper conveyors for feeding impurities into the feeding trays and mixers installed in press feeders.  6. The production line according to claim 4, characterized in that the device for crushing the cake is made in the form of several cutting plates mounted on the conveyor body, and feed sprockets mounted on the conveyor shaft in front of each cutting plate.

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