JP7286267B2 - 修飾t細胞に対する条件的活性型キメラ抗原受容体 - Google Patents
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Description
本明細書に提供される実施例の理解を容易にするために、特定のしばしば登場する方法及び/又は用語は以下に記載される。
哺乳動物、特にヒトの免疫系は、罹患組織及び/又は病原体を標的化して破壊する細胞傷害性細胞を有する。これらの細胞傷害性細胞を使用して腫瘍などの望ましくない組織(即ち標的組織)を除去することは、有望な治療手法である。除去の標的とし得る他の組織としては、腺(例えば前立腺)過形成、疣贅、及び望ましくない脂肪組織が挙げられる。しかしながら、この比較的新しい治療手法は、これまでのところ限られた成功しか収めていない。例えば、T細胞を使用した腫瘍の標的化及び破壊は、癌細胞が表面抗原の発現を低下させて新しい療法に適応することによりこの療法の有効性が低下し得るため、長期的利益が比較的少ない。癌細胞は、腫瘍特異的T細胞に応答した検出を逃れるため脱分化することさえある。Maher,“Immunotherapy of Malignant Disease Using Chimeric Antigen Receptor Engrafted T Cells,”ISRN Oncology,vol.2012,article ID 278093,2012。
CARは、上記で考察した種々のドメインを全て共に融合して融合タンパク質を形成することによって生成されるキメラタンパク質である。CARは、典型的には、CARの種々のドメインをコードするポリヌクレオチド配列を含む発現ベクターによって生成される。標的細胞上の抗原を認識してそれと結合する働きをする本発明のASTRは、条件的活性型である。具体的には、ASTRは、対応する野生型タンパク質のASTRと比較して、標的抗原との結合に関して正常生理条件では低活性又は不活性であり、異常条件では活性である。本発明は、野生型タンパク質又はその結合ドメイン(野生型ASTR)から条件的活性型ASTRを生成する方法を提供する。
野生型タンパク質、又はその結合ドメイン(野生型ASTR)が突然変異誘発のプロセスを受けると変異ポリペプチドの集団が産生され、次にそれをスクリーニングすることにより、野生型ASTRとの比較において異常条件では標的抗原に対する結合親和性が増強した、且つ任意選択で、正常生理条件では標的抗原に対する結合親和性が実質的に同じか、又は低い変異ASTRを同定することができる。
発達工程から生成された変異ポリヌクレオチドは、変異ポリペプチドの産生(発現)のため、既発表のプロトコルに従いアガロースゲルでサイズ分画され、発現ベクターに挿入され、及び適切な宿主細胞にトランスフェクトされても、又はされなくてもよい。発現は、ルーチンの分子生物学的技術を用い得る。従って、発現工程は様々な公知の方法を用いることができる。
望ましい分子の同定は、許容型の条件及び野生型の条件におけるタンパク質活性を測定することによって、非常に直接的に達成される。最も高い活性の比(許容型/野生型)を示す変異体を、次いで選択し、標準的な方法を用いて個々の変異を組み合わせることで、点変異の並べ替え(permutation)を生成することが出来る。次いで、この組み合わせた並べ替えタンパク質ライブラリーから、許容型と野生型の活性に最も大きい差を示すタンパク質をスクリーニングする。
本開示は、本開示の酵素に特異的に結合する、単離された抗体又は組換え抗体を提供する。これらの抗体を用いて、本開示の酵素、又は関連するポリペプチドの酵素を、単離、同定、又は定量化することが出来る。これらの抗体を用いて、本開示の範囲内の他のポリペプチド、又は他の関連する酵素を単離することが出来る。抗体は、酵素の活性部位に結合するように設計することが出来る。従って、本開示は、本開示の抗体を用いて、酵素を抑制する方法を提供する。
Struct.26:27-45.を参照のこと。
本開示の方法の実施においては、様々な装置及び方法を本開示のポリペプチド及び核酸と併せて使用することが出来る。その装置及び方法には、例えば、酵素活性によるペプチドのスクリーニングするためのもの、酵素活性に対してアクチベーター又はインヒビターなどの潜在モジュレーターとなる化合物のスクリーニングするためのもの、本開示のポリペプチドに結合する抗体のためのもの、本開示の核酸にハイブリダイズする核酸のためのもの、本開示のポリペプチドを発現する細胞をスクリーニングするためのものなどが挙げられる。
本開示の核酸又はポリペプチドは、アレイに固定化又は適用することが出来る。アレイを用いることで、組成物(例えば、小分子、抗体、核酸など)のライブラリーに対して、本開示の核酸又はポリペプチドに結合する能力、又はそれらの活性を調整する能力によって、スクリーニング又はモニターすることが出来る。例えば、本開示の一態様においては、モニターされるパラメーターは酵素遺伝子の転写発現である。ある細胞の転写産物の、1つ又は複数、或いは全てを、その細胞の転写産物或いは細胞の転写産物の代表的又は相補的な核酸を有するサンプルを、アレイ又は「バイオチップ」に固定化した核酸にハイブリダイズすることで、測定することが可能である。マイクロチップ上の核酸の「アレイ」を用いることで、転写産物の一部又は全部を同時に定量化する事が出来る。或いは、ゲノム核酸を有するアレイを用いることで、本開示の方法によって作られた、新たに設計された株の遺伝子型を決定することも出来る。ポリペプチド「アレイ」を用いることで、同時に複数のタンパク質を定量化することも出来る。本開示は、任意の既知の「アレイ」とともに実施することが可能であって、この「アレイ」は、「マイクロアレイ」又は「核酸アレイ」又は「ポリペプチドアレイ」又は「抗体アレイ」又は「バイオチップ」又はそれらの変型とも見なされる。アレイは一般的に、複数の「スポット」又は「標的要素」であって、それぞれの標的要素は、規定の量の1つ又は複数の生体分子、例えば、オリゴヌクレオチドを有するものであり、サンプル分子、例えばmRNA転写産物に特異的に結合する基質表面の規定の領域に、固定化されているものである。
GIGAMATRIX(商標)(Diversa Corporation、San Diego,Calif.)などのキャピラリーアレイを、本開示の方法において用いることが出来る。本開示の核酸又はポリペプチドを、キャピラリーアレイを含むアレイに対して固定化又は適用することが出来る。アレイを用いることで、組成物(例えば、小分子、抗体、核酸など)のライブラリーに対して、本開示の核酸又はポリペプチドに結合する能力、又はそれらの活性を調整する能力によって、スクリーニング又はモニターすることが出来る。キャピラリーアレイは、サンプルを保持且つスクリーニングするためのもう一つのシステムを提供する。例えば、サンプルスクリーニング装置は、隣接したキャピラリーアレイとして形成される複数のキャピラリーを含むことが出来、ここで各キャピラリーは少なくとも1つの、サンプルを保持する管腔を形成する壁を有するものである。装置は、さらに、アレイ中の隣接したキャピラリーの間に配置される間質材を含み得るものであって、その間質剤の中に、1つまた複数の参照指標が形成されているものである。サンプルをスクリーニングするためのキャピラリーは、キャピラリーアレイに結合するように適合されたものであって、サンプルを保持するための管腔を形作る第一の壁と、サンプルを励起するために管腔に与えられる励起エネルギーをフィルターするフィルター材から形成される第二の壁を含み得るものである。ポリペプチド又は核酸、例えばリガンドを、キャピラリーアレイの少なくとも一部のキャピラリーの第一成分に、導入することが出来る。キャピラリーアレイの各キャピラリーは、少なくとも1つの、第一成分を保持する管腔を形作る壁を有することが出来る。キャピラリー中の第一成分の後ろに、気泡を導入することが出来る。第二成分をキャピラリーに導入することが可能であり、ここでこの第二成分は気泡によって第一成分と分離される。対象サンプルは、検出可能粒子で標識された第一液として、キャピラリーアレイ中の一つのキャピラリーに導入され、このキャピラリーアレイ中の各キャピラリーは、第一液と検出可能粒子とを保持するための管腔を形作る少なくとも1つの壁を有するものであって、少なくとも一つの壁は、検出可能粒子を結合させるための結合材料で被覆されている。本方法は、さらに、結合した検出可能粒子が保持されているキャピラリーチューブから第一液を除去する工程と、そのキャピラリーに第二液を導入する工程とを含むものである。キャピラリーアレイは、管腔を形作る少なくとも一つの外壁を有する、複数の個々のキャピラリーを含むものである。外壁は、互いに融合した1つ又は複数の壁であってもよい。同様に、壁は、その壁が液体又はサンプルを保持する管腔を形成する限り、円筒形、四角形、六角形、又はその他の幾何学的形態の管腔を形作ることができる。キャピラリーアレイ中のキャピラリーは、平面構造を形成するように近接して互いに支え合うことが出来る。キャピラリーは、隣同士を融合(例えば、ここではキャピラリーはガラス製)、接着、粘結、又は固定することによって、互いに結合することが出来る。キャピラリーアレイは、任意の数、例えば100~4,000,000の、個々のキャピラリーから形成することが可能である。キャピラリーアレイは、約100,000又はそれより多くの、互いに結合した個々のキャピラリーを持つ、マイクロタイタープレートを形成することが出来る。
条件的活性型抗体は、多重特異性条件的活性型抗体を生成するように操作し得る。多重特異性抗体は、国際公開第2013/170168号パンフレット(全体として参照により本明細書に援用される)に記載されるとおりの、多エピトープ特異性を有する抗体であり得る。多重特異性抗体には、限定はされないが、VHVL単位が多エピトープ特異性を有する重鎖可変ドメイン(VH)及び軽鎖可変ドメイン(VL)を含む抗体、各VHVL単位が異なるエピトープに結合する2つ以上のVL及びVHドメインを有する抗体、各単一可変ドメインが異なるエピトープに結合する2つ以上の単一可変ドメインを有する抗体、及び1つ又はそれ以上の抗体フラグメントを含む抗体並びに共有結合的又は非共有結合的に連結されている抗体フラグメントを含む抗体が含まれる。
関節疾患は、工業先進国における身体障害及び早期退職の主な原因である。関節疾患は多くの場合に関節の損傷をもたらし、これは修復が困難である。滑液は、ヒト又は動物の体の関節(例えば、膝、股関節部、肩)の滑膜腔において向かい合う関節表面の軟骨と滑膜との間に見られる体液である。滑液は軟骨に栄養を供給し、また関節の潤滑剤としても働く。軟骨及び滑膜の細胞は、関節表面間の潤滑剤として働く体液を分泌する。ヒト滑液は約85%の水を含む。これは血漿の透析液に由来し、この透析液それ自体は、水、溶解したタンパク質、グルコース、凝固因子、無機イオン、ホルモン等から成る。アルブミン及びグロブリンなどのタンパク質が滑液中に存在し、関節領域の潤滑において重要な役割を果たすと考えられる。ヒト滑液中には、α-1-酸性糖タンパク質(AGP)、α-1-アンチトリプシン(A1AT)及びルブリシンなどの糖タンパク質を含め、いくつかの他のタンパク質もまた見られる。
固形腫瘍の癌細胞は、その周囲に腫瘍微小環境を形成して癌細胞の成長及び転移を支援する能力を有する。腫瘍微小環境は、周囲血管、免疫細胞、線維芽細胞、他の細胞、可溶性因子、シグナル伝達分子、細胞外マトリックス、並びに新生物形質転換を促進し、腫瘍成長及び浸潤を支援し、腫瘍を宿主免疫から保護し、治療抵抗性を助長し、及び潜伏転移が発育するためのニッチを提供することのできる機械的キューを含めた、腫瘍が存在する細胞環境である。腫瘍及びその周囲微小環境は密接に関係し、常に相互作用している。腫瘍は、細胞外シグナルを放出し、腫瘍血管新生を促進し、及び末梢性免疫寛容を誘導することによってその微小環境に影響を与え得る一方、微小環境における免疫細胞が癌性細胞の成長及び発達に影響を及ぼし得る。Swarts et al.“Tumor Microenvironment Complexity:Emerging Roles in Cancer Therapy,”Cancer Res,vol.,72,pages 2473-2480,2012を参照のこと。
幹細胞は体の幹細胞ニッチと呼ばれる環境に存在し、幹細胞ニッチは組織生理学の基本的な単位を成し、生物の要求に対する幹細胞の応答を媒介するシグナルを統合する。しかしニッチは、幹細胞又は他の標的に異常機能を課すことによって病理もまた誘導し得る。幹細胞とそれらのニッチとの間の相互作用により、組織の持続及び幹細胞療法の最終設計に必要な動的システムが作り出される(Scadden,“The stem-cell niche as an entity of action,”Nature,vol.441,pages 1075-1079,2006)。脊椎動物における一般的な幹細胞ニッチには、生殖細胞系列幹細胞ニッチ、造血幹細胞ニッチ、毛包幹細胞ニッチ、腸幹細胞ニッチ、及び心血管幹細胞ニッチが含まれる。
ウイルス粒子は、長年、タンパク質、核酸分子、化学的化合物又は放射性同位元素を標的細胞又は組織に輸送するための送達媒体として使用されている。送達媒体として一般的に用いられているウイルス粒子としては、レトロウイルス(retrovirus)、アデノウイルス、レンチウイルス、ヘルペスウイルス、及びアデノ随伴ウイルスが挙げられる。ウイルス粒子は、多くの場合にリガンド-受容体結合系において、標的細胞の標的タンパク質として働く細胞タンパク質との特異的結合のための認識タンパク質として働く表面タンパク質を介してその標的細胞を認識する(Lentz,“The recognition event between virus and host cell receptor:a target for antiviral agents,”J.of Gen.Virol.,vol.71,pages 751-765,1990(参照により本明細書に援用される))。例えば、ウイルス認識タンパク質は、標的細胞上の受容体に対するリガンドであり得る。リガンドと受容体との間の特異性により、ウイルス粒子が標的細胞を特異的に認識して、そこにその内容物を送達することが可能となる。
新規ゲノム操作ツールの一形態としてDNA/RNA修飾タンパク質、特にCRISPRと呼ばれるものが発見されており、これらによれば、研究者は遺伝子にマイクロサージェリーを施して、染色体上の正確な位置にあるDNA配列を精密且つ容易に変化させることが可能になる(ゲノム編集、Mali et al.,“Cas9 as a versatile tool for engineering biology,”Nature Methods,vol.10,pages 957-963,2013)。例えば、鎌状赤血球貧血は単一塩基突然変異によって引き起こされ、これはDNA/RNA修飾タンパク質を使用して修正し得る可能性がある。この技術は、染色体の小片を、一塩基対の変更による場合であっても、精密に欠失させ、又は編集し得る(Makarova et al.,“Evolution and classification of the CRISPR-Cas systems,”Nature Reviews Microbiology,vol.9,pages 467-477,2011)。
スクリーニング工程によって条件的活性型ASTRが同定されると、個々のドメインをコードするポリヌクレオチド配列をライゲートして単一のポリヌクレオチド配列(CAR遺伝子、これは条件的活性型CARをコードする)を形成することにより、キメラ抗原受容体をアセンブルし得る。個々のドメインには、条件的活性型ASTR、TM、及びISDが含まれる。一部の実施形態において、ESD及びCSDを含めた他のドメインもまたCARに導入され得る(図1)。条件的活性型CARが二重特異性CARである場合、CAR遺伝子は、例えば、N末端からC末端の向きに以下の構成:N末端シグナル配列-ASTR1-リンカー-ASTR2-細胞外スペーサードメイン-膜貫通ドメイン-共刺激ドメイン-細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインであってもよい。一実施形態において、かかるCAR遺伝子は2つ以上の共刺激ドメインを含み得る。
マルチウォールプレートの各ウェルに蛍光基質を加え、野生型の温度と、新規の型で低い反応温度の両方(例えば、上述の通り37℃又は25℃のいずれか)に適切な時間おく。蛍光プレートリーダーによって、適切な励起及び発光スペクトル(例えば、320nmの励起スペクトル、405nmの発光スペクトル)において、蛍光を測定することによって、蛍光を検出する。相対蛍光ユニット(Relative fluorescence unit:RFU)を決定する。野生型分子からの上清及びプラスミド/ベクターで形質転換された細胞を、ポジティブコントロール及びネガティブコントロールとして用いる。各サンプル、反応温度、ポジティブコントロール及びネガティブコントロールにおいて、複製反応を行う。
温度感受性一次ヒットとして同定された変異体を、14mLの培養チューブで発現させ、それらの酵素活性を野生型の温度(例えば、37℃)とより低い温度(例えば、25℃)とにおいて測定する。タンパク質を発現させ、上述の通りにマルチウォール形式で用いるために精製するが、マルチウォール(96ウェルプレート)でない異なる形式(14mlチューブ)における発現も別に行う。
必要な場合、新規のコンビナトリアル変異体ライブラリーを、上述において同定した変異体ヒットの全て又は選択したものから作成する。この新規のライブラリーを、選択した変異体それぞれについて、可能な全てのアミノ酸変異体を含むようにデザインし、新しいヒットについての記載の通り再度スクリーニングをすることが出来る。
温度感受性の発達させた変異体に対してさらにアッセイを行い、低い温度(例えば、25℃)における酵素活性が可逆的か非可逆的か、当該変異体を高い温度に曝し、続けて低い温度(例えば、25℃)に戻すことによって、確認することが出来る。この温度感受性変異体を、所望の形式、例えば、概述のような14mL培養チューブにおいて発現させる。この変異体を、野生型の温度(例えば、37℃)及びその他の温度を含んだ幾つかの条件下においてテストし、続いて、必要な低い温度(例えば、25℃)に再度曝す。低い温度において活性のある変異体であって、より高い温度又は野生型の温度まで上昇させたとき、活性の低下を示し(つまり、低い温度における活性の高い温度に対する活性の比が、1、1.5、2、又はそれより高い値以上である)、再度低い温度まで下げられたときにベースラインの活性を示す、変異体を、「可逆性ヒット」と判定する。低い温度において活性のある変異体であって、より高い温度又は野生型の温度まで上昇させたとき、活性の低下を示し(つまり、低い温度における活性の高い温度に対する活性の比が、1、1.5、2、又はそれより高い値以上である)、再度低い温度まで下げられたときに少なくとも低下した活性と同じ程度の活性を示す、変異体を、「非可逆性ヒット」と判定する。
ヒトのプラスミノーゲン由来の、野生型アンジオスタチンのクリングル1~3は、Calbiochem(Darmstadt,Germany)から入手可能であり、無菌PBS中で再構成することが出来る。過去に記載されているように、ATP合成酵素の触媒的βサブユニットに対するポリクローナル抗体は作製可能であり、ウシのATP合成酵素F1サブユニットは精製可能である((Moser et al.,"Angiostatin binds ATP synthase on the surface of human endothelial cells",Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:2811-6;Moser et al."Endothelial cell surface Fl-FO ATP synthase is active in ATP synthesis and is inhibited by angiostatin",Proc Natl Acad Sci USA;2001;98:6656-61)。カリポリドは、無菌の水に可溶化し、無菌にフィルターすることが出来る。
A549(肺がん組織由来のヒト上皮細胞株)又は他のがん細胞株(DU145、LNCaP、又はPC-3細胞)は、例えばATCCから入手可能である。ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)は、文献に記載されているようにヒト臍帯静脈から単離可能である(Grant et al.,"Matrigel induces thymosin h 4 gene in differentiating endothelial cells",J Cell Sci 1995;108:3685-94.)。HUVEC細胞は、ATP合成酵素を細胞表面に発現する細胞株で、ポジティブコントロールとして使用することが出来る。細胞は、1%ペニシリンストレプトマイシン及び10%血清置換培地3(Sigma、St.Louis,MO)を入れたDMEM(Life Technologies、Carlsbad,CA)で培養し、プラスミミノーゲンの存在を最小限にすることが出来る。低いpH(6.7)の培地は、重炭酸塩を5%CO2条件下で10mmol/Lまで減少させ、浸透圧を維持するために34mmol/LのNaClを追加するか、又は22mmol/Lの重炭酸塩培地を17%CO2条件下でインキュベートすることで調製することが出来る。pHを低下させる方法は、実験的制約及びアッセイによって変化してもよい。
ATP合成酵素が腫瘍細胞株の細胞表面において機能的であることを確認するために、フローサイトメトリー実験を行うことが出来る。例えば、A549細胞株を、低酸素状態(0.5%O2、5%CO2、N2平衡)対酸素正常状態(21%O2、5%CO2)で、異なるpHの培地(10、22、及び44mmol/Lの重炭酸塩DMEM)において、0、12、24、48、お及び72時間培養することが出来る。生細胞をブロックし、抗βサブユニット抗体とともにインキュベートし、洗浄し、ブロックし、二次抗体のヤギ抗ウサギ抗体FITC(Southern Biotech、Birmingham,AL)とともにインキュベートし、再度洗浄することが出来る(全ての工程は4℃で行われる)。ヨウ化プロピジウム(BD Biosciences、San Jose,CA)を、細胞膜を損傷した細胞を識別するために全てのサンプルに含めることが出来る。10,000細胞中のFITCの平均蛍光強度を、FACSCaliburフローサイトメーター(Becton Dickinson、Franklin Lakes,NJ)によって定量化し、CELLQuestソフトウェア(BD Biosciences)上で、ヨウ化プロピジウムを取り込んだ細胞を取り除くことで、ミトコンドリアATP合成酵素の検出を除去することが出来る。
96ウェルプレート中のA549又は1-LN細胞(ウェル毎に60,000個)を、培地で満たし、アンジオスタチン、アンジオスタチン変異体、抗βサブユニット抗体、ウシ血清アルブミンに対して作成されたウサギIgG(Organon Teknika、West Chester,PA)、ピセタノール(既知のATP合成酵素F1の阻害剤でポジティブコントロールとして用いられる、Sigma)、又は培地のみによって、37℃、5%CO2で30分間処理することが出来る。次いで、細胞を0.05mmol/LのADPで20秒間インキュベートすることが出来る。上清を除去し、記載(23)の通り、にCellTiterGloルミネセンスアッセイ(Promega、Madison,WI)によって、ATP産生を分析することが出来る。細胞溶解物を同様に分析し、ATPの細胞内プールが全ての条件において変わらないことを確認することが出来る。記録を、Luminoskan Ascent(Thermo Labsystems、Helsinki,Finland)上でとることが出来る。データは、それぞれの独立した実験において決定された基準に基づいて、細胞毎のATPのモル数によって表される。
アンジオスタチンのがん細胞株への効果を、無血清培地に置いて、3-(4,5-ジメチルチアゾール-2-イル)-5-(3-カルボキシフェニル)-2-(4-スルホフェニル)-2H-テトラゾリウム、分子内塩(MTS)増殖アッセイによって評価することが出来る。アンジオスタチンの存在下又は非存在下において、37℃、5%CO2で20時間インキュベートした後、96ウェルマイクロプレートの各ウェルにおける相対的な細胞数を、AQueous One細胞増殖アッセイ(Promega)を用いて製品のプロトコルに従って、決定することが出来る。培地のpHを、5%CO2において重炭酸塩濃度によって調節することが出来る。
細胞死及び細胞溶解を定量化するために、サイトゾルから上清に放出された乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(lactate cehydrogenase:LDH)の活性を、Cytotoxicity Detectionキット(Roche、Indianapolis,IN)によって計測することが出来る。アンジオスタチン、アンジオスタチン変異体、抗βサブユニット抗体、ウサギIgG、カリポリド、及びトリトンX(細胞を透過処理する界面活性剤でポジティブコントロールとして用いる)によって処理したがん細胞(例えば、A549細胞)(ウェル毎に5,000個)を、5%CO2又は17%CO2(それぞれ、中性及び低pH条件)で、37℃、15時間インキュベートすることが出来る。細胞毒性の指標は、同じpHの培地に対応させて、4組の処理したサンプルの平均吸光度を、4組の未処理サンプルの平均吸光度によって除算することで計算することが出来る。細胞のネクローシス及びアポトーシスの評価アンジオスタチンの細胞死を引き起こす作用を決定するために、ヒストン-DNA ELISAを行うことが出来る。A549細胞(ウェル毎に5,000個)に対するアンジオスタチン、アンジオスタチン変異体、抗βサブユニット抗体、ウサギIgG、カリポリドの効果を、核外のヒストン-DNA断片の検出に基づいた、ELISAアポトーシス及びネクローシスアッセイ(Roche)を用いることで、決定することが出来る。試薬の存在下又は非存在下で、37℃15時間インキュベートした後、4組のサンプルの細胞溶解物又は上清から、それぞれアポトーシス又はネクローシスを決定することが出来る。アポトーシス又はネクローシスは、同じpHの培地に対応させて、4組の処理したサンプルの平均吸光度を、4組の未処理サンプルの平均吸光度によって除算することで計算することが出来る。培地のpHを、5%CO2又は17%CO2においてインキュベートすることで調節することが出来る。
pHiは、カバーガラス付きの35mmマイクロウェルディッシュ(MatTek、Ashland,MA)にプレーティングした細胞の蛍光によって計測することができる。細胞を成長因子低減フェノールレッド不含Matrigel(BD Biosciences)にプレーティングすることができる。一晩成長させた後、培地を交換することができ、細胞にpH感受性蛍光色素cSNARF(Molecular Probes、Eugene,OR)を15分間ロードし、続いて新鮮培地中で20分間回復させることができる。次に細胞を顕微鏡ステージに37℃、5%CO2でマウントし、1時間にわたる発光スペクトル収集から、各7~15細胞を含む視野からのpHiを記載のとおり計算することができる(Wahl ML,Grant DS.“Effects of microenvironmental extracellular pH and extracellular matrix proteins on angiostatin’s activity and on intracellular pH,”Gen Pharmacol 2002;35:277-85)。スペクトル収集の開始時に、ディッシュから培地を取り除くことができ、pH阻害薬アンジオスタチン、抗β-サブユニット、ウサギIgG、又はナトリウム-プロトン交換阻害薬カリポリドの存在下又は非存在下で細胞を1mLの新鮮培地によってチャレンジすることができる。培地pHは、%CO2を一定として、上記に記載したとおり重炭酸塩濃度によって調節することができる。
薬物標的Xに対する2つの条件的活性型抗体(CAB-scFv-63.9-4及びCAB-scFv-63.9-6)を野生型ヒトIgG1 Fcとのホモ二量体として発現させ(図2~図3の二価抗体CAB-scFv-63.9-4-01及びCAB-scFv-63.9-6-01が得られた)、並びにノブ・イン・ホールシステムのヘテロ二量体として発現させて一価scFvを得た(図2~図3の一価抗体scFv CAB-scFv-63.9-4-02及びCAB-scFv-63.9-6-02が得られた)。
本発明の一実施形態において、選択性及び親和性、並びにpH6.0及びpH7.4の両方での発現レベルに関して同時にスクリーニングすることにより、薬物標的Xに対する条件的活性型抗体を生成した。血清中にはスクリーニングに関して偽陽性を生じ得るヒト抗体があったため、スクリーニングは血清中でFLAGタグを使用して行った。スクリーニング緩衝液はカーボネート緩衝液(リンゲル標準緩衝液を含むがPBSとは異なるクレブス緩衝液)であった。生成された条件的活性型抗体は、両方ともに野生型抗体との比較において、pH6.0で薬物標的Xに対してより高い親和性を有するが、同じ薬物標的Xに対してpH7.4では親和性がより低いことが分かった。さらに、これらの条件的活性型抗体は全て、以下の表2に示すとおり(列「クローン」は抗体を示し、及び発現レベル「mg/ml」が2番目の列に示される)、高い発現レベルを有する。
Claims (17)
- 少なくとも1つの抗原特異的標的領域と膜貫通ドメインと細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインとを含むキメラ抗原受容体の作製方法であって、
癌細胞の表面上に位置する標的抗原に特異的に結合する親タンパク質又はそのドメインから、
i.前記親タンパク質又はそのドメインをコードするDNAを1つ以上の発達的技術を用いて発達させる工程であって、それにより変異DNAを作成することと、
ii.前記変異DNAを発現させて変異ポリペプチドを得ることと、
iii.前記変異ポリペプチドを正常生理pH下での分析及び異常pH下での分析に供することと、
iv.工程(iii)において発現した前記変異ポリペプチドから、異常pH下での分析における癌細胞の表面上に位置する標的抗原への結合における活性と比較して、正常生理pHでの分析における癌細胞の表面上に位置する標的抗原への結合における同活性の低下を呈する条件的活性型抗原特異的標的領域を選択することと
によって癌細胞の表面上に位置する標的抗原に結合する前記少なくとも1つの抗原特異的標的領域を生成する工程、および
少なくとも1つの抗原特異的標的領域、膜貫通ドメインおよび細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインを連結して、キメラ抗原受容体を作製する工程、および
前記キメラ抗原受容体を、キメラ抗原受容体を含むタンパク質が、親タンパク質またはそのドメインと比較して発現レベルが増加するように構成する工程
を含み、
前記標的抗原が癌細胞の表面上に過剰発現するチロシンキナーゼ成長因子受容体である、方法。 - 前記抗原特異的標的領域が、正常生理pHでの前記分析において前記親タンパク質又はそのドメインの抗原特異的標的領域と比較して前記標的抗原に対する結合親和性の低下もまた有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗原特異的標的領域が、異常pH下での前記分析において前記親タンパク質又はそのドメインの抗原特異的標的領域と比較して活性の増加を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗原特異的標的領域が、異常pH下での前記分析において前記親タンパク質又はそのドメインの抗原特異的標的領域と比較して選択性の増加を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記正常生理pHが7.4であり、前記異常pHが腫瘍微小環境のpHである、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記条件的活性型生物学的タンパク質が、前記正常生理pHでは実質的に不活性であり、且つ前記正常生理pH未満の異常pHでは活性である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記発達させる工程が、PCR、エラープローンPCR、シャッフリング、オリゴヌクレオチド特異的突然変異誘発、アセンブリPCR、セクシャルPCR突然変異誘発、インビボ突然変異誘発、カセット突然変異誘発、再帰的アンサンブル突然変異誘発、指数関数的アンサンブル突然変異誘発、部位特異的突然変異誘発、遺伝子リアセンブリ、遺伝子部位飽和突然変異誘発、インビトロ突然変異誘発、リガーゼ連鎖反応、オリゴヌクレオチド合成及びこれらの組み合わせから選択される技術を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 遺伝子工学的に改変された細胞傷害性細胞の、対象の癌の治癒的及び/又は予防的治療用医薬の製造のための使用であって、遺伝子工学的に改変された細胞傷害性細胞は、癌細胞の表面上に位置する標的抗原に結合するキメラ抗原受容体をコードするポリヌクレオチド配列を含む発現ベクターを前記対象から得られた細胞傷害性細胞に導入することにより作製され、前記キメラ抗原受容体が
i.癌細胞の表面上に位置する標的抗原に結合する少なくとも1つの抗原特異的標的領域であって、前記抗原特異的標的領域は癌細胞の表面上に位置する標的抗原に結合する親タンパク質又はそのドメインから発達させたものであり、且つ異常pH下での分析における標的抗原への結合における活性と比較して、正常生理pHでの分析における標的抗原への結合における同活性の低下を有する少なくとも1つの抗原特異的標的領域と、
ii.膜貫通ドメインと、
iii.細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインと
を含み、
前記標的抗原が癌細胞の表面上に過剰発現するチロシンキナーゼ成長因子受容体であり、
前記キメラ抗原受容体は、キメラ抗原受容体を含むタンパク質が、親タンパク質またはそのドメインと比較して発現レベルが増加するように構成される、使用。 - 前記抗原特異的標的領域が、正常生理pHにおける標的抗原への結合活性に対する異常pH下における結合親和性の比率、少なくとも1.6、又は少なくとも1.8、又は少なくとも2、又は少なくとも2.5、又は少なくとも3、又は少なくとも5、又は少なくとも7、又は少なくとも8、又は少なくとも9、又は少なくとも10、又は少なくとも15、又は少なくとも20を有する、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 前記発現ベクターが、レンチウイルスベクター、γレトロウイルスベクター、フォーミーウイルスベクター、アデノ随伴ウイルスベクター、アデノウイルスベクター、ポックスウイルスベクター、ヘルペスウイルスベクター、遺伝子操作されたハイブリッドウイルス、及びトランスポゾン媒介性ベクターから選択される、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 前記細胞傷害性細胞がT細胞である、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 前記T細胞が、ナイーブT細胞、セントラルメモリーT細胞、及びエフェクターメモリーT細胞から選択される、請求項11に記載の使用。
- 前記細胞傷害性細胞が、ナチュラルキラー細胞、活性化NK細胞、好中球、好酸球、好塩基球、B細胞、マクロファージ及びリンホカイン活性化キラー細胞から選択される、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 前記ポリヌクレオチド配列が前記細胞傷害性細胞のゲノムに組み込まれる、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 前記細胞傷害性細胞が、治療用途に十分な量の前記キメラ抗原受容体を産生する、請求項8に記載の使用
- 前記癌が、線維肉腫、粘液肉腫、脂肪肉腫、軟骨肉腫、骨肉腫、及び他の肉腫、滑膜腫、中皮腫、ユーイング腫瘍、平滑筋肉腫、横紋筋肉腫、結腸癌、リンパ性悪性病変、膵癌、乳癌、肺癌、卵巣癌、前立腺癌、肝細胞癌、扁平上皮癌、基底細胞癌、腺癌、汗腺癌、甲状腺髄様癌、甲状腺乳頭癌、褐色細胞腫、皮脂腺癌、乳頭癌、乳頭腺癌、髄様癌、気管支原性癌、腎細胞癌、肝細胞癌、胆管癌、絨毛癌、ウィルムス腫瘍、子宮頸癌、精巣腫瘍、セミノーマ、膀胱癌、メラノーマ、神経膠腫、膠芽腫、星状細胞腫、CNSリンパ腫、胚細胞腫、髄芽腫、シュワン腫、頭蓋咽頭腫(craniopharyogioma)、上衣腫、松果体腫、血管芽細胞腫、聴神経腫、乏突起膠腫、髄膜腫(menangioma)、神経芽細胞腫、網膜芽細胞腫及び脳転移から選択される固形腫瘍である、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 前記癌が、白血病、真性赤血球増加症、リンパ腫、ホジキン病、非ホジキンリンパ腫、多発性骨髄腫、ワルデンシュトレームマクログロブリン血症、重鎖病、骨髄異形成症候群、ヘアリー細胞白血病及び骨髄形成異常から選択される血液腫瘍である、請求項8に記載の使用。
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- 2015-08-27 CN CN201580057728.0A patent/CN107074975A/zh active Pending
- 2015-08-27 EP EP15836397.8A patent/EP3186284B1/en active Active
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- 2015-08-27 RU RU2017109966A patent/RU2764074C2/ru active
- 2015-08-27 DK DK22164162.4T patent/DK4074735T3/da active
- 2015-08-27 KR KR1020237043017A patent/KR102818922B1/ko active Active
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- 2015-08-27 EP EP22164162.4A patent/EP4074735B1/en active Active
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