ES2718048T3 - Medio electroforético - Google Patents
Medio electroforético Download PDFInfo
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- ES2718048T3 ES2718048T3 ES16000478T ES16000478T ES2718048T3 ES 2718048 T3 ES2718048 T3 ES 2718048T3 ES 16000478 T ES16000478 T ES 16000478T ES 16000478 T ES16000478 T ES 16000478T ES 2718048 T3 ES2718048 T3 ES 2718048T3
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1334—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods based on polymer dispersed liquid crystals, e.g. microencapsulated liquid crystals
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
- G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
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- G02F1/133348—Charged particles addressed liquid crystal cells, e.g. controlled by an electron beam
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- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
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- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133509—Filters, e.g. light shielding masks
- G02F1/133514—Colour filters
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- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
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- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133509—Filters, e.g. light shielding masks
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- G02F1/133516—Methods for their manufacture, e.g. printing, electro-deposition or photolithography
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/1675—Constructional details
- G02F1/16757—Microcapsules
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- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
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- G02F1/1677—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. reflectors or illuminating devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
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- G02F1/1679—Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells; Filling or closing of cells
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/133354—Arrangements for aligning or assembling substrates
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/1675—Constructional details
- G02F2001/1678—Constructional details characterised by the composition or particle type
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
- G02F2201/52—RGB geometrical arrangements
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- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/28—Adhesive materials or arrangements
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Description
DESCRIPCIÓN
Medio electroforético
Esta invención se refiere a pantallas electroforéticas. Esta invención se refiere a nuevos métodos para controlar el color de pantallas electroforéticas.
Las pantallas electroforéticas han sido el objeto de investigación y desarrollo intensos durante varios años. En una pantalla electroforética basada en partículas una pluralidad de partículas cargadas se mueven a través de un fluido en suspensión bajo la influencia de un campo eléctrico. Las pantallas electroforéticas pueden tener atributos de buen brillo y contraste, amplios ángulos de visión, estado de biestabilidad, y bajo consumo de energía cuando son comparadas con pantallas de cristal líquido. Sin embargo, los problemas de calidad de imagen a largo plazo de estas pantallas han impedido su uso generalizado. Por ejemplo, las partículas que constituyen las pantallas electroforéticas tienden a asentarse, dando como resultado una vida útil inadecuada para estas pantallas.
Se han publicado recientemente numerosas patentes y solicitudes cedidas a o en nombre del Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts (MIT) y E Ink Corporation que describen medios electroforéticos encapsulados. Tales medios encapsulados comprenden numerosas cápsulas pequeñas, cada una de las cuales comprende una fase interna que contiene partículas electroforéticamente móviles suspendidas en un medio de suspensión líquido, y una pared de cápsula que rodea la fase interna. Típicamente, las cápsulas son mantenidas dentro de un aglutinante polimérico para formar una capa coherente posicionada entre dos electrodos. Se han descrito medios encapsulados de este tipo, por ejemplo, en las Patentes de EE.UU N25.930.026, 5.961.804; 6.017.584; 6.067.185; 6.118.426; 6.120.588; 6.120.839; 6.124.851 6.130.773 6.130.774 6.172.798 6.177.921 6.232.950 6.249.721 6.252.564 6.262.706 6.262.833 6.300.932 6.312.304 6.312.971 6.323.989 6.327.072 6.376.828 6.377.387 6.392.785 6.392.786 6.413.790 6.422.687 6.445.374 6.445.489 6.459.418 6.473.072 6.480.182 6.498.114 6.504.524 6.506.438 6.512.354 6.515.649 6.518.949; 6.521.489; 6.531.997; 6.535.197; 6.538.801; 6.545.291; y 6.580.545; y las Solicitudes de Patentes de los EE.UU N2 2002/0019081; 2002/0021270; 2002/0053900; 2002/0060321; 2002/0063661; 2002/0063677 2002/0090980 2002/0106847 2002/0113770 2002/0130832 2002/0131147 2002/0145792 2002/0171910 2002/0180687 2002/0180688 2002/0185378 2003/0011560 2003/0011867 2003/0011868 2003/0020844 2003/0025855 2003/0034949 2003/0038755 2003/0053189 2003/0076573 2003/0096113 2003/0102858 2003/0132908 2003/0137521; y 2003/0137717; y las Publicaciones de Solicitudes Internacionales N° WO 99/67678; WO 00/05704; WO 00/38000; WO 00/38001; WO 00/36560; WO 00/67110; WO 00/67237; WO 01/07961; y WO 01/08241.
Muchas de las patentes y solicitudes mencionadas anteriormente reconocen que las paredes que rodean las microcápsulas discretas en un medio electroforético encapsulado podrían ser sustituidas por una fase continua, produciendo así una denominada pantalla electroforética de polímero dispersado en la que el medio electroforético comprende una pluralidad de gotitas discretas de un fluido electroforético y una fase continua de un material polimérico, y que las gotitas discretas de fluido electroforético dentro de tal pantalla electroforética de polímero dispersado pueden ser consideradas como cápsulas o microcápsulas aunque ninguna membrana de cápsula discreta esté asociada con cada gotita individual; véase por ejemplo, el documento 2002/0131147 mencionado anteriormente. Por consiguiente, para los propósitos de la presente solicitud, tales medios electroforéticos de polímero dispersado son considerados como subespecies de medios electroforéticos encapsulados.
Una pantalla electroforética encapsulada típicamente no sufre el modo de fallo de agrupamiento y asentamiento de los dispositivos electroforéticos tradicionales y proporciona otras ventajas, tales como la capacidad de imprimir o revestir la pantalla en una amplia variedad de sustratos flexibles y rígidos. (La utilización de la palabra “imprimir” pretende incluir todas las formas de impresión y revestimiento, que incluyen, pero sin limitación: revestimientos medidos previamente tales como revestimiento de matriz de parche, revestimiento de ranura o extrusión, revestimiento deslizante o en cascada, revestimiento de cortina; revestimiento de rodillo tal como revestimiento de cuchilla sobre rodillo; revestimiento de rodillo hacia delante y hacia atrás; revestimiento huecograbado; revestimiento por inmersión; revestimiento por pulverización; revestimiento de menisco; revestimiento por rotación; revestimiento con cepillo; revestimiento con cuchilla de aire, procesos de serigrafía, procesos de impresión electrostática; procesos de impresión térmica; procesos de impresión por chorro de tinta; y otras técnicas similares). Así, la pantalla resultante puede ser flexible. Además, debido a que el medio de pantalla se puede imprimir (utilizando una variedad de métodos), la propia pantalla se puede hacer económicamente.
Un tipo relacionado de pantalla electroforética es una denominada “pantalla electroforética de microcélulas”. En una pantalla electroforética de microcélulas, las partículas cargadas y el fluido en suspensión no están encapsulados dentro de microcápsulas sino que en su lugar están retenidas dentro de una pluralidad de cavidades formadas dentro de un medio portador, típicamente una películas polimérica. Véase, por ejemplo, la Publicación de Solicitud Internacional N° WO 02/01281, y la Solicitud de EE.UU publicada N° 2002/0075556, ambas cedidas a Sipix Imaging, Inc.
La mayoría de los tipos de medios electro-ópticos tienen solo un número limitado de estados ópticos, por ejemplo un estado oscuro (negro), un estado claro (blanco) y, en algunos casos, uno o más estados grises intermedios. Por consiguiente, para construir una pantalla a todo color utilizando tales medios, es una práctica común colocar un medio electro-óptico adyacente a un filtro de color que tiene, por ejemplo, múltiples áreas rojas, verdes y azules, y proporcionar
un medio de excitación para el medio electro-óptico que permita el control independiente del medio adyacente a cada área roja, verde o azul. Se han descrito ciertas aplicaciones de filtros de color con pantallas electroforéticas en la Patente de EE.UU N° 7.075.502. El documento 2003/0011560 mencionado anteriormente describe formas de modificar las propiedades ópticas de las pantallas electroforéticas incorporando un elemento de polarización óptica en cualquiera de los varios componentes de la pantalla.
El documento US 3 391 014 A describe un revelador policromado para imágenes electrostáticas (esencialmente un medio electroforético de un solo uso) que incluye al menos dos grupos de pigmentos cuyos pH están relativamente cerca con el fin de proporcionar partículas de revelador de esencialmente la misma velocidad electroforética a través de un líquido eléctricamente aislante. Manteniendo el pH de los pigmentos bastante cerca, los pigmentos se depositan en la proporción adecuada para mantener un equilibrio de color preseleccionado.
El documento US 6113810 A describe una dispersión dieléctrica para utilizar en una pantalla electroforética que incluye un fluido dieléctrico, una primera pluralidad de partículas de un primer color que tiene una carga superficial de una polaridad y una segunda pluralidad de partículas de un segundo color que tiene una carga de superficie de polaridad opuesta.
El documento WO 00/38000 describe pantallas electroforéticas en las cuales las partículas electroforéticas comprenden titania. Las partículas de titania pueden estar revestidas con un óxido metálico, como óxido de aluminio u óxido de silicio, y pueden tener una, dos o más capas de revestimiento de óxido metálico. Por ejemplo, la partícula de titania puede tener un revestimiento de óxido de aluminio y un revestimiento de óxido de silicio; los revestimientos pueden ser añadidos en cualquier orden.
La presente invención busca proporcionar mejoras en las formas de generar color en tales pantallas.
En un aspecto, la presente invención proporciona un medio electroforético que comprende una pluralidad de partículas cargadas eléctricamente dispersadas en un fluido en suspensión; comprendiendo las partículas al menos dos tipos de partículas que tienen sustancialmente la misma movilidad electroforética pero diferentes colores destinados a generar un color mezclado personalizado. Las partículas cargadas eléctricamente y el fluido en suspensión son mantenidos dentro de al menos una cápsula. Este aspecto de la invención puede ser denominado en lo sucesivo como el medio electroforético de “color personalizado”.
En este medio electroforético de color personalizado, las partículas cargadas eléctricamente están formadas convenientemente de un pigmento inorgánico, que puede cubrirse con una capa seleccionada de sílice y alúmina de sílice. Las partículas cargadas eléctricamente pueden cubrirse con un polímero.
Esta invención también proporciona un proceso para la formación de un medio electroforético de color personalizado de la invención. Este proceso comprende:
mezclar al menos dos pigmentos que tienen diferentes colores para formar una mezcla de pigmentos;
someter la mezcla de pigmentos al menos a un tratamiento de superficie; y
dispersar la mezcla de pigmentos tratados en la superficie en un fluido en suspensión para formar al menos dos tipos de partículas que tienen sustancialmente la misma movilidad electroforética pero diferentes colores destinados a generar un color mezclado personalizado.
Este proceso está caracterizado por el encapsulamiento de partículas cargadas eléctricamente y el fluido en suspensión dentro de al menos una cápsula.
En este proceso, el tratamiento de superficie puede comprender tratar el pigmento mezclado con un agente de acoplamiento de silano para proporcionar sitios en los que un polímero puede estar unido al pigmento mezclado, y posteriormente tratar el pigmento mezclado de silano con al menos un monómero o un oligómero bajo condiciones eficaces para hacer que se forme un polímero de la superficie de pigmento mezclado.
Colores personalizados en pantallas electroforéticas
Como se ha tratado en algunas de las patentes de E Ink y de MIT mencionadas anteriormente y en las solicitudes publicadas, en una pantalla electroforética una alternativa a la utilización de filtros de color es utilizar múltiples tipos de cápsulas capaces de mostrar diferentes colores. Por ejemplo, el documento 2002/0180688 mencionado anteriormente muestra, en la fig. 31, un píxel de una pantalla electroforética encapsulada, comprendiendo este píxel tres sub-píxeles, cada uno de los cuales comprende una sola cápsula capaz de mostrar tres colores. Aunque estos no son los colores descritos actualmente con referencia a esta fig. 31, se comprenderá fácilmente por los expertos en la tecnología de pantallas electro-ópticas que una pantalla RGB a todo color podría ser producida utilizando cápsulas capaces de estados ópticos blanco/negro/rojo, blanco/negro/verde y blanco/negro/azul.
Una aplicación comercial principal de las pantallas electro-ópticas es la publicidad, y en materiales publicitarios es
deseable ser capaz de personalizar los colores mostrados para clientes particulares. Por ejemplo, muchas grandes compañías han establecido prácticas corporativas que requieren que ciertos logotipos de color y/o marcas registradas sean presentados de una manera absolutamente consistente, con los colores apropiados de cada parte del logotipo relevante o marca registrada que está siendo especificado en términos del Pantone (“PANTONE” es una Marca Registrada) o sistema de color similar. Por lo tanto, tales compañías puede requerir que (digamos) el estado azul de una pantalla electroforética RGB se personalice para representar una parte azul de su logotipo corporativo de forma precisa, incluso a costa de alguna reducción en la gama de colores de la pantalla (la gama de colores capaz de ser mostrada por la pantalla).
A primera vista, tal personalización de colores en una pantalla electroforética parece plantear obstáculos formidables. Determinar el tipo de partículas a utilizar en una pantalla electroforética es un proceso complejo que necesita tener en cuenta no solo el color de la partícula sino también, entre otros, su capacidad para mantener una carga eléctrica consistente (y por lo tanto una movilidad electroforética consistente), su tendencia a agregar, su solidez de color contra la luz y su compatibilidad con otros componentes del medio electroforético, por ejemplo el fluido en suspensión en el que están suspendidas las partículas electroforéticas y la pared de la cápsula. Llevar a cabo todas las pruebas necesarias es un proceso costoso y que consume mucho tiempo, que no se puede llevar a cabo económicamente cada vez que un cliente requiere un color personalizado en una pantalla. Además, en la práctica se ha encontrado que los pigmentos orgánicos tienden a no ser útiles en pantallas electroforéticas porque se degradan demasiado rápidamente, por lo que las pantallas comerciales utilizan óxido de metal o pigmentos inorgánicos similares, y es mucho menos fácil variar el color exacto de tales pigmentos inorgánicos de lo que lo es para pigmentos orgánicos.
Sin embargo, se han dado cuenta ahora de que, en una pantalla electroforética, todas las partículas electroforéticas de un tipo particular utilizado para producir un color particular (por ejemplo, las partículas azules mostradas en la fig. 31 mencionada anteriormente) no necesitan ser del mismo color, siempre que todas las partículas del mismo color tengan movilidades electroforéticas similares de modo que no se segreguen durante el funcionamiento de la pantalla. Las partículas electroforéticas individuales, que tienen típicamente diámetros del orden de 1 gm, son demasiado pequeñas para ser visibles para un observador de la pantalla. Por consiguiente, siempre que las partículas no se segreguen durante el funcionamiento de la pantalla, un observador ve solo el color medio de todas las partículas de un tipo particular. Por ejemplo, es bien conocido por los expertos en mezclar colores que el grado aparente de saturación de muchos azules puede ser mejorado añadiendo una pequeña proporción de magenta al azul. Por consiguiente, si por ejemplo un cliente particular requirió el estado azul de los sub-píxeles blanco/negro/azul mencionados anteriormente para tener un grado de saturación mayor que el que podría ser conseguido por las partículas azules disponibles, el sub-píxel podría contener una mezcla de una proporción mayor de partículas azules y una proporción menor (aproximadamente el 10 por ciento) de partículas magenta.
Esta capacidad de utilizar mezclas de partículas de diferentes colores como un solo tipo de partículas electroforéticas simplifica en gran medida el problema de personalizar colores en una pantalla electroforética. Si uno prepara un conjunto de tres o cuatro partículas electroforéticas que tienen diferentes colores (decimos RGB, RGBK, CMY o CMYK) pero sustancialmente la misma movilidad electroforética, se pueden preparar píxeles que tienen cualquier color deseado dentro de la gama disponible del conjunto simplemente mezclando y encapsulando cantidades apropiadas de las distintas partículas para formar el color deseado.
Por lo tanto, como ya se ha mencionado en un aspecto la presente invención proporciona un medio electroforético que comprende una pluralidad de partículas cargadas eléctricamente dispersadas en un fluido en suspensión, comprendiendo las partículas al menos dos tipos de partículas que tiene sustancialmente la misma movilidad electroforética pero diferentes colores.
Aunque este aspecto de la presente invención se ha descrito en la presente memoria principalmente con respecto a las pantallas a todo color, por supuesto no se limita a tales pantallas. Por ejemplo, la presente invención puede ser útil en pantallas parpadeantes simples en las que una capa de un medio electroforético está confinada entre dos electrodos, que aplican impulsos de excitación de polaridades alternas a los electrodos, y en las que la capa de medio electroforético comprende diferentes tipos de cápsulas depositadas en diferentes áreas, teniendo (decimos) cada tipo de cápsula un estado óptico negro y un segundo estado óptico de otro color. Tal pantalla puede ser utilizada para mostrar un logotipo corporativo u otro símbolo.
Hay tecnología disponible que reduce sustancialmente las dificultades para asegurar que las partículas electroforéticas formadas de diferentes pigmentos tengan sustancialmente la misma movilidad electroforética. El documento 2002/0185378 mencionado anteriormente y el documento WO 02/093246 describen un proceso para formar partículas electroforéticas en el que un pigmento es primero revestido con una capa de sílice (también se pueden utilizar otros óxidos) y luego se forma un polímero unido químicamente al sílice; el polímero puede contener grupos cargados eléctricamente para mejorar la movilidad electroforética de la partícula. En tales partículas revestidas con sílice/polímero, la carga superficial que es responsable de la movilidad electroforética de la partícula está limitada esencialmente a la capa de sílice y/o al polímero, de modo que la naturaleza del pigmento subyacente es esencialmente irrelevante para la movilidad electroforética de la partícula. Por consiguiente, siempre que se controla el tamaño de partícula del pigmento, una variedad de pigmentos pueden ser revestidos de esta manera para producir partículas electroforéticas que tienen sustancialmente la misma movilidad electroforética.
Además, si la escala de producción necesaria lo justifica, la mezcla de los diferentes pigmentos requeridos para producir una pantalla con un color personalizado puede verse afectada en una etapa temprana en el proceso de múltiples etapas requerido para producir la pantalla, con la mezcla resultante de pigmentos transportada posteriormente como un solo componente a través de las etapas posteriores del proceso. A modo de ejemplo, considerar el proceso preferido para producir partículas electroforéticas descrito en el documento 2002/0185378 mencionado anteriormente y el documento WO 02/093246 correspondiente. Este proceso comprende (a) formar una envolvente de sílice y/o de sílice/alúmina alrededor de un pigmento en bruto; (b) tratar el pigmento revestido con sílice con un agente de acoplamiento de silano para proporcionar sitios en los que un polímero puede ser unido al pigmento; y (c) tratar el pigmento de silano haría que al menos un monómero u oligómero bajo condiciones efectivas hiciera que se formara un polímero en la superficie del pigmento (ciertas formas preferidas del proceso requieren múltiples etapas de polimerización y/o procesamiento adicional para modificar las características químicas del polímero formado originalmente). En tal proceso, la mezcla de dos o más pigmentos para proporcionar un color personalizado en la pantalla final podría efectuarse en distintas etapas, como sigue:
1. Mezcla de pigmentos en bruto:
Los pigmentos en bruto sin tratar pueden ser mezclados para obtener el color deseado antes de la primera modificación superficial. La mezcla de pigmentos mezclada es entonces revestida con sílice o sílice/alúmina seguido por el tratamiento de silano y las operaciones de formación de polímero.
A primera vista, este podría parecer el método más preferido para asegurar que los pigmentos mezclados han sido tratados de la misma manera bajo condiciones idénticas conduciendo así a pigmentos mezclados con químicas de superficie idénticas. Por otro lado, puede ser difícil juzgar el color en la pantalla final a partir del obtenido mezclando pigmentos en bruto debido a las alteraciones de color a causa del revestimiento inorgánico, humedeciendo el pigmento cuando en el fluido en suspensión (se ha utilizado sílice para revestir pigmentos en aplicaciones de pintura para impedir este efecto de humedecimiento, pero el humedecimiento debe ser aún considerado) y alteraciones en el color de pigmento cuando es colocado detrás de la pared de la cápsula, las capas conductora, aglutinante, adhesiva, de filtro y otras capas utilizadas convencionalmente en pantallas electroforéticas, como se ha descrito en las patentes y solicitudes de E Ink y de MIT mencionadas anteriormente. Estas alteraciones de color pueden requerir repetidas iteraciones del proceso de mezcla y la producción de pantallas a partir del pigmento mezclado, con un aumento considerable en el gasto y el tiempo de desarrollo para pantallas de color personalizadas.
2. Mezcla de pigmentos después de la formación de la envolvente inorgánica
En esta ruta, los pigmentos en bruto son primer modificados independientemente con una envolvente de sílice o de sílice/alúmina luego mezclados para conseguir el color deseado, y posteriormente el pigmento mezclado es sometido a tratamiento con silano y a la formación de polímero.
3. Mezcla de pigmentos después de la formación de la envolvente inorgánica y el tratamiento con silano
En esta ruta, los pigmentos en bruto son primero modificados independientemente con una envolvente de sílice o de sílice/alúmina y tratamiento con silano. Los pigmentos son entonces mezclados para obtener el color deseado y los pigmentos mezclados sometidos a formación de polímero.
4. Mezcla de pigmentos, después de la formación de la envolvente inorgánica, tratamiento con silano y formación de polímero
En esta ruta, los pigmentos en bruto son primero modificados independientemente con una envolvente de sílice o de sílice/alúmina, seguido por tratamiento con silano y formación de polímero. Los pigmentos son entonces mezclados para conseguir el color deseado.
Esta ruta asegura que la modificación superficial de los pigmentos no altera el color de los pigmentos porque los pigmentos son mezclados después de que se hayan completado todas las modificaciones químicas. Sin embargo el color del pigmento mezclado puede cambiar aún después de su incorporación a una fase interna y su colocación detrás de la pared de la cápsula, aglutinante, adhesivo, y otras capas como se ha tratado anteriormente. Sin embargo, esta ruta puede dar lugar a problemas al asegurar que los pigmentos en la mezcla final han sido tratados de la misma manera bajo condiciones idénticas conduciendo así a químicas de superficie idénticas tales como grosor/cobertura de la capa de sílice o de sílice/alúmina, cobertura/calidad/densidad de la deposición de silano y grosor/peso molecular/densidad del polímero.
Claims (8)
1. Un medio electroforético que comprende una pluralidad de partículas cargadas eléctricamente dispersadas en un fluido en suspensión, comprendiendo las partículas al menos dos tipos de partículas que tienen sustancialmente la misma movilidad electroforética pero diferentes colores destinados a generar un color mezclado personalizado, estando caracterizado el medio por que las partículas cargadas eléctricamente y el fluido en suspensión son mantenidos dentro de al menos una cápsula.
2. Un medio electroforético según la reivindicación 1 en donde las partículas cargadas eléctricamente comprenden un pigmento inorgánico.
3. Un medio electroforético según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones precedentes en donde las partículas cargadas eléctricamente están revestidas con un revestimiento de sílice o de sílice/alúmina.
4. Un medio electroforético según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones precedentes en donde las partículas cargadas eléctricamente están revestidas con un polímero.
5. Un proceso para formar un medio electroforético, estando caracterizado el proceso por:
mezclar al menos dos pigmentos que tienen diferentes colores para formar una mezcla de pigmentos;
someter la mezcla de pigmentos al menos a un tratamiento de superficie; y
dispersar la mezcla de pigmentos tratados en la superficie en un fluido en suspensión para formar al menos dos tipos de partículas que tienen sustancialmente la misma movilidad electroforética pero diferentes colores destinados a generar un color mezclado personalizado estando caracterizado el proceso por el encapsulamiento de las partículas cargadas eléctricamente y del fluido en suspensión dentro de al menos una cápsula.
6. Un proceso según la reivindicación 5 en donde el tratamiento de superficie comprende revestir la mezcla de pigmentos con un revestimiento de sílice o sílice/alúmina.
7. Un proceso según la reivindicación 5 o 6 en donde el tratamiento de superficie comprende la formación de un polímero sobre la mezcla de pigmentos.
8. Un proceso según la reivindicación 7 en donde el tratamiento de superficie comprende el tratamiento de la mezcla de pigmentos con un agente de acoplamiento de silano para proporcionar sitios en los que se puede unir un polímero a la mezcla de pigmentos, y posteriormente tratar la mezcla de pigmentos de silano con al menos un monómero u oligómero bajo condiciones eficaces para hacer que se forme un polímero en la superficie de la mezcla de pigmentos.
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2003
- 2003-09-02 WO PCT/US2003/027686 patent/WO2004023195A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-09-02 CN CNB038208792A patent/CN100397227C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-09-02 US US10/605,024 patent/US7561324B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-09-02 AU AU2003265922A patent/AU2003265922A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-09-02 ES ES16000478T patent/ES2718048T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-09-02 EP EP16000478.4A patent/EP3056941B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-09-02 JP JP2004534556A patent/JP2005537519A/ja not_active Ceased
- 2003-09-02 CN CN2007100876190A patent/CN101109885B/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-09-02 EP EP03794613.4A patent/EP1552337B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2009
- 2009-05-27 US US12/472,486 patent/US20090225398A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2010
- 2010-05-18 JP JP2010114786A patent/JP5719122B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2014
- 2014-08-13 US US14/458,513 patent/US10444590B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2015
- 2015-01-29 JP JP2015015020A patent/JP6190400B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2016
- 2016-01-15 JP JP2016005732A patent/JP2016048405A/ja active Pending
- 2016-08-04 US US15/228,625 patent/US20180046054A9/en not_active Abandoned
-
2018
- 2018-04-10 US US15/949,996 patent/US10599005B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2020
- 2020-02-19 US US16/794,347 patent/US11520179B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2003265922A8 (en) | 2004-03-29 |
| US7561324B2 (en) | 2009-07-14 |
| JP2016048405A (ja) | 2016-04-07 |
| CN100397227C (zh) | 2008-06-25 |
| US20180046054A9 (en) | 2018-02-15 |
| HK1082055A1 (zh) | 2006-05-26 |
| CN101109885B (zh) | 2012-06-13 |
| EP1552337A2 (en) | 2005-07-13 |
| WO2004023195A3 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
| US20160342065A1 (en) | 2016-11-24 |
| US20180231865A1 (en) | 2018-08-16 |
| HK1115767A1 (en) | 2008-12-05 |
| EP3056941A2 (en) | 2016-08-17 |
| CN101109885A (zh) | 2008-01-23 |
| EP3056941A3 (en) | 2016-11-30 |
| EP3056941B1 (en) | 2019-01-09 |
| US20140347718A1 (en) | 2014-11-27 |
| US20040155857A1 (en) | 2004-08-12 |
| EP1552337B1 (en) | 2016-04-27 |
| US10599005B2 (en) | 2020-03-24 |
| AU2003265922A1 (en) | 2004-03-29 |
| US11520179B2 (en) | 2022-12-06 |
| US20200183247A1 (en) | 2020-06-11 |
| WO2004023195A2 (en) | 2004-03-18 |
| US20090225398A1 (en) | 2009-09-10 |
| CN1678954A (zh) | 2005-10-05 |
| JP6190400B2 (ja) | 2017-08-30 |
| JP5719122B2 (ja) | 2015-05-13 |
| US10444590B2 (en) | 2019-10-15 |
| JP2005537519A (ja) | 2005-12-08 |
| JP2010204687A (ja) | 2010-09-16 |
| JP2015079278A (ja) | 2015-04-23 |
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