CN1081669A - 用于治疗神经变性疾病的化合物 - Google Patents
用于治疗神经变性疾病的化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1081669A CN1081669A CN93104534A CN93104534A CN1081669A CN 1081669 A CN1081669 A CN 1081669A CN 93104534 A CN93104534 A CN 93104534A CN 93104534 A CN93104534 A CN 93104534A CN 1081669 A CN1081669 A CN 1081669A
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- phenyl
- pyridylethylamine
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Abstract
(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺及其药物上可接受的
衍生物,它用于治疗神经变性疾病,并表现出线性药
物动力学。
Description
本发明涉及已知化合物的对映体,它作为药物的用途,特别是用于治疗神经变性疾病,及其制备方法,含有它的药物制剂。
用于治疗神经变性疾病的现有药物的主要问题是缺乏对病人血浆中药物浓度的预测性,该药物浓度是由于服用给定量的药物所产生的。也就是说,现有药物不呈现出线性药物动力学。已知在此领域中理想的药物在血浆浓度和剂量大小之间应具有线性关系,以便对于给定的剂量变化产生可预测的血浆中药物浓度的变化[‘Pharmacokinetics of old,new and yet-to-be discovered antiepileptic drugs’,R H Lery and B M Kerr,Epilepsia,vol 30,Suppl,S35-S41,1989]。
欧洲专利申请356035公开了用于治疗神经变性疾病的许多化合物,包括α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺[本文称为1-苯基-2-(2-吡啶基)乙胺]。
令人惊奇地,现已发现该化合物的(S)-对映体表现出线性药物动力学,而外消旋体表现出非线性药物动力学。
因此,本发明提供了基本上不含(R)-对映体的(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺及其药物上可接受的衍生物(下文统称为“本发明化合物”)。
“基本上不含(R)-对映体”是指(S)-对映体的试样含有小于10%重量的(R)-对映体(即大于90%对映纯度),较优选地是小于1%重量的(R)-对映体,最优选地是纯(S)-对映体。
药物上可接受的衍生物包括(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺的合适生物前体(前药),特别有意义的是酸加成盐。
(+)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺的合适生物前体包括氨基的氨基酸酰胺衍生物,特别是α-氨基酸衍生物如甘氨酸衍生物。这些衍生物可用常规方法制备,例如,氨基酸酰胺衍生物可用‘Advanced Organic Chemistry’by J March,2nd edition,Mc Graw-Hill出版,P1171所给方法进行制备。
(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺的酸加成盐包括无机酸的盐,例如,二盐酸盐和二氢溴酸盐;和与有机酸生成的盐,例如甲酸盐、乙酸盐,马来酸盐、苯甲酸盐和富马酸盐。
α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺可用常规方法制备(例如,2-甲基吡啶的阴离子与N-三甲基甲硅烷基苯甲醛亚胺加成)。(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺可通过一次或多次选择性沉淀由α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺和手性酸反应生成的非对映体盐,接着进行一次或多次重结晶进行制备。因此,本发明的第二方面是提供制
备本发明化合物的方法,它包括选择性沉淀由α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺和手性酸生成的非对映体盐。所述的手性酸包括D-或L-洒石酸,特别是S(+)和R(-)扁桃酸。沉淀可在对反应无不利影响的有机溶剂(例如乙酸乙酯)中,于室温或大约室温下进行。
本发明化合物用作药物,特别是用作治疗神经变性疾病的抗惊厥药和神经保护剂,所述的具体神经变性疾病包括中风,大脑局部缺血,大脑麻痹,低血糖作用,癫痫,与AIDS有关的痴呆,阿尔茨海默病,亨廷顿舞蹈病,橄榄体脑桥小脑的萎缩,产期窒息,帕金森病,缺氧,与滥用物质(例如麻醉药或可卡因)有关的神经元损伤,视网膜病,精神分裂症,心动停止或外科手术后的局部缺血状态,脊髓的中毒或损伤,以及肌萎缩性侧索硬化。
尽管不受理论限制,神经变性被认为是由原本存在于中枢神经系统(CNS)的某些刺激性氨基酸所引起或加速的。谷氨酸是内源氨基酸,经被称为哺乳动物脑中的快速传递质。谷氨酸还是一种强神经毒素,它能够在伴随中风和心动停止的某些病理状况下杀死CNS神经元。现已表明中枢神经元对缺氧和局部缺血的敏感性可通过后突触谷氨酸受体的特定拮抗作用来减弱。谷氨酸被称为广谱激动剂,它在四个神经元刺激性氨基酸受体部位具有活性。这些受体部位是以选择性刺激它们的氨基酸来命名的:红藻氨酸(KA),N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA),quisqualate(QUIS)和2-氨基-4-膦酰丁酸(APB)。谷氨酸被认为是一种混合激动剂,它能够结合并刺激所有四种受体。因此,选择性阻断或拮抗谷氨酸对这些受体的作用的药剂能够防止与缺氧、低氧或局部缺血有关的神经毒素损
伤。特别是,与NMDA受体部位结合并选择性阻断谷氨酸作用的化合物可用于防止和治疗神经变性疾病。
本发明化合物的药理活性可用下列试验进行测定。
a).根据Czuczwar等人的方法(Neurotrans-mitters,Seizures and Epilepsy Ⅲ,G Nistico等人编辑,Raven Press,New York 1986,P235-246),通过测定化合物使小鼠免受由静脉内给药150mg/kg NMDA所诱导的惊厥的能力来测定NMDA阻断活性。小鼠组通过腹膜内途径用试验化合物预处理30分钟,然后给予NMDA。观察动物的惊厥是通过翻正反射的丧失和紧张性/阵弯性发作的出现来确定。服用NMDA后将动物保持60分钟,记录死亡率。
b).通过测定化合物对抑制受体拮抗剂10,11-二氢-5-甲基-5H-二苯并[a,d]环庚烯-5,10-亚胺(MK801)与受体结合的能力来体外测定NMDA受体拮抗活性。该方法已被Foster and Wong,Br J Pharmacol 91,403-409(1987)所描述。
c).按照Monaghan & Cotman,PNAS,83,7532,(1986)和Waston等人,Neurosci Res Comm,2,169,(1988)的方法,在[3H]L-谷氨酸和[3H]甘氨酸结合测定中也可测定NMDA和甘氨酸受体的亲和性。
d).可方便地用小鼠测定抗缺氧活性,在腹膜内服用等线剂量的试验化合物后的不同时间测试小鼠组。在控制温度的缺氧环境(96%氮气和4%氧气)下记录动物存活时间。将同时用载体处理的动物与试验组进行统计比较。从而得到化合物的剂量反应和最小活性剂量(MAD)[A A Artu and J D Michenfelder,Anaesthesia and Analgesia,1981,60,867]。也可使用其他给药方式。
e).根据the Epilepsy Branch,NINCDS R J Plroer等人发表,Cleve Clin Quarterly 1984,51,293的方法,在口服、腹膜内、静脉内或皮下给药后,测定化合物对防止由最大电休克(MFS)诱导小鼠或大鼠组发作的后肢紧张蔓延组元的能力来测定抗癫痫活性,并与常规药剂大仑丁和苯巴比妥进行比较。
f).中风的4-管
(4-VO)模型用来产生大鼠的球形局部缺血,这是一种评价化合物对防止脑特别是海马的CAl三角骨神经元中的选择脆弱性区域的损伤的效果的基本方法。该区域包含在实验动物和人的短期记忆形成的通道中。该方法包括对保持在麻醉状态下1天的大鼠灼烧其脊椎动脉并分离颈动脉。在第二天将颈动脉夹紧一段时间,10分钟就足以破坏CAl神经元,去掉夹子开始回流,并在回流后的不同时间给药。在整个局部缺血和恢复期间保持体温在37℃。在48-72小时内CAl神经元逐渐死亡,通常大鼠用药物处理(ip,iv或po)至少3天,并在第7天取出脑,进行组织学研究。用两种方法完成CAl损伤的评定,即对存活的CAl神经元计数和评估总的病理学程度。[W A Pulsinelli and A Buchan,‘The NMDA receptor/ion channel:lts importance to in vivo ischemia injury to selectively vulnerable neurons’,Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia,J Krieglstein & H Oberpichler编辑,Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft出版,Stuttgart,1990,P169]。
g).在中风的病灶性模型中,自发性高血压鼠(SHR)被用作实验受体,因为它们具有相对不良的侧支脑循环。在保持麻醉状态下,通过夹紧中等大脑动脉和同侧的颈动脉使SHR形成2小时病灶性局部缺血。在夹紧动脉前或之后的不同时间或在回流开始的2小时给药(通常ip)。实验24小时后取出脑,并冷冻、切片。用定做的计算机定量系统测定药物对减少大脑皮层的梗塞体积的效果[A M Buchan,D Xue and A Slivka,Stroke,1992,23,273]。
本发明化合物的毒性可用下列试验进行测定。
a).剂量范围研究是基于N W Spurling和P F Carey所描述的方法(‘A protocol for dose selection in repeat dose toxicity studies’,墙报展974,毒理学学会年会,Seattle,USA,1992年2月23-27日)。大鼠每天被腹膜内给药,不断增加试验化合物的剂量,直至达到可重复的最大剂量,超过该剂量则出现不可接受的惊厥和其他不正常的临床征兆。
b).翻转筛选试验[L L Cougonour,J R Melern,and R B Parker,Pharmaeol Biochem Behar.1977,6,351]。用试验化合物对小鼠给药,30分钟后,将小鼠放在细铁丝平台上,将平台沿180°轴翻转。在30秒内不能向上跳的小鼠计为失败。使用足够的剂量和一些动物很容易测定合适的TD50(50%失败的剂量)。
c).根据S Irwin的方法[Psychopharmacology1968,13,222],对28种行为征兆进行观测试验。对每种剂量3只小鼠组给药,在25-400mg/kg范围内不断增加试验化合物量,在给药,给药后30分钟,3和24小时立即观察28种征兆。
d).类苯环已哌啶(PCP)行为试验。类PCP行为是潜在的竞争和非竞争NMDA受体拮抗剂的副作用,用筛选方法确定一个化合物是否具有这种作用,使大鼠口服试验化合物(剂量表示为MES试验的保护口服ED50的倍数),将大鼠置于单个透明
塑料笼中,在4小时内观察与PCP有关的5种特别行为的任何表现,5种行为即为活动过度、运动失调、旋转、头摇摆和后冲步态。观察每处理组的5只大鼠并与接受PCP的对照组进行比较。总的发生数是25,即5只鼠表现所有5种行为。10倍ED50的PCP表现的数为25[W Koek,J H Woods,P Ornstein,1987,Psychopharmacology,91,297]。
e).组合木板逃跑试验用来测定大鼠的神经损伤[G E Garske et al,Epilepsy Research,1991,9,161]。将大鼠放在一窄板上(宽1.25cm,悬在长凳上方40cm),此窄板位于有光入射口的箱中,该箱延伸入逐渐变暗的盒子中,而盒子的另一段连接到暗逃路箱上(板长63cm)。如果大鼠不能通过木板则大鼠已受到了损伤。该试验考虑了两种已知的鼠行为,即对高度的恐惧和在黑暗环境中的探寻能力。
大鼠的线性药物动力学是通过计算血浆浓度对时间的曲线下的面积来测定的,该曲线是通过单独腹膜内服用逐渐增加剂量的试验化合物得到的(Smith等人,Xenobiotica,20,1187-1199,1990]。在24小时的不同时间从颈静脉导管中取出血液。离心分离血浆,用HPLC-UV色谱测定试验化合物的浓度。对于每种剂量绘出血浆浓度对时间的曲线,并计算每条曲线下面的面积。当表现为线性药物动力学时,对于一给定剂量血浆浓度对时间的曲线下的面积与给药剂量成正比。在大鼠中存在线性药物动力学表明在人中也将存在线性药物动力学(Leander等,Epilepsia,33,696-704,P703)。
本发明的另一方面是提供治疗神经变性疾病的方法,它包括给患者服用治疗有效量的本发明化合物。特别有意义的是在此方法中,服用的化合物剂量与所需化合物的血浆浓度成线性
比例。
当然,对于上述使用,所给剂量应随所使用的化合物,给药方式和所希望的治疗而变化。然而,通常,当本发明化合物以每天剂量约0.1mg至约20mg每Kg动物体重给药时可得到满意的结果,优选以均分剂量一天给药1至4次或采用持续释放形式给药。对于人,总的日剂量为5mg至1,400mg,较优选10mg至100mg。适合于口服给药的单位剂量形式包括2mg至1,400mg本发明化合物,它与固体或液体的药学上的载体或稀释剂混合。
本发明化合物可以本身的形式使用或以适合于肠内或肠胃外给药的药物制剂形式使用。本发明的另一方面是提供药物组合物,它包括优选小于80%,较优选小于50%重量的本发明化合物,该化合物与药物上可接受的辅药,稀释剂或载体混合。稀释剂和载体的实例是:
用于片剂和糖锭剂:乳糖,淀粉,滑面,硬脂酸;
用于胶囊:酒石酸或乳糖;
用于注射液:水,酒精,甘油,植物油;
用于栓剂:天然的或变硬的油或蜡。
当本发明化合物用于治疗帕金森病时,特别有意义的辅药是L-多巴。
本发明的另一方面是提供本发明化合物在制造治疗神经变性疾病的药物中用作活性成份的用途。
本发明化合物与上述治疗领域中已知的化合物相比还具有下述优点:低毒,高效,作用时间长,具有广谱活性,效力大,副作用少,较容易吸收或具有其他有用的药理活性。
下列实施例用来说明本发明。
实施例1
(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺二盐酸盐的制备
a).α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺二盐酸盐
向冷却(0℃)的苯甲醛(34.24gg,0.323mol)的600ml四氢呋喃(THF)溶液中滴加二(三甲基甲硅烷基)氨基锂(LHMDS)(323ml,1.0M的THF溶液,0.323mol),历时30分钟。将此混合物在0℃下搅拌3小时。
在装有冷却(-78℃)的2-甲基吡啶(30.0g,0.323mol)的THF(600ml)溶液的分离园底烧瓶中加入正丁基锂(n-BuLi)(129.2ml,2.5M的己烷溶液),历时20分钟。
将第一种反应混合物温热至0℃,再放置40分钟。将第二种反应混合物(含有锂化的2-甲基吡啶阴离子)导入第一种反应混合物中,历时20分钟。30分钟后,撤去冷浴,将混合物温热至室温。1小时后,将反应混合物倾入装有水(1L)和12NHCl(200ml)的分液漏斗。水层用3×200ml乙醚(Et2O)洗涤,然后用25%NaOH水溶液碱化。水层用2×200ml氯仿萃取,氯仿萃取液用MgSO4干燥,过滤并真空浓缩。残余物溶于乙酸乙酯(EtOAC)中,用饱和的Hcl/EtOAC溶液酸化。溶液用Et2O稀释,将所得白色固体过滤并真空干燥得到小标题化合物(37.08g,43%),mp=206-208℃。
b).(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺二盐酸盐
向外消旋的α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺(用25%NaOH水溶液中和步骤(a)产物的水溶液并用氯仿萃取得到的步骤(a)产物的游离碱)(10.96g,0.0553mol)的EtOAC(400ml)溶液中加入S(+)扁桃酸(8.41g,0.0553mol)的EtoAc(300ml)溶液。所得的沉淀用热的EtOAC(500ml)重结晶三次,所得的盐用25%NaOH水溶液碱化,用3×100ml氯仿萃取,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并真空浓缩。将残余物溶于EtOAC(300ml)中,用饱和的Hcl/EtOAC溶液酸化。将所得的白色固体过滤并真空干燥得到(-)-α-苯基吡啶乙胺二盐酸盐(5.5g),mp=220-222℃,[α]D=-87.3°(C=1.0,CH3OH)。
将初次沉淀得到的滤液用25%NaOH水溶液中和,用2×250ml CHcl3萃取,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并真空浓缩。将残余物溶于EtOAC(500ml)中,向该溶液中加入R(-)扁桃酸(6.5g,0.043mol)的EtOAC(500ml)溶液。滤出沉淀并重结晶三次。所得的盐用25%NaOH水溶液碱化,用3×100ml氯仿萃取,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并真空浓缩。残余物溶于EtOAC(300ml)中,用饱和的Hcl/EtOAC溶液酸化。将所得的白色固体过滤并真空干燥得到标题化合物(3.84g),mp=220-222℃,[α]D=+87.1°(C=1.1,CH3OH)。
用对映体纯(大于99.5%)异氰酸甲基苄酯衍生扁桃酸或二盐酸盐,然后用正相柱、用乙醇/己烷[6∶94]作为洗脱剂进行HPLC分析来测定对映体纯度。上面得到的对映体的对映体纯度大于99.5%。
X射线结晶学表明(+)对映体具有(S)绝对立体化学。
实施例2
现已发现在防止由上述最大电休克(MES)诱导的鼠后肢紧张蔓延中,口服实施例1化合物,其活性(ED50)为3.7mg/kg。其对映体的ED50为20.2mg/kg。
Claims (9)
1、大于90%对映体纯的(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺及其药物上可接受的衍生物。
2、大于99%对映体纯的(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺及其药物上可接受的衍生物。
3、(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺及其药物上可接受的衍生物。
4、一种药物制剂,它包括权利要求1至3的任一权利要求所定义的(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺或其药物上可接着的衍生物,以及与其混合的药物上可接着的辅药,稀释剂或载体。
5、权利要求1至3的任一权利要求所定义的(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺或其药物上可接受的衍生物作为药物的用途。
6、权利要求1至3的任一权利要求所定义的(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺或其药物上可接受的衍生物在制造治疗神经变性疾病的药物中作为活性成份的用途。
7、一种治疗神经变性疾病的方法,它包括给患者服用治疗有效量的权利要求1至3的任一权利要求所定义的(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺或其药物上可接受的衍生物。
8、如权利要求7的治疗方法,其中服用的化合物剂量与所需化合物的血浆浓度成线性比例。
9、一种制备权利要求1至3的任一权利要求所定义的(S)-α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺或其药物上可接受的衍生物的方法,它包括选择性沉淀由α-苯基-2-吡啶乙胺和手性酸生成的非对映体盐。
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB929207339A GB9207339D0 (en) | 1992-04-03 | 1992-04-03 | Pharmaceutical compound |
| GB9207339.4 | 1992-04-03 | ||
| GB9208290.8 | 1992-04-15 | ||
| GB929208290A GB9208290D0 (en) | 1992-04-15 | 1992-04-15 | Pharmaceutical compound having neuroprotective properties |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN1081669A true CN1081669A (zh) | 1994-02-09 |
| CN1044367C CN1044367C (zh) | 1999-07-28 |
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| JP (2) | JP3120810B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR100259567B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1044367C (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE163925T1 (zh) |
| AU (2) | AU3897693A (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2133427C (zh) |
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| ES (1) | ES2115055T3 (zh) |
| FI (1) | FI105025B (zh) |
| HU (1) | HU211529A9 (zh) |
| IL (1) | IL105276A (zh) |
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| CN115836052A (zh) * | 2020-06-23 | 2023-03-21 | 拜尔哈文制药股份有限公司 | (1s)-1-苯基-2-吡啶-2-基乙胺的局部制剂 |
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| GB9320273D0 (en) * | 1993-04-01 | 1993-11-17 | Fisons Corp | Compound useful in therapy |
| EP0356035B1 (en) * | 1988-08-12 | 1996-03-13 | Astra Aktiebolag | Arylkalkyl-amines and -amides having anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties |
| ZA942140B (en) * | 1993-04-01 | 1994-10-03 | Fisons Corp | Salt of (S)-alpha-phenyl-2-pyridineethanamine useful in therapy |
| SE9901077D0 (sv) * | 1999-03-23 | 1999-03-23 | Astra Ab | Novel use |
| SE9901237D0 (sv) * | 1999-04-06 | 1999-04-06 | Astra Ab | Novel use |
| SE9901340D0 (sv) | 1999-04-15 | 1999-04-15 | Astra Pharma Prod | Novel process |
| DK1202986T3 (da) * | 1999-07-28 | 2006-02-20 | Ortho Mcneil Pharm Inc | Amin- og amidderivater som ligander for neuropeptid Y-Y5-receptoren, der er nyttige ved behandlingen af obesitet og andre lidelser |
| WO2007017652A2 (en) * | 2005-08-10 | 2007-02-15 | Astrazeneca Ab | Arylakylamines for the treatment of cancer |
| US8013165B2 (en) * | 2008-12-24 | 2011-09-06 | Astrazeneca Ab | Ethanamine compounds and methods of using the same 545 |
| JP2015501652A (ja) | 2011-12-14 | 2015-01-19 | アストラゼネカ・アクチエボラーグAstrazeneca Aktiebolag | Gabr−a2診断 |
| ES2894903T3 (es) | 2013-11-05 | 2022-02-16 | Astrazeneca Ab | Profármacos antagonistas de NMDA |
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| AU2673588A (en) * | 1987-12-11 | 1989-06-15 | Laboratoires Syntex | 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives as neuroprotective compounds |
| EP0356035B1 (en) * | 1988-08-12 | 1996-03-13 | Astra Aktiebolag | Arylkalkyl-amines and -amides having anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115836052A (zh) * | 2020-06-23 | 2023-03-21 | 拜尔哈文制药股份有限公司 | (1s)-1-苯基-2-吡啶-2-基乙胺的局部制剂 |
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