WO2025235368A1

WO2025235368A1 - Rrm measurement based on lp-ss in lp-wus systems

Info

Publication number: WO2025235368A1
Application number: PCT/US2025/027727
Authority: WO
Inventors: Nazli KHAN BEIGI; Young Woo Kwak; Moon Il Lee; Brian Martin; Jongwoo HONG; Prasanna Herath; Virgile Garcia
Original assignee: InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Current assignee: InterDigital Patent Holdings Inc
Priority date: 2024-05-06
Filing date: 2025-05-05
Publication date: 2025-11-13
Anticipated expiration: 2026-11-06

Abstract

A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) receives configuration information comprising a first low power synchronization signal (LP-SS) sequence associated with a first cell and a second LP-SS sequence associated with a second cell. The WTRU performs first radio resource management (RRM) measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence and second RRM measurements based on the second LP-SS sequence. The WTRU wakes up a main radio (MR) based the first RRM measurements being less than a first threshold value and the second RRM measurements being greater than a second threshold value. The MR performs third RRM measurements on a synchronization signal block (SSB) and determines a first cell ranking value of the first cell based on the third RRM measurements and a first set of cell ranking parameters and a second cell ranking value of the second cell based on the third RRM measurements and the first set of cell ranking parameters.

Description

RRM MEASUREMENT BASED ON LP-SS IN LP-WUS SYSTEMS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001 ] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/643,136, filed May 6, 2024, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] For low power-wake up signal (LP-WUS) for New Radio (NR), LP-WUS monitoring has the potential to reduce power consumption of UEs or wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) and other small battery powered devices. This may be achieved by using a separate ultra-low power consumption receiver which can monitor wake-up signals (WUSs) and trigger and/or wake-up a main radio Receiver (MR) dedicated for data and control signal transmission/reception.

SUMMARY

[0003] A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be configured to perform a method for enhanced cell reselection based on a low power synchronization signal (LP-SS). The WTRU may be configured to receive configuration information indicating a first LP-SS sequence associated with a first cell and at least one second LP-SS sequence associated with at least one second cell. The WTRU may be configured to perform first measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence. The WTRU may be configured to determine that at least one first measurement is less than a first threshold. The WTRU may be configured to perform second measurements based on the at least one second LP-SS sequence. The WTRU may be configured to determine that at least one second measurement is greater than a second threshold. The WTRU may be configured to wake up a main receiver. The WTRU may be configured to determine a first cell ranking for the first cell and a second cell ranking for at least one second cell based on a new radio synchronization signal (NR-SS). The WTRU may be configured to determine whether the second cell ranking is greater than the first cell ranking. The WTRU may be configured to take action based on whether the second cell ranking is greater than the first cell ranking.

[0004] The first cell may be a serving cell. The at least one second cell may be a neighbor cell. The first measurements may be radio resource management (RRM) measurements. The first threshold and the second threshold may be the same. The first threshold and the second threshold may be different.

[0005] The WTRU may be configured to perform cell reselection to the at least one second cell on a condition that the second cell ranking is greater than the first cell ranking. A determination that the second cell ranking is greater than the first cell ranking may indicate no contradiction between measurements based on the LP-SS and the NR-SS. On a condition that the second cell ranking is not greater than the first cell ranking, the WTRU may be configured to determine a difference between the first cell ranking and the second cell ranking, and on a condition that the difference between the first cell ranking and the second cell ranking is less than a ranking threshold the WTRU may be configured to use a second set of cell ranking parameters and may perform cell reselection to the at least one second cell on a condition that a second cell ranking, based on the second set of cell ranking parameters, is better than the first cell ranking. On a condition that the difference between the first cell ranking and the second cell ranking is greater than a ranking threshold, the WTRU may be configured to modify a ranking threshold to favor the first cell and use the modified ranking threshold to determine when to check RRM measurements or cell rankings. On a condition that the WTRU reselects to the at least one second cell, the WTRU may be configured to send a random access channel (RACH) transmission to the selected second cell. The WTRU may be configured to send a RACH transmission on a condition that: the WTRU has uplink data for transmission, the WTRU received a low power wake up signal (LP-WUS), or the WTRU received a paging message.

[0006] A method for use by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may comprise receiving configuration information. The configuration information may comprise at least information indicating a first low power synchronization signal (LP-SS) sequence associated with a first cell and a second LP-SS sequence associated with a second cell. The method may comprise performing first radio resource management (RRM) measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence and second RRM measurements based on the second LP-SS sequence. The method may comprise waking up a main radio (MR) based on a determination that the first RRM measurements are less than a first threshold value and the second RRM measurements are greater than a second threshold value. The method may comprise performing, by the MR, third RRM measurements on at least one synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0007] The method may comprise determining a first cell ranking value of the first cell. The first cell ranking value may be based on the third RRM measurements and a first set of cell ranking parameters.

[0008] The method may comprise determining a second cell ranking value of the second cell. The second cell ranking value may be based on the third RRM measurements and the first set of cell ranking parameters. The method may comprise determining that the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than the first cell ranking value of the first cell. The method may comprise determining that a difference between the first cell ranking value of the first cell and the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than a cell ranking threshold value.

[0009] The method may comprise determining a third cell ranking value of the first cell, based on a second set of cell ranking parameters. The method may comprise determining a fourth cell ranking value of the second cell, based on the second set of cell ranking parameters. The method may comprise selecting the second cell based on the fourth cell ranking value of the second cell being higher than the third cell ranking value of the first cell. The method may comprise performing a random access channel (RACH) procedure to communicate with the second cell. The performing the first RRM measurements and the second RRM measurements may be performed using a low-power wake up receiver (LP-WUR). The determining that the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than the first cell ranking value of the first cell may indicate a contradiction between measurements performed by the LP-WUR and measurements performed by the MR. The configuration information may further comprise the first set of cell ranking parameters and the second set of cell ranking parameters. The second set of cell ranking parameters may comprise offset values or scaling rules. The first cell may be a serving cell. The second cell may be a neighbor cell. The configuration information may be received via a system information block (SIB) of a detected SSB of a previous serving cell. The first threshold value and the second threshold value may be a same value. The WTRU may be in an idle or inactive state when receiving the configuration information.

[0010] A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may comprise a low-power wake up receiver (LP-WUR), a main radio receiver (MR), a transmitter, and a processor. The LP-WUR may be configured to receive configuration information. The configuration information may comprise at least information indicating a first low power synchronization signal (LP-SS) sequence associated with a first cell and a second LP-SS sequence associated with a second cell. The LP-WUR and the processor may be configured to perform first radio resource management (RRM) measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence. The LP-WUR and the processor may be further configured to perform second RRM measurements based on the second LP-SS sequence. The processor may be configured to wake up the MR based on a determination that the first RRM measurements are less than a first threshold value and the second RRM measurements are greater than a second threshold value. The MR and the processor may be configured to perform third RRM measurements on at least one synchronization signal block (SSB). The processor may be further configured to determine a first cell ranking value of the first cell. The first cell ranking value may be based on the third RRM measurements and a first set of cell ranking parameters. The processor may be further configured to determine a second cell ranking value of the second cell. The second cell ranking value may be based on the third RRM measurements and the first set of cell ranking parameters. The processor may be further configured to determine that the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than the first cell ranking value of the first cell. The processor may be further configured to determine that a difference between the first cell ranking value of the first cell and the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than a cell ranking threshold value. The processor may be further configured to determine a third cell ranking value of the first cell, based on a second set of cell ranking parameters. The processor may be further configured to determine a fourth cell ranking value of the second cell, based on the second set of cell ranking parameters. The processor may be further configured to select the second cell based on the fourth cell ranking value of the second cell being higher than the third cell ranking value of the first cell. The transmitter may be configured to perform a random access channel (RACH) procedure to communicate with the second cell.

[0011 ] The first threshold value may be associated with the first LP-SS and the second threshold value may be associated with the second LP-SS. The determination that the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than the first cell ranking value of the first cell may indicate a contradiction between measurements performed by the LP-WUR and measurements performed by the MR. The configuration information may further comprise the first set of cell ranking parameters and the second set of cell ranking parameters. The second set of cell ranking parameters may comprise offset values or scaling rules. The first cell may be a serving cell. The second cell may be a neighbor cell. The configuration information may be received via a system information block (SIB) of a detected SSB of a previous serving cell. The first threshold value and the second threshold value may be a same value. The WTRU may be in an idle or inactive state when receiving the configuration information.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals in the figures indicate like elements, and wherein:

[0013] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented; [0014] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[0015] FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[0016] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[0017] FIG. 2 shows an example of a low-power wake-up receiver architecture;

[0018] FIG. 3 shows an example flow diagram for enhanced cell (re)selection based on an LP-SS measurement; and

[0019] FIG. 4 shows an example flow method for enhanced cell reselection based on an LP-SS measurement.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and/or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed, or otherwise provided explicitly, implicitly and/or inherently (collectively "provided") herein.

[0021 ] Although various embodiments are described and/or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and/or any element thereof carries out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and/or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and/or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and/or any element thereof is configured to carry out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and/or any portion thereof. [0022] The methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. Wired networks are well-known. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to Figures 1A-1 D, where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and/or be adapted and/or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[0023] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word discrete Fourier transform Spread OFDM (ZT-UW-DFT-S-OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like. [0024] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104, a core network (ON) 106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 1 10, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a station (STA), may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fl device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0025] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 1 14a and/or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 1 14b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the ON 106, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 1 12. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a NodeB, an eNode B (eNB), a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a next generation NodeB, such as a gNode B (gNB), a new radio (NR) NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 1 14a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

[0026] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, and the like. The base station 114a and/or the base station 1 14b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 1 14a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0027] The base stations 1 14a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 1 16, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0028] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink (UL) Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0029] In an embodiment, the base station 1 14a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0030] In an embodiment, the base station 1 14a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 1 16 using NR.

[0031 ] In an embodiment, the base station 1 14a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 1 14a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0032] In other embodiments, the base station 1 14a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0033] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 1 14b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.1 1 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 1 14b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 1 14b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106.

[0034] The RAN 104 may be in communication with the CN 106, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 and/or the CN 106 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0035] The CN 106 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 1 10 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 1 12 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT.

[0036] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0037] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0038] The processor 1 18 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 1 18 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 1 18 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1 B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip. [0039] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 1 14a) over the air interface 1 16. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0040] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0041 ] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11 , for example.

[0042] The processor 1 18 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0043] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickelcadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like. [0044] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 1 14b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment. [0045] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors. The sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, a humidity sensor and the like.

[0046] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and DL (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the DL (e.g., for reception)).

[0047] FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 1 16. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0048] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. [0049] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface. [0050] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0051 ] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.

[0052] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during Inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0053] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0054] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.

[0055] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0056] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0057] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11 z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad-hoc” mode of communication.

[0058] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in 802.11 systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0059] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0060] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0061 ] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.1 1 af and 802.1 1 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11 n, and 802.1 1ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.1 1 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.1 1 ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine-Type Communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0062] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11 n, 802.1 1ac, 802.1 1 af, and 802.1 1 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, all available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the available frequency bands remains idle.

[0063] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.1 1ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0064] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the ON 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the ON 106.

[0065] The RAN 104 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 1 16. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).

[0066] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing a varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time). [0067] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0068] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, DC, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0069] The ON 106 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0070] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 104 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of non-access stratum (NAS) signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and the like. The AMF 182a, 182b may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0071 ] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 106 via an N1 1 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 106 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing DL data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0072] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 104 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering DL packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0073] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 1 12, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local DN 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b. [0074] In view of FIGs. 1A-1 D, and the corresponding description of FIGs. 1A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.

[0075] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0076] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.

[0077] FIG. 2 shows an example architecture of a low-power wake-up receiver (LP-WUR). The LP-WUR may be used in a WTRU. The WTRU may comprise a wake-up radio receiver (RX) 230 that may be a low-power radio (LR) or a low power wake-up radio (LP-WUR). The WTRU may comprise a main radio RX (MR) 240. The wake-up RX may receive a LP-WUS 210. The MR may receive a main radio signal 220. This has the potential to reduce the power consumption of wireless devices. The WTRU may comprise a baseband processor 250 and an application processor 260. In systems based on a low power-wake up signal (LP-WUS), the LP-WUR is configured with one or more monitoring windows to monitor and detect potential LP-WUSs. The LP-WUR may be configured with a duty cycle for the monitoring occasions, where the duty cycle and monitoring windows should be selected to match with the LP-WUS transmission time from the network (NW). In NR, the time and frequency synchronization are based on receiving synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) and using primary synchronization signals (PSSs) and/or secondary synchronization signals (SSSs) for synchronization.

[0078] In systems based on a LP-WUS, the WTRU may receive the SSBs during the main radio (MR)’s “ON mode”, where the WTRU may use the received SSB for synchronization. However, in cases where the MR is configured with long “OFF mode” or sleeping periods, the clock frequency may drift at the WTRU. The clock frequency drift or frequency error may result in inaccuracy in the LP-WUR’s duty cycle. The difference in the NW’s clock and the LP-WUR’s clock frequency may result in a time mismatch between the LP-WUS transmission time from the NW and the LP-WUR’s monitoring window. The time mismatch may lead to failed detection of a LP-WUS. [0079] To avoid the time mismatch between the LP-WUS transmission time from the NW and the LP-WURs monitoring window, the WTRU may be configured to detect and receive periodic low power synchronization signals (LP-SSs) to achieve accurate synchronization at the LP-WUR. The LP-SSs may be based on On-Off Keying (OOK) symbols forming binary sequences, where the WTRUs with LP-WUS configurations may use a LP-WUR (e.g., based on OOK receivers) to detect and receive the LP-SSs.

[0080] LP-SSs may be used for time and frequency synchronization with the serving cell. Moreover, the WTRU may use LP-SSs for a radio resource management (RRM) measurement. As such, the NW may configure a LP-SS sequence associated to the serving cell in addition to a number of candidate LP-SS sequences associated with one or more neighbor cells, where the WTRU may perform RRM measurements accordingly, for the serving cell and configured neighbor cells, respectively.

[0081 ] In a scenario where a WTRU performs RRM measurements for a first (e.g., serving) cell based on a first LP-SS sequence, the WTRU may determine that the measured RRM parameters (e.g., SNR, RSRP) are lower than a configured threshold value. The WTRU may wake up the MR indicating low measured RRM parameters. However, the MR measurements on received NR-synchronization signals (NR-SSs), SSBs, or one or more reference signals (RSs) may indicate acceptable RRM parameters (e.g., SNR, RSRP). This may result in a contradiction between the RRM measurements based on a LP-SS and RRM measurements based on a NR-SS, SSB, or one or more other RSs.

[0082] In case such contradictions are not addressed, that is for example, if the MR switches to sleep mode again, the LP-WUR measuring a LP-SS may again trigger waking up the MR due to a subsequent RRM measurement and determining that the measured parameters are lower than corresponding configured thresholds. This may result in unnecessary and frequent waking up of the MR and a waste of power.

[0083] WTRU behavior needs to be defined if the RRM measurements based on LP-SS sequences contradicts measurements based on NR-SS, SSB, and/or RSs. For example WTRU behavior for cell (re)selection during RRC- Idle/lnactive mode needs to be defined. For example, WTRU behavior for handover (HO) or conditional handover (CHO) during RRC-Connected mode needs to be defined.

[0084] A WTRU may perform enhanced cell (re)selection based on a LP-SS. In an embodiment, a WTRU that has detected lower RRM measurements (e.g. below a threshold value) for a first cell (based on LP-SS) may determine to perform cell reselection to a second cell with a higher RRM measurement based on a measured second LP-SS. If the cell ranking based on a measured NR-SS (SSB) via the MR shows a lower cell ranking value for the second cell, the WTRU may determine to use a second set of thresholds, configurations, offset values, or scaling rules based on the difference between the calculated cell ranking values for the first and second cells.

[0085] The solution avoids ping-ponging between cell reselections, and frequent waking up the MR due to low RRM measurements in the serving cell.

[0086] FIG. 3 shows an example flow diagram for enhanced cell (re)selection based on an LP-SS measurement.

[0087] In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with or receive configuration information regarding a first set of cell-ranking parameters and a second set of cell ranking parameters 305. The WTRU may be configured with a first LP- SS sequence corresponding to a first (e.g., serving) cell and one or more candidate LP-SS sequences corresponding to second (e.g., neighbor) cells 310. The WTRU may receive and use the first configured LP-SS sequence for synchronization and RRM measurements 315. If one or more of the RRM measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence are lower than a threshold (e.g., a respective threshold for each measurement type if more than one), the WTRU may measure or determine one or more RRM measurements based on the candidate second LP-SS sequences 315. In case the RRM measurements corresponding to a second LP-SS sequence associated with a second cell are higher than a threshold (e.g., a respective threshold for each measurement type if more than one), the WTRU may determine to wake up the MR (e.g., to reselect and/or connect or reconnect to the second cell) 315. The threshold(s) used for the RRM measurement(s) corresponding to the second LP-SS sequence may be the same as or different from the threshold(s) used for the RRM measurement(s) corresponding to the first LP-SS sequence. The WTRU may wake up the MR to calculate a cell ranking based on a NR-SS (SSB) as part of cell a reselection procedure for the first cell and the second cell (the second cell for which the RRM measurement(s) based on the second LP-SS sequence exceeded the threshold(s)). The WTRU may determine (e.g., calculate) a cell ranking for each of the first and second cells. If the calculated second cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) is higher than the first cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) (i.e. no contradictions between measurements based on the LP-SS and NR-SS), the WTRU may perform cell reselection to the second cell. If the calculated second cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) is not higher than the first cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) (i.e. contradictions between measurements based on LP-SS and NR-SS) 320, the WTRU may determine the difference between the calculated cell ranking values for the first and second cells and do one or more of the following: (i) If the calculated difference is lower than a threshold (e.g., a ranking threshold) 325, the WTRU may use a second set of cell ranking parameters 330 including second offset values or scaling rules (e.g., in favor of the second cell). The WTRU may perform cell reselection to the second cell if a second cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) based on second set of parameters is better than the first cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) 335; or (ii) if the calculated difference is greater than the threshold (e.g., the ranking threshold), the WTRU may not reselect to the second cell (e.g., the WTRU may stay in the first cell). The WTRU may modify one or more of the RRM and/or ranking thresholds (e.g., to favor the first cell) or may start a timer, time period, or counter that may be used by the WTRU to determine when to check RRM measurements and/or cell rankings again. If the WTRU reselects to the second cell, the WTRU may send a RACH transmission or other transmission to the second cell for initiating or resuming a connection 340, for example when the WTRU at least one of: has uplink data for transmission, receives an LP-WUS, and/or receives a paging message.

[0088] Hereinafter, ‘a’ and ‘an’ and similar phrases may be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one’. Similarly, any term which ends with the suffix ‘(s)’ may be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one’. The term ‘may’ is to be interpreted as ‘may, for example’. A symbol 7’ (e.g., forward slash) may be used herein to represent ‘and/or’, where for example, ‘A/B’ may imply ‘A and/or B’. Herein, the terms prediction and estimation may be used interchangeably, but still consistent with this disclosure. Herein, the terms candidate cell, neighbor cell, and target cell may be used interchangeably, but still consistent with this disclosure. Herein, the terms source cell, current cell, and serving cell may be used interchangeably, but still consistent with this disclosure.

[0089] Herein, reference to receiving a channel (e.g., a physical channel) may refer to receiving information over the channel or receiving a channel transmission. Herein, reference to transmitting a channel (e.g., a physical channel) may refer to transmitting information over the channel or receiving a channel transmission. A WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term “beam” may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter. The WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for receiving a reference signal (RS) (such as CSI-RS) or a synchronization signal (SS) block. The WTRU transmission may be referred to as “target”, and the received RS or SS block may be referred to as “reference” or “source”. In such a case, the WTRU may be said to transmit the target physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to such RS or SS block. The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for transmitting a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions may be referred to as “target” and “reference” (or “source”), respectively. In such a case, the WTRU may be said to transmit the first (target) physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to the second (reference) physical channel or signal. A spatial relation may be implicit, configured by RRC or signaled by a MAC control element (CE) or downlink control information (DCI). For example, a WTRU may implicitly transmit a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) of a PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as a sounding reference signal (SRS) indicated by an SRS resource indicator (SRI) indicated in a DCI or configured by RRC. In another example, a spatial relation may be configured by RRC for an SRI or signaled by MAC CE for a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). Such spatial relation may also be referred to as a “beam indication”. The WTRU may receive a first (target) downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second (reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, such association may exist between a physical channel such as a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and its respective DM-RS. At least when the first and second signals are reference signals, such association may exist when the WTRU is configured with a quasi-colocation (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports. Such association may be configured as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. The WTRU may be receive an indication or be indicated an association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS by an index to a set of TCI states configured by RRC and/or signaled by a MAC CE. Such indication may also be referred to as a “beam indication”. Herein, a beam resource may consist of a TCI state, CSI-RS, a DL RS, or a SSB for downlink, an SRS resource, an uplink RS, or TCI state for uplink. A beam resource may be identified by a beam indication.

[0090] Hereafter, a TRP (e.g., transmission and reception point) may be interchangeably used with one or more of TP (transmission point), RP (reception point), RRH (radio remote head), DA (distributed antenna), BS (base station), a sector (of a BS), and a cell (e.g., a geographical cell area served by a BS), and still consistent with this disclosure. Hereafter, multi-TRP may be interchangeably used with one or more of MTRP, M-TRP, and multiple TRPs, and still consistent with this disclosure.

[0091 ] A WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components, where CSI components may correspond to at least a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel used for reception at the WTRU (such as a panel identity or group identity), measurements such as L1 -RSRP, L1 -SINR taken from SSB or CSI-RS (e.g. cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-lndex-RSRP, ssb-lndex-SINR), and/or other channel state information such as at least rank indicator (Rl), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), Layer Index (LI), and/or the like.

[0092] A WTRU may receive a synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block. The SS/PBCH block (SSB) may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The WTRU may monitor, receive, or attempt to decode an SSB during initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, and/or cell switching.

[0093] A WTRU may measure and report the channel state information (CSI).The CSI for each connection mode may include or be configured with one or more of following. The CSI may be a CSI report configuration, including one or more of the following: CSI report quantity (e.g., channel quality indicator (CQI), rank indicator (Rl), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), layer indicator (LI), etc); CSI report type (e.g., aperiodic, semi persistent, periodic); CSI report codebook configuration (e.g., Type I, Type II, Type II port selection); and CSI report frequency. The CSI may be a CSI-RS resource set, including one or more of the following CSI Resource settings: NZP-CSI-RS resource for channel measurement, NZP-CSI-RS resource for interference measurement, and CSI-IM resource for interference measurement. The CSI may be NZP CSI-RS resources, including one or more of the following: NZP CSI-RS resource ID, periodicity and offset, QCL information and TCI-state; and resource mapping (e.g., number of ports, density, CDM type).

[0094] A WTRU may indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more reference signals. The WTRU may monitor, receive, and measure one or more parameters based on the respective reference signals. For example, one or more of the following may apply. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of the parameters that may be included in reference signal(s) measurements. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included. [0095] A synchronization signal (SS) reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g., demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in a PBCH or SSS). It may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) that carry the respective synchronization signal. In measuring the RSRP, power scaling for the reference signals may be required. In case SS-RSRP is used for L1 -RSRP, the measurement may be accomplished based on CSI reference signals in addition to the synchronization signals.

[0096] CSI-RSRP may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) that carry the respective CSI-RS. The CSI-RSRP measurement may be configured within measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS occasions.

[0097] SS signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS in PBCH or SSS). It may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) that carry the respective synchronization signal divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In case SS-SINR is used for L1 -SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be accomplished based on resources configured by higher layers.

[0098] CSI-SINR may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) that carry the respective CSI-RS divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In case CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be accomplished based on resources configured by higher layers. Otherwise, the noise and interference power may be measured based on the resources that carry the respective CSI-RS.

[0099] Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) may be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols and bandwidth. The power contribution may be received from different resources (e.g., cochannel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, and so forth).

[0100] Cross-Layer interference received signal strength indicator (C LI-RSSI ) may be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols of the configured time and frequency resources. The power contribution may be received from different resources (e.g., cross-layer interference, co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, and so forth).

[0101 ] Sounding reference signals RSRP (SRS-RSRP) may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) that carry the respective SRS.

[0102] Secondary synchronization signal reference signal received quality (SS-RSRQ) may be measured based on measurements on the reference signal received power (SS-RSRP) and received signal strength (RSSI). In an example, the SS-RSRQ may be calculated as the ratio of NxSS-RSRP / NR carrier RSSI, where N may be determined based on the number of resource blocks that are in the corresponding NR carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. As such, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator may be over the same set of resource blocks.

[0103] CSI reference signal received quality (CSI-RSRQ) may be measured based on measurements on the reference signal received power (CSI-RSRP) and received signal strength (RSSI). In an example, the SS-RSRQ may be calculated as the ratio of NxCSI-RSRP / CSIRSSI, where N may be determined based on the number of resource blocks that are in the corresponding CSI-RSSI measurement bandwidth. As such, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator may be over the same set of resource blocks.

[0104] A CSI report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a single bandwidth part (BWP) (e.g., indicated by BWP-ld), wherein one or more of the following parameters may be configured: CSI-RS resources and/or CSI-RS resource sets for channel and interference measurement; CSI-RS report configuration type including the periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic; CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission slot offset for periodic, semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi- persistent and aperiodic CSI reports; time restrictions for channel and interference measurements; report frequency band configuration (wideband/subband CQI, PMI); thresholds and modes of calculations for the reporting quantities (CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, Rl); codebook configuration; group based beam reporting; CQI table; subband size; non-PMI port indication; and/or port index.

[0105] A CSI-RS resource set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) may include one or more of CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig), wherein a WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following in a CSI-RS resource: CSI-RS periodicity and slot offset for periodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS resources; CSI-RS resource mapping to define the number of CSI-RS ports, density, CDM-type, OFDM symbol, and subcarrier occupancy; the bandwidth part to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; and/or the reference to the TCI-State including the QCL source RS(s) and the corresponding QCL type(s). [0106] One or more of following configurations may be used for a RS resource set. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resource sets. A RS resource set configuration may include one or more of following: RS resource set ID; one or more RS resources for the RS resource set; repetition (i.e., on or off); aperiodic triggering offset (e.g., one of 0-6 slots); and/or tracking reference signal (TRS) information (e.g., true or not).

[0107] One or more of following configurations may be used for an RS resource. A WTRU may be configured with one or more RS resources. The RS resource configuration may include one or more of following: RS resource ID; resource mapping (e.g., REs in a physical resource block (PRB)); power control offset (e.g., one value of -8, ..., 15); power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 d B, 0 dB, 3 d B, 6 Db); scrambling ID; periodicity and offset; and/or QCL information (e.g., based on a TCI state).

[0108] In the following, a property of a grant or assignment may comprise at least one of the following: a frequency allocation; an aspect of time allocation, such as a duration; a priority; a modulation and coding scheme (MCS); a transport block size (TBS); a number of spatial layers; a number of transport blocks (TB); a TCI state, CRI or SRI; a number of repetitions; whether the repetition scheme is Type A or Type B; whether the grant is a configured grant type 1 , type 2 or a dynamic grant; whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi-persistent scheduling (configured) assignment; a configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index; a periodicity of a configured grant or assignment; a channel access priority class (CAPC); any/or parameter provided in a DCI, by MAC or by RRC for the scheduling the grant or assignment.

[0109] In the following, an indication by a DCI may comprise at least one of the following: an explicit indication by a DCI field or by a radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) used to mask or scramble the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the DCI; and/or an implicit indication by a property such as DCI format, DCI size, control resource set (Coreset) or search space, aggregation level, first resource element of the received DCI (e.g., index of first Control Channel Element (CCE)), where the mapping between the property and the value may be signaled by RRC or MAC.

[01 10] Receiving or monitoring for a DCI with or using an RNTI may mean that the CRC of the DCI is masked or scrambled with the RNTI.

[01 11 ] A WTRU may use a scheduling request (SR) for sending one or more requests, indications, and/or reports, for example to a gNB. The WTRU may be configured with zero, one, or more SR configurations. An SR configuration may comprise a set of PUCCH resources for SR across different BWPs and/or cells. In an example, the WTRU may be configured with at most one PUCCH resource for SR per BWP, for example for a logical channel or for secondary cell (SCell) beam failure recovery and/or for consistent listen before talk (LBT) failure recovery. In another example, the WTRU may be configured with, for example, up to two PUCCH resources for SR per BWP, for example for beam failure recovery of beam failure detection (BFD)-RS set(s) of Serving Cell. For example, each SR configuration may correspond to one or more logical channels, SCell beam failure recovery, consistent LBT failure recovery, beam failure recovery of a BFD-RS set, and so forth. In an example, each logical channel, SCell beam failure recovery, beam failure recovery of a BFD-RS set and consistent LBT failure recovery, may be mapped to zero or one SR configuration, which may be configured via RRC. [01 12] Hereafter, a signal may e interchangeably used with one or more of following: sounding reference signal (SRS); channel state information - reference signal (CSI-RS); demodulation reference signal (DM-RS); phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS); synchronization signal block (SSB), and still consistent with this disclosure.

[01 13] Hereafter, a channel may be interchangeably used with one or more of following: physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH); physical uplink control channel (PUCCH); physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH); physical random access channel (PRACH), and still consistent with this disclosure.

[01 14] Hereafter, a signal, channel, and message (e.g., as in downlink or uplink signal, channel, and message) may be used interchangeably, and still consistent with this disclosure. Hereafter, RS may be interchangeably used with one or more of RS resource, RS resource set, RS port and RS port group, and still consistent with this disclosure. Hereafter, RS may be interchangeably used with one or more of SSB, CSI-RS, SRS, and DM-RS, TRS, positioning reference signal (PRS), and phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), and still consistent with this disclosure. Herein, time instance, slot, symbol, and subframe may be used interchangeably, and still consistent with this disclosure. Herein, the terms SSB, SS/PBCH block, PSS, SSS, PBCH, and master information block (MIB) may be used interchangeably, and still consistent with this disclosure. Herein, SSB, SSB beam, and SSB index may be used interchangeably, and still consistent with this disclosure.

[01 15] Hereafter, the proposed solutions may be used for transmissions and/or receptions belonging to a single or multiple cells, inter-cell, intra-cell, as well as single or multiple TRPs, and still consistent with this disclosure. Hereafter, CSI reporting may be interchangeably used with CSI measurement, beam reporting and beam measurement, and still consistent with this disclosure. Hereafter, a RS resource set may be interchangeably used with a beam group, and still consistent with this disclosure. Herein, RSRP may be used interchangeably with RSSI, RSRQ, SNR, SS-RSRP, CSI- RSRP, SRS-RSRP, RSRP measured based on DMRS in PBCH, RSRP measured based on DMRS in PDCCH, RSRP measured based on DMRS in PDSCH, RSRP measured based on DMRS in PUCCH, RSRP measured based on DMRS in PUSCH, Low-Power RSRP (LP-RSRP), and LP-RSRQ, and still consistent with this disclosure.

[01 16] The embodiments provided in this disclosure are based on RRM measurements based on detected, received, decoded, and/or measured LP-SS (sequences). The same embodiments may be used for scenarios with RRM measurements based on one or more reference signals that may be received, detected, and/or measured via or as part of one or more LP-WUS transmissions (e.g., via LP-WUR).

[01 17] Herein, reference signal (RS) may be substituted for or used interchangeably with LP-SS or LP-SS sequence and still be consistent with the embodiments and examples described in this disclosure.

[01 18] A WTRU may receive a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) transmission. The PBCH may be part of an SS/PBCH block (SSB). The PBCH may include or carry system information. The PBCH may include or carry a master information block (MIB). The term MIB may be used to represent the content, information, payload, and/or bits included or carried by the PBCH. PBCH and MIB may be used interchangeably herein.

[01 19] Upon detection and/or reception of an SS/PBCH block, the WTRU may use the information in the MIB regarding the time and/or frequency resources to find one or more system information blocks (SIB). The term SIB may be used to represent the content, information, payload, and/or bits. In an example, one or more cell (re)selection parameters may be broadcasted in a SIB (e.g., SIB1 , SIB2, SIB3, and so forth), where the WTRU may detect and/or receive from the serving and/or the neighbour detected cells.

[0120] A WTRU may perform cell selection with or without stored cell information. The cell information may include frequencies and/or cell parameters. In an example, a cell may be defined as a combination ofone or more uplink component carriers (CCs) and one or more downlink CCs. The WTRU may have (previously) stored information regarding one or more cells based on previously received measurement control information elements or from previously detected cells. If the WTRU has stored cell information, the WTRU may leverage it or use it for cell selection.

[0121 ] In case there is no stored information, or if cell search based on the stored information has no results, the WTRU may perform initial cell selection, where the WTRU has no prior knowledge of the cell parameters. For example, the WTRU may not have knowledge of which RF channels are NR frequencies. As such, the WTRU may scan and/or monitor one or more RF channels for example from a set of RF channels (e.g., based on the synchronization raster frequencies) in the NR bands to find a suitable cell. For example, a synchronization raster may indicate the frequency positions of the synchronization block (e.g., SS/PBCH block (SSB)) that may be used by the WTRU for system acquisition when explicit signaling of the synchronization block position is not present. As such, the WTRU may search to find the SSBs corresponding to one and more cells on each frequency channel and/or raster, where the WTRU may select the strongest cell based on measuring, for example, the RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, and/or SINR, for the detected SSB.

[0122] Hereinafter, the term ‘evaluated parameter’ may be used interchangeably with ‘evaluated RSRP’, ‘evaluated RSRQ’, and so forth, where the term evaluated may be interpreted as adjusted, computed, calculated, compensated, scaled, defined, determined, or identified. As such, a WTRU may determine an evaluated parameter based on one or more measured values along with one or more compensation and/or scaling parameters (e.g., (pre)configured and/or indicated parameters). The WTRU may calculate the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and/or division of one or more measured values with one or more compensation and/or scaling parameters to determine the corresponding evaluated parameter.

[0123] Upon finding a suitable cell, the WTRU may select it as the serving cell. In an example, the WTRU may use one or more criteria to select a candidate cell as a suitable cell. The WTRU may determine the criteria based on one or more evaluated parameters. The WTRU may determine the evaluated parameters based on one or more of measured parameters in addition to one or more compensation values and/or scaling rules. As an example, the WTRU may determine the compensation values and/or scaling rules based on one or more configured and/or indicated offsets, parameters, or configured values. In an example, the WTRU may be configured with, or determine one or more of the following parameters. [0124] The WTRU may be configured with, or determine, a measured cell received power level value. For example, the WTRU may measure the reference signal received power (RSRP), signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SINR), and/or received signal strength indicator (RSSI) for one or more SS/PBCH blocks, reference signals, and/or channels.

[0125] The WTRU may be configured with, or determine, a measured cell quality value. For example, the WTRU may measure the reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for one or more SS/PBCH blocks, reference signals, and/or channels.

[0126] The WTRU may be configured with, or determine, a minimum required measured receive (RX) level and/or quality level in a cell. For example, a WTRU may receive, determine, or be configured with one or more parameters and/or offset values to determine the minimum required Rx level (e.g., in decibel-milliwatts (dBm)) and/or minimum required quality level (e.g., dB) in the corresponding cell.

[0127] The WTRU may be configured with, or determine, compensation values. For example, the WTRU may receive, determine, or be configured with one or more parameters, offset, and/or scaling values that may be used upon receiving an indication, or based on the WTRU determining based on one or more modes of operation and/or thresholds.

[0128] The WTRU may be configured with, or determine, an evaluated cell (re)selection Rx level value. For example, the WTRU may compute, evaluate, and/or calculate the received level value (e.g., in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and/or compensation and/or scaling values. In an example, the WTRU may calculate the evaluated cell (re)selection Rx level value (e.g., Srxlev) based on the measured cell received level value (e.g., the minimum required measured Rx level (e.g., C and/or the compensation parameters (e.g., one or more temporary offset values (e.g., Qoffsettemp), and SO forth (e.g., Srxlev = Qoffsettemp). As such, the WTRU may select the corresponding cell as one of the candidate suitable cells if the evaluated cell (re)selection Rx level value is higher than a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., Srxlev > 0 for cell selection, or Srxlev > SintraSearchP or Srxlev > SnonlntraSearchP for intra-frequency and inter-frequency, respectively, cell reselection).

[0129] The WTRU may be configured with, or determine, an evaluated cell (re)selection quality value. For example, the WTRU may compute, evaluate, and/or calculate the received quality value (e.g., in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and/or compensation and/or scaling values. In an example, the WTRU may calculate the evaluated cell (re)selection quality value (e.g., Squal) based on the measured cell quality value (e.g., the minimum required quality level (e.g., Q_qUaimin and/or Qquaiminotfset), one or more temporary offset values (e.g., Qoffsettemp), and so forth (e.g., Squal = Qoffsettemp). As such, the WTRU may select the corresponding cell as one of the candidate suitable cells if the evaluated cell (re)selection quality value is higher than a (pre)configured threshold (e.g., Squal > 0, or Squal > SintraSearchQ, or Squal > SnonlntraSearchQ for intra-frequency and inter-frequency, respectively, cell reselection).

[0130] The WTRU may receive or be configured with one or more of the compensation and/or scaling parameters, values, settings, and/or rules as the criteria for cell (re)selection via implicit and/or explicit indications. The explicit indications may be, for example, via a master information block (MIB) in a corresponding SS/PBCH block, system information blocks (SIB1 , SIB2, SIB3, SIB4, and so forth), semi-static configuration (e.g., via RRC), and/or dynamic indication (e.g., via MAC-CE and/or DCI). The WTRU may determine to use one or more compensation and/or scaling rules based on implicit indication, that is based on comparing one or more parameters with corresponding thresholds for instance.

[0131 ] Upon measuring and calculating the evaluated received power and/or evaluated quality value, a WTRU may perform cell ranking for the cells (e.g., serving and neighbor cells) that the WTRU determined as the candidate suitable cells based on the cell selection criterion. For example, the WTRU may determine the cell ranking based on the calculating the R values using average RSRP results. One or more of the following may apply. The following parameters are nonlimiting examples of the parameters that may be included in cell ranking calculation and measurement. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included. Qoffsettemp t — Qoffsettemp

[0134] Where, Rs and Rn correspond to the serving and neighbor cells, respectively. In an example, in the above equation, Qhyst may represent the mobility aspects of the WTRU. Qoffset may be configured with different values for intrafrequency and inter-frequency cell (re)selections, and Q_meas may be the measured RSRP quantity used in cell (re)selection. The WTRU may reselect a new candidate cell if the new cell has a higher R value than the serving cell during a (pre)configured time interval.

[0135] In systems based on a LP-WUS, the WTRU may receive the SSBs during the MR’s “ON mode”, where the WTRU may use the received SSB for synchronization. However, in cases where the MR is configured with long “OFF mode” or sleeping periods, the clock frequency could drift at the WTRU. The clock frequency drift or frequency error may result in inaccuracy in the LP-WUR’s duty cycle. The difference in the NW’s clock and the LP-WUR’s clock frequency may result in a time mismatch between the LP-WUS transmission time from the NW and the LP-WUR’s monitoring window. The time mismatch may lead to failed detection of a LP-WUS.

[0136] To avoid the time mismatch between the LP-WUS transmission time from the NW and the LP-WURs monitoring window, the WTRU may be configured to detect and receive periodic low power synchronization signals (LP-SS) to achieve accurate synchronization at the LP-WUR. A LP-SS may be based on On-Off Keying (OOK) symbols forming binary sequences, where the WTRUs with LP-WUS configurations may use LP-WUR (e.g., based on OOK receivers) to detect and receive LP-SSs.

[0137] The WTRU may use the detected, received, and/or measured LP-SS for time and frequency synchronization with one or more of the serving or neighbor cell. Moreover, the WTRU may use the detected, received, and/or measured LP-SS for RRM measurements. As such, the NW may configure the LP-SS sequence associated to the serving cell in addition to a number of candidate LP-SS sequences associated with one or more neighbor cells, where the WTRU may measure RRM measurements accordingly, for the serving cell and configured neighbor cells, respectively.

[0138] In an embodiment for enhanced cell (re)selection based on LP-SS, a WTRU may be configured with a first LP- SS sequence corresponding to a first (e.g., serving) cell and one or more candidate LP-SS sequences corresponding to second (e.g., neighbor) cells. The WTRU may receive and use the first configured LP-SS sequence for synchronization and RRM measurements. If one or more of the RRM measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence are lower than a threshold (e.g., a respective threshold for each measurement type if more than one), the WTRU may measure or determine one or more RRM measurements based on the candidate second LP-SS sequences. In case the RRM measurements corresponding to a second LP-SS sequence associated with a second cell are higher than a threshold (e.g., a respective threshold for each measurement type if more than one), the WTRU may determine to wake up the MR (e.g., to reselect and/or connect or reconnect to the second cell). The threshold(s) used for the RRM measurement(s) corresponding to the second LP-SS sequence may be the same as or different from the threshold(s) used for the RRM measurement(s) corresponding to the first LP-SS sequence. The WTRU may wake up the MR to calculate a cell ranking based on a NR- SS (SSB) as part of a cell reselection procedure for the first cell and the second cell (the second cell for which the RRM measurement(s) based on the second LP-SS sequence exceeded the threshold(s)). The WTRU may determine (e.g., calculates) a cell ranking for each of the first and second cells. If the calculated second cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) is higher than the first cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) (i.e. no contradictions between measurements based on the LP-SS and NR-SS), the WTRU may perform cell reselection to the second cell. If the calculated second cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) is not higher than the first cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) (i.e. contradictions between measurements based on LP- SS and NR-SS), the WTRU may determine the difference between the calculated cell ranking values for the first and second cells and do one or more of the following: (I) If the calculated difference is lower than a threshold (e.g., a ranking threshold), the WTRU may use a second set of cell ranking parameters including second offset values or scaling rules (e.g., in favor of the second cell). The WTRU may perform cell reselection to the second cell if a second cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) based on second set of parameters is better than the first cell ranking (e.g., ranking value); or (II) if the calculated difference is greater than the threshold (e.g., the ranking threshold), the WTRU may not reselect to the second cell (e.g., the WTRU may stay in the first cell). The WTRU may modify one or more of the RRM and/or ranking thresholds (e.g., to favor the first cell) or may start a timer, time period, or counter that may be used by the WTRU to determine when to check RRM measurements and/or cell rankings again. If the WTRU reselects to the second cell, the WTRU may send a RACH transmission or other transmission to the second cell for initiating or resuming a connection, for example when at least one of: the WTRU has uplink data for transmission, the WTRU receives an LP-WUS, or the WTRU receives a paging message.

[0139] The issues regarding cell (re)selection in case of contradictions in RRM measurements based on LP-SS and NR-SS are addressed and discussed below. In an example, the WTRU may be in RRC-ldle and/or RRC-lnactive mode when performing cell measurements and cell (re)selection procedures.

[0140] A WTRU may determine that RRM measurements via a LP-WUR (e.g., in sleep mode) based on a LP-SS indicates required cell switching and/or cell (re)selection. As such, the WTRU may wake up the MR and perform required measurements via the MR based on NR-SS. In an example, the NR-SS may be one or more SSBs or reference signals (RS).

[0141 ] The WTRU may determine that RRM measurements, cell ranking values for the serving cell and one or more of the neighbor cells, based on NR-SS measurements in the WTRU’s awake and/or active mode indicate that cell switch and/or cell (re)selection is not required. In case the WTRU ignores the signaling from the LP-WUR and goes back to a sleep mode, the WTRU may again be wakened up due to detected low RRM measurements via a LP-WUR based on LP- SS, resulting into false and unnecessary frequent wake up of the MR.

[0142] A WTRU may receive, determine, be configured, and/or indicated with a one or more LP-SS sequences. For example, the LP-SS sequences may be based on binary sequences generated in OOK symbols based on OOK modulations. In another example, the LP-SS sequences may be based on OFDM sequences, for example, transmitted in determined, configured, and/or indicated resource elements (REs) and/or resource blocks (RBs). In an example, the WTRU may receive configuration information regarding time and frequency resources corresponding to the LP-SS sequences. For example, the LP-SS sequences may be based on one or more of following sequences: Gold sequences, M-sequence, ZC sequence, Chirp sequence, Walsh sequence, Golay sequence, Kasami sequence, Low density sequence, DFT/FFT sequence, or QAM symbol-based sequence. In an example, the WTRU may receive information regarding the LP-SS sequences via, for example, SIB, RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI.

[0143] In an example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more LP-SS sequences, where the WTRU may receive, be configured, and/or indicated with one or more configuration information regarding the LP-SS sequences. For example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more sequence lengths, root indexes, and/or cyclic shifts, based on which the WTRU may determine the configured sequences.

[0144] In an example, the WTRU may be configured to determine the LP-SS sequences based on one or more (pre)defined rules. In an example, the WTRU may determine the LP-SS sequence(s) corresponding to a cell based on a cell-ID and/or one or more determined, (pre)defined, and/or (pre)configured parameters. As such, the WTRU may determine the configuration information regarding the LP-SS sequences based on one or more (pre)defined rules, where the WTRU uses the determined configuration information for determining the LP-SS sequence(s).

[0145] In an example, the WTRU may be configured with a first LP-SS sequence corresponding to a first cell, where the first cell may be the serving cell. In an example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more candidate second LP- SS sequences corresponding to one or more second cells, where the second cells may be one or more non-serving neighbor cells.

[0146] The WTRU may use the first configured LP-SS sequence for synchronization with the serving cell. The WTRU may also use the first configured LP-SS sequence for RRM measurements based on the serving cell. The WTRU may receive, determine, be configured, and/or indicated with a one or more first threshold values corresponding to the RRM measurements based on the first LP-SS. In an example, the WTRU may receive one or more configuration information including the first threshold values, for example, via SIB, RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI. For example, the RRM measurements may include RSRP, RSSI, and/or SNR, for which the WTRU may be configured with corresponding first threshold values. [0147] In an example, the WTRU may determine that one or more of the RRM measurements based on the first LP- SS sequence are lower than the corresponding configured first threshold values. For example, the WTRU may determine that the measured RSRP based on the first LP-SS is lower than a corresponding configured first RSRP threshold. In an example, the WTRU may determine that the measured RSSI based on the first LP-SS is lower than a corresponding configured first RSSI threshold. In an example, the WTRU may determine that the measured SNR based on the first LP- SS is lower than a corresponding configured first SNR threshold. In case the WTRU determines that one or more of the RRM measurements based on first LP-SS sequence are lower than a corresponding configured first threshold values, the WTRU may measure or determine one or more RRM measurements based on one or more candidate second LP-SS sequences.

[0148] In an embodiment, a WTRU may determine to select, reselect, connect and/or reconnect to a second cell in case one or more of the RRM measurements based on a second LP-SS, associated with a second cell, are more or greater than corresponding second thresholds. In an example, the WTRU may wake up the MR to select, reselect, connect and/or reconnect to the determined second cell.

[0149] In an example, the WTRU may receive, determine, be configured, and/or indicated with a one or more second threshold values corresponding to the RRM measurements based on the second LP-SS. For example, the RRM measurements may include RSRP, RSSI, and/or SNR, for which the WTRU may be configured with corresponding second threshold values, for example, second RSRP threshold, second RSSI threshold, second SNR threshold.

[0150] In an example, the WTRU may receive one or more configuration information including the second threshold values, for example, via SIB, RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI. For example, the WTRU may receive the second threshold values based on an explicit indication of the threshold values. In an example, the WTRU may implicitly determine the second threshold values based on the configured first threshold values in addition to one or more determined, (pre)configured, and/or (pre)indicated rules, or functions. In an example, the WTRU may implicitly determine the second threshold values based on the configured first threshold values in addition to one or more determined, (pre)configured, and/or (pre)indicated offset values, and/or differential values.

[0151 ] A WTRU may determine or calculate a cell ranking. In an example, a WTRU may detect, receive, or measure one or more NR-SS, SSBs, and/or RSs from the first and the second cells. The WTRU may perform RRM measurements based on the received NR-SS, SSBs, and/or RSs from the first and second cells. For example, the WTRU may use the MR for detecting, receiving, and/or measuring one or more NR-SS, SSBs, and/or RSs from the first and the second cells. The WTRU may use the RRM measurements based on NR-SS, SSB, and/or RSs from the first cell to calculate or determine a first cell ranking value for the first cell. The WTRU may use the RRM measurements based on NR-SS, SSB, and/or RSs from the second cell to calculate or determine a second cell ranking value for the second cell, as described herein.

[0152] In an example, the WTRU may determine that the calculated second cell ranking value is higher than the calculated first cell ranking value, which may indicate no contradictions between measurements based on LP-SS and NR- SS. As such, the WTRU may determine to perform cell selection, reselection, connection, and/or reconnection to the second cell. For example, the WTRU may send a RACH transmission or other transmission to the second cell for initiating or resuming a connection, for example when the WTRU at least, for example, has uplink data for transmission, receives an LP-WUS, or receives a paging message.

[0153] In an embodiment, a WTRU may determine that the calculated second cell ranking value is lower than the calculated first cell ranking value, which may indicate a contradiction between measurements based on LP-SS and NR- SS. As such, the WTRU may determine the difference value between the calculated first and second cell ranking values for the first and second cells. In an example, the WTRU may determine a mode of operation based on the determined difference value and one or more threshold values. For example, the WTRU may determine to use a first mode of operation if the determined difference is lower than a determined, configured, and/or indicated threshold. In another example, the WTRU may determine to use a second mode of operation if the determined difference is greater than the determined, configured, and/or indicated threshold. In an example, the modes of operation may be one or more of the following.

[0154] A first mode of operation may comprise recalculating cell ranking values based on a second set of configurations. In an embodiment, in case a WTRU determines that the determined difference between the first and second calculated cell ranking values is lower than a corresponding (cell ranking) threshold, the WTRU may determine to use a second set of determined, received, configured, and/or indicated configurations for calculating the cell ranking values. For example, the WTRU may receive the second set of cell ranking configuration information via SIB, RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI. In an example, the second set of cell ranking configurations may include one or more first offset values or scaling rules to be applied for calculating the first cell’s cell ranking value. In another example, the second set of cell ranking configurations may include one or more second offset values or scaling rules to be applied for calculating the second cell’s cell ranking value.

[0155] In an example, the WTRU may calculate the cell ranking values for the first and second cells based on the second set of cell ranking configurations. The WTRU may determine to select and switch to the second cell if the second cell’s calculated cell ranking value, based on second set of cell ranking configurations, is higher than the first cell’s calculated cell ranking value, based on second set of cell ranking configurations.

[0156] For example, the WTRU may send a RACH transmission or other transmission to the second cell for initiating or resuming a connection, for example when the WTRU at least, for example, has uplink data for transmission, receives an LP-WUS, or receives a paging message.

[0157] A second mode of operation may comprise using a third set of thresholds to avoid frequent false wake ups. In an embodiment, in case a WTRU detects frequent false wake ups of the MR, the WTRU may determine to use a third set of determined, configured, and/or indicated thresholds for the RRM measurements in the first cell. For example, in case the WTRU wakes up the MR, for example due to RRM measurements based on LP-SS and corresponding thresholds, and if the wake up was not required, that may be a false wake up.

[0158] In an example, after a false wake up, in case a WTRU determines that the determined difference between the first and second calculated cell ranking values is greater than a corresponding (cell ranking) threshold, the WTRU may determine to use a third set of determined, configured, and/or indicated thresholds for the RRM measurements in the first cell. In an example, in case the determined difference between the first and second calculated cell ranking values is greater than the corresponding (cell ranking) threshold, the WTRU may determine to not switch to or select the second cell. That is, the WTRU may determine to stay in the first cell.

[0159] In an example, the WTRU may be explicitly configured with the third set of thresholds regarding one or more RRM measurements. In an example, the WTRU may modify and/or determine one or more third thresholds for one or more RRM measurements. The WTRU may implicitly determine the third threshold values based on the first configured thresholds and one or more offset values and/or differential values.

[0160] In an example, the WTRU may initiate a time, time period, and/or counter based on a (pre)configured, (pre)indicated, and/or determined time period and/or counter. The WTRU may use the timer, time period, and/or counter for determining the time to measure and/or check the first and second cell’s RRM measurements based on the first and second LP-SS again, for example, for cell (re)selection purposes.

[0161 ] In an example, the WTRU may determine, be indicated, and/or configured with one or more step values for determining the RRM measurement thresholds based on LP-SS. In case the WTRU wakes up the MR due to RRM measurements based on LP-SS and corresponding thresholds, and if the wake up was not required, that is a false wake up, the WTRU may use the step values for determining the third set of thresholds for the RRM measurements. In an example, the step values may be determined, configured, and/or indicated for each RRM measurement. That is, the WTRU may be determined, be configured, and/or indicated with a first step value for RSRP threshold, a second step value for RSSI threshold, a third step value for SNR threshold, and so forth. [0162] In an example, the WTRU may decrement the corresponding threshold based on the determined, configured, and/or indicated corresponding step value. For example, the WTRU may use the step values for decrementing the threshold values per each false waking up of the MR due to RRM measurements based on the first LP-SS in the first cell.

[0163] In an example, the WTRU may use the determined, configured, and/or indicated step values for ramping the corresponding threshold values. For example, the WTRU may use the step values for ramping the threshold values per each false waking up of the MR due to RRM measurements based on the second LP-SS in the second cell.

[0164] In an example, in case the WTRU selects and/or determines to switch to a second cell, the WTRU may send a RACH transmission or other transmission to the second cell for initiating or resuming a connection, for example when the WTRU at least, for example has uplink data for transmission, receives an LP-WUS, or receives a paging message.

[0165] In an example, the WTRU may send a report (e.g., to a gNB) indicating the use of the second set of configurations and/or threshold values. For example, the WTRU may receive a confirmation and/or rejection from the gNB to use the second configurations and/or threshold values.

[0166] In an example, a WTRU may receive, detect, and/or decode an LP-SS sequence that may not be determined, configured, indicated, and/or included in the set of candidate LP-SS sequences for the respective WTRU. For example, the detected LP-SS may correspond to a non-serving cell. In an example, the WTRU may wake up the MR and send a report and/or indication (e.g., to a gNB) indicating the detection of the unconfigured LP-SS sequence. For example, the WTRU may wake up the MR and send the report if the RRM measurements based on the received and/or detected unconfigured LP-SS sequence is higher than a determined, (pre)configured, and/or (pre)indicated threshold.

[0167] In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with one or more first thresholds for RRM measurements (e.g., SNR, RSRP) based on LP-SS. The WTRU may switch from a sleep mode to a wake-up mode if the measured RRM parameters based on LP-SS are lower than the configured thresholds. The WTRU may measure one or more RRM measurements (e.g., SNR, RSRP) based on NR-SS, SSB, and/or one or more configured RSs (in the serving cell) via the MR. The WTRU may measure one or more RRM measurements (e.g., SNR, RSRP) based on LP-SS (in the serving cell) via the LP-WUR. The WTRU may calculate or determine a difference between the RRM measurements based on the NR- SS and LP-SS. The WTRU may determine relative thresholds. The WTRU may use the calculated difference as a relative gap to determine a second set of relative thresholds for RRM measurements based on LP-SS, according to the configured first set of thresholds. In case the RRM measurements based on LP-SS are lower than the determined second set of relative thresholds, the WTRU may determine to wake up the MR and report the RRM measurements to the network. The WTRU may report the RRM measurements based on LP-SS to the gNB and indicate that the WTRU may not be able to operate based on the LP-WUS or the WTRU may not be able to receive a LP-WUS.

[0168] In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with one or more first thresholds for RRM measurements (e.g., SNR, RSRP) based on LP-SS, where the WTRU may switch from a sleep mode to a wake-up mode if the measured RRM parameters based on LP-SS are lower than a corresponding determined, configured, and/or indicated thresholds. For example, the WTRU may determine, receive, be configured, and/or indicated with one or more sequences for LP-SS monitoring, reception, detection, and/or decoding. In an example, the WTRU may receive one or more configuration information including the first threshold values, for example, via SIB, RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI. For example, the RRM measurements based on LP-SS may include, for example RSRP, RSSI, and/or SNR, for which the WTRU may be configured with corresponding first threshold values.

[0169] In an example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more LP-SS sequences, where the WTRU may receive, be configured, and/or indicated with one or more configuration information regarding the LP-SS sequences. For example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more root indexes, or cyclic shifts, based on which the WTRU may determine the configured sequences. In an example, the WTRU may be configured to determine the LP-SS sequences based on one or more (pre)defined rules. In an example, the WTRU may determine the LP-SS sequence(s) corresponding to a cell based on a cell-ID and one or more (pre)configured parameters. As such, the WTRU may determine the configuration information regarding the LP-SS sequences based on one or more (pre)defined rules, where the WTRU uses the determined configuration information for determining the LP-SS sequence(s).

[0170] In an example, the WTRU may determine that one or more of the RRM measurements based on LP-SS are lower than corresponding configured first threshold values. For example, the WTRU may determine that the measured RSRP based on the LP-SS is lower than a corresponding configured first RSRP threshold. For example, the WTRU may determine that the measured RSSI based on the LP-SS is lower than a corresponding configured first RSSI threshold. For example, the WTRU may determine that the measured SNR based on the LP-SS is lower than a corresponding configured first SNR threshold, and so forth.

[0171 ] In an embodiment, a WTRU may determine and/or calculate the difference between RRM measurements based on LP-SS and NR-SS. In an example, NR-SS may include an SSB, and/or one or more RSs. In an example, the WTRU may measure one or more RRM measurements based on NR-SS, SSB, and/or one or more configured RSs via the MR. In an example, the WTRU may measure one or more RRM measurements based on LP-SS via the LP-WUR. The WTRU may calculate or determine the difference between the RRM measurements based on the NR-SS and LP-SS.

[0172] In an embodiment, a WTRU may use the calculated difference as a relative gap to determine a second set of relative thresholds for RRM measurements based on LP-SS, according to the configured first set of thresholds. That is the WTRU may add, subtract, multiply, and/or divide a first configured threshold with the calculated relative gap for determining a corresponding second threshold value.

[0173] In an example, a WTRU may be configured with a first RSRP threshold to be R dB (e.g., 5d B). At a first time instance, the WTRU may measure the RSRP based on NR-SS (e.g., via the MR), where the measured RSRP may be X dB (e.g., 10dB). Also, at the first time instance, the WTRU may measure the RSRP based on LP-SS (e.g., via the LP- WUR), where the measured RSRP may be Y dB (e.g., 7dB). The WTRU may measure the difference gap to be X - Y = Z dB (e.g., 10 - 7 = 3dB). As such, the WTRU may determine the second relative threshold for LP-SS measurements to be set to R’ = R - Z dB (e.g., 5 - 3 = 2dB). For example, in a second time instance, the WTRU may measure RSRP based on LP-SS and the measured value Y’ (e.g., 4dB) may be lower than the first configured threshold R (e.g., 5dB). The WTRU may use the second relative threshold R’ (e.g., 2dB), based on which the measured RSRP is not lower than the threshold. Since the measured RSRP based on LP-SS is not lower than the second relative threshold, the WTRU may stay in the sleep mode and may not wake up the MR. [0174] In an example, in case the RRM measurements based on LP-SS are lower than the determined second set of relative thresholds, the WTRU may determine to wake up the MR and report the RRM measurements to the network. For example, the WTRU may report the RRM measurements based on LP-SS (e.g., to a gNB) and indicate that WTRU may not be able to operate based on the LP-WUS or the WTRU may not be able receive a LP-WUS.

[0175] A WTRU may perform a procedure for handling false wake ups. For example, in case the WTRU wakes up the MR, for example due to an event, and if the wake up was unnecessary and not required, that may be a false wake up. The WTRU may count the number of false wake ups within a time window and if the total number of false wake ups increases a determined, configured, and/or indicated (e.g., maximum) value, the WTRU may determine to change, update, and/or modify one or more counter, timers, or threshold values, to avoid frequent false wake ups. In an example, the event causing the false wake up may be based on determining that RRM measurements based on LP-SS (e.g., corresponding to the serving cell) are lower than a corresponding threshold. In an example, the event may be based on determining that RRM measurements based on LP-SS (e.g., corresponding to a non-serving cell) are higher than a corresponding threshold.

[0176] In an embodiment, a WTRU configured with a first set of threshold values for RRM measurements based on LP-SS via LP-WUR that has detected a configured (e.g., maximum) number of false wake ups in a determined, configured, and/or indicated time window, may determine to use a second set of thresholds. In an example, the WTRU may change, update, and/or modify the first set of threshold values. In an example, the WTRU may determine, be configured, and/or indicated with the second set of thresholds based on one or more of the following.

[0177] The WTRU may determine, be configured, and/or indicated with the second set of thresholds based on an explicit indication. For example, the WTRU may explicitly receive one or more second threshold values.

[0178] The WTRU may determine, be configured, and/or indicated with the second set of thresholds based on an implicit indication. For example, the WTRU may implicitly determine the second threshold values based on one or more configured parameters. A configured parameter may be ramping up step values. For example, the WTRU may determine, be configured, and/or indicated with one or more ramping up step values for respective RRM measurement thresholds, where the WTRU may use the determined, indicated, and/or configured step values to determine the second threshold values by incrementing the configured first threshold values. The WTRU may increment the first threshold values (e.g., for a determined, configured, and/or indicated time duration) via the step values for each time the false wake up is triggered due to the same event. A configured parameter may be decrementing step values. For example, the WTRU may determine, be configured, and/or indicated with one or more decrementing step values (e.g., with negative values) for respective RRM measurement thresholds, where the WTRU may use the determined, indicated, and/or configured step values to determine the second threshold values by decrementing the configured first threshold values. The WTRU may decrement the first threshold values (e.g., for a determine, configured, and/or indicated time duration) via respective step values for each time the false wake up is triggered due to the (same) event.

[0179] In an embodiment, a WTRU that has detected a configured (e.g., maximum) number of false wake ups due to a first event in a determined, configured, and/or indicated time window may determine to hold, stop, and/or skip waking up the MR for the same event for a determined, configured, and/or indicated time window and/or counter maximum value. In an example, the WTRU may initiate a timer based on the determined, configured, and/or indicated time window, where the WTRU may not wake up the MR due to the (same) first event until the timer is up or expired. In another example, the WTRU may initiate a counter, where the WTRU may increment the counter for each time the first event is detected within a determined, configured, and/or indicated time window. As such, the WTRU may not wake up the MR due to the (same) first event until the counter reaches a configured maximum value. In an example, the WTRU may receive the threshold values, counter values, and/or timers, via for example SIB, RRC, MAC-CE, and/or DCI.

[0180] A WTRU may perform an enhanced handover (HO) procedure based on a LP-SS. A WTRU may be configured with a first LP-SS sequence corresponding to a first (serving) cell and one or more candidate LP-SS sequences corresponding to second (neighbor) cells. The WTRU may be configured with conditional handover (CHO) based on RRM measurements via a LP-WUR on LP-SS in the first (source) cell and one or more (candidate and/or target) second cells. The WTRU may be configured with a first and second sets of thresholds (e.g., s-measure) for RRM measurements based on LP-SS in the first and second cells. The WTRU may receive and use the first configured LP-SS sequence for synchronization and RRM measurements. If measured RRM parameters based on the first LP-SS sequence are lower than the first configured threshold (e.g., s-measure threshold), the WTRU may measure one or more RRM measurements based on the candidate second LP-SS sequences. In case the RRM measurements corresponding to a second LP-SS sequence associated with a second cell are higher than a second configured threshold, the WTRU may determine to wake up the MR to perform handover (HO) or conditional handover (CHO) to the second cell. The WTRU may perform RRM measurements based on a NR-SS (e.g., SSB) via the MR as part of the HO procedure to the second cell. If the measurements based on the NR-SS (SSB) confirms the need for HO to the second cell, which may indicate no contradictions between measurements based on the LP-SS and NR-SS, the WTRU may send a request and corresponding measurements to the gNB. If the measurements based on the NR-SS (e.g., SSB) via the MR shows a higher RRM measurement (e.g., RSRP higher than configured first threshold), which may indicate that there are contradictions between measurements based on LP-SS and NR-SS (false MR wake-up), the WTRU may determine to not perform HO. In this case, the WTRU may determine to use a third configured (e.g., s-measure) threshold for RRM measurements based on the LP-SS, where the third threshold may be lower than the first threshold. The WTRU may send a report (e.g., via the MR) to the gNB indicating the use of the third threshold for RRM measurements based on the LP-SS. The WTRU may receive an indication of confirmation or rejection on using the third threshold.

[0181 ] A WTRU may receive, determine, be configured, and/or indicated with a one or more LP-SS sequences. For example, the LP-SS sequences may be based on binary sequences generated in OOK symbols based on OOK modulations. In an example, the WTRU may receive information regarding the LP-SS sequences via, for example, SIB, RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI. The WTRU may be configured with a first LP-SS sequence corresponding to a first cell, where the first cell may be the serving cell. The WTRU may be configured with one or more candidate second LP-SS sequences corresponding to one or more second cells, where the second cells may be one or more non-serving neighbor cells. The WTRU may use the first configured LP-SS sequence for synchronization with the serving cell. The WTRU may also use the first configured LP-SS sequence for RRM measurements based on the serving cell.

[0182] The WTRU may be configured, indicated, and/or receive one or more configuration information regarding conditional handover (CHO). The CHO may be configured based on one or more execution condition(s) that may be based on one or more RRM measurements and corresponding configured, indicated, and/or determined thresholds. In an example, the WTRU may be in an RRC-Connected mode when executing CHO procedures.

[0183] In an example, the WTRU may receive one or more configuration information including the CHO execution condition(s) and threshold for RRM measurements, for example, via SIB, RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI. For example, the RRM measurements may include RSRP, RSSI, and/or SNR, for which the WTRU may be configured with corresponding threshold values.

[0184] In an embodiment, a WTRU may determine, be indicated, and/or configured with one or more CHO configurations based on RRM measurements via a LP-WUR on a LP-SS in a first (source) cell and one or more (candidate and/or target) second cells. The WTRU may determine, be indicated, and/or configured with one or more execution conditions in addition to a first and second sets of thresholds (e.g., s-measure) for RRM measurements based on LP-SS in the first and second cells.

[0185] In an example, the WTRU may determine that the RRM measurements based on the first LP-SS are lower than the first set of configured thresholds (e.g., s-measure threshold). In this case, the WTRU may measure one or more RRM measurements based on the candidate second LP-SS sequences. In an example, the WTRU may determine that the RRM measurements corresponding to a second LP-SS associated with a second cell are higher than the second configured thresholds. As such, the WTRU may determine to wake up the MR to perform handover (HO) or conditional handover (CHO) to the second cell. For example, the WTRU may perform RRM measurements based on NR-SS (e.g., SSB) via the MR as part of a HO procedure to the second cell.

[0186] In an example, the WTRU may determine that the RRM measurements based on NR-SS via the MR confirms the execution conditions for CHO to the second cell. That is, the WTRU may determine that there are no contradictions between measurements based on LP-SS and NR-SS. As such, the WTRU may send a request and corresponding measurements (e.g., to a gNB) for initiating the HO to the second cell.

[0187] In an example, a WTRU may determine that the RRM measurements based on NR-SS via MR contradicts the RRM measurements based on LP-SS via LP-WUR. That is, while RRM measurements based on LP-SS via LP-WUR may be showing lower RRM measurements (e.g., lower than the configured first threshold), the WTRU may determine that RRM measurements based on NR-SS via the MR may be showing larger RRM measurements (e.g., larger than the configured first threshold). For example, the WTRU may determine that an RSRP measurement based on LP-SS via LP-WUR is lower than a corresponding RSRP threshold, whereas an RSRP measurement based on NR-SS via the MR is larger than the corresponding RSRP threshold. As such, the WTRU may determine that the wake-up was a false wake-up and that CHO and/or HO is not required.

[0188] In an embodiment, in case the WTRU determines contradictions between RRM measurements based on LP- SS and NR-SS, the WTRU may determine to use a third set of configured thresholds for RRM measurements based on LP-SS via LP-WUR. In an example, the third threshold may be lower than the first threshold.

[0189] In an example, the WTRU may send a report (e.g., via the MR) to a gNB indicating the use of the third threshold for RRM measurements based on LP-SS. In an example, the WTRU may receive an indication on confirmation or rejection of using the third threshold for RRM measurements. [0190] A WTRU that has detected lower RRM measurements for a first cell, based on a LP-SS, may determine to perform cell reselection to a second cell with higher RRM measurements based on a measured second LP-SS. If the cell ranking based on a measured NR-SS (SSB) via a MR shows a lower cell ranking value for the second cell, the WTRU may determine to use a second set of thresholds, configurations, offset values, or scaling rules based on the difference between calculated cell ranking values for the first and second cells. This may avoid ping-ponging between cell reselections and frequent waking up the MR due to low RRM measurements in the serving cell.

[0191 ] FIG. 4 shows an enhanced cell reselection procedure based on an LP-SS. A WTRU may be configured with or receive information regarding a first LP-SS sequence corresponding to a first (e.g., serving) cell and one or more candidate LP-SS sequences corresponding to second (e.g., neighbor) cells 405. The WTRU may perform measurements (e.g., first RRM measurements) on the first cell using the first configured LP-SS sequence 410. The WTRU may receive and use the first configured LP-SS sequence for synchronization and RRM measurements. If one or more of the RRM measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence are lower than a threshold 415 (e.g., a respective threshold for each measurement type if more than one), the WTRU may measure or determine one or more RRM measurements (e.g., second RRM measurements) based on the candidate second LP-SS sequences 420. If the RRM measurements corresponding to a second LP-SS sequence associated with a second cell are higher than a threshold (e.g., a respective threshold for each measurement type if more than one) 425, the WTRU may determine to wake up the MR (e.g., to reselect and/or connect or reconnect to the second cell) 430. The threshold(s) used for the RRM measurement(s) corresponding to the second LP- SS sequence may be the same as or different from the threshold(s) used for the RRM measurement(s) corresponding to the first LP-SS sequence. The WTRU may wake up the MR to calculate or determine a cell ranking based on a NR-SS (e.g., SSB) as part of cell a reselection procedure for the first cell and the second cell (the second cell for which the RRM measurement(s) based on the second LP-SS sequence exceeded the threshold(s)). The WTRU may determine (e.g., calculate) a cell ranking for each of the first and second cells 435. If the calculated second cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) is higher than the first cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) (i.e. no contradictions between measurements based on the LP-SS and NR-SS) 440, the WTRU may perform cell reselection to the second cell 445. If the calculated second cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) is not higher than the first cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) (i.e. contradictions between measurements based on LP-SS and NR-SS) 440, the WTRU may determine a difference between the calculated cell ranking values for the first and second cells 450 and do one or more of the following: (I) If the calculated difference is lower than a threshold (e.g., a ranking threshold) 455, the WTRU may use a second set of cell ranking parameters including second offset values or scaling rules (e.g., in favor of the second cell) and the WTRU may perform cell reselection to the second cell if a second cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) based on second set of parameters is better than the first cell ranking (e.g., ranking value) 460; or (II) if the calculated difference is greater than the threshold (e.g., the ranking threshold) 455, the WTRU may not reselect to the second cell (e.g., the WTRU may stay in the first cell). The WTRU may modify one or more of the RRM and/or ranking thresholds (e.g., to favor the first cell) or may start a timer, time period, or counter that may be used by the WTRU to determine when to check RRM measurements and/or cell rankings again 465. If the WTRU reselects to the second cell, the WTRU may send a RACH transmission or other transmission to the second cell for initiating or resuming a connection, for example when the WTRU at least, for example has uplink data for transmission, receives an LP-WUS, or receives a paging message.

[0192] In an embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with offloading and performing RRM measurements based on LP-SS measurements. The WTRU may calculate or determine a difference between measured RRM parameters via the MR and LP-WUR and calculate or determine relative thresholds for LP-SS RRM measurements based on the calculated difference value.

[0193] A WTRU may be configured with one or more first thresholds for RRM measurements (e.g., SNR, RSRP) based on LP-SS. The WTRU may switch from a sleep mode to a wake-up mode if the measured RRM parameters based on LP- SS are lower than the configured thresholds. The WTRU may calculate or determine the difference in measurements based on LP-SS and NR-SS. The WTRU may measure one or more RRM measurements (e.g., SNR, RSRP) based on NR-SS, SSB, and/or one or more configured RSs (in the serving cell) via the MR. The WTRU may measure one or more RRM measurements (e.g., SNR, RSRP) based on LP-SS (in the serving cell) via the LP-WUR. The WTRU may calculate or determine the difference between the RRM measurements based on the NR-SS and LP-SS. The WTRU may determine relative thresholds. The WTRU may use the calculated difference as a relative gap to determine a second set of relative thresholds for RRM measurements based on LP-SS, according to the configured first set of thresholds. In case the RRM measurements based on LP-SS are lower than the determined second set of relative thresholds, the WTRU may determine to wake up the MR and report the RRM measurements to the network. The WTRU may report the RRM measurements based on LP-SS to the gNB and indicate that the WTRU may not be able to operate based on the LP-WUS or the WTRU may not be able to receive the LP-WUS.

[0194] A WTRU may perform an enhanced handover (HO) procedure based on a LP-SS. A WTRU that is configured with CHO based on RRM measurements via LP-WUR on LP-SS, may determine that RRM measurements on a first (source) cell are lower than a first set of thresholds. The WTRU may determine to perform CHO if the RRM measurements on a second (target and/or candidate) cell are higher than a second set of thresholds. The WTRU may wake up the MR to perform RRM measurements based on the NR-SS from the first and second cells, where the WTRU may determine that there has been a false wake-up and that HO is not required based on RRM measurements via the MR. To avoid frequent false wake-ups, the WTRU may determine to use a third set of thresholds, configurations, offset values, or scaling rules for RRM measurements in the first (source) cell.

[0195] A WTRU may be configured with a first LP-SS sequence corresponding to a first (serving) cell and one or more candidate LP-SS sequences corresponding to second (neighbor) cells. The WTRU may be configured with CHO based on RRM measurements via a LP-WUR on LP-SS in the first (source) cell and one or more (candidate and/or target) second cells. The WTRU may be configured with a first and second sets of thresholds (e.g., s-measure) for RRM measurements based on LP-SS in the first and second cells. The WTRU may receive and use the first configured LP-SS sequence for synchronization and RRM measurements. If measured RRM parameters based on the first LP-SS sequence are lower than the first configured threshold (e.g., s-measure threshold), the WTRU may measure one or more RRM measurements based on the candidate second LP-SS sequences. In case the RRM measurements corresponding to a second LP-SS sequence associated with a second cell are higher than a second configured threshold, the WTRU may determine to wake up the MR to perform HO or CHO to the second cell. The WTRU may perform RRM measurements based on a NR-SS (e.g., SSB) via the MR as part of the HO procedure to the second cell. If the measurements based on the NR-SS (SSB) confirms the need for HO to the second cell, which may indicate no contradictions between measurements based on the LP-SS and NR-SS, the WTRU may send a request and corresponding measurements to the gNB. If the measurements based on the NR-SS (SSB) via the MR shows a higher RRM measurement (e.g., RSRP higher than a configured first threshold), which may indicate that there are contradictions between measurements based on LP-SS and NR-SS (false MR Wake-up), the WTRU may determine to not perform HO. In this case, the WTRU may determine to use a third configured (e.g.,. s-measure) threshold for RRM measurements based on the LP-SS, where the third threshold may be lower than the first threshold. The WTRU may send a report (e.g., via the MR) to the gNB indicating the use of the third threshold for RRM measurements based on the LP-SS. The WTRU may receive an indication of confirmation or rejection on using the third threshold.

[0196] A method for enhanced cell reselection based on a low power synchronization signal (LP-SS) may be used by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU). The method may comprise receiving configuration information indicating a first LP-SS sequence associated with a first cell and at least one second LP-SS sequence associated with at least one second cell. The method may comprise performing first measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence. The method may comprise determining that at least one first measurement is less than a first threshold. The method may comprise performing second measurements based on the at least one second LP-SS sequence. The method may comprise determining that at least one second measurement is greater than a second threshold. The method may comprise waking up a main receiver. The method may comprise determining a first cell ranking for the first cell and a second cell ranking for at least one second cell based on a new radio synchronization signal (NR-SS). The method may comprise determining whether the second cell ranking is lower than the first cell ranking. The method may comprise taking action based on whether the second cell ranking is lower than the first cell ranking. The first cell may be a serving cell. The at least one second cell may be a neighbor cell. The first measurements may be radio resource management (RRM) measurements. The first threshold and the second threshold may be the same. The first threshold and the second threshold may be different. The method may comprise performing cell reselection to the at least one second cell on a condition that the second cell ranking is greater than the first cell ranking. A determination that the second cell ranking is greater than the first cell ranking may indicate no contradiction between measurements based on the LP-SS and the NR-SS. On a condition that the second cell ranking is lower than the first cell ranking, the method may comprise determining a difference between the first cell ranking and the second cell ranking. On a condition that the difference between the first cell ranking and the second cell ranking is less than a ranking threshold, the method may comprise using a second set of cell ranking parameters and performing cell reselection to the at least one second cell on a condition that a second cell ranking, based on the second set of cell ranking parameters, is better than the first cell ranking. On a condition that the difference between the first cell ranking and the second cell ranking is greater than a ranking threshold, the method may comprise modifying a ranking threshold to favor the first cell and using the modified ranking threshold to determine when to check RRM measurements or cell rankings. On a condition that the WTRU reselected to the at least one second cell, the method may comprise sending a random access channel (RACH) transmission to the reselected second cell. The WTRU may send a RACH transmission on a condition that: the WTRU has uplink data for transmission, the WTRU received a low power wake up signal (LP-WUS), or the WTRU received a paging message.

[0197] A method for enhanced cell reselection based on a low power synchronization signal (LP-SS) may be used by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU). The method may comprise receiving configuration information indicating a first LP-SS sequence associated with a first cell and at least one second LP-SS sequence associated with at least one second cell. The method may comprise performing first measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence. The method may comprise determining that at least one first measurement is less than a first threshold. The method may comprise performing second measurements based on the at least one second LP-SS sequence. The method may comprise determining that at least one second measurement is greater than a second threshold. The method may comprise waking up a main receiver. The method may comprise determining a first cell ranking for the first cell and a second cell ranking for at least one second cell based on a new radio synchronization signal (NR-SS). The method may comprise determining that the second cell ranking is lower than the first cell ranking. The method may comprise determining a difference between the first cell ranking and the second cell ranking. On a condition that the difference between the first cell ranking and the second cell ranking is less than a ranking threshold, the method may comprise using a second set of cell ranking parameters and performing cell reselection to the at least one second cell on a condition that a second cell ranking, based on the second set of cell ranking parameters, is better than the first cell ranking. On a condition that the difference between the first cell ranking and the second cell ranking is greater than a ranking threshold, the method may comprise modifying a ranking threshold to favor the first cell and using the modified ranking threshold to determine when to check RRM measurements or cell rankings. The determining that the second cell ranking is lower than the first cell ranking may indicate a contradiction between measurements based on the LP-SS and measurements based on the NR-SS.

[0198] Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

CLAIMS What is Claimed:

1 . A method for use by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving configuration information, wherein the configuration information comprises at least information indicating a first low power synchronization signal (LP-SS) sequence associated with a first cell and a second LP-SS sequence associated with a second cell; performing first radio resource management (RRM) measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence; performing second RRM measurements based on the second LP-SS sequence; waking up a main radio (MR) based on a determination that the first RRM measurements are less than a first threshold value and the second RRM measurements are greater than a second threshold value; performing, by the MR, third RRM measurements on at least one synchronization signal block (SSB); determining a first cell ranking value of the first cell, wherein the first cell ranking value is based on the third RRM measurements and a first set of cell ranking parameters; determining a second cell ranking value of the second cell, wherein the second cell ranking value is based on the third RRM measurements and the first set of cell ranking parameters; determining that the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than the first cell ranking value of the first cell; determining that a difference between the first cell ranking value of the first cell and the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than a cell ranking threshold value; determining a third cell ranking value of the first cell, based on a second set of cell ranking parameters; determining a fourth cell ranking value of the second cell, based on the second set of cell ranking parameters; selecting the second cell based on the fourth cell ranking value of the second cell being higher than the third cell ranking value of the first cell; and performing a random access channel (RACH) procedure to communicate with the second cell.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the performing the first RRM measurements and the second RRM measurements are performed using a low-power wake up receiver (LP-WUR).

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the determining that the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than the first cell ranking value of the first cell indicates a contradiction between measurements performed by the LP- WUR and measurements performed by the MR.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the configuration information further comprises the first set of cell ranking parameters and the second set of cell ranking parameters.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second set of cell ranking parameters comprises offset values or scaling rules.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first cell is a serving cell.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second cell is a neighbor cell.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the configuration information is received via a system information block (SIB) of a detected SSB of a previous serving cell.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first threshold value and the second threshold value are a same value.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the WTRU is in an idle or inactive state when receiving the configuration information.

11. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a low-power wake up receiver (LP-WUR); a main radio receiver (MR); a transmitter; and a processor, wherein, the LP-WUR is configured to receive configuration information, wherein the configuration information comprises at least information indicating a first low power synchronization signal (LP-SS) sequence associated with a first cell and a second LP-SS sequence associated with a second cell; the LP-WUR and the processor are configured to perform first radio resource management (RRM) measurements based on the first LP-SS sequence; the LP-WUR and the processor are further configured to perform second RRM measurements based on the second LP-SS sequence; the processor is configured to wake up the MR based on a determination that the first RRM measurements are less than a first threshold value and the second RRM measurements are greater than a second threshold value; the MR and the processor are configured to perform third RRM measurements on at least one synchronization signal block (SSB); the processor is further configured to determine a first cell ranking value of the first cell, wherein the first cell ranking value is based on the third RRM measurements and a first set of cell ranking parameters; the processor is further configured to determine a second cell ranking value of the second cell, wherein the second cell ranking value is based on the third RRM measurements and the first set of cell ranking parameters; the processor is further configured to determine that the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than the first cell ranking value of the first cell; the processor is further configured to determine that a difference between the first cell ranking value of the first cell and the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than a cell ranking threshold value; the processor is further configured to determine a third cell ranking value of the first cell, based on a second set of cell ranking parameters; the processor is further configured to determine a fourth cell ranking value of the second cell, based on the second set of cell ranking parameters; the processor is further configured to select the second cell based on the fourth cell ranking value of the second cell being higher than the third cell ranking value of the first cell; and the transmitter is configured to perform a random access channel (RACH) procedure to communicate with the second cell.

12. The WTRU of claim 11 , wherein the first threshold value is associated with the first LP-SS and the second threshold value is associated with the second LP-SS.

13. The WTRU of claim 11 , wherein the determination that the second cell ranking value of the second cell is less than the first cell ranking value of the first cell indicates a contradiction between measurements performed by the LP-WUR and measurements performed by the MR.

14. The WTRU of claim 11 , wherein the configuration information further comprises the first set of cell ranking parameters and the second set of cell ranking parameters.

15. The WTRU of claim 11 , wherein the second set of cell ranking parameters comprises offset values or scaling rules.

16. The WTRU of claim 11 , wherein the first cell is a serving cell.

17. The WTRU of claim 11 , wherein the second cell is a neighbor cell.

18. The WTRU of claim 1 1 , wherein the configuration information is received via a system information block

(SIB) of a detected SSB of a previous serving cell.

19. The WTRU of claim 11 , wherein the first threshold value and the second threshold value are a same value.

20. The WTRU of claim 11 , wherein the WTRU is in an idle or inactive state when receiving the configuration information.