[go: up one dir, main page]

WO2025222054A1 - Systèmes et procédés de réduction de dérive dans le captage de dioxyde de carbone - Google Patents

Systèmes et procédés de réduction de dérive dans le captage de dioxyde de carbone

Info

Publication number
WO2025222054A1
WO2025222054A1 PCT/US2025/025246 US2025025246W WO2025222054A1 WO 2025222054 A1 WO2025222054 A1 WO 2025222054A1 US 2025025246 W US2025025246 W US 2025025246W WO 2025222054 A1 WO2025222054 A1 WO 2025222054A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gas
capture solution
liquid
aerosols
solution
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/US2025/025246
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Timothy FRAME
Robert L. ZELLER III
Tyler SELVIG
John Michael Repasky
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Carbon Engineering Ulc
Original Assignee
Carbon Engineering Ulc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Carbon Engineering Ulc filed Critical Carbon Engineering Ulc
Publication of WO2025222054A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025222054A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/1418—Recovery of products
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/1425—Regeneration of liquid absorbents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/1456—Removing acid components
    • B01D53/1475—Removing carbon dioxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/18—Absorbing units; Liquid distributors therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/62—Carbon oxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/77—Liquid phase processes
    • B01D53/78—Liquid phase processes with gas-liquid contact
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/77—Liquid phase processes
    • B01D53/79—Injecting reactants
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/96—Regeneration, reactivation or recycling of reactants
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/30—Alkali metal compounds
    • B01D2251/304—Alkali metal compounds of sodium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/30—Alkali metal compounds
    • B01D2251/306—Alkali metal compounds of potassium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/60—Inorganic bases or salts
    • B01D2251/604—Hydroxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/20—Organic absorbents
    • B01D2252/204—Amines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/20—Organic absorbents
    • B01D2252/204—Amines
    • B01D2252/20494—Amino acids, their salts or derivatives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/20—Organic absorbents
    • B01D2252/205—Other organic compounds not covered by B01D2252/00 - B01D2252/20494
    • B01D2252/2056—Sulfur compounds, e.g. Sulfolane, thiols
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/30—Ionic liquids and zwitter-ions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/40—Absorbents explicitly excluding the presence of water
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/60—Additives
    • B01D2252/602—Activators, promoting agents, catalytic agents or enzymes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
    • B01D2257/504—Carbon dioxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/06—Polluted air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/1493—Selection of liquid materials for use as absorbents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
    • B03C3/41—Ionising-electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2

Definitions

  • This disclosure describes systems, apparatus, and methods for capturing carbon dioxide and, more particularly, reducing or eliminating drift fluid from a carbon capture system.
  • Capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is one approach to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and slowing climate change.
  • CO2 carbon dioxide
  • many technologies designed for CO2 capture from point sources of emissions, such as from flue gas of industrial facilities are generally ineffective in capturing CO2 from the atmosphere due to the significantly lower CO2 concentrations and large volumes of atmospheric air required to process.
  • Some of these direct air capture (DAC) systems use a solid sorbent where an active agent is attached to a substrate.
  • solid sorbent DAC systems employ a cyclic adsorption-desorption process where, after the solid sorbent is saturated with CO2, it releases the CO2 using a humidity or thermal swing and is regenerated.
  • Other solid sorbent DAC systems may employ flowable particles or moving blocks that may require notable operational costs in piping, fluidization energy, footprint, and number of reactors amongst other factors.
  • DAC systems use a liquid sorbent (sometimes referred to as a solvent) to capture CO2 from the atmosphere.
  • a liquid sorbent sometimes referred to as a solvent
  • An example of such a DAC system would be one where a fan is used to draw air across a high surface area packing that is wetted with a solution comprising the liquid sorbent. CO2 in the air reacts with the liquid sorbent to generate a CO2 rich solution. The rich solution is processed to regenerate a lean solution and to release a concentrated carbon stream, for example, CO, CO2 or other carbon products.
  • a gas-liquid contactor for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air includes at least one inlet; at least one outlet spaced apart from the at least one inlet; a gas-sorbent interface disposed between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet; a liquid distribution system configured to flow a CO2 capture solution along the gas-sorbent interface; at least one fan configured to flow the atmospheric air along a flow path from: the at least one inlet, along the gas-sorbent interface, and to the at least one outlet, to contact the atmospheric air with the CO2 capture solution and absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 capture solution to form a CCh-lean gas stream flowable through the at least one outlet; and an electrostatic drift eliminator within the flow path downstream of the gas-sorbent interface and upstream of the at least one outlet.
  • CO2 carbon dioxide
  • the CCh-lean gas stream includes a plurality of aerosols of the CO2 capture solution.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator is configured to ionize at least some of the plurality of aerosols of the CO2 capture solution to form a plurality of ionized aerosols; and collect the plurality of ionized aerosols.
  • the liquid distribution system is configured to flow the CO2 capture solution including an ionic solution having ions present in solution; and the electrostatic drift eliminator is configured to ionize at least one of cations and anions of the ions of the ionic solution.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator includes a plurality of ionizing members and a plurality of collection members.
  • the plurality of ionizing members adjacent to the plurality of collection members configured to ionize the at least some of the plurality of aerosols.
  • the plurality of collection members configured to collect the plurality of ionized aerosols.
  • the gas-sorbent interface includes at least one packing section disposed between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet.
  • the at least one packing section includes a first packing section and a second packing section spaced apart from the first packing section by a plenum.
  • the at least one fan is configured to flow the atmospheric air along the flow path: from the at least one inlet, through the first packing section and the second packing section along a predominantly horizontal flow direction, into the plenum, and to the at least one outlet.
  • the liquid distribution system is fluidly coupled to the at least one packing section and configured to flow the CO2 capture solution along a liquid travel dimension being predominantly vertically downward through the first packing section and through the second packing section.
  • the plurality of ionizing members and the plurality of collection members are positioned downstream of the plenum relative to the flow path.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes a fan cowling defining the at least one outlet, the fan cowling being downstream of the plenum, the fan cowling enclosing the at least one fan and the electrostatic drift eliminator.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator is upstream of the at least one fan within the fan cowling.
  • the fan cowling defines a fan cowling inlet opposite the at least one outlet, the electrostatic drift eliminator mounted downstream of the fan cowling inlet and upstream of the at least one fan.
  • the liquid collection system includes at least one liquid collection device
  • the at least one liquid collection device includes at least one top basin positioned above the at least one packing section and configured to flow the CO2 capture solution to the at least one packing section.
  • At least one of the first packing section and the second packing section includes an upper arrangement of packing and a lower arrangement of packing.
  • the upper arrangement of packing and the lower arrangement of packing are separated by a vertically-extending gap.
  • the at least one liquid collection device includes at least one redistribution basin positioned in the vertically-extending gap.
  • the at least one redistribution basin is configured to receive the CO2 capture solution from the upper arrangement of packing, and flow the CO2 capture solution to the lower arrangement of packing.
  • the plurality of ionizing members are upstream of the plurality of collection members.
  • the plurality of ionizing members and the plurality of collection members include at least one of wire, rods, plates, or meshes.
  • the plurality of ionizing members includes at least one of wires and rods.
  • the plurality of ionizing members include a plurality of ionizing planar members
  • the plurality of collection members include a plurality of collection planar members
  • each collection planar member of the plurality of collection planar members is spaced apart from at least one ionizing planar member of the plurality of ionizing planar members in a direction perpendicular to the flow path.
  • the plurality of ionizing planar members and the plurality of collection planar members define an orientation parallel to the flow path.
  • the plurality of ionizing members are in the same position along the flow path as the plurality of collection members.
  • the plurality of ionizing members include a plurality of ionizing planar members
  • the plurality of collection members include a plurality of collection planar members
  • each collection planar member of the plurality of collection planar members is spaced apart from at least one ionizing planar member of the plurality of ionizing planar members in a direction perpendicular to the flow path.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator includes a stretchable mesh.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator includes an ionizing mesh and a collection mesh, the ionizing mesh positioned adjacent the collection mesh.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes a control system communicably coupled to the electrostatic drift eliminator and configured to perform operations including controlling a source of electrical power to apply an electrical charge to the electrostatic drift eliminator for a particular time duration.
  • the operations include controlling the source of electrical power to stop the electrical charge to the electrostatic drift eliminator subsequent to the particular time duration.
  • the operations include controlling the source of electrical power to automatically stop the electrical charge to the electrostatic drift eliminator subsequent to the particular time duration.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator is downstream of the at least one fan within the fan cowling.
  • the CO2 capture solution includes hydroxide.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes a liquid collector positioned to receive the plurality of ionized aerosols.
  • the liquid collector includes at least one tube fluidly coupled to the liquid distribution system.
  • a method for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air includes flowing the atmospheric air along a gas-sorbent interface; flowing a CO2 capture solution along the gas-sorbent interface to absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 capture solution and to form a CCh-lean gas stream that includes a plurality of aerosols of the CO2 capture solution; flowing the CCh-lean gas stream and the plurality of aerosols through a drift elimination zone; ionizing at least part of the drift elimination zone to ionize at least some of the plurality of aerosols and form a plurality of ionized aerosols; collecting at least some of the ionized aerosols of the CO2 capture solution; and flowing the CCh-lean gas stream free of the collected aerosols of the CO2 capture solution.
  • flowing the CO2 capture solution includes flowing an ionic solution having ions present in solution; and ionizing the at least part of the drift elimination zone includes selectively ionizing at least one of cations and anions of the ions of the ionic solution.
  • selectively ionizing the at least one of cations and anions includes ionizing the ions of the ionic solution according to their molar mass.
  • collecting the at least some of the ionized aerosols includes impacting the at least some of the ionized aerosols against a surface in the drift elimination zone to collect the at least some of the ionized aerosols.
  • collecting the at least some of the ionized aerosols includes attracting the at least some of the ionized aerosols of the CO2 capture solution to a surface in the drift elimination zone.
  • collecting the at least some of the ionized aerosols includes deionizing the at least some of the ionized aerosols of the CO2 capture solution.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes condensing or coalescing the at least some of the ionized aerosols of the CO2 capture solution, subsequent to deionizing.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes transporting the collected aerosols to a liquid reservoir of the CO2 capture solution.
  • flowing the CO2 capture solution along the gas-sorbent interface includes flowing the CO2 capture solution along the gas-sorbent interface to form the CCh-lean gas stream that includes the plurality of aerosols of the CO2 capture solution having an effective diameter less than 10 pm.
  • flowing the CO2 capture solution along the gas-sorbent interface includes flowing the CO2 capture solution along the gas-sorbent interface to form the CCh-lean gas stream that includes the plurality of aerosols of the CO2 capture solution having an effective diameter less than 2.5 pm.
  • flowing the CO2 capture solution includes flowing a hydroxide in solution.
  • a direct air capture (DAC) system for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air includes at least one contactor wall including a plurality of gas-liquid contactors positioned side by side.
  • the at least one contactor wall extends along a wall axis.
  • Each gas-liquid contactor of the plurality of gas-liquid contactors includes at least one inlet; at least one outlet spaced apart from the at least one inlet; a gas-sorbent interface disposed between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet; a liquid distribution system configured to flow a CO2 capture solution along the gas-sorbent interface; at least one fan configured to flow the atmospheric air along a flow path from: the at least one inlet, along the gas-sorbent interface, and to the at least one outlet, to contact the atmospheric air with the CO2 capture solution and absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 capture solution to form a CCh-lean gas stream flowable through the at least one outlet; and an electrostatic drift eliminator within the flow path downstream of the gas-sorbent interface and upstream of the at least one outlet.
  • the CCh-lean gas stream includes a plurality of aerosols of the CO2 capture solution.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator is configured to ionize at least some of the plurality of aerosols of the CO2 capture solution to form a plurality of ionized aerosols; and collect the plurality of ionized aerosols.
  • the DAC system includes one or more liquid collection devices including a first liquid collection device positioned at least partially below the gas-sorbent interface. The one or more liquid collection devices is configured to hold the CO2 capture solution.
  • the DAC system includes a regeneration system in fluid communication with the one or more liquid collection devices to receive the CO2 capture solution. The regeneration system is configured to regenerate the CO2 capture solution and form a CCh-lean liquid to return to the plurality of gas-liquid contactors.
  • the at least one contactor wall includes a plurality of dividing walls, and each dividing wall of the plurality of dividing walls is upright.
  • the plurality of dividing walls separate each gas-liquid contactor from an adjacent gas-liquid contactor of the plurality of gas-liquid contactors.
  • the regeneration system includes an electrochemical system configured to regenerate the CO2 capture solution and produce a CO2 product stream.
  • the electrochemical system includes a carbonate separation subsystem configured to receive the CO2 capture solution and separate at least a portion of carbonate products from the CO2 capture solution; and an electrochemical cell fluidly coupled to the carbonate separation subsystem.
  • the electrochemical cell is configured to receive a feed solution and a water stream; and yield at least two product streams including a first product stream that includes a regenerated CO2 capture solution.
  • the electrochemical cell is configured to yield the regenerated CO2 capture solution including hydroxide for the plurality of gas-liquid contactors.
  • the CO2 capture solution includes at least one of: KOH, NaOH, or a combination thereof.
  • the regeneration system includes at least one reactor configured to react, via a causticization reaction, slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) and the CO2 capture solution to produce hydroxide and calcium carbonate (CaCCh) solids.
  • the regeneration system includes a calciner configured to calcine the calcium carbonate solids and produce an exhaust gas stream including a CO2 product stream.
  • the liquid distribution system is configured to flow the CO2 capture solution including an ionic solution having ions present in solution; and the electrostatic drift eliminator is configured to ionize at least one of cations and anions of the ions of the ionic solution.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator includes a plurality of ionizing members and a plurality of collection members.
  • the plurality of ionizing members adjacent to the plurality of collection members configured to ionize the at least some of the plurality of aerosols.
  • the plurality of collection members configured to collect the plurality of ionized aerosols.
  • the gas-sorbent interface includes at least one packing section disposed between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet.
  • the at least one packing section includes a first packing section and a second packing section spaced apart from the first packing section by a plenum.
  • the at least one fan is configured to flow the atmospheric air along the flow path: from the at least one inlet, through the first packing section and the second packing section along a predominantly horizontal flow direction, into the plenum, and to the at least one outlet.
  • the liquid distribution system is fluidly coupled to the at least one packing section and configured to flow the CO2 capture solution along a liquid travel dimension being predominantly vertically downward through the first packing section and through the second packing section.
  • the plurality of ionizing members and the plurality of collection members are positioned downstream of the plenum relative to the flow path.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes a fan cowling defining the at least one outlet, the fan cowling being downstream of the plenum, the fan cowling enclosing the at least one fan and the electrostatic drift eliminator.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator is upstream of the at least one fan within the fan cowling.
  • the fan cowling defines a fan cowling inlet opposite the at least one outlet, the electrostatic drift eliminator mounted downstream of the fan cowling inlet and upstream of the at least one fan.
  • the liquid collection system includes at least one liquid collection device
  • the at least one liquid collection device includes at least one top basin positioned above the at least one packing section and configured to flow the CO2 capture solution to the at least one packing section.
  • At least one of the first packing section and the second packing section includes an upper arrangement of packing and a lower arrangement of packing.
  • the upper arrangement of packing and the lower arrangement of packing are separated by a vertically-extending gap.
  • the at least one liquid collection device includes at least one redistribution basin positioned in the vertically-extending gap.
  • the at least one redistribution basin is configured to receive the CO2 capture solution from the upper arrangement of packing, and flow the CO2 capture solution to the lower arrangement of packing.
  • the plurality of ionizing members are upstream of the plurality of collection members.
  • the plurality of ionizing members and the plurality of collection members include at least one of wire, rods, plates, or meshes.
  • the plurality of ionizing members includes at least one of wires and rods.
  • the plurality of ionizing members include a plurality of ionizing planar members
  • the plurality of collection members include a plurality of collection planar members
  • each collection planar member of the plurality of collection planar members is spaced apart from at least one ionizing planar member of the plurality of ionizing planar members in a direction perpendicular to the flow path.
  • the plurality of ionizing planar members and the plurality of collection planar members define an orientation parallel to the flow path.
  • the plurality of ionizing members are in the same position along the flow path as the plurality of collection members.
  • the plurality of ionizing members include a plurality of ionizing planar members
  • the plurality of collection members include a plurality of collection planar members
  • each collection planar member of the plurality of collection planar members is spaced apart from at least one ionizing planar member of the plurality of ionizing planar members in a direction perpendicular to the flow path.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator includes a stretchable mesh.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator includes an ionizing mesh and a collection mesh, the ionizing mesh positioned adjacent the collection mesh.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes a control system communicably coupled to the electrostatic drift eliminator and configured to perform operations including controlling a source of electrical power to apply an electrical charge to the electrostatic drift eliminator for a particular time duration.
  • the operations include controlling the source of electrical power to stop the electrical charge to the electrostatic drift eliminator subsequent to the particular time duration.
  • the operations include controlling the source of electrical power to automatically stop the electrical charge to the electrostatic drift eliminator subsequent to the particular time duration.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator is downstream of the at least one fan within the fan cowling.
  • the CO2 capture solution includes hydroxide.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes a liquid collector positioned to receive the plurality of ionized aerosols.
  • the liquid collector includes at least one tube fluidly coupled to the liquid distribution system.
  • a gas-liquid contactor for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air includes at least one inlet; at least one outlet spaced apart from the at least one inlet; a gas-sorbent interface disposed between the at least one inlet and the at least one outlet; a liquid distribution system configured to flow a CO2 capture solution, including an ionic solution having ions present in solution, along the gas-sorbent interface; at least one fan configured to flow the atmospheric air along a flow path from: the at least one inlet, along the gas-sorbent interface, and to the at least one outlet, to contact the atmospheric air with the CO2 capture solution and absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 capture solution to form a CCh-lean gas stream flowable through the at least one outlet; and an electrostatic drift eliminator within the flow path downstream of the gas-sorbent interface and upstream of the at least one outlet.
  • CO2 capture solution including an ionic solution having ions present in solution
  • the CCh-lean gas stream including a plurality of aerosols of the CO2 capture solution.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator is configured to ionize at least one of cations and anions of the ions of the ionic solution to form a plurality of ionized aerosols of the CO2 capture solution; and collect the plurality of ionized aerosols.
  • Implementations of systems and methods for capturing carbon dioxide according to the present disclosure may include one, some, or all of the following features.
  • gas-liquid contactors that include the electrostatic drift eliminators described herein can reduce the amount of aerosolized particles of the CO2 capture solution that are emitted from the gas-liquid contactor, which improves the air quality of air discharged by the gas-liquid contactor.
  • the systems and methods described herein can increase the efficiency of gas-liquid contactors and reduce the cost of operating gas-liquid contactor by capturing and reusing at least a portion of CO2 capture solution removed from the CCE-lean gas generated by the gas-liquid contactor.
  • FIG. 1 shows an example gas-liquid contactor that includes an electrostatic drift eliminator according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2A shows another example gas-liquid contactor that includes an electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2B shows another example gas-liquid contactor that includes an electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2C shows another example gas-liquid contactor that includes an electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2D shows another example gas-liquid contactor that includes an electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3 A shows an example configuration of the electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3B shows another example configuration of the electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3C shows another example configuration of the electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3D shows another example configuration of the electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4A shows another example configuration of the electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4B shows another example configuration of the electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 5A shows another example configuration of the electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 5B shows another example configuration of the electrostatic drift eliminator of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the size and concentration for different liquid aerosols.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a direct air capture system having a gasliquid contactor of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a direct air capture system having a gasliquid contactor of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a direct air capture system having a gasliquid contactor of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 10 a schematic illustration of a direct air capture system having a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 11 A is a side elevational view of an example contactor wall of a direct air capture system of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 1 IB is a top-down view of a direct air capture system of the present disclosure including multiple contactor walls.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic flow diagram of a method for eliminating drift during the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a control system (or controller) for a gasliquid contactor that includes a drift elimination system according to the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure describes systems and methods for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) with a gas-liquid contactor 100, from the atmosphere (e.g., ambient or atmospheric air) or from another fluid source that contains dilute concentrations of CO2.
  • Concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere are dilute, in that they are presently in the range of 400-420 parts per million (“ppm”) or approximately 0.04-0.042% v/v, and less than 1% v/v.
  • ppm parts per million
  • These atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are at least one order of magnitude lower than the concentration of CO2 in point-source emissions, such as flue gases, where point-source emissions can have concentrations of CO2 ranging from 1.5-15% v/v, or from 5-15% v/v depending on the source of emissions.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 is operated to capture the dilute CO2 present in ambient air by ingesting the ambient air as a flow of CCh-laden air 101, and by treating the CCh-laden air 101 so as to transfer CO2 present therein to a CO2 capture solution 114 (e.g., a CO2 sorbent) via absorption. Some or all of the C0 2 in the CCh-laden air 101 is removed, and the treated CCh-laden air 101 is then discharged by the gas-liquid contactor 100 as a flow of CCh-lean gas 105 (or, CO 2 -low air).
  • a CO2 capture solution 114 e.g., a CO2 sorbent
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 may sometimes be referred to herein as an “air contactor” because it facilitates absorption of CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 functions primarily to achieve mass transfer of CO2 from the atmospheric air to the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 may be used as part of a direct air capture (DAC) system 1200, 1300, 1400 described in greater detail below in reference to FIGS. 7 to 10.
  • DAC direct air capture
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 is a caustic solution. In some implementations, the CO2 capture solution 114 has a pH of 10 or higher. In some implementations, the CO2 capture solution 114 has a pH of approximately 14.
  • Non-limiting examples of the CO2 capture solution 114 include aqueous alkaline solutions (e.g., KOH, NaOH, or a combination thereof), aqueous amines, aqueous amino acid salt solutions, non-aqueous solutions of amines, non-aqueous organic liquids/solutions (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide or DMSO), aqueous carbonate and/or bicarbonate solutions, phenoxides/phenoxide salts, ionic liquids, non-aqueous solvents, diamines with an aminocyclohexyl group (e.g., IPDA), or a combination thereof.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 can include an aminoguanidine CO2 capture species such as 2,5- furan-bis(iminoguanidine) (FuBIG).
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 may include promoters and/or additives that increase the rate of CO2 uptake.
  • promoters include carbonic anhydrase, amines (primary, secondary, tertiary), and boric acid.
  • additives include chlorides, sulfates, acetates, phosphates, surfactants, oxides and metal oxides.
  • a surfactant may be added to the CO2 capture solution 114 to lower the surface tension of the CO2 capture solution 114 to improve the ability of the CO2 capture solution 114 to wet the material of the packing.
  • rate-enhancing additives include carbonic anhydrase, piperazine, monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), zinc triazacycles, zinc tetraazacycles, copper glycinates, hydroxopentaaminecobalt perchlorate, formaldehyde hydrate, saccharose, fructose, glucose, phenols, phenolates, glycerin, arsenite, hypochlorite, hypobromite, or other oxyanionic species.
  • the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 is greater than the density of water at the same reference temperature. At comparable reference temperatures, in some implementations, the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 is at least 10% greater than the density of water. In some implementations, at comparable reference temperatures, the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 is approximately 10% greater than the density of water. The density and the viscosity of the CO2 capture solution 114 can vary depending on the composition of the CO2 capture solution 114 and the temperature.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 or a CCh-laden capture solution 111 may comprise 1 M KOH and 0.5 M K2CO3 and may have a density ranging from 1115 kg/m 3 - 1119 kg/m 3 and a viscosity ranging from 1.3 mPa-s - 2.3 mPa-s.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 or the CO2-laden capture solution 111 may comprise 2 M KOH and 1 M K2CO3, and may have a density ranging from 1260 kg/m 3 - 1266 kg/m 3 and a viscosity ranging from 1.8 mPa-s - 3.1 mPa-s.
  • water has a density of 998 kg/m 3 and viscosity of 1 mPa-s at 20°C.
  • CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 is captured by contacting the CO2-laden air 101 with the CO2 capture solution 114 in the gas-liquid contactor 100. Reacting the CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 with an alkaline CO2 capture solution 114 (for example) can form a CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 comprises, or is, an ionic solution with one or both of cations and anions present in an aqueous solution, as described in greater detail below.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 comprises an alkali hydroxide, and CO2 is absorbed by reacting with the alkali hydroxide to form a carbonate-rich capture solution (e.g., K2CO3, Na2CC>3, or a combination thereof).
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 includes two or more alkali hydroxides, including a first hydroxide MOH and a second hydroxide YOH, where “M” represents one of the alkali metals and “Y” represents a different alkali metal.
  • Such a CO2 capture solution 114 reacts with the CO2 of the CO2-laden air 101 to form two or more carbonate compounds in the CO2-laden capture solution 111, including a first carbonate M2CO3 and a second carbonate Y2CO3 (e.g., K2CO3, Na2CO3, Li2CO3, CS2CO3, and/or a combination thereof).
  • the carbonate-rich capture solution is an aqueous mixture comprising carbonate ions, alkaline metal carbonates (e.g., K2CO3, Na2CC>3, Li2CC>3, CS2CO3, and/or a combination thereof), hydroxide, or a combination thereof.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can include the carbonate-rich capture solution and is thus sometimes referred to herein as the “carbonate-rich capture solution 111”.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 includes a capture species comprising an amine. CO2 is absorbed by reacting the CO2 capture solution 114 with the amine to form the CCh-laden capture solution 111 with solids.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 includes an isophorone diamine (IPDA) capture species, and CO2 is reacted with the amine to form the CCh-laden capture solution 111 which includes solids such as carbamates. Depending on the solvent of the CO2 capture solution 114, the carbamate solids can be insoluble, such that the CCh-laden capture solution 111 forms a pumpable slurry.
  • IPDA isophorone diamine
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can be processed to recover the captured CO2 for downstream use and to regenerate the alkali hydroxide for use in the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • recovered CO2 can be delivered downhole and sequestered in a geological formation, subsurface reservoir, carbon sink, or the like.
  • the recovered CO2 may be used for enhanced oil recovery by injecting the recovered CO2 into one or more wellbores to enhance production of hydrocarbons from a reservoir.
  • recovered CO2 can be fed to a downstream fuel synthesis system, which can include a syngas generation reactor.
  • the CO2 product stream is flowed to a carbon products manufacturing system.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can also include other components in smaller amounts, such as hydroxide ions, alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., KOH, NaOH), water, and impurities.
  • the carbonate-rich capture solution 111 can comprise between 0.4 M to 6 M K2CO3 and between 1 M to 10 M KOH.
  • the carbonate-rich capture solution 111 can comprise an aqueous Na2CO3-NaOH mixture.
  • the carbonate-rich capture solution 111 can comprise a mixture of K2CO3 and Na2CO3.
  • the capture kinetics of capturing CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 to form carbonate may be improved by the introduction of an additive such as a promoter species in the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • a promoter species include carbonic anhydrase, amines (primary, secondary, tertiary), zwitterionic amino acids, and boric acid.
  • the resulting carbonate-rich capture solution 111 produced by the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes carbonates and bicarbonates and includes the promoter as well.
  • An example composition of such a carbonate-rich capture solution 111 may include K2CO3/KHCO3 and a promoter.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes a housing 102.
  • the housing 102 defines part of the corpus of the gas-liquid contactor 100 and provides structure thereto.
  • the housing 102 includes exterior structure or walls that partially enclose any combination of interconnected structural members 115.
  • the structural members 115 can be oriented differently in varying implementations to provide structural support and stability to the gas-liquid contactor 100 and provide a body for supporting components of the gas-liquid contactor 100 within the housing 102.
  • the structural members 115 can include, but are not limited to, walls, panels, beams, frames, etc.
  • the housing 102 may include other components as well, such as cladding, panels, etc. which help to close off parts of the housing 102 and define the enclosure of the housing 102.
  • the housing 102 may include supporting structures configured to contain any internal components or connect to other external components of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the components contained by or connected to the supporting structures may be, but is not limited to, a packing or a drift eliminator which will be described in further detail below.
  • the supporting structures may be removably attached to each other in a vertical direction or a horizontal direction.
  • the housing 102 at least partially encloses and defines an interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • the interior 113 of the housing 102 is an inner volume or inner space in which components of the gas-liquid contactor 100 are positioned.
  • the housing 102 also includes openings 103 that allow for movement of gases into and out of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the housing 102 has one or more inlet(s) 1031.
  • the one or more inlet(s) 1031 are formed by the openings 103, such that the inlet(s) 1031 may be referred to herein as one or more inlet opening(s) 1031 through which the CCh-laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • the housing 102 has one or more outlet(s) 1030. In the implementation of FIG.
  • the one or more outlet(s) 1030 are formed by the openings 103, such that the outlet(s) 1030 may be referred to herein as one or more outlet opening(s) 1030 through which the CO2-lean gas 105 exits the interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • the housing 102 defines two inlets 1031 and one outlet 1030.
  • the outlet 1030 may be defined by a component of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 has a fan stack 107 with an upright orientation.
  • the fan stack 107 extends upwardly from the housing 102 and helps to discharge the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the fan stack 107 includes a fan cowling 117 that encloses a fan 212 that functions to move or circulate gas flows into and out of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the outlet 1030 is positioned along the fan stack 107.
  • the CO2-laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102 along a substantially horizontal direction through one or both of the inlets 1031, and the CO2-lean gas 105 exits the interior 113 along a substantially vertical direction through the outlet 1030.
  • the outlet 1030 is located at the upper extremity of the fan stack 107. In implementations of the gas-liquid contactor 100 without a fan stack 107, the outlet 1030 may be located elsewhere. Other configurations for the inlets 1031 and outlets 1030 of the housing 102 are possible.
  • the housing 102 at least partially encloses and protects components of the gasliquid contactor 100 positioned in the interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • a gas-sorbent interface 129 which facilitates contact between the CO2 in the 002- laden air 101 and the sorbent used to capture the CO2.
  • An example of such a gas-sorbent interface 129 is a packing section 106, which is protected from the surrounding atmosphere by the housing 102.
  • one or more packing sections 106 which are sometimes referred to herein collectively as “fill 106” or “packing 106”, are located within the interior 113 in a position adjacent to the one or more inlets 1031. In this position, the one or more packing sections 106 receive the CCh-laden air 101 which enters the interior 113 via the one or more inlets 1031.
  • the one or more packing sections 106 function to increase transfer of CO2 present in the CCh-laden air 101 to a flow of the capture solution 114, in that the one or more packing sections 106 provide a large surface area for the capture solution 114 to disperse on, thereby increasing the reactive area between the C Ch-laden air 101 and the capture solution 114.
  • the capture solution 114 transforms the CCh-laden air 101 into the CCh-lean gas 105 which is discharged from the one or more outlet(s) 1030 of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the packing sections 106 receives the CO2 capture solution 114 and facilitates absorption of the CO2 present in the CO2-laden air 101 into the CO2 capture solution 114 on the packing sections 106, as described in greater detail below.
  • one possible arrangement of the packing sections 106 includes two or more packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • Each packing section 106A, 106B is positioned adjacent to and downstream of one of the inlets 1031.
  • the packing sections 106A, 106B are spaced apart from each other within the housing 102.
  • the direction along which the packing sections 106A, 106B are spaced apart is parallel to the direction along which the CO2- laden air 101 flows through the packing sections 106 A, 106B.
  • the space or volume defined between the packing sections 106A, 106B and/or one or more structural members of the housing 102 is a plenum 108.
  • the plenum 108 is flanked by the packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • the plenum 108 is a void or space within the housing 102 into which gases flow downstream of the packing sections 106 A, 106B (e.g., the CCh-lean gas 105), and from which the CCh-lean gas 105 flows out of the housing 102 through the outlet 1030.
  • the plenum 108 is part of the interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • the volume of the plenum 108 is less than a volume of the interior 113. In some implementations, the volume of the interior 113 of the housing 102 is approximately equal to the combined volume of the packing sections 106 A, 106B and the plenum 108.
  • the packing sections 106A, 106B are positioned along the same level, or are positioned along the same horizontal lower plane, as the plenum 108.
  • the plenum 108 may include an upper plenum portion 108U that is an uppermost portion of the plenum 108, and a lower plenum portion 108L that is a lowermost portion of the plenum 108.
  • a total height of the plenum 108 is defined as the height of the upper plenum portion 108U plus the height of the lower plenum portion 108L.
  • Part of the upper plenum portion 108U is defined by housing plenum walls 102W of the housing 102, and a remainder of the upper plenum portion 108U is defined by the portion of the fan stack 107 positioned beneath the fan 212.
  • the housing plenum walls 102W extend upwardly from a remainder of the housing 102.
  • the housing plenum walls 102W are the uppermost portion of the housing 102.
  • the height of the upper plenum portion 108U includes a lower height portion defined by the housing plenum walls 102W, and an upper height portion defined by the portion of the fan stack 107 positioned beneath the fan 212.
  • the lower height portion defined by the housing plenum walls 102W is two thirds of the height of the upper plenum portion 108U
  • the upper height portion defined by the portion of the fan stack 107 positioned beneath the fan 212 is one third of the height of the upper plenum portion 108U.
  • This configuration of the upper plenum portion 108U may reduce reingestion of part of the CCh-lean gas 105 at the inlet 1031. Referring to FIG. 1, part of the upper plenum portion 108U, and thus part of the plenum 108, extends into the fan stack 107. After the CCh-laden air 101 flows through the packing sections 106A, 106B, the CCh-lean gas 105 flows through the plenum 108 before being discharged to the ambient environment.
  • the plenum is absent.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 may include one or more portions of passive and/or electrostatic drift eliminators to remove or reduce CO2 capture solution 114 that may be entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105, after the CCh-lean gas 105 has flowed through the plenum 108 or while doing so.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102 along a substantially horizontal direction through both of the inlets 1031.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 then flows through the packing sections 106A, 106B along a substantially horizontal direction, where the CO2 present in the CCh-laden air 101 contacts the CO2 capture solution 114 present on the packing sections 106 A, 106B and/or flowing in a substantially downward direction over the packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • the exposed surface of the liquid film on the packing sections 106A, 106B is a gasliquid interface between the CCh-laden air 101 and the CO2 capture solution 114. CO2 from the CCh-laden air 101 is absorbed into the liquid film to form the CCh-laden capture solution 111 and the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 flows downwardly off the packing sections 106 A, 106B in a mixed solution with unreacted CO2 capture solution 114 and is collected.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 treated by the packing sections 106A, 106B exits the packing sections 106 A, 106B as the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 from both packing sections 106 A, 106B converges in the plenum 108, and then flows in a vertically upward direction out of the plenum 108 through the outlet 1030.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 of FIG. 1 may be considered a dual-cell (because of the two packing sections 106A, 106B), cross-flow air contactor. Other configurations of a gas-liquid contactor are possible, as described in greater detail below.
  • the CO2-lean gas stream 105 can contain components of the CO2 capture solution 114, and possibly also components of the CO2-laden capture solution 111.
  • the components of the CO2 capture solution 114 and possibly also of the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can be in liquid and/or vapour phase and may be present in the flow of the CCh-lean gas stream 105 such that they can flow with the CCh-lean gas stream 105 out of the gas-liquid contactor 101.
  • the components in the CCh-lean gas stream 105 can include, but are not limited to, alkali hydroxides, carbonic anhydrase, amines (primary, secondary, tertiary), carbonates and bicarbonates.
  • the size and phase of the components can vary based on numerous factors, nonlimiting examples of which include the physical and/or chemical properties of the CO2 capture solution 114, ambient and/or solution temperature, and the relative humidity of ambient and/or of the CCh-laden air 101.
  • the components can include volatilized amine components which are in vapour or gas phase and are in equilibrium with the CCh-lean gas stream 105, due to the volatility of the amine species resulting from its high vapour pressure at most ambient conditions.
  • the components can be in liquid phase as liquid airborne aerosols and can be entrained by, or suspended in, the CCh-lean gas stream 105, due to the comparatively low volatility of the alkali hydroxide species resulting from its relatively low vapour pressure at most ambient conditions.
  • the components can be in liquid phase as liquid airborne aerosols and can be entrained by, or suspended in, the CCh-lean gas stream 105, due to the comparatively low volatility of the bicarbonate species resulting from its relatively low vapour pressure at most ambient conditions.
  • the capture species of the CO2 capture solution 114 includes two or more species which have both high and low volatilities, the components can be in both vapour phase, and liquid phase as liquid airborne aerosols.
  • the airborne particles can be liquid aerosols of the CO2 capture solution 114 that are suspended in the CCh-lean gas stream 105 and can range in size from less than 1 micron to over 70 microns.
  • the liquid aerosols of the CO2 capture solution 114 that are suspended in the CCh-lean gas stream 105 can have a size less than 2.5 microns.
  • Solid airborne particles can also be entrained in the CCh-lean gas stream 105.
  • solid airborne particles can be suspended in the CO2- lean gas stream 105 flowing from the gas-liquid contactor 101.
  • Such solid airborne particles can be, or can include, non-process elements (NPEs) which are desirable to remove from the gas flows exiting the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 can include one or more portions of drift eliminators to remove or reduce one or more of the CO2 capture solution 114 and the CCh-laden capture solution 111 that may be entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 and exhausted from the outlet 1030.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CO2-laden capture solution 111 entrained in the CO2-lean gas 105 can be referred to as “drift” or “mist,” and can be in liquid aerosol form or as volatilized components.
  • the drift eliminators are positioned downstream of the packing 106 relative to a flow direction of the CCh-laden air 101, and function to eliminate drift (z.e., remove 100% of aerosolized or volatilized particles) or to reduce the amount of drift (z.e., remove less than 100% of aerosolized or volatilized particles) exiting the gas-liquid contactor 100 with the CCL-lean gas stream 105 through the outlet 1030.
  • the drift eliminators help to remove or reduce the volatilized amine components from the CO2-lean gas stream 105.
  • the drift eliminators help to remove or reduce the liquid aerosol components from the CCh-lean gas stream 105.
  • the drift eliminators may include componentry of the passive type, of the active type, or both.
  • passive componentry for the drift eliminators include baffles, vanes, slats, and packing material.
  • active componentry for the drift eliminators include wash or scrubbing componentry, and electrostatic componentry.
  • the drift eliminators can include both passive and active componentry, in any combination.
  • Each packing section 106 defines a packing depth 106D, which represents the distance traversed by the CCL-laden air 101 as it flows through the packing section 106.
  • the packing depth 106D may vary in different implementations. In one example implementation, the packing depth 106D may be in the range of 2-10 meters.
  • Each packing section 106 also defines a packing liquid travel dimension 106L (sometimes referred to herein as the “packing LTD 106L”), which represents the distance traversed by the capture solution 114 as it flows through the packing section 106. In the gas-liquid contactor 100 of FIG. 1, the packing depth 106D is transverse to the packing LTD 106L. In the gas-liquid contactor 100 of FIG.
  • the packing depth 106D is defined along a substantially horizontal direction, and the packing LTD 106L is a vertical dimension.
  • the packing LTD 106L (, e.g., the height of each packing section 106) is greater than 2 m.
  • the packing LTD 106L is greater than 5 m.
  • the packing LTD 106L is between 2 m and 20 m.
  • the packing depth 106D is greater than 3 m.
  • the packing depth 106D is greater than 5 m.
  • the packing depth 106D is between 3 m and 10 m.
  • the packing depth 106D and the packing LTD 106L may be defined differently, as described in greater detail below.
  • each packing section 106 includes one or more structured packings 116.
  • each packing section 106 includes multiple structured packings 116.
  • each structured packing 116 is arranged adjacent to another structured packing 116.
  • the structured packings 116 of each packing section 106 may be arranged adjacent to each other in the direction of one or more of the packing depth 106D, the packing LTD 106L, and a direction perpendicular to both of the packing depth 106D and the packing LTD 106L.
  • one structured packing 116 is attached to another structured packing 116.
  • the structured packings 116 of each packing section 106 are arranged next to one another with minimal separation or gaps along one or more of the packing depth 106D, the packing LTD 106L, and a direction perpendicular to both of the packing depth 106D and the packing LTD 106L.
  • some of the structured packings 116 of each packing section 106 are mounted to one or both of: 1) a structural member 115 of the housing 102, and 2) at least one other structured packing 116.
  • This support of the structured packings 116 reinforces their arrangement within each packing section 106, helps to rigidify each packing section 106, and can also help each structured packing 116 resist or support loads acting upon it during operation of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the structured packings 116 become constrained which can result in an increase in the overall strength (e.g., crush strength) of each structured packing 116 and of each packing section 106, compared to a packing structure that is unconstrained.
  • each structured packing 116 includes, or is composed of, multiple packing sheets 130 attached together to form a three-dimensional structured packing 116.
  • the packing sheets 130 of each structured packing 116 can be made of any suitable material, or have any suitable configuration, to achieve the function ascribed to the packing sections 106 herein. Some or all of the packing sheets 130 can be made from PVC, which is relatively light, moldable, affordable, and resists degradation caused by many chemicals.
  • the packing sheets 130 are arranged, constructed, treated or otherwise configured to promote spreading of the liquid CO2 capture solution 114 into a thin film on the surfaces of the packing sheets 130, which can enable maximum exposure of the liquid CO2 capture solution 114 to the CO2 present in the CCh-laden air 101.
  • the liquid-gas interface surface of one or more of the packing sheets 130 can be treated with a coating, have shapes or formations, and/or be made of a material that vary the surface energy (e.g., increase the surface energy) of portions of the packing sheet 130 and/or lower the contact angle of the liquid CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the hydrophilicity of the liquid-gas interface surface of one or more of the packing sheets 130 can be increased by applying a coating to increase the surface free energy.
  • Coatings can be applied to some or all of the structured packing 116 to make the structured packing 116 even more suitable for low liquid loading rates ranging from 0.5 L/m 2 s to 2.5 L/m 2 s.
  • film-type packing sheets 130 are suitable for DAC applications since they have the capacity for effective mass transfer per unit volume of fill space.
  • film-type fill offers a relatively high ratio of specific surface area to volume, the ratio defined in units of m 2 /m 3 .
  • a high specific surface area helps to expose more CO2 to the surface of the CO2 capture solution 114, and also has cost and structural implications.
  • Each packing sheet 130 supports and directs the CO2 capture solution 114 as it flows along the packing sheet 130.
  • Each packing sheet 130 is shaped, sized, formed, and configured to assist with the transfer of CO2 from the CCh-laden air 101 to the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • Each packing sheet 130 is thus a medium intended to improve the transfer of CO2 from the atmospheric air to the CO2 capture solution 114 via absorption, optimise CO2 from the flowing atmospheric air being absorbed into the flowing CO2 capture solution 114.
  • Other fill sheets for example, those used in water cooling tower applications, function primarily to transfer heat between water and atmospheric air, with little or no mass transfer occurring between the constituent gases of the air flow and the water being cooled.
  • the packing sheet 130 can be able to achieve lower pressure losses of air flowing across the packing sheet 130 and more optimal distribution of the CO2 capture solution 114, compared to if the mass transfer of CO2 was attempted with a fill sheet optimised for heat transfer.
  • the packing sheet 130 can be referred to using other terms similar to “sheet,” such as panel, pane, plate, and layer.
  • the packing sheet 130 in some cross-flow implementations is also shaped, sized, formed, and configured to assist with the transfer of CO2 from the CCE-laden air 101 to the CO2 capture solution 114 at low liquid loading rates (e.g., 0.5 L/m 2 s to 2.5 L/m 2 s) compared to the higher liquid loading rates (often greater than 15 L/m 2 s) of cross-flow water cooling tower applications.
  • low liquid loading rates e.g., 0.5 L/m 2 s to 2.5 L/m 2 s
  • higher liquid loading rates often greater than 15 L/m 2 s
  • the structured packing 116 of FIG. 1 all the packing sheets 130 are identical. In example implementations, one or more of the packing sheets 130 of the structured packing 116 is different from another packing sheet 130 of the structured packing 116. In an example implementation, one or more of the packing sheets 130 is optimised to reduce pressure drop across the packing sheet 130, while another one of the packing sheets 130 is optimised for stiffening or being resistant to crushing. Features of the packing sheet 130 can be selected to optimise for mass-transfer capture efficiency, reduced pressure drop, and improved surface wetting, among other possible parameters
  • each packing section 106 may include a plurality of perforated sheets that facilitate air flow between each of the plurality of perforated sheets.
  • the plurality of perforated sheets may not be rigid in example implementations.
  • one or more of the packing sections 106 are formed of random packing (also referred to as dumped or non- structured packing).
  • one or more of the packing sections 106 includes both structured packing and random packing.
  • one or more of the packing sections 106 is formed of one or more styles of random packing that are positioned in tiers of packing.
  • one or more of the packing sections 106 includes corrugated packing.
  • one or more of the packing sections 106 includes non-corrugated packing.
  • one or more of the packing sections 106 includes crossfluted, parallel plate packing.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 may include other configurations of the one or more packing section(s) 106 in addition to, or separate from, the packing sections 106 described above.
  • Non-limiting examples of other types of packing, fill, and gas-sorbent interfaces 129 include splash fill, film fill, random packing, mesh, panels, etc.
  • the packing section(s) 106 may include corrugated sheets arranged in a crisscrossing relationship to create flow channels for the vapour phase.
  • the packing section(s) 106 may include any material that fills a space and facilitates the contact between the CCh-laden air 101 and a sorbent (liquid and/or solid).
  • the packing section(s) 106 may include: a cross flow geometry designed to limit or minimize the pressure drop in the CCh-laden air 101; can be efficiently wetted by intermittent liquid flows; and, has a liquid hold up enabling intermittent operation with long time durations between wetting.
  • the structured packings 116 may be arranged to form packing sections 106 of any desired shape or configuration.
  • the structured packings 116 are arranged such that each packing section 106 A, 106B includes at least one arrangement of the structured packings 116.
  • each packing section 106A, 106B includes two arrangements of the structured packing 116 - an upper arrangement 118U and a lower arrangement 118L.
  • the structured packings 116 of each arrangement can be arranged adjacent to each other in the direction of one or more of the packing depth 106D, the packing LTD 106L, and the direction perpendicular to both of the packing depth 106D and the packing LTD 106L.
  • All the structured packings 116 of each upper arrangement 118U are positioned above all the structured packings 116 of each lower arrangement 118L.
  • Each arrangement can be considered a “slab” of packing.
  • Other configurations of each arrangement 118, and of the positioning of the arrangements of each packing section 106, are possible.
  • the packing sections 106 A, 106B of FIG. 1 are thus vertically sectioned, and include one or more arrangements of structured packings 116 positioned one above another.
  • each packing section 106A, 106B has a respective packing section height that is substantially equal to a height of the inlets 1031.
  • Providing the packing sections 106 with substantially the same height as the height of the inlet 1031 may help to prevent or reduce the ability of the CCh-laden air 101 to bypass the packing sections 106 (e.g., flow around the packing sections 106), thereby helping to ensure that the greatest possible volume of CCh-laden air 101 is treated by the packing sections 106.
  • the heights are approximately equal in value, with any differences being minimal compared to the overall height dimension, where said differences may result from manufacturing tolerances, packing installation requirements, and/or adjustments in dimensions to allow for seals, baffles or other features.
  • Other configurations for the packing sections 106 are possible.
  • the heights of the packing sections 106 A, 106B are less than the height of the inlet 1031, and any gaps between the packing sections 106A, 106B and the housing 102 are sealed using suitable techniques.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 has, includes components of, or is functionally linked to, a liquid distribution system 120.
  • the liquid distribution system 120 operates to move, collect and distribute the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • At least some of the features of the liquid distribution system 120 are supported by the housing 102.
  • the support provided by the housing 102 includes structural support, in that components of the liquid distribution system 120 are structurally supported by the housing 102, such as by the structural members 115, so that loads generated by these components are supported by the housing 102.
  • Some or all of the features of the liquid distribution system 120 may be part of the gas-liquid contactor 100, or part of a DAC system (such as DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 of FIGS. 7 to 10).
  • the liquid distribution system 120 includes one or more liquid collection devices 109.
  • Each liquid collection device 109 is configured to receive one or both of the CO2 capture solution 114 and the CCh-laden capture solution 111 and to hold a volume thereof temporarily or for a longer duration, thereby serving as a source of the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or of the CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • Each liquid collection device 109 may have any configuration or be made of any material suitable to achieve the function ascribed to it in the present description.
  • one or more of the liquid collection devices 109 may be open-topped, or partially or fully covered.
  • one or more of the liquid collection devices 109 include, or are in the form of, basins.
  • liquid collection device 109 Other configurations of the liquid collection device 109 are possible, such as a reservoir, a bed, a sheet, a culvert, a container, a receptacle, a network of pressurized pipes with openings or spray nozzles, or any other device capable of retaining liquid.
  • the shape of the basins can vary in different implementations.
  • the liquid collection devices 109 of the liquid distribution system 120 include one or more top basins 104 and one or more bottom basins 110.
  • the top basins 104 are supported by the housing 102. In some implementations, the top basins 104 are formed from portions of the housing 102.
  • the top basins 104 are configured to at least partially enclose or store the CO2 capture solution 114. Referring to FIG. 1, the top basins 104 are each positioned at least partially above the packing sections 106. Referring to FIG. 1, the top basins 104 are positioned above the inlets 1031. Referring to FIG. 1, the top basins 104 are positioned beneath the upper plenum portion 108U.
  • Part of the plenum 108 (e.g., the upper plenum portion 108U) thus extends beyond or above the top basins 104.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 is positioned to be circulated (e.g., through pumping, gravity flow or both) downwards, through the packing sections 106 and ultimately into the bottom basin 110.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 As the CO2 capture solution 114 is circulated through the packing sections 106, the CCh-laden air 101 is circulated through the packing sections 106 to contact the CO2 capture solution 114, through the plenum 108, and to an ambient environment as the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • a process stream is formed by contacting the CCh-laden air 101 and the liquid CO2 capture solution 114, where the process stream is or includes the CCh-laden capture solution 111 having CO2 absorbed from the CCh-laden air 101 by the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the top basins 104 may each have any suitable form or feature for distributing the CO2 capture solution 114 over the packing sections 106. In the example implementation of the gas-liquid contactor 100 of FIG.
  • the liquid collection devices 109 include two top basins 104. Each top basin 104 is positioned above one of the packing sections 106A, 106B to distribute the CO2 capture solution 114 to the respective packing section 106A, 106B.
  • the top basins 104 of FIG. 1 are fluidly isolated from one another (e.g., no fluid communication between the two top basins 104). Other configurations and quantities of the top basins 104 are possible. Other configurations for the distribution of the CO2 capture solution 114 over the packing sections 106 are possible.
  • the one or more of the liquid collection devices 109 include, or are in the form of, a network of pressurized pipes with openings or spray nozzles which distribute the CO2 capture solution 114 over the uppermost portions of the packing sections 106.
  • the one or more bottom basins 110 are positioned at the bottom of the gas-liquid contactor 100 opposite the top basins 104. As can be seen in FIG. 1, the bottom basin 110 is positioned below the packing sections 106.
  • the bottom basin 110 acts as a collection tank for the process stream (e.g., the CCh-laden capture solution 111).
  • the CO2- laden capture solution 111 including absorbed CO2, as well as unreacted CO2 capture solution 114 collects in the bottom basin 110, and may then be pumped or otherwise moved out of the bottom basin 110 for further processing. For example, at least a portion of the liquids collected in the bottom basin 110 may be processed and then pumped for redistribution over the packing sections 106 for use in CO2 capture.
  • some or all of the liquids collected in the bottom basin 110 is pumped to the top basins 104 without being processed, for redistribution over the packing sections 106 for CO2 capture.
  • the bottom basin 110 may be positioned directly underneath the packing sections 106 and the plenum 108.
  • the bottom basin may be positioned underneath the packing sections 106.
  • the overall shape and size of the bottom basin 110 may vary (e.g., rectangular, H-shaped, U-shaped, etc.) in different implementations.
  • the liquids collected in the bottom basin 110 are pumped to components of a DAC system (such as DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 of FIG. 7 to 10) for further processing, as described in greater detail below.
  • the bottom basin 110 can be compatible with a containment structure and prevent loss of various CO2 capture solutions 114, many of which have corrosive, caustic or high pH properties.
  • the bottom basin 110 can be lined or coated with one or more materials that are resistant to caustic induced corrosion or degradation.
  • components which can be, but are not limited to, structural members can be kept out of the bottom basin 110 holding the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 can be designed to keep most or all the structural components out of the wettable area of the gas-liquid contactor 100, e.g., any portion of the gas-liquid contactor 100 that is in contact with the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • Examples of wettable areas of the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes components supporting the packing sections 106.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a single bottom basin 110. However, other configurations and numbers of bottom basins 110 are possible.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes vertically sectioned packing sections 106 with redistribution of the CO2 capture solution 114 between the vertically-spaced apart packing.
  • the liquid collection devices 109 of the liquid distribution system 120 include one or more redistribution basins 119.
  • the one or more redistribution basins 119 are each positioned in a redistribution spacing that is defined between the upper and lower arrangements 118U, 118L of each packing section 106A, 106B.
  • the redistribution spacing is a vertically-extending gap defined between the upper and lower arrangements 118U, 118L of each packing section 106 A, 106B.
  • Each packing section 106A, 106B includes a redistribution basin 119, which is positioned in the redistribution spacing of that packing section 106 A, 106B.
  • each redistribution basin 119 divides each packing section 106A, 106B into at least a top section and a bottom section.
  • Each redistribution basin 119 is located vertically between the one or more top basins 104 and the bottom basin 110.
  • a process stream including the CCE-laden capture solution 111 including absorbed CO2 as well as unreacted CO2 capture solution 114 flows from each upper arrangement 118U of structured packings 116 and collects in each redistribution basin 119.
  • the process stream is positioned to be redistributed (e.g., through pumping, gravity flow or both) downwards, through the remaining structured packings 116 of the lower arrangement 118L and eventually into the bottom basin 110.
  • the process stream is pumped into the redistribution basins 119 from the bottom basin 110.
  • the redistribution basins 119 can each have any suitable form or feature for redistributing the process stream over the structured packings 116 of the of the lower arrangement 118L.
  • Non-limiting examples of features of the redistribution basins 119 include basin walls, redistribution apertures, and redistribution nozzles.
  • the description and one, some, or all of the advantages, and functions of features of the top basins 104 and of the bottom basin 110 apply mutatis mutandis to the redistribution basins 119.
  • the packing sections 106 themselves include redistribution features.
  • the redistribution features can be part of redistribution packing that is different from the structured packings 116.
  • the redistribution packing can have a vertical extent and be positioned between arrangements 118U, 118L of structured packings 116, for example mid-way up the packing LTD 106L.
  • the redistribution packing can include multiple redistribution packing portions alternating with arrangements 118U, 118L of structured packings 116.
  • the redistribution features promote redistribution of the CO2 capture solution 114 to lower portions of the packing sections 106.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 does not include vertically-sectioned packing or redistribution.
  • the redistribution features will also be configured to reduce air bypass through the redistribution features such that an improved air volume is transferred through the packing sections 106.
  • componentry that can be, but are not limited to, lateral sealings and lateral walls may be used in the redistribution features.
  • the componentry of the redistribution features will be positioned in a non-parallel direction compared to a direction of the flow of the CCh-laden air 101.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 flows over the packing sections 106 in a direction that is substantially perpendicular or transverse to the average direction along which the CCh-laden air 101 circulates through the packing sections 106, also known as a “cross flow” configuration.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 flows over the packing sections 106 in a direction that is opposite to the average direction along which the CCh-laden air 101 circulates through the packing sections 106, also known as a “counter flow” configuration.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 flows over the packing sections 106 in a direction that is parallel with the direction along which the CCh-laden air 101 circulates through the packing sections 106, also known as a “co-current flow” configuration.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 flows over the packing sections 106 according to a configuration that is a combination of one or more of cross flow, counter flow and co-current flow configurations.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 may include supports positioned within the packing sections 106 between the top basins 104 and bottom basin 110.
  • the packing sections 106 can include additional support, such as one or more structural members 115, for a specific portion of the packing sections 106, such as for an upper portion of the packing sections 106, so that the loads (e.g., the weight of the portion of structured packings 116 when dry plus the weight of the liquid hold up of the CO2 capture solution 114 on the portion of the structured packings 116) do not bear upon another portion of the packing sections 106 (e.g., a bottom portion of the packing sections 106).
  • the packing sections 106 may not include the support.
  • at least one structural support can be positioned between the structured packings 116 of the packing sections 106.
  • the liquid distribution system 120 may include any suitable componentry, such as piping, weir(s), pump(s), valve(s), manifold(s), etc., fluidly coupled in any suitable arrangement, to achieve the functionality ascribed to the liquid distribution system 120 herein.
  • suitable componentry such as piping, weir(s), pump(s), valve(s), manifold(s), etc.
  • One non-limiting example of such componentry is one or more pump(s) 122, an example of which is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the pumps 122 function to move liquids under pressure, such as the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CO2-laden capture solution 111, from their source to where they are used.
  • Some non-limiting examples of possible functions of the pumps 122 include moving the CO2 capture solution 114 to the top basins 104, moving the process streams from the bottom basin 110 to the redistribution basins 119, moving the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-laden capture solution 111 from the bottom basin 110 to the top basins 104 for redistribution over the packing sections 106, moving the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-laden capture solution 111 from the bottom basin 110 to components of the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 for further processing, and any combination of the preceding flows.
  • the pumps 122 may thus be used to move liquid to, from and within the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • a control system (e.g., control system 999 shown in FIG. 1) may be used to control the flow of fluid by the pumps 122 of the liquid distribution system 120.
  • a control system can be used to control the pumps 122 in order to pump the CO2 capture solution 114 from the bottom basin 110 to the top basins 104.
  • the pumps 122 can also be controlled such that a constant velocity of flow is provided to the liquid distribution system 120 regardless of changes of liquid flow throughout the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the pumps 122 may help to distribute the CO2 capture solution 114 over the packing sections 106 at relatively low liquid flow rates, which may help to reduce costs associated with pumping or moving the CO2 capture solution 114. Further, low liquid flow rates of the CO2 capture solution 114 over the packing sections 106 may result in a lower pressure drop of the CCh-laden air 101 as it flows through the packing sections 106, which reduces the energy requirements of the device used for moving the CCh-laden air 101 across the packing sections 106 (e.g., a fan 212 described below).
  • the pumps 122 may be configured to generate intermittent or pulsed flow of the CO2 capture solution 114 over the packing sections 106, which may allow for intermittent wetting of the packing sections 106.
  • a flow rate during a pulse may be higher than a flow rate of an intermittent flow system.
  • the pulsed flow system also includes a non-pulse configuration, where the flow rate is notably low compared to the flow rate during the pulse, an average flow rate of the pulse flow system may be comparable to the flow rate of the intermittent flow system.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 sprayed, flowed, or otherwise distributed over the packing sections 106 is collected in the bottom basin 110 and may then be moved by the pumps 122 back to the top basin 104, or sent downstream for processing.
  • the one or more pump(s) 122 of the liquid distribution system are operable to flow the CO2 capture solution 114 over each packing section 106 at a liquid loading rate ranging from 0.5 L/m 2 s to 10 L/m 2 s.
  • the liquid loading rate is between 2 L/m 2 s and 6 L/m 2 s.
  • the units L/m 2 s of the liquid loading rate refer to a given volume of the CO2 capture solution 114 covering a given area of the packing section 106, each second.
  • the given area of the packing section 106 may refer to a plane area of a top of the packing section 106, such as the area of the packing section 106 underneath the top basin 104 (i.e.
  • a liquid loading rate of 2 L/m 2 s means that the pump(s) 122 is configured to flow the CO2 capture solution 114 over each packing section 106 such that every second each square meter of the plane area of the packing section 106 receives 2 L of the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the given area of the liquid loading rate may not refer to the area of a surface of the structured packing 116.
  • the liquid loading rate may refer to, or be reflective of, an initial flow condition where the CO2 capture solution 114 is applied to the top of the packing section 106. The liquid loading rate may not reflect subsequent flow conditions present lower down the packing section 106.
  • the liquid process streams in the gas-liquid contactor 100, as well as process streams within any downstream processes with which the gas-liquid contactor 100 is fluidly coupled, can be flowed using one or more flow control systems (e.g., control system 999).
  • a flow control system can include one or more flow pumps (including or in addition to the pumps 122), fans, blowers, or solids conveyors to move the process streams, one or more flow pipes through which the process streams are flowed and one or more valves to regulate the flow of streams through the pipes.
  • Each of the configurations described herein can include at least one variable frequency drive (VFD) coupled to a respective pump that is capable of controlling at least one liquid flow rate.
  • VFD variable frequency drive
  • liquid flow rates are controlled by at least one flow control valve.
  • a flow control system can be operated manually. For example, an operator can set a flow rate for each pump or transfer device and set valve open or closed positions to regulate the flow of the process streams through the pipes in the flow control system. Once the operator has set the flow rates and the valve open or closed positions for all flow control systems distributed across the system, the flow control system can flow the streams under constant flow conditions, for example, constant volumetric rate or other flow conditions. To change the flow conditions, the operator can manually operate the flow control system, for example, by changing the pump flow rate or the valve open or closed position.
  • a flow control system can be operated automatically.
  • the flow control system can be connected to a computer or control system (e.g., control system 999) to operate the flow control system.
  • the control system can include a computer-readable medium storing instructions (such as flow control instructions and other instructions) executable by one or more processors to perform operations (such as flow control operations).
  • An operator can set the flow rates and the valve open or closed positions for all flow control systems distributed across the facility using the control system.
  • the operator can manually change the flow conditions by providing inputs through the control system.
  • the control system can automatically (that is, without manual intervention) control one or more of the flow control systems, for example, using feedback systems connected to the control system.
  • a sensor such as a pressure sensor, temperature sensor or other sensor
  • the sensor can monitor and provide a flow condition (such as a pressure, temperature, or other flow condition) of the process stream to the control system.
  • a flow condition such as a pressure, temperature, or other flow condition
  • the control system can automatically perform operations. For example, if the pressure or temperature in the pipe exceeds the threshold pressure value or the threshold temperature value, respectively, the control system can provide a signal to the pump to decrease a flow rate, a signal to open a valve to relieve the pressure, a signal to shut down process stream flow, or other signals.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 has a gas-circulating device which functions to move or circulate gas flows into and out of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the gas-circulating device of the gas-liquid contactor 100 is a fan 212.
  • the fan 212 functions to flow gases like ambient air along a flow path 123, such that the CCh-laden air 101 is caused by the fan 212 to flow into the gas-liquid contactor 100, to flow along the packing 106 and contact the CO2 capture solution 114, and such that the CO2- lean gas 105 is caused by the fan 212 to be discharged from the gas-liquid contactor 100 via the outlet 1030.
  • the fan 212 thus functions to flow the CO2-laden air 101 and the CO2-lean gas 105 in the manner described herein.
  • the fan 212 is rotatable about a fan axis defined by a fan shaft.
  • the fan axis has an upright or vertical orientation. Other orientations for the shaft and for the fan axis are possible, as described in greater detail below.
  • the fan 212 is positioned upstream of the end of the fan stack 107 that defines the outlet 1030 and functions to induce a flow of the CO2-lean gas 105 through the outlet 1030.
  • the fan 212 is positioned elsewhere between the vertically-opposite ends of the fan stack 107 and upstream of the outlet 1030, such that the fan 212 flows the CO2-lean gas 105 through the outlet 1030.
  • the fan 212 is positioned downstream of, and above, the upper plenum portion 108U. Rotation of the fan 212 about the fan axis causes gases to circulate into the inlets 1031 and through the gasliquid contactor 100.
  • rotation of the fan 212 causes the CCh-laden air 101 to be drawn into the gas-liquid contactor 100 and causes the CCh-lean gas 105 to be discharged from the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the fan 212 may cause the CCh-laden air 101 to enter the packing sections 106 at airspeeds below 5 m/s.
  • the fan 212 may cause the CCh-laden air 101 to enter the packing sections 106 at airspeeds between 0.1 m/s and 5 m/s.
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 flowing through the plenum 108 and the fan stack 107 can include aerosols (or droplets) of CO2 capture solution 114 and/or of CO2- laden capture solution 111 entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 is referred to herein as drift and can include aerosolized chemicals that form at least a portion of the CO2 capture solution 114, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and/or combinations thereof.
  • KOH potassium hydroxide
  • NaOH sodium hydroxide
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes an electrostatic drift eliminator 700 that is positioned downstream of the packing 106 and upstream of the outlet 1030, in a region of the interior of the gas-liquid contactor 100 that is referred to herein as a drift elimination zone 145.
  • the drift elimination zone 145 is the region within the gas-liquid contactor 100 where it is desired to eliminate or reduce liquid aerosols present in CO2-lean gas 105.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is positioned within the drift elimination zone 145, and functions to eliminate drift (z.e., remove 100% of aerosolized sorbent particles) or to reduce the amount of drift (z.e., remove less than 100% of aerosolized sorbent particles) exiting the gas-liquid contactor 100 through the outlet 1030.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is coupled to a source of electrical power (e.g., electrical power source 1231 of FIGS. 4A, 5 A, 5B and 8) that applies an electrical charge to one or more components of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 so that it can ionize the drift elimination zone 145 and the aerosols flowing therethrough.
  • a source of electrical power e.g., electrical power source 1231 of FIGS. 4A, 5 A, 5B and 8
  • the electrical power source 1231 includes a first terminal that is electrically coupled to ionizing members (described in greater detail below) of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, and a second terminal that is electrically coupled to collection members (described in greater detail below).
  • the fan 212 operates to draw CCh-lean gas 105 through the plenum 108 and into the fan stack 107
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 passes through the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the electrical field generated by the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 causes the liquid aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 to develop an electrical charge (positive or negative charge).
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 ionizes the aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 as the CO2- lean gas 105 passes through the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the electrical charge applied to the aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 may cause the aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 to be displaced toward each other, away from each other, or toward one or more surfaces impacted by the aerosols, where the aerosols coalesce into larger particles of CO2 capture solution 114 that collect on surfaces of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the increased weight of the larger particles of CO2 capture solution 114 that have coalesced flow via gravity downward through a collection pipe 705.
  • the collection pipe 705 can be a collection trough or channel.
  • the collection pipe 705 can be fluidly coupled to, and extend from, a general liquid collector such as a collection trough or channel, which is positioned to receive the CO2 capture solution 114 captured by the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the collection pipe 705 can be coupled to a rapper coil that transmits shearing or vibratory forces to release particles of the CO2 capture solution 114 that have coalesced.
  • the rapper coil may be beneficial in loosening caked-on, hardened, or solidified particles.
  • the flow of the collected liquid particles after consolidation may also be managed to flow at different flow rates.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 flowing through the collection pipe 705 is provided to the bottom basin 110. As previously discussed, some or all of the CO2 capture solution 114 collected in the bottom basin 110 may then be moved by the pumps 122 back to the top basin 104 for flowing back over the packing 106. As previously discussed, some or all of the CO2 capture solution 114 collected in the bottom basin 110 may then be moved by the pumps 122 to a regeneration system (such as regeneration system 1230 of the DAC system 1200 of FIG. 7).
  • a regeneration system such as regeneration system 1230 of the DAC system 1200 of FIG. 7
  • CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols removed from the CCh-lean gas 105 by the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 can be recirculated through the gas-liquid contactor 100, or through the DAC system 1200, resulting in reduced loss of CO2 capture solution 114 to atmosphere, and improved efficiency of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is configured to deionize the ionized aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 before flowing the CO2 capture solution 114 from the drift eliminator 700.
  • the electric power source coupled to the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 can be controlled to stop providing electrical charge to the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 or to components thereof, which deionizes the particles of CO2 capture solution 114 collected on surfaces of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is configured to remove CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols from the CCh-lean gas 105 that have an effective diameter of less than 10 pm. In some implementations, the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is configured to remove CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols from the CCh-lean gas 105 that have an effective diameter between 2.5 pm and 10 pm. In some implementations, the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is configured to remove CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols from the CO2- lean gas 105 that have an effective diameter of less than 2.5 pm.
  • one or more factors such as the pore size of components of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, the strength of the electric field generated by the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, the conductivity of the molecules in the aerosols, and the proximity of ionizing and collection features of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 may be modified or optimised to capture specific aerosol sizes of the CO2 capture solution 114 entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the electrical voltage applied to the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is constant. In some implementations, the electrical voltage applied to the electrostatic drift eliminator is determined based on the speed or flow rate of CCh-lean gas 105 passing through the fan stack 107, as controlled by the fan 212. The speed of the fan 212 and the voltage applied to the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 can be coordinated to result in improved efficiency in removing aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 from the C Ch-lean gas 105.
  • the electrical power source can be controlled by a control system (e.g., control system 999).
  • the electrical voltage applied can vary in different implementations and can be, but is not limited to, a range between Ikilovolt (kV) - 300kV.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 can be electrically insulated from any surrounding componentry that can be, but is not limited to, the fan cowling 117 and structural members 115.
  • a control system can be used to control the electrical power source to apply electrical charge to the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 during a particular time duration and control the electrical power source to automatically stop applying electrical charge to the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 once the particular time duration has elapsed.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 which may also be referred to as an electrostatic precipitator, utilizes corona discharge.
  • two or more electrodes are separated by a neutral fluid (e.g., the CCh-lean gas 105) and are brought to a high potential using alternating or direct current. Due to the corona discharge, aerosols in the CCh-lean gas 105 flowing by the electrodes are ionized. The ionized aerosols are subsequently collected via collection surfaces having a charge opposite to that of the ionized aerosols. A distance between the power source, the electrodes and the collection surfaces may be adjusted to maintain a high voltage gradient.
  • the type of electrostatic drift eliminator 700 being used can be, but is not limited to, a plate type precipitator, tubular precipitators, wet type precipitators, dry type precipitators, single stage precipitator, and a two-stage precipitator.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 includes, or takes the form of, a plate type precipitator.
  • Charged electrodes are positioned in between or adjacent to at least one collection plate positioned in flow path 123 that includes the entrained CO2 capture solution 114 liquid aerosols.
  • the plate type precipitator is a flat plate precipitator.
  • the flat plate precipitators can be used to increase the surface area for CO2 capture solution 114 aerosol collection and provide a strong and increased electrical field.
  • the electrodes that produce the corona discharge may be positioned adjacent and/or in parallel to the collection plates.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100a can have an upright body and an air inlet 2103 along a bottom portion through which the CCh-laden air 101 is admitted into the gas-liquid contactor 100a.
  • the fan 2112 rotates to draw the C Ch-laden air 101 through the inlet 2103 in an upward direction to contact the packing section 2106.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100a has only one packing section 2106 and may therefore be referred to as a “single cell” gas-liquid contactor 100a.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 circulates downwards by, for example, gravity flow, uniform or laminar flow, etc., within the packing 2106 and eventually flows into one or more bottom basins 2110.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 As the CO2 capture solution 114 circulates through and over the packing 2106, the CCh-laden air 101 is flowing (e.g., by action of the fan 2112) upwardly through the packing 2106 to contact the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the flow of the CO2 capture solution 114 through the packing 2106 in FIG. 2A is counter-current (or counterflow) to the flow of the CCh-laden air 101 through the packing 2106.
  • the packing liquid travel dimension along which the CO2 capture solution 114 flows through the packing 2106 is defined along the vertical direction and is the same as the packing depth along which the CCh-laden air 101 flows upwardly through the packing 2106.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100a includes an electrostatic drift eliminator 700 positioned along the flow path 123 between the packing section 2106 and the fan 2112.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is coupled to the housing 2102 of the gas-liquid contactor 100a downstream of the packing section 2106 and upstream of the fan 2112.
  • CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 are ionized by the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 and coalesce on surfaces of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • Such coalescing, agglomerating, or condensing allows the CO2 capture solution 114 to be collected by the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the collected CO2 capture solution 114 can travel downwards via gravity along a collection pipe 705 into the bottom basin 2110.
  • FIG. 2B another possible configuration of a gas-liquid contactor 100b has an upright body and an inlet 3103 along an upright side portion through which the CCh-laden air 101 is admitted into the gas-liquid contactor 100b.
  • the fan 3112 rotates about a horizontal fan axis to draw the CCh-laden air 101 through the inlet 3103 in a substantially horizontal direction to contact the packing section 3106.
  • the fan 3112 is upstream of the packing section 3106 relative to the flow direction of the CCh-laden air 101.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100b employs forced draft in which the fan 3112 rotates about a horizontal fan axis to “push” the CCh-laden air 101 through the inlet 3103 in a substantially horizontal direction to contact the packing section 3106.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100b has only one section of packing 3106 and may therefore be referred to as a “single cell” gas-liquid contactor 100b.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 circulates downwards by, for example, gravity flow, uniform or laminar flow, etc., within the packing 3106 and eventually flows into one or more bottom basins 3110.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 circulates through the packing 3106, the CCh-laden air 101 is flowing (e.g., by action of the fan 3112) substantially horizontally through the packing 3106 to thereby contact the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the flow of CO2 capture solution 114 through the packing 3106 in FIG. 2B is substantially perpendicular to the flow of the CCh-laden air 101 through the packing 3106.
  • Such a configuration of the flows may be referred to as a “cross flow” configuration.
  • the packing liquid travel dimension along which the CO2 capture solution 114 flows through the packing 3106 is defined along the vertical direction and is perpendicular to the packing depth along which the CCh-laden air 101 flows horizontally through the packing 3106. A portion of the CO2 within the CCh-laden air 101 is transferred to the CO2 capture solution 114, and the fan 3112 moves the CCh-lean gas 105 out of the gas-liquid contactor 100b to an ambient environment.
  • the CO2 rich solution flows into the at least one bottom basin 3110.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100B includes the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 disclosed herein, positioned along the flow path 123 between the packing section 3106 and the fan 3112.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is positioned downstream of the packing section 3106 and upstream of the fan 3112.
  • CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 are ionized by the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 and coalesce on surfaces of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 collected by the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 travel downwards via gravity through a collection pipe 705 into the bottom basin 3110.
  • the description and one, some, or all of the advantages, and functions of features of the drift eliminator 700 and collection pipe 705 of FIG. 1 apply mutatis mutandis to the drift eliminator 700 and collection pipe, respectively, shown in FIG. 2B.
  • FIG. 2C another possible configuration of a gas-liquid contactor 100C has an upright body and an air inlet 403 along a top portion through which the CCh-laden air 101 is admitted into the gas-liquid contactor 100C.
  • the fan 421 rotates to push the CCh- laden air 101 into the gas-liquid contactor 100C and contact the packing section 406.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100C has only one packing section 406 and can therefore be referred to as a “single cell” gas-liquid contactor 100C.
  • the CCh capture solution 114 circulates downwards by, for example, gravity flow, uniform or laminar flow, etc., within the packing 406 and eventually flows into one or more bottom basins 410.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 (e.g., by action of the fan 421) also flows downward through the packing 406 to contact the CO 2 capture solution 114.
  • the flow of the CO 2 capture solution 114 through the packing 406 in FIG. 2C is co-current to the flow of the CO 2 -laden air 101 through the packing 406.
  • the packing liquid travel dimension along which the CO 2 capture solution 114 flows through the packing 406 is defined along the vertical direction and is the same as the packing depth along which the CO 2 -laden air 101 flows downwardly through the packing 406.
  • At least a portion of the CO 2 within the CO 2 -laden air 101 is transferred to (e.g., absorbed by) the CO 2 capture solution 114, and the fan pushes the CCh-lean gas 105 out of the gas-liquid contactor 100C to an ambient environment.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is positioned downstream of the packing 406 such that the CO2- lean gas 105 passes through the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 and the CO2 capture solution 114 flow into the at least one bottom basin 410.
  • gas-liquid contactor 100 include a gasliquid contactor 100 which receives the CO2-laden air 101, flows the CO2 capture solution 114 to contact the CO2 in the CO2-laden air 101, releases the CO2-lean gas 105, and allows for the CO2-laden capture solution 111 to be flowed to release CO2 gas and regenerate the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • a gas-liquid contactor 100C is represented in FIG. 2D, where the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is positioned such that the CCh-lean gas 105 passes through the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100D may have any suitable configuration of internal and external components.
  • gas-liquid contactor 100D examples include being a modular unit, being rounded or circular, being a cell of an array or train of gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D being a cell of a rounded or circular gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D and being a component of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 may include, or be fluidly coupled to, devices for managing liquid levels in the gas-liquid contactor 100. These devices may include, but are not limited to, evaporators to reduce liquid levels and/or maintain concentrations of the CO2 capture solution 114. These devices may include, but are not limited to, water make-up tanks or sources to manage liquid levels and/or maintain concentrations of the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 may include multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 includes multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D arranged adjacent each other to form an array or a train of gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 may include multiple arrays or trains of gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the description, units, componentry, features, streams, reference numbers and advantages of the gas-liquid contactor 100 provided in relation to FIG. 1 apply mutatis mutandis to the gas-liquid contactor 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D of FIGS. 2 A to 2D.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 710 is coupled to the fan cowling 117 of the fan stack 107 upstream of the fan 212, and occupies all or almost all of the cross-sectional area of the fan cowling 117 at the location of the electrostatic drift eliminator 710, such that the CCh-lean gas 105 with entrained CO2 capture solution 114 flows through the electrostatic drift eliminator 710 before flowing through the fan 212.
  • the flow direction of the CCh-lean gas 105 in FIG. 3 A is in an upright or vertical direction.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 710 is formed of, or includes, a stretchable mesh 7001 that is stretched across the fan stack 107 and coupled to the fan cowling 117.
  • the stretchable mesh 7001 forms a plurality of openings 799 that allow the CCh-lean gas 105 to pass through the electrostatic drift eliminator 710.
  • the openings 799 formed in the stretchable mesh are sized to remove CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols from the CCh-lean gas 105 that have an effective diameter of less than 10 pm.
  • the openings 799 formed in the stretchable mesh 7001 of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 are sized to remove CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols from the CCh-lean gas 105 that have an effective diameter of less than 2.5 pm.
  • the stretchable mesh 7001 may be used to ionize the CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols in one implementation.
  • Another component with an opposite charge, or one that is grounded can be spaced apart from the stretchable mesh 7001 in a downstream direction relative to the flow direction of the CCh- lean gas 105, to collect the ionized CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols.
  • the other collection component can be a surface of the fan cowling 117 or another stationary object within the fan cowling 117.
  • the stretchable mesh 7001 may be used to collect the charged CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 720 includes two meshes 7003, 7005 with opposing electrical charges.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 720 can include a first mesh 7003 that is charged by electrical power (e.g., electrical power source 1231) to have a positive charge (for example) and a second mesh 7005 that is positioned downstream of the first mesh 7003 (relative to the flow direction of the CCh-lean gas 105) and is charged by the electrical power source to have a negative charge (for example).
  • the flow direction of the CCh-lean gas 105 in FIG. 3B is in an upright or vertical direction.
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 first passes through the positively charged first mesh 7003 of the electrostatic drift eliminator 720, which causes at least a portion of the aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 to become positively charged (i.e., ionized).
  • the positively charged aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 are attracted to the negative electrical field generated by the second (“collection”) mesh 7005 of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 720 includes two or more ionizing first meshes and two or more collection second meshes, arranged in any position relative to each other.
  • the first and second mesh 7003, 7005 are ionizing members of the electrostatic drift eliminator 720.
  • the first and second meshes 7003, 7005 are positioned downstream of the plenum 108, relative to the flow path 123.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 includes a charged first mesh 7007 and a grounded second mesh 7009, where the grounding may increase an electrical potential between the charged first mesh 7007 and the grounded second mesh 7009.
  • the first mesh 7007 is charged by electrical power (e.g., electrical power source 1231) to impart a negative charge to the aerosols of the CO2 capture solution 114 flowing through the first mesh 7007, and a second mesh 7009 that is positioned downstream of the first mesh (relative to the flow direction of the CCh-lean gas 105) is grounded.
  • a distance between the first mesh 7007 and the second mesh 7009 is selected to prevent electrical arcing between the first mesh 7007 and the second mesh 7009.
  • the distance between the first mesh 7007 and the second mesh 7009 can vary in different implementations based on factors that can be, but are not limited to, the electrical potential between the first mesh 7007 and the second mesh 7009.
  • the negatively charged aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 are attracted to the grounded second collection mesh 7009 of the electrostatic drift eliminator 730.
  • the aerosols impact the second collection mesh 7009, and then after consolidation on the second mesh 7009 flow down via gravity through the collection pipe 705.
  • the first mesh 7007 is an ionizing member of the electrostatic drift eliminator 730.
  • the first and second meshes 7007, 7009 are positioned downstream of the plenum 108, relative to the flow path 123.
  • Components of the electrostatic drift eliminator 710, 720, 730 of FIGS. 3A-3C have a planar orientation within the fan cowling 117 that is perpendicular to the flow direction of the CCh-lean gas stream 105, where the CCh-lean gas 105 flows in an upright or vertical direction.
  • the drift eliminator 700 or its components may be positioned in a non-perpendicular angle (e.g., parallel) to the flow direction of the CCh-lean gas stream 105, as described in greater detail below (see, for example, FIGS. 4 A and 4B).
  • Components of the electrostatic drift eliminator 710, 720, 730 of FIGS. 3A-3C are positioned within the fan cowling 117 upstream of the fan 212, relative to the flow path 123 of gases through the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • 3A-3C (e.g., the meshes 7001, 7003, 7005, 7007, 7009) are positioned within the fan cowling 117 downstream of a fan cowling inlet 1171 that is opposite to the outlet 1030, and upstream of the fan 212, relative to the flow path 123 of gases through the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • Such a position of the electrostatic drift eliminator 710, 720, 730 relative to the fan 212 may allow for the electrostatic drift eliminator 710, 720, 730 to capture the largest percentage of drift aerosols before they are accelerated by the fan 212, thereby potentially improving the reduction or removal of aerosol drift from the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730 has been depicted as being positioned upstream of the fan 212, the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 may be positioned differently relative to the fan 212.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 735 is coupled to the fan cowling 117 downstream of the fan 212 and upstream of the outlet 1030.
  • Such a position of the electrostatic drift eliminator 735 relative to the fan 212 in the fan cowling 117 may allow for more drift aerosols to settle due to the effects of gravity and be removed from the CO2-lean gas 105 upstream of the electrostatic drift eliminator 735, thereby potentially reducing the duty of the electrostatic drift eliminator 735.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 735 comprises a first mesh 7017 and a second mesh 7019.
  • the first mesh 7017 may be electrically charged and positioned adjacent to the fan 212.
  • the second mesh 7019 may be grounded as illustrated or charged (e.g., with a positive or negative charge).
  • the second mesh 7019 is positioned adjacent to the outlet 1030 and positioned in between the first mesh 7017 and the outlet 1030.
  • the first mesh 7017 and the second mesh 7019 are positioned to be perpendicular to the flow of the CO2-lean gas 105 which flows in a vertical or upright direction.
  • the drift eliminator 700, 735 may be positioned in a non-perpendicular angle (e.g., parallel) to the flow of the CO2-lean gas stream 105.
  • the first mesh 7017 is an ionizing member of the electrostatic drift eliminator 735.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735 may function to cause liquid aerosols entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 to coalesce and be captured by the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, in addition to reducing or eliminating emissions of aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 within the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is coupled to the fan cowling 117 adjacent the outlet 1030.
  • electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is positioned downstream of the outlet 1030.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 is positioned adjacent to an inlet of the fan cowling 117.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 may function to cause liquid aerosols entrained in the CO2-lean gas 105 to coalesce and be captured by the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735.
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 passes through a plurality of ionizing members 4001 that are negatively charged.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 740 includes a single ionizing member for ionizing aerosols.
  • a plurality of liquid aerosols 444 in the CCh-lean gas 105 will be ionized.
  • the ionizing members 4001 are positioned adjacent and upstream of the collection plates 4002.
  • a plurality of ionized aerosols 445 of the CO2 capture solution 114 will flow toward the plurality of collection plates 4002 that are positively charged.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 740 includes a single collection plate 4002 for the collection of the ionizing aerosols 445.
  • the collection plates 4002 of FIG. 4A are flat plates. The difference in electrical charge between the collection plates 4002 and the ionized aerosols 445 attracts the ionized aerosols 445 to the collection plates 4002.
  • the electrical power source 1231 includes one or more first terminals 1234 that is/are electrically coupled to the ionizing members 4001 of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 740, and one or more second terminal 1236 that is/are electrically coupled to the collection plates 4002.
  • the first terminals 1234 are negative terminals
  • the second terminals 1236 are positive terminals.
  • the first terminal 1234 is a positive terminal
  • the second terminal 1236 is a negative terminal.
  • each of the ionizing members 4001 is a rod.
  • each of the ionizing members 4011 is a sheet (see, for example, FIG. 4B).
  • the number of collection plates 4002 can vary in different implementations.
  • the shape, size, surface texture, and physical characteristics of each of the collection plates 4002 may also vary in different implementations.
  • the collection plates 4002 may be, but are not limited to, a layer, a screen, a panel, or a mesh.
  • the ionizing members 4011 are positioned in between each of the collection plates 4002, such that at least one ionizing member 4011 is positioned in between two collection plates 4002.
  • a mesh surface is a feature of the ionizing members 4011.
  • the mesh surfaces may be a feature of the collection plates 4002 if the surfaces positioned on either side of the mesh surface are used as the ionizing members 4011.
  • the ionizing members 4011 are in the same position, relative to the flow path 123, as the collection plates 4002.
  • a center point of the ionizing members 4011 and of the collection plates 4002 may be along the same position along a directional vector axis of the flow path 123.
  • the alternating arrangement between the ionizing members 4011 and the collection plates 4002 may allow for interchangeability between the ionizing members 4011 and the collection plates 4002.
  • the ionizing members 4001, 4011 may be similar in structure to the collection plates 4002.
  • the ionizing members 4011 and the collection members 4002 are both planar members, in that both are bodies which define a substantially flat plane.
  • the planes of the ionizing members 4011 and of the collection members 4002 are parallel to one another.
  • the planes of the ionizing members 4011 and of the collection members 4002 are parallel to the flow path 123 of gases through the ionizing and collection members 4011, 4002.
  • the planes of the ionizing members 4011 and of the collection members 4002 are spaced apart from each other in a direction that is perpendicular to the flow path 123.
  • a surface area of each of the ionizing members 4001, 4011 may be similar to a surface area of each of the collection plates 4002 such that each of the ionizing members 4001, 4011 can also be a flat surface.
  • FIG. 4A and 4B negatively charging the ionizing members 4001, 4011 are described and illustrated. In a different implementation positively charging the ionizing members 4001, 4011 may be possible.
  • a flow of the CCh-lean gas 105 is not limited to the flow direction illustrated in FIG. 4A.
  • the flow direction may be perpendicular to the flow direction illustrated in FIG. 4A and the ionizing members 4001 will be positioned accordingly (e.g., upstream of the collection plates 4002) to ionize the CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the ionizing members 4011 are negatively charged, and the collection plates 4002 are grounded.
  • the ionizing members 4011 impart to the drift elimination zone 145 an electric field which displaces the ionized aerosols 445 by repelling them away from the ionizing members 4011.
  • the ionized aerosols 445 are repelled away from the ionizing members 4011 toward adjacent and aligned collection plates 4002.
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 flows through the ionizing members (e.g., a mesh 5001 in FIG. 5 A and a plurality of ionizing plates 5005 inFIG.5B).
  • ionizing members 5001, 5005 are negatively charged such that the aerosols 444 of the CO2 capture solution 114 are ionized with a negative charge.
  • the negatively charged ionized aerosols 445 are attracted to at least a pair of positively-charged or grounded collection plates 5002, thereby removing the ionized aerosols 445 from the CCh-lean gas 105 which flows in an upright or vertical direction.
  • one or both of the mesh and ionizing plates 5001, 5005 may also be used to filter solid or liquid aerosols from the CCh-lean gas 105 depending on their particle size. To do so, each of the ionizing plates 5002 may be spaced apart in a direction perpendicular to the flow path 123. In example implementations, the electric charges are reversed compared to those for FIGS. 5 A and 5B.
  • the collection pipe 705 is fluidly coupled to, and extends from, a liquid collector 709.
  • the liquid collector 709 is any body of any suitable shape and size which functions to collect and distribute the CO2 capture solution 114 that has been collected by the collection plates 5002.
  • Non-limiting examples of the liquid collector 709 include a channel, basin, trough, and any volume-defining body.
  • the liquid collector 709 can be positioned in any suitable manner relative to the collection plates 5002 to achieve its function. For example, in some implementations, and referring to FIGS.
  • the liquid collector 709 is positioned directly beneath each collection plate 5002 to capture the collected CO2 capture solution 114 when the coalesced aerosols flow off the collection plates 5002 due to gravity.
  • the liquid collector 709 includes, or is fluidly coupled to, one or more tubes (e.g., the collection pipe 705) to flow collected CO2 capture solution 114 to a desired location (e.g., components of the liquid distribution system 120).
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D has been depicted as including a single drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 in some implementations, the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes multiple drift eliminators. In some implementations, the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes one or more passive drift eliminators upstream or downstream of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770.
  • drift eliminators when multiple drift eliminators are used, blade type drift eliminators, cellular drift eliminators, cassette drift eliminators, and fill- integrated drift eliminators or other comparable types of drift eliminator may be used along with the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 740, 750, 760, 770 of FIGS. 4A to 5B are shown separately from their surrounding environment for clarity, and it is understood that they may be positioned or installed in any one of the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D of the present disclosure.
  • the ionizing members 7003, 7007, 7017, 4001, 4011, 5001, 5005 and the collection members 7009, 7019, 4002, 5002 may be positioned adjacent one another.
  • adjacent it is understood that the ionizing members 7003, 7007, 7017, 4001, 4011, 5001, 5005 and the collection members 7009, 7019, 4002, 5002 are positioned in sufficient proximity to each other such that the ionized aerosols 445 formed by the ionizing members 7003, 7007, 7017, 4001, 4011, 5001, 5005 can be collected by the collection members 7009, 7019, 4002, 5002.
  • the adjacent positional relationship between the ionizing members 7003, 7007, 7017, 4001, 4011, 5001, 5005 and the collection members 7009, 7019, 4002, 5002 is not limited in direction, such that the respective members may be spaced apart in the vertical direction, the horizontal direction, or any direction between the vertical and horizontal directions.
  • each of the ionizing members 7003, 7007, 7017, 4001, 4011, 5001, 5005 can vary.
  • each of the ionizing members 7003, 7007, 7017, 4001, 4011, 5001, 5005 includes surface features such as needles and tapered edges to improve the particle motion of the ionized aerosols 445 towards the collection members 7009, 7019, 4002, 5002.
  • surface features such as needles and tapered edges to improve the particle motion of the ionized aerosols 445 towards the collection members 7009, 7019, 4002, 5002.
  • different configurations for the ionizing members 7003, 7007, 7017, 4001, 4011, 5001, 5005 may be implemented.
  • a spiked ionizing member may be used instead of using a wire or rod configuration.
  • a surface texture, shape, and size of the collection members 7009, 7019, 4002, 5002 may be manipulated to improve the collection of charged aerosols.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 includes, or takes the form of, a tubular precipitator.
  • the tubular precipitator includes tubes arranged in parallel with high voltage electrodes running along their axes. The tubes can be, but are not limited to being, circular, square, or honeycomb in shape.
  • the CO2- lean gas 105 flows through the tubes in a vertically upward direction or a downward direction.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 includes, or takes the form of, a dry precipitator.
  • the dry precipitators may be advantageous when operating in dry environments.
  • wet precipitators may be used. These precipitators may utilize a continuous water spray to remove pollutants from a gas stream. The wet precipitators may be able to capture particles smaller than the particles captured by the dry precipitators.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 includes, or takes the form of, a single stage precipitator.
  • the electrodes used for ionizing the drift elimination zone 145 and the collection members 7009, 7019, 4002, 5002 used for collection of the ionized aerosols 445 are arranged in parallel to each other, and ionizing and collecting occur within the same section of the precipitator.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 includes, or takes the form of, a two-stage precipitator. The two-stage precipitator may allow particles to spend more time being charged and may be beneficial when used with low volumes of air/gas stream.
  • Any feature of any one of the ionizing members 7003, 7007, 7017, 4001, 4011, 5001, 5005 may be combined with, substituted for, or added to any feature of any one of the collection members 7009, 7019, 4002, 5002, and vice versa.
  • Any feature of any one of the electrostatic drift eliminators 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 of the present disclosure may be combined with, substituted for, or added to any feature of any one of another electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 of the present disclosure.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 includes an ionic solution.
  • the composition of the CO2 capture solution 114 in such implementations can vary.
  • the ionic solution can include one or both of cations (K + , Na + ) and anions (OH', CO3 ) present in the solution.
  • the ionic solution can include one or both of cations (e.g., IPDA cation species) and anions (e.g., zwitterions) present in the solution.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 is, or includes, an amino acid salt solution
  • the ionic solution can include one or both of cations (e.g., salt species like K + , or positively charged amino groups NH 3+ ) and anions (e.g., zwitterions, OH') present in the solution.
  • the aerosols 444 included in the drift are also, or also include, ionic solutions.
  • the ionic strength of such ionic aerosols 444 is generally higher than that of water aerosols in the drift from water cooling towers, where the ionic strength of a solution is understood to be a measure of the concentration of ions in the solution.
  • the ionic strength of the aerosols 444 can be calculated using the following formula: n ' Z c ' z ' 2 1
  • I is the ionic strength measured in mol/L (or M)
  • C is the concentration in molar units (mol/L)
  • Z is the charge of each ion.
  • the ionic strength of the aerosols 444 can be calculated using the formula above as follows:
  • the ionic strength of such aerosols 444 is higher than that of water drift aerosols in water cooling tower applications, because such water drift aerosols typically have dissolved ions in comparatively low concentrations.
  • the comparatively higher ionic strength of the aerosols 444 may allow the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 (or components thereof) to energize (e.g., with positive or negative charge) such aerosols 444 to generate the ionized aerosols 445 at lower voltages (and thus lower energy) than the energy required for comparable water aerosols having comparatively less ionic strength.
  • electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 (or components thereof) to ionize and capture the ionic liquid aerosol drift using less energy than would be required for ionizing and capturing comparable water aerosols.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 can operate to ionize and capture based on specific ionic properties.
  • the ionizing members 7003, 7007, 7017, 4001, 4011, 5001, 5005 can ionize these aerosols 444 selectively or as desired to facilitate the collection of such ionized aerosols 445.
  • the aerosols 444 of the CO2 capture solution 114 including or being an ionic solution may allow for componentry of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 to be energized (e.g., with positive or negative charge) to facilitate collection of the ionized aerosols 445, such as by better attracting or repelling the aerosols 444 in which ions are in solution.
  • the aerosols 444 of the CO2 capture solution 114 being or comprising ionic solutions may allow for the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 to ionize the aerosols 444 based on the known or anticipated ionic properties of the aerosols 444 (e.g., their ionic strength), with the intention of facilitating their collection.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 may allow for the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760, 770 to ionize the aerosols 444 based on the known or anticipated ionic properties of the aerosols 444 (e.g., their ionic strength), with the intention of facilitating their collection.
  • FIG. 6 shows a graph plotting particle size on the horizontal axis, and particle concentration on the vertical axis, for an example of different types of liquid aerosol drift.
  • the values along the horizontal and vertical axis are unitless and are provided to show data trends.
  • Non-limiting examples of units for particle sizes values along the horizontal axis include microns and millimeters.
  • Non-limiting examples of units for particle concentration values along the vertical axis include mass per unit volume, such as micrograms or milligrams per cubic meter.
  • the different types of liquid aerosol drift are represented by two curves: ionic solution drift curve 610, and water drift curve 620.
  • the ionic solution drift curve 610 is a representative example of the distribution of the aerosols 444 of the CO2 capture solution 114 which comprise the drift of the present disclosure.
  • the ionic solution drift curve 610 shows that the particle size distribution is approximately bimodal with peaks in particle size at approximately 2.5 particle size value and 4 particle size value.
  • the ionic solution drift curve 610 shows that the concentration of the largest drift in the CCh-lean gas 105 is approximately 4 particle concentration value for the 2.5 particle size value, and approximately 10 particle concentration value for the 4 particle size value.
  • the water drift curve 620 is a representative example of the distribution of liquid aerosols of water released in the plume or exhaust from a water cooling tower.
  • the water drift curve 620 has liquid aerosols with a monomodal distribution and with larger average particle sizes than those of the aerosols 444, and in concentrations that are more than two orders of magnitude greater than the concentrations of the aerosols 444 in the CCh-lean gas 105 represented by the ionic solution drift curve 610. More particularly, and referring to FIG. 6, the water drift curve 620 shows that the particle size distribution is approximately monomodal with a peak in particle size at approximately 10 particle size value.
  • the water drift curve 620 shows that the concentration of the largest drift aerosols in the plume or exhaust from the water cooling tower is approximately 6000 particle concentration value.
  • FIG. 6 reveals that the aerosols 444 of the CO2 capture solution 114 which comprise the drift of the present disclosure may have maximum particle sizes that are smaller than the maximum particle sizes of water aerosols in the plume or exhaust from the water cooling tower.
  • FIG. 6 also reveals that the aerosols 444 of the CO2 capture solution 114 which comprise the drift of the present disclosure may be much more diffuse (approximately three orders of magnitude more diffuse) in the CCh-lean gas 105 than the water aerosols in the plume or exhaust from the water cooling tower.
  • the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760 can impart an electric charge to ionic solution aerosols which may already have a higher ionic strength than water aerosols.
  • Such charged ionic solution aerosols 445 may thus be collected more easily by other componentry of the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, such as the collection members 4002, 5002 disclosed herein, thereby helping to reduce or remove drift in gas flow streams, even those with low concentrations of liquid aerosols or with comparatively small aerosols, such as gas flow streams of the CCh-lean gas 105 with the aerosols 444 of the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D, with the packing sections 106, 2106, 3106 and the electrostatic drift eliminator 700, 710, 720, 730, 735, 740, 750, 760 disclosed herein is part of a direct-air-capture (DAC) system 1200 for capturing CO2 directly from atmospheric air, according to one possible and non-limiting example of a use for the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • DAC direct-air-capture
  • One or multiple gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D absorb some of the CO2 from the 002- laden air 101 using the CO2 capture solution 114 to form the CO2-laden capture solution 111.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 may need to be regenerated from the CO2-laden capture solution 111, which can be carried out in a regeneration system 1230 of the DAC system 1200. Referring to FIG. 7, the regeneration system 1230 functions to process the CO2-laden capture solution 111 (e.g., spent capture solution) to recover and/or concentrate the CO2 content laden in the CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • the regeneration system 1230 can be in fluid communication with the bottom basins 110 of the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D to receive the CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • the regeneration system 1230 can be in fluid communication with the top basins 104 of the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C to flow thereto the regenerated CO2 capture solution 114.
  • Multiple regeneration systems 1230 are possible and within the scope of the present disclosure, and some of these are described in greater detail below.
  • one or multiple gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D includes an electrostatic drift eliminator 700 that is configured to remove at least a portion of CO2 capture solution 114 aerosols from the CCh-lean gas 105 flowing out of the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the DAC system 1200 includes an electrical power source 1231 that is electrically coupled to the drift eliminator(s) 700, among other componentry, to provide an electric charge to the drift eliminator(s) 700 and may also provide some or all of the electrical power to other components and units of the DAC system 1200.
  • the electrical power source 1231 can be any suitable source of electrical power including, but not limited to, renewable electrical power sources, such as a wind power source, a solar power source, or a hydroelectric power source.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 flows from the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B to a pellet reactor 1210 of the DAC system 1200.
  • a slurry of calcium hydroxide 1224 is injected into the pellet reactor 1210.
  • a reaction between the CCh-laden capture solution 111 and the calcium hydroxide 1224 occurs in the pellet reactor.
  • Ca 2+ reacts with COs 2 ' in the pellet reactor 1210 to form calcium carbonate solids and an aqueous alkaline solution as the CO2 capture solution 114 (such as hydroxide), thereby regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • potassium carbonate in the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can react with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate and potassium hydroxide, thereby regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114 that includes potassium hydroxide.
  • the reaction of the CCh-laden capture solution 111 with Ca(OH)2 causes precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCCh) onto calcium carbonate particles in the pellet reactor 1210. Further processing of the calcium carbonate solids, including but not limited to filtering, dewatering or drying, may occur prior to sending the calcium carbonate solids to downstream process units.
  • a stream 1214 of calcium carbonate solids is transported from the pellet reactor 1210 to a calciner 1216 of the DAC system 1200.
  • the calciner 1216 calcines the calcium carbonate of the stream 1214 from the pellet reactor 1210 to produce a stream of gaseous CO2 1218 and a stream of calcium oxide (CaO) 1220, possibly by oxy-combustion of a fuel source in the calciner 1216.
  • the stream of gaseous CO2 1218 is processed for sequestration or other uses, thereby removing some of the CC from the CC -laden air 101 processed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B.
  • the stream of gaseous CO2 1218, either directly or after processing, may be provided as a product stream for use as desired, or for export.
  • the stream of calcium oxide (CaO) 1220 is slaked with water in a slaker 1222 of the DAC system 1200 to produce the slurry of calcium hydroxide 1224 that is provided to the pellet reactor 1210.
  • the water required for slaking may be initiated from an upstream component such as the electrostatic drift eliminator 700.
  • the DAC system 1200 may include multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 100 A, 100B, where each gas-liquid contactor 100, 100 A, 100B forms a cell of a train/assembly of gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 may be regenerated using a different regeneration system.
  • the regeneration system 1230 may be part of the gasliquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B or separate therefrom.
  • the CC -laden capture solution 111 may flow to an electrochemical system that includes a cell stack, which may include a set of one or more membranes, and a set of electrodes.
  • the electrochemical system can regenerate the CO2 capture solution 114 from the CCh-laden capture solution 111 by applying an electric potential to an electrolyte including the CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • the difference in electric potential causes ion exchange, thereby forming the recovered CO2 1218 and regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 may flow to a thermal stripping column that employs steam to desorb CO2 from the CCh-laden capture solution 111, thereby forming the recovered CO2 stream 1218 and regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114 (e.g., CCh-lean liquid).
  • the regeneration system 1230 can include liquid distribution pipes, solids conveying equipment, filtration systems, intermediate components like storage vessels, and/or an assembly of components which function cooperatively to regenerate the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the regeneration system 1230 also includes pumps which flow liquids to and from the regeneration system 1230.
  • the stream 1214 of calcium carbonate solids of the DAC system 1200 that is calcined in the calciner 1216 may be produced according to other techniques for capturing CO2 from the CCh-laden air 101.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D of the DAC system 1200 uses a liquid sorbent, and a carbonate-forming reactor which receives the CCh-laden capture solution 111 includes one or more reactors similar to those used in the Kraft pulping process to form calcium carbonate solids.
  • the regeneration system 1230 is free of a calciner and does not produce calcium carbonate solids.
  • some or all of the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can flow to a thermal stripping column that employs sources of thermal heat that can be, but are not limited to, steam and glycol to desorb CO2 from the CCh-laden capture solution 111, thereby forming the CO2 product stream and the regenerated CO2 capture solution 114 (see, for example, FIG. 10).
  • some or all of the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can flow to an electrochemical system that includes a cell stack, which can include a set of one or more membranes, and a set of electrodes (see, for example, FIG. 10).
  • the electrochemical system can regenerate the CO2 capture solution 114 from the CO2- laden capture solution 111 by applying an electric potential to an electrolyte including carbon from the CCh-laden capture solution 111. The difference in electric potential causes ion exchange, thereby forming the CO2 product stream and the regenerated CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D with the packing sections 106, 2106, 3106 and the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 disclosed herein is part of a direct-air-capture (DAC) system 1200 for capturing CO2 directly from atmospheric air, according to one possible and non-limiting example of a use for the gasliquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • One or multiple gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, IOOA, 1OOB, 1OOC, 1OOD absorb some of the CCh from the CCh-laden air 101 using the CO2 capture solution 114 to form the CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 may need to be regenerated from the CCh-laden capture solution 111, which can be carried out in a regeneration system 1230 of the DAC system 1200.
  • the regeneration system 1230 functions to process the CCh-laden capture solution 111 (e.g., spent capture solution) to recover and/or concentrate the CO2 content laden in the CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • IOOB, 100C, 100D includes an electrostatic drift eliminator 700 that is configured to remove at least a portion of CO2 capture solution 114 particles from the CCh-lean gas 105 flowing out of the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the DAC system 1200 includes an electrical power source 1231 that is electrically coupled to the drift eliminator(s) 700 to provide an electric charge to the drift eliminator(s) 700 and may also provide some or all of the electrical power to other components and units of the DAC system 1200.
  • the electrical power source 1231 can be any suitable source of electrical power including, but not limited to, renewable electrical power sources, such as a wind power source, a solar power source, or a hydroelectric power source.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 flows from the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D to a pellet reactor 1210 of the DAC system 1200.
  • a slurry of calcium hydroxide 1224 is injected into the pellet reactor 1210.
  • a reaction between the CO2- laden capture solution 111 and the calcium hydroxide 1224 occurs in the pellet reactor.
  • Ca 2+ reacts with COs 2 ' in the pellet reactor 1210 to form calcium carbonate solids and an aqueous alkaline solution as the CO2 capture solution 114 (such as hydroxide), thereby regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • potassium carbonate in the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can react with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate and potassium hydroxide, thereby regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114 that includes potassium hydroxide.
  • the reaction of the CCh-laden capture solution 111 with Ca(OH)2 causes precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCCh) onto calcium carbonate particles in the pellet reactor 1210. Further processing of the calcium carbonate solids, including but not limited to filtering, dewatering or drying, may occur prior to sending the calcium carbonate solids to downstream process units.
  • a stream 1214 of calcium carbonate solids is transported from the pellet reactor 1210 to a calciner 1216 of the DAC system 1200.
  • the calciner 1216 calcines the calcium carbonate of the stream 1214 from the pellet reactor 1210 to produce a stream of gaseous CO2 1218 and a stream of calcium oxide (CaO) 1220, possibly by oxy-combustion of a fuel source in the calciner 1216.
  • the stream of gaseous CO2 1218 is processed for sequestration or other uses, thereby removing some of the CO2 from the CCh-laden air 101 processed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the stream of gaseous CO2 1218, either directly or after processing, may be provided as a product stream for use as desired, or for export.
  • the stream of calcium oxide (CaO) 1220 is slaked with water in a slaker 1222 of the DAC system 1200 to produce the slurry of calcium hydroxide 1224 that is provided to the pellet reactor 1210.
  • the DAC system 1200 may include multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 100 A, 100B, where each gas-liquid contactor 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D forms a cell of a train/assembly of gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 may be regenerated using a different regeneration system.
  • the regeneration system 1230 may be part of the gasliquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D or separate therefrom.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 may flow to an electrochemical system that includes a cell stack, which may include a set of one or more membranes, and a set of electrodes.
  • the electrochemical system can regenerate the CO2 capture solution 114 from the CCh-laden capture solution 111 by applying an electric potential to an electrolyte including the CCh-laden capture solution 111. The difference in electric potential causes ion exchange, thereby forming the recovered CO2 1218 and regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 may flow to a thermal stripping column that employs steam to desorb CO2 from the CCh-laden capture solution 111, thereby forming the recovered CO2 stream 1218 and regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114 (e.g., CCh-lean liquid).
  • a thermal stripping column that employs steam to desorb CO2 from the CCh-laden capture solution 111, thereby forming the recovered CO2 stream 1218 and regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114 (e.g., CCh-lean liquid).
  • the regeneration system 1230 can include liquid distribution pipes, solids conveying equipment, filtration systems, intermediate components like storage vessels, and/or an assembly of components which function cooperatively to regenerate the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the regeneration system 1230 also includes pumps which flow liquids to and from the regeneration system 1230.
  • the stream 1214 of calcium carbonate solids of the DAC system 1200 that is calcined in the calciner 1216 may be produced according to other techniques for capturing CO2 from the CCh-laden air 101.
  • the gasliquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D of the DAC system 1200 uses a liquid sorbent, and a carbonate-forming reactor which receives the CCh-laden capture solution 111 includes one or more reactors similar to those used in the Kraft pulping process to form calcium carbonate solids.
  • the regeneration system 1330 of the DAC system 1300 functions to regenerate an amine-including CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 includes an amine capture species
  • the CO2 in the CO2- laden air 101 reacts with the amine capture species to form the CCh-laden capture solution 111, and in some examples, solid precipitates, which is an example of which is carbamate.
  • the amine capture species of the CCh-capture solution 114 include, furan- bis(iminoguanidine) (FuBIG), isophorone diamine (IPDA), a hindered amine group having alkanolamine and alcoholic hydroxyl can be used.
  • alkanolamine examples include monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine, triethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, and diglycolamine.
  • examples of the hindered amine having alcoholic hydroxyl include 2-amino-2-m ethyl- 1 -propanol (AMP), 2-(ethylamino)-ethanol (EAE), and 2- (methylamino)-ethanol (MAE).
  • the regeneration system 1330 may include at least a concentrator 1305, a heat exchanger 1309, and a regeneration reactor 1307.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can include solids (e.g., carbamate solids) and be in the form of a slurry.
  • the slurry is flowed to the concentrator 1305, which functions to increase the concentration of the solids by separating solids from liquids.
  • a solids slurry stream 1321 is generated by the concentrator 1305.
  • the solids slurry stream 1321 includes a higher concentration of solids than the concentration of solids in the CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • At least some of the liquid separated from the CCh-laden capture solution 111 by the concentrator 1305 forms a separated liquid stream 1323, which can include unreacted CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the separated liquid stream 1323 is flowed back to any suitable component or unit of the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the solids slurry stream 1321 flows to the heat exchanger 1309, where thermal energy from a regenerated, CCh-lean capture solution 1311 is transferred to the solids slurry stream 1321, as described below.
  • the heated solids slurry stream 1321 flows from the heat exchanger 1309 to the regeneration reactor 1307.
  • the heat exchanger 1309 can be considered a preheat heat exchanger that heat integrates a concentrated slurry (e.g., the solids slurry stream 1321) with a higher temperature regenerated capture solution (e.g., the CCh-lean capture solution 1311).
  • the solids in the heated solids slurry stream 1321 are at least partially regenerated in the heat exchanger 1309 or downstream thereof, releasing CO2, prior to entering the regeneration reactor 1307.
  • the heat exchanger 1309 is upstream of the concentrator 1305, relative to a flow direction of the CCh-laden capture solution 111 from the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D to the concentrator 1305.
  • the heat exchanger 1309 functions to transfer thermal energy from the CCh-lean capture solution 1311 to the CCh-laden capture solution 111 before it undergoes solid-liquid separation in the concentrator 1305.
  • the heat exchanger 1309 helps to reduce the duty of the regeneration reactor 1307 in implementations where the regeneration reactor 1307 uses heat to regenerate the CCh-laden capture solution 111. In other implementations, the regeneration system 1330 does not have a heat exchanger.
  • the heated solids slurry stream 1321 flows through packing 1303 within the regeneration reactor 1307.
  • a regeneration heater 1306 supplies a source of heat, such as a stream of heated gas or vapor 1317 (e.g., steam, liquid glycol, etc. ), which directly or indirectly contacts the heated solids slurry stream 1321 flowing along the packing 1303.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 includes one or more nozzles for flowing the heated solids slurry stream 1321 onto the packing 1303.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 includes a column with trays instead of, or in addition to, the packing column.
  • the packing 1303 is non-structured (e.g., random packing).
  • the CCh-lean capture solution 1311 (e.g., regenerated CO2 capture solution 114) is generated and a CO2 gas 1319 is desorbed.
  • the CCh-lean capture solution 1311 collects at the bottom of the regeneration reactor 1307.
  • the CCh-lean capture solution 1311 is at a relatively high temperature and is flowed to the heat exchanger 1309 to transfer at least some of its thermal energy to the solids slurry stream 1321 flowing from the concentrator 1305, as described above.
  • the CCh-lean capture solution 1311 is flowed directly to one or more components of the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D and reused in the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D for CO2 capture.
  • the CO2 gas 1319 is released from the regeneration reactor 1307 along with water vapor 1318 via a gas discharging line.
  • the mixed gas stream (CO2 gas 1319 and water vapor 1318) flow from the regeneration reactor 1307 to a condenser 1308.
  • the mixed gas stream can also include volatile amines/organics.
  • the condenser 1308 condenses the water vapor 1318 (and the volatile amines/organics), forms a water stream 1320 (which can have condensable amines/organics), and separates the CO2 gas 1319 from the water stream 1320.
  • the CO2 gas 1319 is released from the condenser 1308 as the CO2 product stream 1325.
  • the CO2 product stream 1325 can be treated or processed as desired, such as by being compressed.
  • the compressed CO2 product stream 1325 either directly or after processing, can be provided for use as desired, or for export.
  • the condensed water stream 1320 flows from the condenser 1308 to the regeneration heater 1306 to be used to generate the stream of heated gas or vapor 1317 in the regeneration reactor 1307.
  • the condensed water stream 1320 flows directly to the heat exchanger 1309.
  • the regeneration system 1330 of FIG. 9 can be configured for regenerating a CCh-laden capture solution 111 comprising carbon-containing compounds in solution (e.g., carbamates which partially hydrolyse into bicarbonate anions) free or substantially free of precipitated compounds.
  • the regeneration system 1330 includes componentry to remove CO2 from the carbon dioxide-rich CCh-laden capture solution 111 by any suitable method, such as desorption.
  • desorption may be achieved by heating the solution to temperatures between 80°C and 200°C, such as in the regeneration reactor 1307 which can use the stream of heated gas (or vapor) 1317 as the stripping gas, where the stream of heated gas 1317 is produced in the regeneration heater 1306.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 can be, or include, a desorption unit.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 can operate at sub-atmospheric pressure to lower the temperature of the regeneration process.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 can include one or more flash units in which the CCh-laden capture solution I l l is heated and injected into a vessel at lower pressure, causing the water vapor 1318 and the CO2 gas 1319 to be released.
  • Techniques for removing carbon dioxide other than the temperature-swing process described above include, but are not limited to: pressure reduction, reducing the solution pH, and carbonate crystallisation (e.g., by addition of bis-iminoguani dines or other material which forms insoluble carbonates).
  • the CO2 removal regenerates the CO2 capture solution 114 (i.e., restores the amino acid) in the absorbent solution.
  • Each gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D can be grouped together with one or more other gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D to provide the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 with one or more wall(s), array(s) or train(s), where each wall, array or train has multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • FIGS. 11 A and 1 IB multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B,
  • the number of gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D composing the contactor wall 1502 may vary (as represented by the ellipsis symbol “[...]” in FIG. 11 A).
  • the contactor wall 1502 may include a large number of gas-liquid contactors 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D, for example between 10 and 100 gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the number of gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D in the contactor wall 1502 is greater than 1,000.
  • the number of gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D in the contactor wall 1502 may be determined based on a variety of factors, such as a plume of CCh-lean gas 105 generated by the contactor wall 1502 during operation of the gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the contactor wall 1502 extends along its own wall axis 1509.
  • the wall axis 1509 extends along a direction that is perpendicular to the packing depth 106D of the gas-liquid contactors 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D, and perpendicular to the packing LTD 106L of the gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C,
  • gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D are positioned (e.g., directly) adjacent each other, and referring to FIG. 11 A, they may be abutted along a dividing wall 1525 which fluidly separates components of one gas-liquid contactor 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D from an adjacent gas-liquid contactor 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the dividing wall 1525 helps to ensure that the CCh-laden air 101 flowing through the air inlet 1031 of a gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D flows through the packing section(s) 106 of that gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D, rather than into an adjacent gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D.
  • the dividing walls 1525 extend in an upright or vertical direction, and along a direction parallel to the packing depth 106D. In example implementations, the vertical extent of one or more of the dividing walls 1525 begins at, or below, the liquid level in the bottom basin 110. This configuration of the dividing walls 1525 can help to minimise or eliminate air bypassing the dividing walls 1525.
  • each gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D is separated from the plenum 108 of an adjacent gas-liquid contactor 100, 100 A, 100B, 100C, 100D by one or more dividing walls 1525. At least some of the dividing walls 1525 are internal to the contactor wall 1502. Each dividing wall 1525 forms a barrier to airflow between the adjacent plenums 108 delimited by that dividing wall 1525, so as to prevent air from flowing between the plenums 108.
  • the dividing walls 1525 may allow for multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, IOOA, 1OOB, 1OOC, 1OOD of the contactor wall 502 to remain operational if one of the gasliquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D or its fan 121 is deactivated.
  • the dividing walls 1525 of FIG. 12A are internal to the contactor wall 1502, and it will be appreciated that the contactor wall 1502 can have externally-applied dividing walls 1525 at opposite longitudinal ends of the contactor wall 1502.
  • the plenums 108 are arranged adjacent each other along the length of the contactor wall 1502 defined along the wall axis 1509.
  • the contactor wall 1502 includes a single plenum 108 that is continuous along its length defined parallel to the wall axis 1509, such that the contactor wall 1502 is free of internal dividing walls 1525.
  • the contactor wall 1502 includes multiple plenums 108 delineated by the dividing walls 1525, where two or more gas-liquid contactors 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D of the contactor wall 1502 share a common plenum 108.
  • the dividing walls 1525 include doors or closeable openings, to provide access to the interior 113 of adjacent gas-liquid contactors 100, 100 A,
  • the contactor wall 1502 includes multiple plenums 108, where each gas-liquid contactor 100, 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D forming the contactor wall 1502 has one plenum 108.
  • Each plenum 108 is separated from an adjacent plenum 108 by one or more dividing walls 1525.
  • each dividing wall 1525 shown is located between two fan stacks 107 and forms a barrier to airflow between two plenums 108 delimited by that dividing wall 1525, where each plenum 108 is in fluid communication with a respective one of the fan stacks 107.
  • the contactor wall 1502 can be part of the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400.
  • each DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 can include multiple contactor walls 1502 arranged on a plot of land 1505.
  • Each contactor wall 1502 is spaced apart from another contactor wall 1502.
  • the terms “train”, “array” and “wall” may be used interchangeably.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 of FIG. 1 IB is shown with multiple contactor walls 1502 for the purposes of illustration.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 can alternatively have only one contactor wall 1502. Referring to FIG.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 includes a regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430, such as one or more of those described above, in fluid communication with the contactor walls 1502.
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 functions to regenerate the CCh-rich sorbent (e.g., the CCh-laden capture solution 111) received from the contactor walls 1502, or from other componentry that treats the CCh-laden capture solution 111 from the contactor walls 1502.
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 forms a regenerated sorbent (e.g., the regenerated CO2 capture solution 114) that is conveyed back to the contactor walls 1502.
  • each contactor wall 1502 has a single or common bottom basin 110.
  • the bottom basin 110 of each contactor wall 1502 is in fluid communication with the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430.
  • the process streams from the bottom basin 110 of a contactor wall 1502 flows, or is flowed, to the bottom basin 110 of another contactor wall 1502.
  • a method 400 for capturing CO2 from atmospheric air includes flowing the atmospheric air (e.g., the CCh-laden air 101) along a gas-sorbent interface (e.g., packing 106, 2106, 3106).
  • the method 1400 includes flowing the CO2 capture solution 114 along the gas-sorbent interface to absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 capture solution 114 and to form the CCh-lean gas stream 105 that includes a plurality of aerosols 444 of CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the method includes flowing the CCh-lean gas stream 105 and the plurality of aerosols 444 through a drift elimination zone 145.
  • Method 400 continues at step 408, which includes ionizing at least part of the drift elimination zone 145 to ionize at least some of the plurality of aerosols 444 and form a plurality of ionized aerosols 445.
  • the CCh-lean gas stream 105 flows through the electrostatic drift eliminator 700 to ionize the aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 in the CCh-lean gas stream 105.
  • method 400 includes collecting at least some of the ionized aerosols 445 of CO2 capture solution 114.
  • at least some of the ionized aerosols of CO2 capture solution 114 impact and coalesce on a surface of the drift eliminator and are collected by the collection pipe 705.
  • Method 400 continues at step 412, which includes flowing the CCh-lean gas stream 105 free of the collected aerosols of the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • all the steps of method 400 that include flowing a gas stream can be performed by a single gas mover (e.g., a fan) or by multiple, separate gas movers (e.g., fans)
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a control system (or controller) 500 for a gasliquid contactor, such as gas-liquid contactor 100, 100 A, 100B disclosed herein.
  • the system 500 can be used for the operations described in association with any of the computer- implemented methods described previously, for example as or as part of the control system 999 or other controllers described herein.
  • the system 500 is intended to include various forms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers.
  • the system 500 can also include mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smartphones, and other similar computing devices.
  • the system can include portable storage media, such as, Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drives.
  • USB flash drives may store operating systems and other applications.
  • the USB flash drives can include input/output components, such as a wireless transmitter or USB connector that may be inserted into a USB port of another computing device.
  • the system 500 includes a processor 510, a memory 520, a storage device 530, and an input/output device 540. Each of the components 510, 520, 530, and 540 are interconnected using a system bus 550.
  • the processor 510 is capable of processing instructions for execution within the system 500.
  • the processor 510 may be designed using any of a number of architectures.
  • the processor 510 may be a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) processor, a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processor, or a MISC (Minimal Instruction Set Computer) processor.
  • the processor 510 is a single-threaded processor. In some implementations, the processor 510 is a multi -threaded processor. The processor 510 is capable of processing instructions stored in the memory 520 or on the storage device 530 to display graphical information for a user interface on the input/output device 540.
  • the memory 520 stores information within the system 500.
  • the memory 520 is a computer-readable medium.
  • the memory 520 is a volatile memory unit.
  • the memory 520 is a nonvolatile memory unit.
  • the storage device 530 is capable of providing mass storage for the system 500.
  • the storage device 530 is a computer-readable medium.
  • the storage device 530 may be a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device.
  • the input/output device 540 provides input/output operations for the system 500.
  • the input/output device 540 includes a keyboard and/or pointing device.
  • the input/output device 540 includes a display unit for displaying graphical user interfaces.
  • Certain features described can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them.
  • the apparatus can be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and method steps can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the described implementations by operating on input data and generating output.
  • the described features can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.
  • a computer program is a set of instructions that can be used, directly or indirectly, in a computer to perform a certain activity or bring about a certain result.
  • a computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.
  • Suitable processors for the execution of a program of instructions include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and the sole processor or one of multiple processors of any kind of computer.
  • a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both.
  • the essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and data.
  • a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to communicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing data files; such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and optical disks.
  • Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magnetooptical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • semiconductor memory devices such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices
  • magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks
  • magnetooptical disks and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • the processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits).
  • ASICs application-specific integrated circuits
  • the features can be implemented on a computer having a display device such as a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball by which the user can provide input to the computer. Additionally, such activities can be implemented via touchscreen flat-panel displays and other appropriate mechanisms.
  • a display device such as a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball by which the user can provide input to the computer.
  • a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball
  • the features can be implemented in a control system that includes a back-end component, such as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, such as an application server or an Internet server, or that includes a front-end component, such as a client computer having a graphical user interface or an Internet browser, or any combination of them.
  • the components of the system can be connected by any form or medium of digital data communication such as a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), peer-to-peer networks (having ad-hoc or static members), grid computing infrastructures, and the Internet.
  • LAN local area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • peer-to-peer networks having ad-hoc or static members
  • grid computing infrastructures and the Internet.
  • downstream and upstream are used herein as positional descriptors, to describe the relative position of two or more components as a function of the flow direction of a corresponding liquid or gas. For example, if a first component is described as being downstream of a second component relative to a direction of gas flow from one point to another, or relative to the flow path 123, the first component receives the gas flow after the second component. Similarly, if a first component is described as being upstream of a second component relative to a direction of liquid flow, the first component receives the liquid flow before the second component.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)

Abstract

Un contacteur gaz-liquide qui permet de capter du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) à partir de l'air atmosphérique comprend une entrée ; une sortie ; une interface gaz-sorbant disposée entre l'entrée et la sortie ; un système de distribution de liquide conçu pour faire circuler une solution de captage de CO2 le long de l'interface gaz-sorbant ; un ventilateur conçu pour faire circuler l'air atmosphérique selon un trajet d'écoulement depuis : l'entrée, le long de l'interface gaz-sorbant, et vers la sortie, pour amener en contact l'air atmosphérique avec la solution de captage de CO2 et absorber le CO2 de l'air atmosphérique dans la solution de captage de CO2 pour former un flux de gaz pauvre en CO2 ; et un éliminateur de dérive électrostatique à l'intérieur du trajet d'écoulement en aval de l'interface gaz-sorbant et en amont de la sortie. Le flux de gaz pauvre en CO2 consiste en des aérosols de la solution de captage de CO2. L'éliminateur de dérive électrostatique est conçu pour ioniser au moins certains des aérosols de la solution de captage de CO2 afin de former des aérosols ionisés et de collecter les aérosols ionisés.
PCT/US2025/025246 2024-04-19 2025-04-17 Systèmes et procédés de réduction de dérive dans le captage de dioxyde de carbone Pending WO2025222054A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US202463636689P 2024-04-19 2024-04-19
US63/636,689 2024-04-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2025222054A1 true WO2025222054A1 (fr) 2025-10-23

Family

ID=95714703

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2025/025246 Pending WO2025222054A1 (fr) 2024-04-19 2025-04-17 Systèmes et procédés de réduction de dérive dans le captage de dioxyde de carbone

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2025222054A1 (fr)

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20170113229A1 (en) * 2015-10-22 2017-04-27 Darwin Technology International Limited Air cleaning device and apparatus
CN113680178A (zh) * 2021-08-19 2021-11-23 浙江菲达环保科技股份有限公司 一种极低二次气溶胶排放的co2捕集装置
US20220134355A1 (en) * 2019-03-06 2022-05-05 BSH Hausgeräte GmbH Electrostatic filter unit for an air-purification device and air-purification device
US20220176312A1 (en) 2020-12-07 2022-06-09 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Capturing carbon dioxide
US20220362737A1 (en) * 2021-05-11 2022-11-17 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Gas-liquid contactor with packing for capturing carbon dioxide
CA3230360A1 (fr) * 2021-09-14 2023-03-23 Robert Louis ZELLER III Capture de dioxyde de carbone
WO2023107578A1 (fr) * 2021-12-07 2023-06-15 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Capture de dioxyde de carbone
CN114345098B (zh) * 2022-01-10 2023-10-20 浙江大学嘉兴研究院 一种co2捕集吸收剂分解抑制及高效减污的方法及系统

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20170113229A1 (en) * 2015-10-22 2017-04-27 Darwin Technology International Limited Air cleaning device and apparatus
US20220134355A1 (en) * 2019-03-06 2022-05-05 BSH Hausgeräte GmbH Electrostatic filter unit for an air-purification device and air-purification device
US20220176312A1 (en) 2020-12-07 2022-06-09 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Capturing carbon dioxide
US20220362737A1 (en) * 2021-05-11 2022-11-17 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Gas-liquid contactor with packing for capturing carbon dioxide
CN113680178A (zh) * 2021-08-19 2021-11-23 浙江菲达环保科技股份有限公司 一种极低二次气溶胶排放的co2捕集装置
CA3230360A1 (fr) * 2021-09-14 2023-03-23 Robert Louis ZELLER III Capture de dioxyde de carbone
WO2023107578A1 (fr) * 2021-12-07 2023-06-15 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Capture de dioxyde de carbone
CN114345098B (zh) * 2022-01-10 2023-10-20 浙江大学嘉兴研究院 一种co2捕集吸收剂分解抑制及高效减污的方法及系统

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU2005290082B2 (en) Removal of carbon dioxide from air
US20250058272A1 (en) Capturing carbon dioxide
US8336863B2 (en) Gas liquid contactor and effluent cleaning system and method
US20060051274A1 (en) Removal of carbon dioxide from air
AU2009297005B2 (en) Gas liquid contactor and effluent cleaning system and method
WO2006023743A2 (fr) Dispositif epurateur laminaire permettant d'extraire le dioxyde de carbone de l'air et methode d'utilisation
US20240316490A1 (en) Capturing carbon dioxide
AU2010201373A1 (en) System and methods for processing CO2
US9919261B2 (en) Methods and systems for CO2 separation
CN101878059A (zh) 捕获和长期封存二氧化碳的方法和装置
CN101983098A (zh) 加工co2的系统和方法
KR101740614B1 (ko) 온실가스 제거 효율이 향상된 연도 가스 처리 장치
WO2025222054A1 (fr) Systèmes et procédés de réduction de dérive dans le captage de dioxyde de carbone
WO2025251029A1 (fr) Capture de dioxyde de carbone
WO2025264713A1 (fr) Capture de dioxyde de carbone
WO2025129063A1 (fr) Installation de capture de dioxyde de carbone
WO2025024575A9 (fr) Capture de dioxyde de carbone
US20250303353A1 (en) Gas-liquid contactor for capturing carbon dioxide
CN219399545U (zh) 一种基于碳捕集的烟气深度处理系统
EP4628194A1 (fr) Système et procédé de séparation d'un composant gazeux d'un mélange gazeux
WO2025137281A1 (fr) Capture de dioxyde de carbone
WO2025093696A1 (fr) Améliorations apportées à un absorbeur pour la capture directe d'air comprenant des buses de pulvérisation et des garnissages
AU2011203094A1 (en) Removal of carbon dioxide from air

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 25725378

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1